JP2937876B2 - Substrate for plant growth and method of construction - Google Patents
Substrate for plant growth and method of constructionInfo
- Publication number
- JP2937876B2 JP2937876B2 JP8221297A JP22129796A JP2937876B2 JP 2937876 B2 JP2937876 B2 JP 2937876B2 JP 8221297 A JP8221297 A JP 8221297A JP 22129796 A JP22129796 A JP 22129796A JP 2937876 B2 JP2937876 B2 JP 2937876B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- plant growth
- substrate
- coconut
- water
- weight
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A30/00—Adapting or protecting infrastructure or their operation
- Y02A30/24—Structural elements or technologies for improving thermal insulation
- Y02A30/254—Roof garden systems; Roof coverings with high solar reflectance
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B80/00—Architectural or constructional elements improving the thermal performance of buildings
- Y02B80/32—Roof garden systems
Landscapes
- Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
Description
【０００１】[0001]
【発明の属する技術分野】本発明は、緑化木や草木類の
植物栽培用として好適な植物生育用基材とその植物生育
用基材を用いた施工方法に係わる。さらに詳しくは、建
物の屋上の緑化や室内の緑化用として特に好適なものに
関する。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a plant growth substrate suitable for cultivating greenery trees and plants, and a construction method using the plant growth substrate. More particularly, the present invention relates to a structure particularly suitable for greening the roof of a building or greening a room.
【０００２】[0002]
【従来の技術】従来より、緑化木や草木類の植物栽培に
おける作業性や生育性の改善を目的として、種々の人工
基盤が提案されている。このような植物生育用の人工基
盤としては、例えば、ピートモス、バガス、ヤシガラ繊
維、わら、土壌等を主成分として含有し、それらに肥
料、土壌改良材、土壌活性材等を配合して圧縮成形した
ものが知られている。2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, various artificial bases have been proposed for the purpose of improving workability and viability in plant cultivation of greenery trees and plants. Such artificial bases for plant growth include, for example, peat moss, bagasse, coconut fiber, straw, soil and the like as main components, and compounding them with fertilizers, soil improvement materials, soil active materials, etc. and compression molding. Is known.
【０００３】[0003]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】植物生育用の人工基盤
には、作業性や植物の健全な発芽生育性を考慮していく
つかの特性を具備することが要求される。その特性とし
ては、例えば、軽量で分解減容し難く、保管、運搬及び
施工が容易であること、植物根の円滑な伸長を可能と
し、同時に保水性及び通気性が優れ、植物が生育した後
もその形状を保持できること等を挙げることができる。The artificial base for plant growth is required to have several characteristics in consideration of workability and sound germination and growth of the plant. As its characteristics, for example, it is lightweight, hard to decompose and reduce in volume, easy to store, transport and construct, enables smooth elongation of plant roots, at the same time has excellent water retention and breathability, and after plant growth Can also maintain the shape.
【０００４】また、大規模な土地確保が困難な都市部に
おける緑化の方法として、建物の屋上やロビー等の室内
の緑化が試みられ、それらに植物生育用の人工基盤が使
用されている。このような緑化に用いる人工基盤には、
その用途から軽量であることが大きな要請となる。ま
た、床面に敷設する芝生等の人工基盤として用いる場合
には、施工後の人の歩きやすさも重要となる。さらに、
人工基盤が分解しにくく長期間当初の形状を保持できる
ことも必要となる。[0004] As a method of greening in an urban area where it is difficult to secure large-scale land, greening of indoors such as the roof of a building or a lobby has been attempted, and an artificial base for plant growth has been used for them. Artificial bases used for such greening include:
There is a great demand for light weight from the application. In addition, when used as an artificial base such as a lawn laid on the floor, ease of walking after construction is also important. further,
It is also necessary that the artificial base is difficult to be decomposed and can maintain its original shape for a long period of time.
【０００５】よって本発明は、上記特性を具備し、緑化
木や草木類の植物栽培用として、特に建物の屋上の緑化
や室内の緑化用として好適な植物生育用基材とその施工
方法とを提供することを目的とするものである。Accordingly, the present invention provides a plant growth base material having the above-mentioned characteristics and suitable for plant cultivation of greening trees and plants, particularly for greening the roof of a building or indoors, and a method for constructing the same. It is intended to provide.
【０００６】[0006]
【課題を解決するための手段】本発明は、上記目的を達
成する手段として、ココヤシ果皮に含まれるダスト１０
〜９０重量％及びココヤシ果皮小片９０〜１０重量％
を、少なくとも上面側が発芽伸長可能な粗面に形成され
たココヤシ繊維の被覆体で被包し、所望形状に圧縮成形
することを特徴とする植物生育用基材（以下「第１発
明」という）を提供する。According to the present invention, as a means for achieving the above object, there is provided a method for reducing dust contained in coconut peel.
~ 90% by weight and coconut peel small pieces 90 ~ 10% by weight
Characterized in that at least the upper surface side is covered with a coconut fiber covering formed on a rough surface capable of germinating and extending, and compression-molded into a desired shape (hereinafter referred to as "first invention"). I will provide a.
【０００７】また、本発明は、上記目的を達成する手段
として、さらにココヤシ繊維を１〜４０重量％含有する
第１発明の植物生育用基材（以下「第２発明」という）
を提供する。また、本発明は、上記目的を達成する手段
として、さらに、肥料を含有する第１発明又は第２発明
の植物生育用基材（以下「第３発明」という）を提供す
る。また、本発明は、上記目的を達成する手段として、
さらに、吸水性ポリマーを含有する第１発明又は第２発
明の植物生育用基材（以下「第４発明」という）を提供
する。また、本発明は、上記目的を達成する手段とし
て、表面に複数の孔を有する第１〜第４発明の植物生育
用基材を提供する。Further, the present invention provides a substrate for plant growth according to the first invention, which further comprises 1 to 40% by weight of coco fiber (hereinafter referred to as "second invention").
