JP2011036253A - 本態性高血圧症におけるgタンパク質関連変異体 - Google Patents
本態性高血圧症におけるgタンパク質関連変異体 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
【解決手段】D1受容体を有しGRK4を発現する腎細胞を得て、該D1受容体の翻訳後修飾の程度を測定する。また、GRK4活性を測定する。さらに、GRK4タンパク質を産生するトランスジーンを含有するニ倍性ゲノムを含むトランスジェニック動物と腎細胞が該GRK4タンパク質を発現しない正常血圧の動物と比較する。
【選択図】なし
Description
本発明は、本態性高血圧、より詳細にはこの疾患を診断および治療する方法における遺伝マーカーの使用に関する。
本態性高血圧すなわち原因不明の高血圧は、アメリカ合衆国における白人の25−30%が冒される疾患である。高血圧症を治療せずに放置すると、心臓疾患、卒中、心筋梗塞および末期腎臓病に至る。高血圧患者は、通常病気だと感じないので、末期の臓器不全が始まるまでしばしば診断を受けず、治療しないまま放置する。従って、高血圧はヒトにおける心臓血管の罹患率および死亡率の主な原因である。多くの高血圧患者は、高塩分の食事が血圧を上昇させ、またはすでに上昇した血圧を悪化させるという点で塩分に敏感である。高血圧を発症させる性質を測定する方法がわかれば、心臓血管疾患の減少に重要な影響を与えるだろう。
キナーゼは、リン酸基のタンパク質への付加を触媒する酵素である。Gタンパク質結合受容体キナーゼ(GRK)は、セリンおよびスレオニン残基におけるGタンパク質結合受容体タンパク質をリン酸化するタンパク質キナーゼのファミリーである。GRKはアレスチンと呼ばれる他のタンパク質とともに、ホルモン性反応の相同的脱感作を媒介する。参照、Premont, et al., FASEB J. 9:175-182(1995)。6つのGRK、つまりGRK1−GRK6が同定された。参照、Premont, et al., 前出.;Palczewski, Protein Sci. 3:1355-1361(1994); および Inglese, et al, J. Biol. Chem. 268:23735-23738(1993)。GRK4は最もわかっていないGRKファミリーのメンバーである。Premont et al., J. Biol. Chem. 271:6403-6410(1996)は、精巣にその実質的存在を測定し、GRK1を除くいかなるGRKのなかで最も分布していない。Premontの文献は、どのような具体的な型の精巣細胞がGRK4を発現するのかわからないことを認めているが、GRK4が、LH/CG受容体、性腺刺激ホルモン放出ホルモン受容体、および卵胞刺激ホルモン受容体および種々の嗅覚受容体を含む多くの受容体のいずれにも結合し得ると推測する。後に、Gros, J. Clin. Invest. 99(9):2087-2093(1997)は、高血圧者のリンパ球におけるアデニリルシクラーゼ活性化の減少におけるGRK2の活性を示唆した。Grosはまた、GRK活性の増加がGRK2発現の増加のみに関連し、他のGRKの活性が変わらないことを観察した。
ヒトGRK4遺伝子転写の構造は、多量の選択的スプライシングを受けて、GRK4タンパク質の4つの型をコードする4つの異なるGRK4のmRNAの型を産生する。選択的スプライシングはGRK4のアミノおよび/またはカルボキシル末端領域で生じ、4つのイソ形を産生する。
GRK4対立遺伝子は、クローン化対立遺伝子または増幅断片のヌクレオチド配列を決定し、それを正常対立遺伝子のヌクレオチド配列と比較することにより、正常対立遺伝子と異なる核酸配列の存在に関して試験する。他の既知の方法は、活性化対立遺伝子の存在の確認について、より完全であるが、まだ幾分は間接的な試験を提供する。これらの方法は、一本鎖確認分析(SSCA)、変性勾配ゲル電気泳動(DGGE)、RNase保護アッセイ、対立遺伝子特異的オリゴヌクレオチド(ASO)、E. coli mutSタンパク質のようなヌクレオチドミスマッチを認識するタンパク質の使用、および対立遺伝子特異的PCRを含む。