JP2011151054A - 接合構造体の製造方法及び接合構造体 - Google Patents

接合構造体の製造方法及び接合構造体 Download PDF

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Publication number
JP2011151054A
JP2011151054A JP2010008754A JP2010008754A JP2011151054A JP 2011151054 A JP2011151054 A JP 2011151054A JP 2010008754 A JP2010008754 A JP 2010008754A JP 2010008754 A JP2010008754 A JP 2010008754A JP 2011151054 A JP2011151054 A JP 2011151054A
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Prior art keywords
semiconductor element
electrode
bonded structure
bonded
intermetallic compound
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JP2010008754A
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JP5482214B2 (ja
Inventor
Taichi Nakamura
太一 中村
Akio Furusawa
彰男 古澤
Shigeaki Sakatani
茂昭 酒谷
Hidetoshi Kitaura
秀敏 北浦
Takahiro Matsuo
隆広 松尾
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Panasonic Corp
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Panasonic Corp
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Priority to JP2010008754A priority Critical patent/JP5482214B2/ja
Priority to US13/007,693 priority patent/US8268718B2/en
Priority to CN201110026480.5A priority patent/CN102163564B/zh
Publication of JP2011151054A publication Critical patent/JP2011151054A/ja
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Abstract

【課題】半導体素子と電極との接合部にBi系金属間化合物を含有し、分散している接合構造体の製造方法を提供すること。
【解決手段】直径DのBi球の周囲に厚みLのNiをコーティングしたはんだボール200を加熱された電極103上に載置し、はんだボール200のDとLは、0.022≦L/D≦0.039の関係を有し、はんだボール200が電極103上に濡れ拡がり、接合部104を形成した後、接合部104の上に半導体素子102を載置し、電極103と接合させた接合構造体107は、半導体素子102の発熱により接合部104が溶融することを防止する。
【選択図】図1

Description

本発明は、鉛を含まない接合材料を用いた接合構造体の製造方法に関するものであり、より詳細には、Si、SiC、GaN等の半導体素子と電極とを接合したパワー半導体モジュールの接合構造体の製造方法に関するものである。
パワー半導体モジュールの分野においては、より高出力に対応することができるモジュールが強く望まれている。
近年、パワー半導体モジュールに用いられているSi素子に代わって、SiCやGaNを半導体素子として用いたパワー半導体モジュールが注目を浴びつつある。SiC、GaNはSiに比べて単位面積あたりに投入できる電流量も大きく、パワー半導体モジュールの小型化、高出力化を担う重要なデバイスとして期待されている。
一方、パワー半導体モジュールは、投入される電流量が増大するほど、半導体素子自体の発熱温度が上昇する性質を有する。例えば、Siでは投入電流量50mA/cm未満で使用され、半導体素子自体が150℃程度に発熱するのに対して、SiC、GaNでは投入電流量50mA/cm以上で使用され、半導体素子自体が400℃程度に発熱することが知られている。その為、半導体素子と電極とを接合する接合材料には使用時の半導体素子に対する耐熱性が求められる。
