JP2011033023A - 部品における開口を閉鎖する方法 - Google Patents
部品における開口を閉鎖する方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2011033023A JP2011033023A JP2010165440A JP2010165440A JP2011033023A JP 2011033023 A JP2011033023 A JP 2011033023A JP 2010165440 A JP2010165440 A JP 2010165440A JP 2010165440 A JP2010165440 A JP 2010165440A JP 2011033023 A JP2011033023 A JP 2011033023A
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 41
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910000601 superalloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 25
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 21
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 17
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 15
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 12
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 4
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 4
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005219 brazing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010828 elution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001173 rene N5 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000008186 active pharmaceutical agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010953 base metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052702 rhenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004381 surface treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
- F01D5/12—Blades
- F01D5/14—Form or construction
- F01D5/147—Construction, i.e. structural features, e.g. of weight-saving hollow blades
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
- B22C21/00—Flasks; Accessories therefor
- B22C21/12—Accessories
- B22C21/14—Accessories for reinforcing or securing moulding materials or cores, e.g. gaggers, chaplets, pins, bars
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K10/00—Welding or cutting by means of a plasma
- B23K10/02—Plasma welding
- B23K10/027—Welding for purposes other than joining, e.g. build-up welding
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/20—Bonding
- B23K26/32—Bonding taking account of the properties of the material involved
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/34—Laser welding for purposes other than joining
- B23K26/342—Build-up welding
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
- B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
- B23K35/30—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
- B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
- B23K35/30—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
- B23K35/3053—Fe as the principal constituent
- B23K35/3066—Fe as the principal constituent with Ni as next major constituent
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
- C22C19/03—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel
- C22C19/05—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium
- C22C19/051—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W
- C22C19/055—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W with the maximum Cr content being at least 20% but less than 30%
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
- C22C19/03—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel
- C22C19/05—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium
- C22C19/051—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W
- C22C19/056—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W with the maximum Cr content being at least 10% but less than 20%
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
- C22C19/07—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on cobalt
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2101/00—Articles made by soldering, welding or cutting
- B23K2101/001—Turbines
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
- B23K2103/18—Dissimilar materials
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
- B23K2103/18—Dissimilar materials
- B23K2103/26—Alloys of Nickel and Cobalt and Chromium
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2230/00—Manufacture
- F05D2230/10—Manufacture by removing material
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2230/00—Manufacture