I will provide a. The present invention further provides a substrate for growing plants according to the first or second invention (hereinafter referred to as "third invention") containing a fertilizer as a means for achieving the above object. Further, the present invention provides a means for achieving the above object,
Furthermore, the present invention provides a substrate for plant growth according to the first or second invention (hereinafter, referred to as a "fourth invention") containing a water-absorbing polymer. Further, the present invention provides a plant growth substrate according to any one of the first to fourth inventions having a plurality of pores on the surface as means for achieving the above object.
【０００８】さらに、本発明は、上記目的を達成する手
段として、第１発明〜第４発明のいずれか１記載の植物
生育用基材を敷設し、敷設した各植物生育用基材の上に
通水及び通気が可能で且つ踏み圧で沈み込みしない被覆
体を被せ、被覆体の上を土壌で被覆してなる植物生育用
基材の施工方法を提供する。Further, the present invention provides, as a means for achieving the above object, laying the plant growth substrate according to any one of the first to fourth inventions, and laying the plant growth substrate on each of the laid plant growth substrates. Provided is a method for constructing a plant growth substrate, which is covered with a covering that allows water flow and ventilation and does not sink by stepping pressure, and covers the covering with soil.
【０００９】本発明の植物生育用基材においては、上記
のとおり、ココヤシ由来の材料を構成成分として用いる
ものである。このココヤシは、核とそれを包み込む果皮
とから構成されているものであり、果皮は繊維とダスト
からなり、果皮の最外層は堅い表皮で覆われている。ま
た、ココヤシは、一般的には、表皮に近い部分には繊維
が多く、ダストが少なく、核に近い部分には繊維が少な
く、ダストが多く存在している。As described above, the plant growth substrate of the present invention uses a coconut-derived material as a constituent. This coconut palm is composed of a nucleus and a pericarp surrounding the nucleus. The pericarp is composed of fibers and dust, and the outermost layer of the pericarp is covered with a hard epidermis. In addition, coconut generally has a large amount of fiber and a small amount of dust near the epidermis, and a small amount of fiber and a large amount of dust near the core.
【００１０】[0010]
【発明の実施の形態】本発明における植物生育用基材
は、用途や作業性等を考慮して、その大きさを適宜設定
することができる。その形状は、平板状、立方体状、直
方体状、円柱状、岩のような不定形状、棒状、球状、帯
状等の用途に応じた所望の形状にすることができる。ま
た、任意の大きさ及び形状のものを製造し、用途に応じ
て所望の大きさや形状に切断加工することもできる。BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION The size of the substrate for plant growth in the present invention can be appropriately set in consideration of the use and workability. The shape can be a desired shape such as a flat plate, a cube, a rectangular parallelepiped, a column, an irregular shape such as a rock, a rod, a sphere, a band, or the like depending on the use. In addition, it is also possible to manufacture a product having an arbitrary size and shape and cut it into a desired size and shape according to the application.
【００１１】第１発明で用いるココヤシ果皮に含まれる
ダスト（以下「ココヤシダスト」という）は、果皮から
表皮及び繊維（以下「ココヤシ繊維」という）を除いた
残部であり、粉末と僅かな量の０．５〜３０mm程度の短
い繊維が混在し、ココピートとも俗称されるものであ
る。なお、前記ココヤシ繊維はヤシガラ繊維とも称され
るもので、たわしの材料等として汎用されているもので
ある。このココヤシダストは、吸水膨潤して保水する性
質があり、また、生分解しにくく、天然有機物の中で最
も生分解しにくいことが知られているピートモスよりも
さらに分解しにくい。The dust contained in the coconut rind used in the first invention (hereinafter referred to as "coconut dust") is a residue obtained by removing the epidermis and fibers (hereinafter referred to as "coconut fiber") from the pericarp. Short fibers of about 0.5 to 30 mm are mixed and commonly called coco peat. The coconut fiber is also called coconut fiber, and is commonly used as a material for scourers and the like. This coconut dust has the property of absorbing water and swelling to retain water, and is hardly biodegradable, and is more difficult to decompose than peat moss, which is known to be the least biodegradable among natural organic substances.
【００１２】第１発明で用いるココヤシ果皮小片は、コ
コヤシの果皮を所望の大きさに切断又は破砕した小片で
ある。この場合、ココヤシ繊維の多い表皮に近い部分を
用いることが好ましい。また、第１発明においては、前
記小片をさらに圧縮成形したものもココヤシ果皮小片に
含まれる。ココヤシ果皮小片の大きさや形状は特に制限
されるものではなく、植物生育用基材の大きさや形状に
応じて適宜設定することができる。The coconut peel small pieces used in the first invention are cut or crushed pieces of coconut peel to a desired size. In this case, it is preferable to use a portion close to the epidermis containing many coconut fibers. Further, in the first invention, the coconut rind pieces are also obtained by further compressing and molding the small pieces. The size and shape of the coconut peel small pieces are not particularly limited, and can be appropriately set according to the size and shape of the substrate for plant growth.
【００１３】第１発明の植物生育用基材におけるココヤ
シダストとココヤシ果皮小片の含有割合は、ココヤシダ
ストが１０〜９０重量％でココヤシ果皮小片が９０〜１
０重量％であり、ココヤシダストが３０〜６０重量％で
ココヤシ果皮小片が７０〜４０重量％であることが好ま
しい。The content ratio of coconut dust and coconut peel small pieces in the plant growth substrate of the first invention is such that coconut dust is 10 to 90% by weight and coconut peel small pieces are 90 to 1%.
0 wt%, preferably 30-60 wt% coco dust and 70-40 wt% coconut peel pieces.