現在、融点が高く加えて環境へも配慮したPbを含まない接合材料としてBiまたはZnを含む接合材料が検討されている。濡れ性や接合のしやすさなどを考慮すれば、Biを90重量%以上含む接合材料(以降「Biを主成分とする接合材料」とする。例えばBi―2.5重量%Ag 融点262℃)が、150℃程度に発熱する半導体素子と電極とを接合する接合材料として適していると考えられている(特許文献1参照)。
図6は、特許文献1に記載された従来の製造方法により形成された接合構造体の断面図である。電極601上に表面処理層605を設け、その上にBiを主成分とする接合材料602を塗布し、その上に半導体素子603を載置して、パワー半導体モジュール604を形成している。
特開2007−281412号公報
しかしながら、従来の製造方法で形成されたパワー半導体モジュール604では、SiCやGaNを半導体素子603として用いた場合は、投入電流量により半導体素子603が発熱すると、半導体素子603の発熱が接合材料602に放熱され、その熱により融点262℃以上に温度上昇し、接合材料602が溶融する可能性が生じる。そこでパワー半導体モジュール604の使用時に接合材料602が溶融すると、短絡、断線、あるいは電気特性の変化が生じて最終製品に不良が生じる可能性がある。
従って、パワー半導体モジュール604の使用時に投入する電流量は、接合材料602の融点以上に半導体素子603が発熱しないように制限する必要が生じ、前記特許文献1に記載の接合構造体では、接合材料602の耐熱性を向上しなければならないという課題を有している。
本発明は、従来の課題を解決する接合構造体の製造方法を提供することを目的とする。
上記目的を達成するために、本発明の接合構造体の製造方法は、直径DのBi球の周囲に厚みLのNiをコーティングしたはんだボールを加熱された電極上に載置し、前記はんだボールのDとLは、0.022≦L/D≦0.039の関係を有し、前記はんだボールが前記電極上に濡れ拡がり、接合部を形成した後、前記接合部の上に半導体素子を載置し、前記電極と接合させたことを特徴とする。
本発明の接合構造体は、接合部中にBiとNiとで構成されるBi系金属間化合物を60%以上100%以下含有し、分散していることを特徴とする。
以上のように、本発明の接合構造体の製造方法によれば、Bi球の周囲にNiをコーティングしたはんだボールを加熱された電極上に載置し、はんだボールが電極上に濡れ拡がり、発熱温度400℃以下の半導体素子の放熱に耐えうる接合部を形成することができる。また本発明の接合構造体によれば、接合部にBi系金属間化合物が存在することにより、接合部の接合材料の溶出を抑制することが可能である。
本発明の実施の形態1における接合構造体の製造方法により形成される接合構造体の断面図 本発明の実施の形態1における接合構造体の製造方法の工程図 はんだボールのNiめっき厚みと接合部のBi系金属間化合物の割合の関係を示した図 従来の接合構造体と本発明の接合構造体の断面図 Niめっき厚とBi系金属間化合物の割合を示した図 従来の製造方法により形成された接合構造体の断面図
以下本発明の実施の形態について、図面を参照しながら説明する。
(実施の形態1)
図1は、本発明の実施の形態1における接合構造体の製造方法により形成される接合構造体の断面図である。図1(a)は、パワー半導体モジュールが基板に実装された模式図であり、図1(b)は、図1(a)の点線で囲まれた領域Aを拡大した接合構造体の図である。
図1(a)において、パワー半導体モジュール100は基板101に実装されており、パワー半導体モジュール100内部については、半導体素子102と電極103を含む領域Aを拡大した図1(b)を用いて説明する。図1(b)において、接合構造体107は、接合材料との濡れ性を確保するためにAgを用いた表面処理層106が成膜された電極103と、半導体素子102との間にBiとNiとで構成されるBi系金属間化合物105が分散した接合部104が形成されている。
次に本発明の実施の形態1における接合構造体の製造方法について図2を用いて説明する。図2は、本発明の実施の形態1における接合構造体の製造方法の工程図である。図2(a)は、電極103上にはんだボール200を載置する工程である。電極103は、Cu合金で構成され、接合材料との濡れ性を確保するために電極103の接合材料側に表面処理層106としてAgを1μmの厚みで電解めっき法により成膜している。表面処理層は接合材料との濡れ性が良い金属であるAu、Ni、Pdを用いてもよく、成膜方法も電解めっき法に限らず蒸着法、無電解めっき法等を用いても良い。