これらの方法は、Orita et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:2766-2770 (1989); Sheffield et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 86:232-236 (1989); Finkelstein et al., Genomics 7:167-172 (1990)およびKinszler et al., Science 251:1366-1370 (1991); Conner et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 80:278-282 (1983); Modrich, Ann. Rev. Genet. 25:229-253 (1991); およびRano & Kidd, Nucl. Acids Res. 17:8392 (1989)に各々記載されている。対立遺伝子特異的PCRに関して、その3'末端で特定のGRK4変異にハイブリダイズするプライマーを使用する。GRK4変異が存在しない場合、増幅産物は検出されない。増幅産物の検出は、EPA0332435に記載のように、Amplification Refractory Mutation System (ARMS)により行い得る。
組織培養
ヒト腎を、腎癌腫のため片側の腎を摘出した患者から新鮮な外科的標本として得た。患者記録を調べて、正常血圧(n=9)と本態性高血圧症(n=14)とに分類した。収縮期血圧が140mmHg未満で弛緩期血圧が90mmHg未満の者を正常血圧者とした。収縮期血圧が140mmHg以上で弛緩期血圧が90mmHg以上の者および/または抗高血圧剤服用者を高血圧者とした。
HISTOCHOICE中に不死した培養物における腎の組織および細胞について免疫組織化学的検査を、Sanada, H. et al.(前出)に記載のように行った。アフィニティー・カラム精製ポリクローナル・ヒトD1受容体抗体が合成ペプチド配列GSGETQPFC(アミノ酸299−307)に対して生じる。参照、Sanada, H. et al.(前出)。2種の市販(Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc, Santa Cruz, CA)のGRK4イソ形抗体を使用した。1つのGRK4抗体がαイソ形とβイソ形の両方を認識し、他の1つが両αβイソ形を認識した。これらの抗体の特異性はすでに報告されている。Sanada, H. et al.(前出)および Guyton A. C. Circulatory Physiology III, Arterial Pressure and Hypertension, W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA (1980)。
GRK活性を Benovic, Methods Enzymol. 200: 351-362 (1991)に従って測定した。腎近位尿細管抽出物の調製は、氷冷の融解緩衝液中での均質化によった。この緩衝液は、25トリスHCl、pH7.5、5EDTA、5EGTA、ロイペプシン(10μg/ml)、アプロチニン(20μg/ml)および1PMSFを含む。粗均質物を30,000gで30分間遠心分離した。ペレットの抽出を200mMのNaClで30分間行い、30,000gで30分間遠心分離した。上澄み液をGRKアッセイおよびイムノブロッティグに用いた。20μgのタンパク質抽出液を、ロドプシン強化桿外側セグメントとともに、10mMのMgCl2および0.1mMのATP(γ32P−ATP含有)中でインキュベートした。白色光で15分間室温でのインキュベーション後、反応を氷冷の融解緩衝液で停止し、30,000gで15分間遠心分離した。ペレットをラエムリ緩衝液に再懸濁し、12%SDS−PAGEに掛けた。ゲルにオートラジオグラフィを行い、リン酸化ロドプシンの定量を、密度計測と適当なサイズでの切除バンドの放射活性計測で行った。また、GRK活性の測定をGRKイソ形抗体の存在および不存在で行った。
細胞をダルベッコ・リン酸緩衝液(D−PBS)で2回洗い、次いで各ウエルに1mMの3−イソブチル−1−メチルキサンチンを加えた。細胞を37℃で30分間、薬剤とともに、または薬剤なしでインキュベートした。薬剤は、ドパミンおよびD1様受容体アゴニスト、フェノルドパム、D1様受容体アンタゴニスト、SCH23390(Research Biochemicals International, Natick, MA)、およびフォルスコリン(Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO)である。次いで、細胞をD−PBSで2回洗い、−80℃に冷凍して、さらに0.1NのHClで分解した。cAMPの濃度を放射免疫検定法で測定した。Sanada, H. et al.,(前出)、Kinoshita, S. J. Chlin. Invest. 84: 1849-1856 (1989)。タンパク質の濃度をBCAタンパク質アッセイ・キットで測定した。