【００１４】第１発明の植物生育用基材は、ココヤシダ
ストとココヤシ果皮小片を混合し、必要に応じて粘結材
を配合し、少なくとも上面側が発芽伸長可能な粗面に形
成されたココヤシ繊維の被覆体で被包し、圧縮成形する
ことにより得ることができる。植物生育用基材から被覆
体を除いた部分は、ココヤシダストのみでも成形はでき
るものの、吸水膨潤して軟弱化するため、踏み圧をかけ
ると深く沈み込んでしまい、芝生等の基材としては不適
となる。一方、ココヤシ果皮小片のみでは堅く踏み圧に
も変形し難いものの、成形自体が困難となる。しかし、
前記のように、ココヤシダストとココヤシ果皮小片を混
合して圧縮成形すると、ココヤシダストがバインダーと
して作用するため容易に圧縮成形体を得ることができ
る。この圧縮成形体を用いた第１発明の植物生育用基材
は、複数のココヤシ果皮小片の互いに支え合う相互作用
により、植物生育用基材への踏み圧に対する強度が大き
く、通気性も優れている。また、ココヤシダストの吸水
及び保水作用により、保水力が優れている。The substrate for plant growth according to the first invention is a coconut fiber formed by mixing coconut dust and small pieces of coconut pericarp, blending a binder as needed, and forming at least the upper side of the coconut fiber into a rough surface capable of germinating and extending. And can be obtained by compression molding. The part excluding the coating from the plant growth base material can be molded with coconut dust alone, but because it absorbs and swells and softens, it sinks deeply when stepping pressure is applied, and as a base material such as lawn It will be unsuitable. On the other hand, only the coconut peel small pieces are hard to be easily deformed by stepping pressure, but the molding itself is difficult. But,
As described above, when coconut dust and small pieces of coconut peel are mixed and compression-molded, the coconut dust acts as a binder, so that a compression-molded body can be easily obtained. The substrate for plant growth of the first invention using this compression-molded product has high strength against stepping pressure on the substrate for plant growth and excellent air permeability due to the mutually supporting interaction of a plurality of small pieces of coconut peel. I have. In addition, the coconut dust has excellent water retention ability due to water absorption and water retention.
【００１５】第２発明の植物生育用基材は、第１発明の
植物生育用基材に対してさらにココヤシ繊維を含有させ
たものである。このようにココヤシ繊維を含有させるこ
とにより、植物生育用基材の内部においてココヤシ繊維
が複雑に絡み合うため、主として曲げ強度を向上させる
ことができる。第２発明の植物生育用基材におけるココ
ヤシダスト及びココヤシ果皮小片とココヤシ繊維の含有
割合は、第１発明における含有割合のココヤシダスト及
びココヤシ果皮小片が９９〜７０重量％で、ココヤシ繊
維が１〜４０重量％であり、ココヤシダスト及びココヤ
シ果皮小片が９５〜８５重量％で、ココヤシ繊維が５〜
１５重量％であることが好ましい。ココヤシダスト、コ
コヤシ果皮小片及びココヤシ繊維の好適な含有割合の例
としては、ココヤシダストが３０〜４０重量％でココヤ
シ果皮小片が６０〜５０重量％の組み合わせであり、コ
コヤシ繊維が１０重量％のものを挙げることができる。The plant growth substrate of the second invention is obtained by further adding coconut fibers to the plant growth substrate of the first invention. By including the coconut fiber in this way, the coconut fiber is complicatedly entangled inside the substrate for plant growth, and thus the bending strength can be mainly improved. The content ratio of coconut dust and coconut peel pieces and coconut fiber in the plant growth substrate of the second invention is such that the content ratio of coconut dust and coconut peel pieces in the first invention is 99 to 70% by weight, and 40% by weight, coconut dust and coconut peel pieces are 95 to 85% by weight, and coconut fiber is 5 to 5%.
It is preferably 15% by weight. Examples of suitable content ratios of coconut dust, coconut peel pieces and coconut fibers are a combination of coconut dust of 30 to 40% by weight, coconut peel pieces of 60 to 50% by weight, and coconut fiber of 10% by weight. Can be mentioned.
【００１６】第２発明の植物生育用基材は、ココヤシダ
スト、ココヤシ果皮小片及びココヤシ繊維を混合し、必
要に応じて粘結材を配合し、少なくとも上面側が発芽伸
長可能な粗面に形成されたココヤシ繊維の被覆体で被包
し、圧縮成形することにより得ることができる。The substrate for plant growth according to the second invention is obtained by mixing coconut dust, coconut rind pieces and coconut fiber, and if necessary, blending a binder. At least the upper surface is formed into a rough surface capable of germinating and extending. Can be obtained by encapsulation with a coconut fiber coated body and compression molding.
【００１７】本発明の他の態様においては、第１発明及
び第２発明の植物生育用基材において、さらに肥料を含
有させることができる。この肥料としては、公知の天然
又は合成肥料を挙げることができる。肥料の含有割合
は、植物生育用基材中１〜５重量％であることが好まし
い。In another embodiment of the present invention, the substrate for growing plants of the first and second inventions may further contain a fertilizer. Examples of the fertilizer include known natural or synthetic fertilizers. The content of the fertilizer is preferably 1 to 5% by weight in the plant growth substrate.
【００１８】本発明の他の態様においては、第１発明及
び第２発明の植物生育用基材において、さらに吸水性ポ
リマーを含有させることができる。この吸水性ポリマー
は肥料とも併用することができる。吸水性ポリマーは、
植物生育用基材に過剰量の水が供給された場合、ココヤ
シダストが吸水膨潤し、さらにココヤシ果皮小片やココ
ヤシ繊維も吸水して系内が飽和状態となったとき、さら
に吸水量を増すために用いられる。吸水性ポリマーとし
ては、公知のデンプン−アクリロニトリル系、ポリアク
リル酸系、デンプン−アクリル酸系、橋かけポバール系
等を挙げることができる。吸水性ポリマーの含有割合
は、最大吸水時の空隙量が少なくなり通気性が低下して
植物の生育に悪影響を与えないよう、植物生育用基材に
おける空隙率を少なくとも２０％以上に保持できるよう
な量であることが好ましい。In another embodiment of the present invention, the substrate for growing plants according to the first and second inventions may further contain a water-absorbing polymer. This water-absorbing polymer can be used together with a fertilizer. The water-absorbing polymer is
When an excessive amount of water is supplied to the substrate for plant growth, coconut dust absorbs and swells, and furthermore, when the inside of the system becomes saturated by absorbing coconut peel pieces and coconut fibers, the amount of water absorption further increases. Used for Examples of the water-absorbing polymer include known starch-acrylonitrile-based, polyacrylic acid-based, starch-acrylic acid-based, and crosslinked poval-based polymers. The content ratio of the water-absorbing polymer is such that the porosity in the substrate for plant growth can be maintained at least 20% or more so that the amount of voids at the time of maximum water absorption is reduced and the air permeability is not adversely affected by the growth of plants. It is preferable that the amount is large.