はんだボール200は、直径1.0mmのボール状のBi201の周囲全体をバレルめっき法によりNiをコーティングしてNiめっき202を形成している(任意の4点の平均Ni膜厚約22μm〜39μm)。
尚、電極103上にはんだボール200を載置する工程は、はんだの酸化防止及び電極表面の酸化膜の還元のため水素を5%含む窒素雰囲気中で電極103をBi201の融点271℃以上の300℃に加熱し、その後電極103上にはんだボール200を載置し押圧する。はんだボール200を載置する際の押し圧は、図2(b)に示すように電極103とはんだボール200の接触部で、はんだボール200のNiめっき202の一部に亀裂が生じ、内部より溶融状態のBi201が溶出する必要があり、本発明の実施の形態1では100gfの押し圧で行った。
図2(c)は載置したはんだボール200を電極103に対して濡れ拡がらせる工程である。この工程は、はんだボール200が電極103上で平面方向の半導体素子102のサイズ以上電極103サイズ以下で濡れ広げるようにすることにより、接合後の接合部104の未充填を防ぐために行っている。ここでは、一例として半導体素子102の大きさは4.5mm×3.5mm、電極103の表面積は5mm×4mm、接合部の厚さは20〜50μmとした。
本発明実施の形態1では、水素を5%含む窒素雰囲気中で電極103の加熱を(a)(b)から維持した状態で、はんだボール200との相溶性のないSUS製のツール203によりはんだボール200を平面方向の半導体素子102及び電極103と同程度のサイズに濡れ拡がらせた。
ここで、はんだボール200中のBiは溶融状態にあるため、周囲に存在したNiと拡散反応が起こり、図2(d)のようにBi3Ni(以下、Bi系金属間化合物105と呼ぶ)が形成し、分散した状態となる。
これは、はんだボール200の外周にNiめっき202を同心円状に膜付けしている為、それらが図2(c)のように溶融状態のBiの中に分散した形で拡がることによってBi系金属間化合物を分散させることが可能になる(接合構造体の破断面の観察及びX線光電子分光装置による表面分析で確認することができる)。
図2(e)は電極103に対して濡れ拡がった接合部104上に半導体素子102を載置する工程である。
半導体素子102は、Siで構成され、直径が6インチで厚みが0.3mmのウエハから、4.5mm×3.5mmの大きさで切り出されている。半導体素子102は、Siに限らずGeで構成されていても良く、さらに化合物半導体のGaN、GaAs、InP、ZnS、ZnSe、SiC、SiGe等で構成されていても良い。また、半導体素子102の大きさは、半導体素子の機能により、6mm×5mmと大きいもの、あるいは3mm×2.5mm、2mm×1.6mm等の小さいものを用いても良い。半導体素子102の厚みは、半導体素子の大きさにより異なる場合もあり、0.3mmに限らず、0.4mm、0.2mm、0.15mm等のものを用いても良い。
本発明実施の形態1では、水素を5%含む窒素雰囲気中で電極103を320℃で加熱し、接合部104上に半導体素子102を載置し、載置した後に電極103を室温(約25℃)まで冷却し、接合部104を凝固させることにより半導体素子102と電極103とを接合し、接合構造体107を製造した。
次に、前述の図2で示したBi系金属間化合物105とBi201により構成される接合部104中のBi系金属間化合物105の含有量について説明する。図3は、はんだボール200のNiめっき202の厚みと接合部104中のBi系金属間化合物105の割合の関係を示している。ただし、接合部104中のBi系金属間化合物105の割合は、接合構造体の破断面をX線光電子分光装置により表面分析を行い、接合材料の破断面全体に対して算出した。
図3より、本発明の実施の形態1では、はんだボール200はボール状のBiの直径を1mmで統一して使用している為、Niめっき202のめっき厚が厚いほど、接合後の接合部104中のBi系金属間化合物105の割合が大きくなることがわかる。
次に、各種接合構造体において、半導体素子の発熱に対する接合部の耐熱試験を行った。耐熱試験の方法としては、接合構造体の平面方向の半導体素子Siと同じサイズの発熱体を半導体素子上面部(図1(b)102a面)に2分間接触させた後の接合材料の溶出量を確認した。ここで、発熱体の発熱量については、1分後の発熱体表面温度が280,340,400℃となるように設定し、その後1分間保持した。