近位管細胞を、運搬物、フェノルドパム、センス、スクランブルまたはアンチセンスのプロピン/ホスホロチオエート・オリゴヌクレオチド(5nM)とともに、上記のようにインキュベートした。膜を氷冷融解緩衝液(PBSと、1%NP40、0.5%デオキシコール酸ナトリウム、0.1%SDS,1mMのEDTA、1mMのEGTA、1mMバナジン酸ナトリウム、1mMのPMSF、10μg/mlアプロチニン、10μg/mlロイペプシン)で溶解した。溶解物を、IgG精製アンチD1受容体抗体とともに氷上1時間、そしてタンパク質Aアガロースとともに12時間ゆすりながら4℃でインキュベートした。SDSポリアクリルアミド・ゲル電気泳動により分離したタンパク質を、ニトロセルロース膜上に電気泳動で移した。移行ブロット・シートを、10mMトリスHCl、pH7.5、150mMのNaCl、0.1%ツィン20中で5−10%の脂肪なし乾燥乳で阻害し、希釈の親和性精製ポリクローナル・アンチホスホセリン抗体(Zymed Lab, San Francisco, CA)とともにインキュベートした。Sanada, H. et al.(前出)。オートラジオグラムおよび免疫ブロットをECLシステム(Amersham, Arlington Heights, Il)で可視化し、エンシトメトリーで定量した。Sanada, H. et al.(前出)。
ホモ接合性GRK4遺伝子変異体の発生率が高血圧者で約60%および一般人で16%であるという当初の観察に基づくと、能力分析(能力:0.8、α:0.05、効果:45%)がグループにつき14−21のサンプルサイズで、グループ間の有意な差違が検出できる。従って、さらに高血圧者18名および正常血圧者11名の末梢血によるDNAを入手した。少なくとも2人の研究者で全志願者を検査し、医療記録を検討した。高血圧症の病歴および潜在的高血圧症の臨床徴候をもたず、降圧剤薬物治療を行なっておらず、血管拡張療法または血圧に影響し得る他の薬剤を受けず、および最近の3回の診療訪問で収縮期血圧が140mmHgより低く、弛緩期血圧が90mmHより低い状態であった者を正常圧として、被検者を分類した。高血圧症の患者らは、顕著であり持続的な血圧上昇(収縮期血圧160mmHg以上で弛緩期血圧が95mmHg以上)を少なくとも3回の機会で有していた。高血圧者 (腎臓由来のDNA:n=14、末梢血由来のDNA:n=18)は全員20歳以上であった。各個体の本態性高血圧の後期発症についての先天性な問題を除去するため、正常血圧者(腎臓由来のDNA:n=9、末梢血由来のDNA:n=11)は全員45歳以上であった。
ラットD1(rD1)またはヒトD1(hD1)受容体cDNAを、発現ベクターpPUR(Clontech, Palo Alto, CA)またはpcDNA3.1/Zeo(Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA)中で、それぞれ、EcoR1およびXbaI部位でサブクローン化した。得られた作成物を使用し、pTeT−オフ レギュレータープラスミドを発現するCHO細胞を、安定してトランスフェクトした(Clontech, Palo Alto, CA)。この操作にリン酸化カルシウムを使用した。Yamaguchi et al., Mol. Pharmacol. 49:373-378 (1996)参照。ヒト腎臓皮質由来mRNAのRT/PCRから得られた、GRK4γおよびGRK4δのcDNAを、pTet-オフ 応答プラスミド中へ入れサブクローン化した(pTRE−rD1またはpTRE−hD1とpTK−Hygをそれぞれ20:1の割合で混合した)(Clontech, Palo Alto, CA)。
本発明の診断検査は、個体をスクリーニングし、その本態性高血圧症の素因を同定できるであろう。これらの検査の実施に関する、遺伝、細胞および生化学的手段も提供する。本発明は、薬剤を発見するための手段および方法も提供し、および抗高血圧性の活性または特性を有する物質を同定する。組成物および方法は、それぞれ本態性高血圧症を有する個体の腎細胞中のナトリウム輸送を正常化するものであり、この疾患の処置手段を提供する。
Claims (54)
- R65L変異、A142V変異、R65LとA486Vの二重変異またはR65LとA142とA486Vの三重変異を有するGRK4タンパク質をコードする単離された精製核酸。