【００１９】本発明の他の態様においては、第１〜第４
発明の植物生育用基材において、さらに表面に複数の孔
を有する態様にすることができる。この孔を利用するこ
とにより、種蒔きや苗の植え付け作業が容易となる。ま
た、散水した水が孔部分に入りやすく、その後の植物生
育用基材の吸水膨潤により、種は包み込まれ、苗は挟み
つけられるようにして支持されるため、発芽や生育が促
進される。孔の大きさや形状は、種や苗の種類により適
宜設定することができるが、この孔は凹み状のものでよ
く、そのほかには割れ目状のものであってもよい。In another embodiment of the present invention, first to fourth
In the substrate for plant growth of the present invention, an embodiment having a plurality of holes on the surface may be further provided. The use of these holes facilitates the operation of sowing seeds and planting seedlings. In addition, the sprinkled water easily enters the pores, and the seeds are wrapped and the seedlings are supported by being pinched by the subsequent water absorption and swelling of the plant growth substrate, so that germination and growth are promoted. The size and shape of the hole can be appropriately set according to the type of seed or seedling. However, the hole may be in a concave shape or may be in a crack shape.
【００２０】本発明における被覆体は、通水及び通気が
可能な被覆体にすることができる。このように被覆体で
被包し所望形状に圧縮成形することにより、運搬時にお
いて植物生育用基材が破損することを防止するととも
に、部分的に破損した場合でも破片が飛び散ることをも
防止できる。The coating according to the present invention can be a coating which allows water and air to flow. In this way, by covering with the covering and compression-molding into a desired shape, it is possible to prevent the substrate for plant growth from being damaged during transportation, and also to prevent fragments from scattering even when partially damaged. .
【００２１】この通水及び通気が可能な被覆体として
は、天然又は合成繊維製の網、金網、布製の袋又はシー
ト、複数の穴の開いた布製又はプラスチック製の袋又は
シート等を挙げることができる。この被覆体としてココ
ヤシ繊維製の網等を用いた場合、植物生育用基材本体
（被覆体を除いた部分）が吸水膨潤するとき、ココヤシ
繊維自体も吸水し、徐々に繊維がほぐれながら伸びてい
くため、植物生育用基材本体の当初の形状をそのまま維
持することができるので好ましい。また、この被覆体
は、施工時において植物が発芽伸長する面側（上面側）
の網目（穴）を粗くし、発芽伸長が可能な程度に大きく
することにより、苗や種子と植物生育用基材の本体との
接触が良くなるため、植物の成育に好影響を与えること
ができる。この場合の一例としては、網目（穴）を正方
形に換算した場合に、上面側は一辺が約５〜１０mmの正
方形とし、下面側は一辺が約０．５mmの正方形とするこ
とができる。Examples of the water-permeable and air-permeable covering body include natural or synthetic fiber nets, wire nets, cloth bags or sheets, cloth or plastic bags or sheets having a plurality of holes. Can be. When a coconut fiber net or the like is used as the coating, the coconut fiber itself absorbs water when the base material for plant growth (excluding the coating) absorbs and swells, and the fiber is gradually loosened and stretched. This is preferable because the initial shape of the plant growth substrate main body can be maintained as it is. In addition, this coated body is on the surface side (top surface side) where plants germinate and elongate during construction.
By roughening the mesh (hole) of the seedling and making it so large that germination and elongation are possible, the contact between the seedlings and seeds and the body of the plant growth base material is improved, which can have a positive effect on the growth of the plant. it can. As an example of this case, when the mesh (hole) is converted into a square, the upper surface can be a square having a side of about 5 to 10 mm, and the lower surface can be a square having a side of about 0.5 mm.
【００２２】本発明の他の態様においては、第１〜第４
発明の植物生育用基材を、少なくとも使用時における下
部が不透水性の被覆体により被包された態様にすること
ができる。このように不透水性の被覆体により被包する
ことにより、夏季等の屋外における乾燥から、さらには
冷房による人為的な室内における乾燥から植物を保護す
ることができるとともに、水やり作業の負担を軽減する
ことができる。この不透水性の被覆体としては、プラス
チック製の袋又は容器、金属製又は木製の容器等を挙げ
ることができる。植物生育用基材本体（不透水性の被覆
体を除いた部分）は、少なくとも使用時における下部、
即ち、前記態様の例でいうと下面側に水を貯留できる程
度に不透水性の被覆体により包み込まれていればよい。In another embodiment of the present invention, first to fourth
The substrate for plant growth of the present invention may be in a mode in which at least a lower portion at the time of use is covered with an impermeable covering. By encapsulating in this way with an impermeable covering, it is possible to protect plants from drying outdoors such as in summer and from drying indoors due to cooling, and to reduce the burden of watering work. Can be reduced. Examples of the water-impermeable coating include a plastic bag or container, a metal or wooden container, and the like. The base material for plant growth (the part excluding the impermeable coating) is at least a lower part at the time of use,
That is, in the case of the above-described embodiment, it is sufficient that the lower surface side is wrapped with a water-impermeable cover enough to store water.