上記発熱体表面温度の設定理由を説明する。280℃に関しては、Bi単体の融点が271℃であることにより、融点プラス約10℃の280℃に対する接合部の耐熱温度を確認する目的とした。400℃に関しては、前記背景技術において述べたようにSiC、GaNの素子の発熱温度が400℃程度に発熱することが知られているため、その400℃に対する接合部の耐熱温度を確認する目的とした。最後に280℃と400℃の中間温度として340℃を設定することにより、Bi系金属間化合物の割合と耐熱温度との傾向を確認する目的とした。
接合材料の溶出量は、次の数1により算出した。
Figure 2011151054
この式により算出された数値を濡れ拡がった割合とし、次のように記号で分類した。
A=0%の場合を記号◎、0<A≦10の場合を記号○、10<A≦20の場合を記号△、20<A場合を記号×とする。
ここで、本発明の実施の形態1では、接合部の耐熱性を確認する為、接合構造体に対する封止の工程は行っていないが、樹脂で封止することにより接合部の接合材料が溶出したとしても溶出量が少量であれば樹脂によって接合構造体の変形は抑制されると考えられる。
従って、上記判定基準において、0≦A≦20の場合つまりは記号◎、○、△を良品とした。
その結果を表1に示す。
Figure 2011151054
ここでは、はんだボール200のボール状のBiの直径Dを1mmとし、Niめっき202のめっき厚Lを10〜39μmまでの10種類のサンプルを準備した。各々のサンプルにおいては、前述したようにNiめっき202のめっき厚Lが厚いほど、接合後の接合部104中のBi系金属間化合物105の割合が大きくなることからサンプル1では、230%、サンプル10では100%となった。また表1には、L/Dつまりボール状のBiの直径Dに対するNiめっきのめっき厚Lの割合も算出した。
表1により、280℃の発熱体を半導体素子上部に1分間接触させた後の接合材料は、何れのサンプルも接合材料の溶出は確認されなかった(記号◎)。つまりは、Niめっき202のめっき厚が薄いサンプル1においても、はんだボール200のNiめっき202のめっき厚が10μmであれば接合材料の溶出は確認されなかった。
340℃、400℃の発熱体を半導体素子上部に1分間接触させた後の接合部は、サンプル1では溶出量が多かった(記号×)ものの、接合部中のBi系金属間化合物の割合が増大する程溶出量が減少していくことがわかる。
これは、接合部中において融点が460℃程度のBi系金属間化合物の割合が多くなることで、Biの融点270℃以上に加熱されても非溶融状態のBi系金属間化合物がBiの溶出経路を防ぎ、接合部を構成している接合材料の粘性が上がり接合構造体の変形が抑制されたことによるものであると考えられる。
これに関して、図4の従来の接合構造体と本発明の接合構造体の断面図により詳細に説明する。
図4の(a)従来の接合構造体では、半導体素子603の発熱が、図中矢印のように接合材料602に放熱され接合材料602がその熱による温度上昇し、溶融する可能性が生じるのに対して、図4の(b)の本発明の接合構造体では、接合部104中に融点が460℃程度のBi系金属間化合物105を分散させることで、半導体素子102の発熱が、図中矢印のように接合部104に放熱され接合部104がその熱による温度上昇し、接合部104の一部が溶融したとしても、非溶融状態のBi系金属間化合物105が存在することにより接合部104を構成している接合材料の粘性が上がり、溶融状態のBiの溶出経路を防ぐことが可能になる。
また、サンプル10では280℃、340℃、400℃何れの発熱体を半導体素子上部に1分間接触させた後でも接合材料の溶出は確認されなかった(記号◎)。これは、接合部104中において融点が460℃程度のBi系金属間化合物が全ての割合を占めることにより、溶出するBiが存在しないためである。
従って、本発明の実施の形態1におけるサンプル4から10の、はんだボール200のNiめっき202のめっき厚が22μm以上、接合後の接合部104を構成する接合材料中のBi系金属間化合物105の割合が60%以上で、不可避的不純物を除き、Bi系金属間化合物105を構成するBi以外のBiの割合が40%以下の接合構造体(400℃の発熱体1分接触後の接合材料の溶出量:△)であれば、パワー半導体モジュールの実使用時における半導体素子の発熱が400℃程度まで投入電流量を上げて動作させることが可能であると考えられる。
望ましくは、本発明の実施の形態1におけるサンプル10の、はんだボール200のNiめっき202のめっき厚が39μm、接合後の接合材料中104中のBi系金属間化合物105の割合が100%の接合構造体である。