- R65L変異、A142V変異、A486V変異、R65LとA142Vの二重変異、R65LとA486の二重変異またはR65LとA142とA486Vの三重変異をコードする配列を有するGRK4遺伝子に特異的にハイブリダイズするオリゴヌクレオチド。
- GRK4遺伝子のエキソン3、5、8、14または16にハイブリダイズし、そして、該遺伝子のヌクレオチド431−503(エキソン3)、594−697(エキソン5)、857−995(エキソン8)、1662−1798(エキソン14)、1937−1991(エキソン16)を含むDNA配列を増幅するのに有用であるオリゴヌクレオチド。
- 本態性高血圧症の素因を有する個体を同定する方法であって、
該個体からD1受容体を有しGRK4を発現する腎細胞を得て、
該細胞をアッセイして、概D1受容体の翻訳後修飾の程度を測定する(なお、該D1受容体の翻訳後修飾における変化が、正常血圧の個体から単離され、D1受容体を有しGRK4を発現する腎細胞におけるD1受容体の翻訳後修飾の程度と比較して、本態性高血圧症の素因の指標となる)、
ことを含む方法。 - 該細胞を該D1受容体のパルミトイル化の程度についてアッセイする、請求項4の方法。
- 該細胞を該D1受容体のリン酸化の程度についてアッセイする、請求項4の方法。
- 該細胞を該D1受容体の過リン酸化についてアッセイする、請求項4の方法。
- 該腎細胞が腎近位尿細管細胞または皮質集合管細胞である、請求項4の方法。
- 本態性高血圧症の素因を有する個体を同定する方法であって、
個体から核酸のサンプルを得て、
該サンプルからの、GRK4をコードする核酸またはその断片を、GRK4発現細胞にドーパミン作動性シグナルを翻訳せしめないようなGRK4変異について、分析する(なお、GRK4の該変異は本態性高血圧症の素因についての指標である)、
ことを含む方法。 - GRK4の該変異が、GRK4の該変異を発現する該細胞におけるD1受容体/アデニリルシクラーゼ共役欠損を起す、請求項9の方法。
- GRK4の該変異が、GRK4の該変異を発現する該細胞におけるD1受容体/Gタンパク質共役欠損を起す、請求項9の方法。
- 該核酸のサンプルがDNAのサンプルである、請求項9の方法。
- 該核酸のサンプルがRNAのサンプルである、請求項9の方法。
- 該核酸のサンプルがゲノムDNAのサンプルである、請求項9の方法。
- 該核酸のサンプルがcDNAのサンプルである、請求項9の方法。
- GRK4をコードする核酸の断片を分析する、請求項9の方法。
- GRK4核酸を変異R65Lについて分析する、請求項9の方法。
- GRK4核酸を変異A142Vについて分析する、請求項9の方法。
- GRK4核酸を変異A486Vについて分析する、請求項9の方法。
- GRK4核酸を変異R65L、A486Vについて分析する、請求項9の方法。
- GRK4核酸を変異R65L、A142Vについて分析する、請求項9の方法。
- GRK4核酸を変異R65L、A142、A486Vについて分析する、請求項9の方法。
- 該検出工程がPCRでなされる、請求項9の方法。
- 本態性高血圧症に関連するGRK4の変異を検出する方法であって、
高血圧の個体からの核酸サンプルを得て、
該サンプル由来のGRK4をコードする遺伝子の配列を決定する、
ことを含む方法。 - GRK4およびGRK4基質を含み、GRK活性を測定する再構築システム。
- 該GRK4基質がD1受容体またはその機能的断片である、請求項25の再構築システム。
- 該GRK4および該GRK4基質を発現する全細胞である、請求項26の再構築システム。
- 該全細胞が、D1受容体をコードする第1異種性遺伝子および高血圧に関連のGRK4タンパク質をコードする第2異種性遺伝子でトランスフェクトされたチャイニーズハムスター卵巣細胞である、請求項27の再構築システム。
- 該GRK4タンパク質が本態性高血圧症と関連している、請求項25の再構築システム。
- 高血圧に関連するGRK4タンパク質と、抗高血圧活性について分析する物質との相互作用において概GRK4タンパク質の検出可能な立体配座的変化を提供する薬剤との複合体。
- 不死化ヒト腎近位尿細管細胞。
- 高血圧のヒトから得られる単離された精製腎近位尿細管細胞。
- 不死化された、請求項32の高血圧のヒトから得られる単離された精製腎近位尿細管細胞。
- 腎細胞中で発現されるGRK4タンパク質をコードし、該GRK4タンパク質を産生するトランスジーンを含有するニ倍性ゲノムを含むトランスジェニック動物(なお、該トランスジーンの発現によって、概トランスジェニック動物において発揮される本態性高血圧症の状態が、腎細胞が該GRK4タンパク質を発現しない正常血圧の動物と比較される)。