【００２３】第６発明は、第１〜４発明のいずれか１つ
の植物生育用基材を用い、この植物生育用基材を育成し
ようとする媒体上に並べて敷設し、敷設した各植物生育
用基材の上に通水及び通気が可能な被覆体を被せる。被
覆体としては、植物生育用基材が吸水して軟弱化したと
きに、踏み圧をかけても沈まない硬さを有していればよ
く、各植物生育用基材に一連にあるいは個別に被せる。
被覆体は通水及び通気が可能な網、金網、布、穴の開い
たシート等を選択することができ、被覆体には約１ｃｍ
程度で土壌をかけて隠すことが望ましい。The sixth invention uses the plant growth substrate according to any one of the first to fourth inventions, and lays these plant growth substrates side by side on a medium to be grown, and lays each of the laid plant growth substrates. A water-permeable and air-permeable covering is placed on the substrate. As the coating, when the plant growth substrate is softened by absorbing water, it only needs to have hardness that does not sink even when stepping pressure is applied. Put on.
The covering body can be selected from a net, a wire mesh, a cloth, a perforated sheet, etc., which allow water and air to pass therethrough.
It is desirable to cover the soil with a degree.
【００２４】本発明の植物生育用基材には、さらに必要
に応じて、公知の土壌改良材、土壌活性材、接着剤、石
膏、土壌等を配合することができる。The substrate for plant growth of the present invention may further contain, if necessary, known soil improving materials, soil active materials, adhesives, gypsum, soil and the like.
【００２５】[0025]
【実施例】以下、実施例等により本発明をさらに詳しく
説明するが、本発明はこれらにより限定されるものでは
ない。The present invention will be described in more detail with reference to the following examples, which should not be construed as limiting the invention.
【００２６】実施例１ ココヤシダスト（含水率３０％）４００ｇ及びココヤシ
果皮小片（縦５〜３０cm、横５〜１５cm、厚み３〜７c
m）５００ｇを混合したものを、ココヤシ繊維製のシー
トが敷かれた１辺が３０cmの正方形の型の内部に入れ、
全体を前記シートで包み込んだのち、圧縮し、植物成育
用基材（３０×３０×４cm）を得た。Example 1 400 g of coconut dust (water content 30%) and small pieces of coconut peel (5 to 30 cm in length, 5 to 15 cm in width, 3 to 7 c in thickness)
m) 500 g of the mixture is put into a square mold having a side of 30 cm on which a sheet of coconut fiber is laid,
After the whole was wrapped in the sheet, it was compressed to obtain a substrate for plant growth (30 × 30 × 4 cm).
【００２７】実施例２ ココヤシダスト（含水率３０％）４００ｇ、実施例１で
用いたものと同様のココヤシ果皮小片５００ｇ及びココ
ヤシ繊維１００ｇを混合したものを、ココヤシ繊維製の
シートが敷かれた１辺が３０cmの正方形の型の内部に入
れ、全体を前記シートで包み込んだのち、圧縮し、植物
成育用基材（３０×３０×４．２cm）を得た。この植物
成育用基材は、含水率が１８％のときに９００ｇであ
り、嵩比重は０．２４ｇ／cm3 であった。この植物成育
用基材は、軽いために作業性がよく、また堅いために運
搬時及び施工時において破損することがなかった。ま
た、この植物成育用基材に十分量の水を散水した結果、
散水後には３１×３１×９．８cmにまで膨潤した。な
お、その他の重量変化等の測定結果を表１に示す。表１
中、空隙率は、ココヤシ果皮の真比重を１．０と仮定
し、散水前後の植物成育用基材の体積（散水前３７８０
cm3 ＝３７８０ｇ，散水後９４１８cm3 ＝９４１８ｇ）
と実際の重量との差を空隙と見なした場合の値である。Example 2 A mixture of 400 g of coconut dust (water content 30%), 500 g of small coconut peel pieces similar to those used in Example 1 and 100 g of coconut fiber was spread on a sheet made of coconut fiber. It was placed inside a square mold having a side of 30 cm, and the whole was wrapped with the sheet, and then compressed to obtain a substrate for plant growth (30 × 30 × 4.2 cm). The substrate for plant growth had a water content of 18% at a moisture content of 18% and a bulk specific gravity of 0.24 g / cm 3 . The substrate for plant growth was light and had good workability, and was rigid and did not break during transportation and construction. Also, as a result of sprinkling a sufficient amount of water on the plant growth substrate,
After watering, it swelled to 31 × 31 × 9.8 cm. Table 1 shows other measurement results such as changes in weight. Table 1
The medium and porosity are based on the assumption that the true specific gravity of the coconut peel is 1.0, and the volume of the plant growing substrate before and after watering (3780 before watering).
cm 3 = 3780g, watering after 9418cm 3 = 9418g)
This is a value when the difference between the actual weight and the actual weight is regarded as a gap.
【００２８】[0028]
【表１】 重 量 空隙率 透水係数 陽イオン交換容量 ｐＨ 散水前 ９００g ７６％ − 32me/100g ５．８ 散水後 ５１００g ４６％ 4.7 ×10-2cm/s 32me/100g ５．８[Table 1] Weight Void rate Permeability coefficient Cation exchange capacity pH Before watering 900g 76%-32me / 100g 5.8 After watering 5100g 46% 4.7 × 10 -2 cm / s 32me / 100g 5.8
【００２９】実施例３ 実施例１又は２において、さらに肥料として石膏４ｇ、
熔性燐肥５ｇ、ハイコントロール（コーテイング肥料）
２０ｇ、ＦＴＥ（微量要素肥料）０．１ｇを配合したほ
かは同様にして、本発明の植物成育用基材を得た。Example 3 In Example 1 or 2, 4 g of gypsum was further used as a fertilizer.
5 g soluble phosphorus manure, high control (coating fertilizer)
A substrate for plant growth of the present invention was obtained in the same manner except that 20 g and 0.1 g of FTE (trace element fertilizer) were added.