図5はNiめっき厚とBi系金属間化合物の割合を示した図である。実線、一点鎖線、破線はそれぞれ異なる径のBiボールの外周にNiをコーティングし、本発明実施の形態1の接合構造体の製造方法により製造した接合構造体中の接合部のBi系金属間化合物の割合を理論値で算出した値である。
理論値の算出方法としては、Bi系金属間化合物105はBi3Niであり、Bi原子とNi原子が3:1の割合で結合している。このことから、ボール状のBiの直径D、周囲をコーティングするNiのめっき厚Lのバラつきが無いと仮定し、Biの直径、Niめっき厚からBi、Niそれぞれの密度、原子量を用いて原子量比を計算し、Bi系金属間化合物(Bi3Ni)の生成割合を算出した。
また、図5のプロットは図3で説明したNiめっき厚とBi系金属間化合物の割合を示しており、本発明実施の形態1におけるサンプル1〜10の実測値となっている。
図5より、本発明実施の形態1のBiボール径1mmの場合、理論値と実測値との誤差が30%未満に収まっている為、フィッティングしていることがわかる。理論値と実測値が完全に同一とならないことに関してはボール状のBiの直径、周囲をコーティングするNiのめっき厚のバラつきに起因するものと考えている。
このことから、ボール状のBiの直径、周囲をコーティングするNiのめっき厚のバラつきを抑制することにより、接合構造体におけるBi系金属間化合物と不可避不純物を除き残部のBiを所望の割合で得る為には、はんだボール200のボール状のBiの直径D、及び、その周囲をコーティングするNiめっき202の厚みLを設計することで可能となる。
具体的には、本発明実施の形態1では、直径が6インチで厚みが0.3mmのウエハから、4.5mm×3.5mmの大きさで切り出した半導体素子102に対して、Biボール径1mmを検討したが、例えば、半導体素子102の大きさが、6mm×5mmと大きいもの、あるいは3mm×2.5mm、2mm×1.6mm等の小さいものに対して、Biボール径2mm、0.5mmを検討する場合、図5の破線、一点鎖線から、接合構造体におけるBi系金属間化合物と不可避不純物を除き残部のBiを所望の割合で得る為のNiめっきの厚みを設計することが可能となる。
さらには、はんだボールも1つに限らず、2つ、3つと増やした場合もはんだボール中のBiの直径及び外周をコーティングするNiめっきの厚みを適切に設計することにより、接合構造体におけるBi系金属間化合物と不可避不純物を除き残部のBiを所望の割合で得ることが可能になる。
かかる構成によれば、接合部を構成する接合材料中にBi系金属間化合物を分散させ、それにより接合部の耐熱性を向上させることができる。よってパワー半導体モジュールの使用時における半導体素子の発熱に応じて、Bi系金属間化合物の含有量を増大させることにより、半導体素子の発熱温度が400℃程度まで投入電流量を上げて動作させることが可能である。
例えば表1の結果から半導体素子の発熱温度が400℃の場合、はんだボールのBi球の直径Dと外周をコーティングするNiめっきの厚みLを0.022≦L/D≦0.039で設定することにより、接合材料中のBi系金属間化合物の含有の割合を60%以上とし、接合部の耐熱性を向上させることにより、半導体素子の発熱温度が400℃程度まで投入電流量を上げて動作させることが可能である。
本発明の接合構造体の製造方法は、パワー半導体モジュールの使用時における接合部を構成する接合材料の溶融は、Bi系金属間化合物により防ぐことができることからパワー半導体、大電力トランジスタ等の半導体パッケージの用途に適用できる。
100 パワー半導体モジュール
101 基板
102 半導体素子
103 電極
104 接合部
105 Bi系金属間化合物
106 表面処理層
107 接合構造体
200 はんだボール
201 Bi
202 Niめっき
203 ツール
601 電極
602 接合材料
603 半導体素子
604 パワー半導体モジュール
605 表面処理層

Claims (2)

  1. 直径DのBi球の周囲に厚みLのNiをコーティングしたはんだボールを加熱された電極上に載置し、
    前記はんだボールのDとLは、0.022≦L/D≦0.039の関係を有し、
    前記はんだボールが前記電極上に濡れ拡がり、接合部を形成した後、
    前記接合部の上に半導体素子を載置し、
    前記電極と接合させたことを特徴とする接合構造体の製造方法。
  2. 電極と半導体素子との接合部中に、BiとNiとで構成されるBi系金属間化合物を
    60%以上100%以下含有し、分散していることを特徴とする接合構造体。
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