- 該腎細胞が、該GRK4タンパク質を発現しない腎細胞の正常血圧の動物に比して、低いナトリウム拒否能力を持つ、請求項34のトランスジェニック動物。
- げっ歯類である、請求項34のトランスジェニック動物。
- マウスである、請求項34のトランスジェニック動物。
- 推定の抗高血圧剤を同定する方法であって、
少なくとも1つの候補薬剤を請求項25の再構築システムに加え、
GRK4活性を検出する(該活性は推定の抗高血圧物質の指標である)、
ことを含む方法。 - GRK4活性を検出する該工程が、アデニレート・シクラーゼ活性を測定することを含む、請求項38の方法。
- GRK4活性を検出する該工程が、リン酸塩を付加し得る基質およびリン酸塩源を該培地に加えて該基質のリン酸化を測定することを含む、請求項38の方法。
- 推定の抗高血圧剤を同定する方法であって、
少なくとも1つの候補薬剤を請求項30の複合体に接触せしめ、
該GRK4の立体配座的変化が起きたかどうかを検出する(該活性は推定の降圧物質の指標である)、
ことを含む方法。 - 該検出が、分光測定、蛍光、核磁気共鳴、エバネセント波法または原子間力顕微鏡で行う、請求項41の方法。
- 推定の抗高血圧剤を同定する方法であって、
少なくとも1つの候補薬剤を、高血圧動物から単離の、D1受容体およびGRK4を発現する不死化腎細胞に加え、
該細胞のドーパミン作動性シグナルの形質導入の変化を検出する(ドーパミン作動性シグナルの形質導入の変化は推定の抗高血活性の指標である)、
ことを含む方法。 - 推定の抗高血圧剤を同定する方法であって、
該薬剤を投与した請求項34の第1トランスジェニック動物と、該薬剤を投与していない請求項34の第2トランスジェニック動物との電解質出力を比較する(推定の抗高血圧剤の同定は、該第1トランスジェニック動物の電解質出力が該第2トランスジェニック動物に比して増加することでなされる)、
ことを含む方法。 - ナトリウム利尿を増加する方法であって、本態性高血圧症の個体に、GRK4と相互作用する薬剤を投与して、該個体におけるナトリウム利尿を増加することを含む方法。
- 該薬剤が、該高血圧個体の腎細胞におけるGRK4の発現を変化する、請求項45の方法。
- 該薬剤が、GRK4のmRNAまたはDNAに結合するアンチセンスRNAを含む、請求項45の方法。
- 該薬剤が、GRK4のmRNAまたはプレmRNAを開裂するリボチームを含む、請求項45の方法。
- 該薬剤が、優性阻害変異DNA分子を含む、請求項45の方法。
- 該薬剤がGRK4タンパク質に結合する、請求項45の方法。
- インビトロおよびインビボでGRK4のmRNAに特異的にハイブリダイズするオリゴヌクレオチド。
- アンチセンスRNA分子である、請求項51のオリゴヌクレオチド。
- 優性阻害変異DNA分子である、請求項51のオリゴヌクレオチド。
- GRK4のmRNAまたはプレmRNAを開裂するリボチーム。
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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ATE405661T1 (de) | 2008-09-15 |
DK1045918T3 (da) | 2008-12-08 |
US9074016B2 (en) | 2015-07-07 |
DE69939367D1 (de) | 2008-10-02 |
AU2223899A (en) | 1999-07-26 |
WO1999035279A1 (en) | 1999-07-15 |
EP2009109A1 (en) | 2008-12-31 |
JP5340242B2 (ja) | 2013-11-13 |
CA2318479A1 (en) | 1999-07-15 |
CA2318479C (en) | 2009-03-24 |
EP1045918A1 (en) | 2000-10-25 |
EP1045918B1 (en) | 2008-08-20 |
US6660474B1 (en) | 2003-12-09 |
EP1045918A4 (en) | 2003-10-08 |
JP2002508157A (ja) | 2002-03-19 |
US20100313286A1 (en) | 2010-12-09 |
JP4652566B2 (ja) | 2011-03-16 |
US20050089871A1 (en) | 2005-04-28 |
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