【００３０】実施例４ 実施例１又は２において、さらに吸水性ポリマーとして
ポリアクリル酸系のポリマーを５ｇ配合したほかは同様
にして、本発明の植物成育用基材を得た。Example 4 A plant growth substrate of the present invention was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 or 2, except that 5 g of a polyacrylic acid-based polymer was further added as a water-absorbing polymer.
【００３１】実施例５ 実施例１〜４のいずれかで得られた植物成育用基材の一
面（正方形面）に、苗植付け用の直径２０mm、深さ３０
mmの凹部と、種子蒔き用の直径５mm、深さ１０mmの凹部
を、それぞれ一列おきに並行して複数列形成し、本発明
の植物成育用基材を得た。Example 5 On one surface (square surface) of the substrate for plant growth obtained in any one of Examples 1 to 4, a diameter of 20 mm and a depth of 30 for planting seedlings.
A plurality of concave portions having a diameter of 5 mm and a depth of 10 mm for sowing seeds were formed in parallel in every other row to form a plurality of concave portions, whereby a substrate for plant growth of the present invention was obtained.
【００３２】実施例６ 実施例１〜５のいずれかで得られた植物成育用基材を、
ココヤシ繊維製のシートで被覆して、本発明の植物成育
用基材を得た。なお、ココヤシ繊維製のシートは、上面
を粗く、下面及び側面を密にした。Example 6 The substrate for plant growth obtained in any of Examples 1 to 5 was
It was covered with a sheet made of coconut fiber to obtain a plant growth substrate of the present invention. The coconut fiber sheet had a rough upper surface and a dense lower surface and side surfaces.
【００３３】実施例７ 図１に示すように、実施例２〜４のいずれかに記載する
ように、ココヤシダスト４、ココヤシ果皮小片３及びコ
コヤシ繊維５を混合したものを、ココヤシ繊維製シート
２で包み込みで圧縮して植物成育用基材１を得た。この
植物成育用基材１を、プラスチック製の容器７（３０×
３０×２cm）に入れ、本発明の植物成育用基材１を使用
する。必要に応じて表面には孔６が設けられる。EXAMPLE 7 As shown in FIG. 1, as described in any of Examples 2 to 4, a mixture of coconut dust 4, coconut rind pieces 3 and coconut fiber 5 was mixed with a coconut fiber sheet 2. Then, the resultant was wrapped and compressed to obtain a substrate 1 for plant growth. This substrate 1 for growing plants is placed in a plastic container 7 (30 ×
30 × 2 cm), and the substrate 1 for growing plants of the present invention is used. Holes 6 are provided on the surface as needed.
【００３４】試験例１ 建物の屋上に実施例２で得られた植物成育用基材２２枚
を敷き並べ、その上に高麗芝を置いた。その後、芝面を
上方から十分によく叩き、芝と植物成育用基材を密着さ
せたのち、散水した。三週間経過後、芝は順調に伸長し
ており、根が植物成育用基材に活着したことも確認し
た。また、芝の上を歩いてみたところ、足が沈むような
感じはほとんどなかった。Test Example 1 On the roof of a building, 22 pieces of the substrate for plant growth obtained in Example 2 were laid, and Koroshiba was placed thereon. Thereafter, the turf surface was thoroughly beaten from above to bring the turf and the plant growth substrate into close contact, and then watered. After three weeks, the turf was growing steadily, and it was also confirmed that the roots had survived on the substrate for plant growth. When I walked on the grass, there was almost no feeling that my feet sink.
【００３５】試験例２ 実施例２で得られた植物成育用基材と、バガスを圧縮成
形した市販の緑化基盤材である商品名ＬＧグリーン３５
３（３０×３０×５cm，嵩比重０．４７ｇ／cm3 ；ジャ
グラス社製）を用い、一定面積において厚さ１０cmの人
工地盤を形成した。その結果、実施例２で得られた植物
成育用基材の単位面積当たりの重量は１０kg/m2 であっ
たのに対し、ＬＧグリーン３５３は４７kg/m2 であっ
た。この結果から、建物の屋上に施工する場合のよう
に、より軽量であることが要求される場合には、本発明
の植物成育用基材が優れていることが確認された。Test Example 2 The plant growth substrate obtained in Example 2 and a commercial greening base material, LG Green 35, which is a commercially available greening base material obtained by compression-molding bagasse
3 (30 × 30 × 5 cm, bulk specific gravity 0.47 g / cm 3 ; manufactured by Juglas Co.), and an artificial ground having a thickness of 10 cm was formed in a fixed area. As a result, the weight per unit area of the plant growth substrate obtained in Example 2 was 10 kg / m 2 , whereas that of LG Green 353 was 47 kg / m 2 . From these results, it was confirmed that the base material for growing plants of the present invention was excellent when lighter weight was required as in the case of construction on the roof of a building.
【００３６】試験例３ 実施例２で得られた植物成育用基材とＬＧグリーン３５
３を、３０分間完全に水没させて取り出し、その後、網
目が１cm角の金網に５分間置いて水を切ったのちの含水
量と空隙率を測定した。その結果、実施例２で得られた
植物成育用基材は、含水量が約４２００ｇで空隙率が約
４２％であったのに対し、ＬＧグリーン３５３は、含水
量が約２４７０ｇで空隙率が約８％であった。また、水
切りをしない場合の含水量は、それぞれ０．１ｍ3 当た
り、実施例２で得られた植物成育用基材は約１１１リッ
トルであり、ＬＧグリーン３５３は約５５リットルであ
った。これらの結果から、本発明の植物成育用基材は、
通気性及び透水性が優れており、同時に保水性も優れて
いることが確認された。また、このように保水性が優れ
ていることにより、水やり作業の負担が軽減され、植物
の管理作業も容易になる。Test Example 3 The plant growth substrate obtained in Example 2 and LG Green 35
3 was completely immersed in water for 30 minutes, taken out, and then placed on a wire mesh having a mesh of 1 cm square for 5 minutes to drain water, and the water content and porosity were measured. As a result, the plant growth substrate obtained in Example 2 had a water content of about 4200 g and a porosity of about 42%, whereas the LG Green 353 had a water content of about 2470 g and a porosity of about 42%. It was about 8%. The water content without drainage was about 111 liters per 0.1 m 3 of the plant growth substrate obtained in Example 2, and about 55 liters for LG Green 353. From these results, the plant growth substrate of the present invention,
It was confirmed that air permeability and water permeability were excellent, and at the same time water retention was also excellent. In addition, due to such excellent water retention, the burden of watering work is reduced, and the work of managing plants becomes easy.
【００３７】試験例４ 図２に示すように、建物の屋上１０に実施例２で得られ
た植物成育用基材１を２２枚を敷き並べ、その上に踏み
圧で沈み込みしない強度を有する金網１１を被せ、さら
に土壌１２で被覆したうえに高麗芝を置いた。その後、
芝面を上方から十分によく叩き、芝と植物成育用基材を
密着させたのち、散水した。三週間経過後、芝は順調に
伸長しており、根が植物成育用基材に活着したことも確
認した。また、芝の上を歩いてみたところ、足が沈むよ
うな感じは全くなかった。Test Example 4 As shown in FIG. 2, 22 pieces of the plant growth substrate 1 obtained in Example 2 were laid on the rooftop 10 of a building, and had a strength not to sink by stepping pressure thereon. A wire mesh 11 was covered, and further covered with soil 12, and then Koryo turf was placed. afterwards,
The turf surface was hit sufficiently from above, and the turf and the plant growth substrate were brought into close contact with each other, and then watered. After three weeks, the turf was growing steadily, and it was also confirmed that the roots had survived on the substrate for plant growth. Also, when I walked on the grass, there was no feeling that my feet would sink.
【００３８】[0038]
【発明の効果】本発明の植物生育用基材は、ココヤシ由
来のココヤシダスト及びココヤシ果皮小片、さらにはコ
コヤシ繊維を主成分として、少なくとも上面側が発芽伸
長可能な粗面に形成されたココヤシ繊維の被覆体で被包
し、所望形状に圧縮成形されているため、軽量でかつ強
度が優れているので、保管及び運搬が容易であり、作業
性も優れている。また、通気及び透水性とともに保水性
も優れているため、植物の発芽及び生育にとって良好な
環境を維持できる。また、被覆体の少なくとも上面側を
発芽伸長可能な程度に粗くしたココヤシ繊維の被覆体を
用いることにより、基材が吸水膨潤した際にも被覆体自
体が吸水して除々に繊維がほぐれ上面側の粗さとあいま
って、植物の発芽伸長が被覆体によって阻害されず、良
好な生育状態を得ることができる。さらに、前記したコ
コヤシダスト、ココヤシ果皮小片及びココヤシ繊維はい
ずれも生分解しにくいため、当初形状を長期間保持する
ことができる。本発明の植物成育用基材は、植物全般の
栽培用基材として有用であり、特に都市の緑化用、例え
ば、建物の屋上の緑化用、室内の緑化用として好適であ
る。The substrate for plant growth of the present invention is composed of coconut-derived coconut dust and coconut pericarp, and coconut fiber as a main component. Since it is wrapped in a cover and compression molded into a desired shape, it is lightweight and has excellent strength, so that it is easy to store and transport, and has excellent workability. In addition, since water retention is excellent as well as ventilation and water permeability, a favorable environment for germination and growth of plants can be maintained. At least the upper surface more to the use of coating of the roughened coconut fibers enough to be germinated extension, the dividing coated body itself water absorption even when the substrate has imbibition s unraveling fibers upper surface of the cover Side roughness and gap
Thus, the germination elongation of the plant is not inhibited by the coating, and a good growth state can be obtained. Furthermore, since the above-mentioned coconut dust, coconut peel small pieces and coconut fiber are hardly biodegradable, the initial shape can be maintained for a long time. The substrate for growing plants of the present invention is useful as a substrate for cultivating plants in general, and is particularly suitable for greening cities, for example, greening roofs of buildings, and indoors.
【００３９】また、本発明の植物生育用基材の施工に際
しては、植物生育用基材の敷設後にその上面に被覆体を
被せるだけなので、施工作業が簡単であるうえに、植物
生育用基材が吸水膨潤して軟弱化しても踏み圧で深く沈
み込みすることがなく、芝生等の緑化用として好適に利
用できる。Further, when the substrate for plant growth of the present invention is applied, only the covering is put on the upper surface after the substrate for substrate growth is laid, so that the work is simple and the substrate for plant growth is simple. Even when water softens due to water absorption and swelling, it does not sink deeply due to stepping pressure, and can be suitably used for greening lawns and the like.
【図１】本発明の植物成育用基材の一態様の断面図であ
る。FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a plant growing substrate of the present invention.
【図２】本発明の植物成育用基材の施工の一態様を示す
側面図である。FIG. 2 is a side view showing one embodiment of construction of the plant growth substrate of the present invention.
１ 植物成育用基材 ２ ココヤシ繊維製シート ３ ココヤシ果皮小片 ４ ココヤシダスト ５ ココヤシ繊維 ６ 孔 ７ プラスチック製容器 １０ 建物の屋上 １１ 金網 １２ 土壌 DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Substrate for plant growth 2 Coco fiber sheet 3 Coco peel small piece 4 Coco dust 5 Coco fiber 6 hole 7 Plastic container 10 Roof of building 11 Wire mesh 12 Soil
───────────────────────────────────────────────────── フロントページの続き (58)調査した分野(Int.Cl.6，ＤＢ名) A01G 1/00 303 A01G 13/00 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────続 き Continued on the front page (58) Field surveyed (Int. Cl. 6 , DB name) A01G 1/00 303 A01G 13/00
Claims (6)
０重量％及びココヤシ果皮小片９０〜１０重量％を、少
なくとも上面側が発芽伸長可能な粗面に形成されたココ
ヤシ繊維の被覆体で被包し、所望形状に圧縮成形したこ
とを特徴とする植物生育用基材。1. Dust contained in coconut peel 10 to 9
0% by weight and 90 to 10% by weight of coconut peel pieces are covered with a coconut fiber covering formed on a rough surface at least on the upper surface side of which is germinated and extensible, and compression molded into a desired shape. Substrate.
含有する請求項１記載の植物生育用基材。2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising adding 1 to 40% by weight of the coconut fiber.
The base material for plant growth according to claim 1, which is contained.
記載の植物生育用基材。3. The method according to claim 1, further comprising a fertilizer.
The substrate for growing a plant according to the above.
項１又は２記載の植物生育用基材。4. The plant growth substrate according to claim 1, further comprising a water-absorbing polymer.
いずれか１記載の植物生育用基材。5. The plant growth substrate according to claim 1, which has a plurality of pores on a surface.
育用基材を敷設し、敷設した各植物生育用基材の上に通
水及び通気が可能で且つ踏み圧で沈み込みしない被覆体
を被せ、被覆体の上に土壌を被覆してなる植物生育用基
材の施工方法。6. The plant growth substrate according to any one of claims 1 to 4 is laid, water can flow and air can flow over each laid plant growth substrate, and does not sink by stepping pressure. A method for applying a substrate for plant growth, comprising coating a cover and covering the cover with soil.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP8221297A JP2937876B2 (en) | 1996-08-22 | 1996-08-22 | Substrate for plant growth and method of construction |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP8221297A JP2937876B2 (en) | 1996-08-22 | 1996-08-22 | Substrate for plant growth and method of construction |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH1056876A JPH1056876A (en) | 1998-03-03 |
| JP2937876B2 true JP2937876B2 (en) | 1999-08-23 |
Family
ID=16764588
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP8221297A Expired - Lifetime JP2937876B2 (en) | 1996-08-22 | 1996-08-22 | Substrate for plant growth and method of construction |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP2937876B2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NL1008513C2 (en) * | 1997-08-15 | 1998-10-14 | Mels Elbert Doesburg | Soil covering material and applications thereof. |
| KR20020085189A (en) * | 2001-05-07 | 2002-11-16 | 박태원 | a method of cultivation to the lawn and herbs |
| CA2563009A1 (en) * | 2004-03-30 | 2005-10-13 | Casetech Australia Pty Ltd | Growth medium |
| KR102040175B1 (en) * | 2017-12-20 | 2019-11-04 | 손희준 | Eco-friendly, Light-weight Block Module for Afforestation of Roof and the Afforesting Method using the Same |
| JP7242078B2 (en) * | 2021-03-30 | 2023-03-20 | 株式会社Ｅ－システム | coconut shell medium |
| GB2605582B (en) * | 2021-04-01 | 2024-02-14 | Cocogreen Uk Ltd | Compressed growing medium |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3842537A (en) * | 1973-10-19 | 1974-10-22 | Bishop Floral Co | Plant growth composition and structure |
| JP2530279B2 (en) * | 1992-12-04 | 1996-09-04 | 實 豊根 | Planting mat |
| JPH07111830A (en) * | 1993-10-19 | 1995-05-02 | Hiroura Kogyo Kk | Coconut dust planter |
| JPH0819337A (en) * | 1994-07-06 | 1996-01-23 | Ebara Kogyo Kk | Mat for protecting and raising grass or flowering plant and method for using the same |
| JPH08107729A (en) * | 1994-10-11 | 1996-04-30 | Minoru Toyone | Mat for culturing culture solution |
-
1996
- 1996-08-22 JP JP8221297A patent/JP2937876B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPH1056876A (en) | 1998-03-03 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| US6658790B2 (en) | Method of propagation and product produced thereby | |
| US8756862B1 (en) | Horticultural growth medium | |
| JP2937876B2 (en) | Substrate for plant growth and method of construction | |
| JP3400926B2 (en) | Greening base material and its manufacturing method | |
| JP3753711B2 (en) | Tree planting material and planting method using the planting material | |
| JP3024872B2 (en) | Green plant | |
| JP3361992B2 (en) | Plant growing mat and plant block structure | |
| KR100687584B1 (en) | environmental mat for plant and its manufacturing method | |
| KR100542957B1 (en) | Lawn mat without soil | |
| JP2002125451A (en) | Greening construction method using vegetation mat | |
| JP3312687B2 (en) | Planting vegetation on artificial ground | |
| JPH0774506B2 (en) | Concrete products for planting and manufacturing method thereof | |
| CN216254190U (en) | Bamboo tube embedded sand fixing and controlling device with built-in seeds or seedlings and sandy soil | |
| JP2000262143A (en) | Plant growing base material comprising coir shaped material | |
| Decker | Producing sods over plastic in soilless media | |
| JP2002345327A (en) | Solidified vegetation culture soil and vegetation method | |
| JP3593517B2 (en) | Palm fiber mat and planting unit with greening unit and palm fiber processing | |
| JPH07236350A (en) | Planting method of seedling | |
| JP2004305184A (en) | Granular planting body used for tree planting | |
| TW199198B (en) | Method of clothing mudstone with greenery | |
| JP2001103836A (en) | Mat for raising plant and method for greening artificial ground | |
| JP2003079243A (en) | Material for cultivating plant | |
| JP3088216U (en) | Greening substrate | |
| JP2932350B2 (en) | Lawn carpet and manufacturing method thereof | |
| CA2362942C (en) | Sod comprising agricultural components particularly for forming lawns, and method for producing it |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20090611 Year of fee payment: 10 |
|
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20110611 Year of fee payment: 12 |
|
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20120611 Year of fee payment: 13 |
|
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20120611 Year of fee payment: 13 |
|
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20130611 Year of fee payment: 14 |
|
| R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
| R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
| R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
| R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
| EXPY | Cancellation because of completion of term |