- F05D2230/20—Manufacture essentially without removing material
- F05D2230/21—Manufacture essentially without removing material by casting
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2230/00—Manufacture
- F05D2230/20—Manufacture essentially without removing material
- F05D2230/23—Manufacture essentially without removing material by permanently joining parts together
- F05D2230/232—Manufacture essentially without removing material by permanently joining parts together by welding
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Laser Beam Processing (AREA)
- Turbine Rotor Nozzle Sealing (AREA)
- Arc Welding In General (AREA)
- Welding Or Cutting Using Electron Beams (AREA)
Abstract
【解決手段】本方法は、部品表面(18)内にチャネル(22)を、該チャネル(22)が該部品表面(18)における開口(14)を少なくとも部分的に囲むように形成するステップを伴う。次に、チャネル(22)内に合金を堆積させて、該チャネル(22)内に割れのない堆積物を形成する。次に、開口(14)と交差しかつ堆積物内に少なくとも部分的に形成された段部を機械加工する。段部は、堆積物の周辺部分によって少なくとも部分的に囲まれかつ部品表面(18)内に凹設された表面を有する凹部(32)を形成する。キャップ(30)を凹部(32)内に配置しかつ堆積物の周辺部分に対して溶接して、開口(14)を完全に閉鎖した溶接接合部(20)を形成する。次に、溶接接合部(20)の表面を機械加工して、部品表面(18)とほぼ同一面になった機械加工表面(36)を形成する。
【選択図】 図1
Description
12 領域
14 開口
16 壁
18 表面
20 溶接接合部
22 チャネル
22A 壁
22B 壁
24 端縁部
26 リップ
28 堆積物
30 キャップ
32 凹部
32A 表面
32B 表面
32C 表面
34 溶接物
36 表面
Claims (10)
- 第1の合金で形成された部品(10)の表面(18)における開口(14)を閉鎖する方法であって、
前記部品(10)の表面(18)における前記開口(14)を少なくとも部分的に囲むチャネル(22)を該部品(10)の表面(18)内に形成するステップと、
前記第1の合金よりも良好な溶接性を有する第2の合金を前記チャネル(22)内に堆積させて、該チャネル(22)内に割れのない堆積物(28)を形成するステップと、
前記開口(14)と交差しかつ前記堆積物(28)内に少なくとも部分的に形成された段部を機械加工して、該段部が該堆積物(28)の周辺部分によって少なくとも部分的に囲まれかつ前記部品(10)の表面(18)内に凹設された表面(32A)を有する凹部(32)を形成するようにするステップと、
前記凹部(32)内にキャップ(30)を配置するステップと、
前記堆積物(28)の周辺部分に対して前記キャップ(30)を溶接して、前記開口(14)を完全に閉鎖した溶接接合部(20)を形成して、該溶接接合部(20)が該キャップ(30)の表面によって部分的に形成された表面、該キャップ(30)を囲む溶接物(34)及び該堆積物(28)の周辺部分を有するようにするステップと、
前記溶接接合部(20)の表面を機械加工して、前記部品(10)の表面(18)とほぼ同一面になった機械加工表面(36)を形成するステップと
を含む方法。 - 前記チャネル(22)が、前記開口(14)を完全に囲むように形成される、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記チャネル(22)が、前記部品(10)の表面(18)内にリップ(26)を形成して該リップ(26)が該部品(10)の表面(18)内で前記開口(14)から該チャネル(22)を分離するように、形成される、請求項1又は請求項2記載の方法。
- 前記チャネル(22)が、前記開口(14)を完全に囲むように形成され、また
前記リップ(26)が、前記部品(10)の表面(18)内で前記開口(14)から前記チャネル(22)を完全に分離する、請求項3記載の方法。 - 前記第2の合金が、前記堆積物(28)が前記開口(14)を完全に囲むように堆積される、請求項1乃至請求項4のいずれか1項記載の方法。
- 前記段部が、前記開口(14)を完全に囲むように機械加工され、また前記開口(14)の全周囲(24)が、前記段部と交差する、請求項1乃至請求項5のいずれか1項記載の方法。
- 前記段部が、前記堆積物(28)の周辺部分が前記凹部(32)を完全に囲むように機械加工される、請求項1乃至請求項6のいずれか1項記載の方法。
- 前記キャップ(30)が、前記堆積物(28)の周辺部分に対してのみ溶接される、請求項1乃至請求項7のいずれか1項記載の方法。
- 前記第2の合金が、5重量%未満のアルミニウム及びチタンの合計量を含有するニッケル基超合金である、請求項1乃至請求項8のいずれか1項記載の方法。
- 該部品(10)が、ガスタービンの鋳造高温ガス通路部品である、請求項1乃至請求項9のいずれか1項記載の方法によって形成された機械加工表面(36)を有する、部品(10)。
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US12/511,494 | 2009-07-29 | ||
US12/511,494 US8987629B2 (en) | 2009-07-29 | 2009-07-29 | Process of closing an opening in a component |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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JP2011033023A true JP2011033023A (ja) | 2011-02-17 |
JP5638302B2 JP5638302B2 (ja) | 2014-12-10 |
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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JP2010165440A Expired - Fee Related JP5638302B2 (ja) | 2009-07-29 | 2010-07-23 | 部品における開口を閉鎖する方法 |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8987629B2 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP5638302B2 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN101987412B (ja) |
CH (1) | CH701556B1 (ja) |
DE (1) | DE102010036527A1 (ja) |
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JP2014214381A (ja) * | 2013-04-23 | 2014-11-17 | ゼネラル・エレクトリック・カンパニイ | 鉄を含む鋳造ニッケル基超合金 |
JP2017506715A (ja) * | 2013-10-30 | 2017-03-09 | ユナイテッド テクノロジーズ コーポレイションUnited Technologies Corporation | ガスタービンエンジン非融接性ニッケル鋳造物のためのレーザ粉末溶着による溶接補修 |
KR20200029837A (ko) * | 2018-09-11 | 2020-03-19 | 두산중공업 주식회사 | 터빈 블레이드, 터빈 블레이드의 제조방법 및 가스터빈 |
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JP2014214381A (ja) * | 2013-04-23 | 2014-11-17 | ゼネラル・エレクトリック・カンパニイ | 鉄を含む鋳造ニッケル基超合金 |
US10266926B2 (en) | 2013-04-23 | 2019-04-23 | General Electric Company | Cast nickel-base alloys including iron |
US11001913B2 (en) | 2013-04-23 | 2021-05-11 | General Electric Company | Cast nickel-base superalloy including iron |
JP2017506715A (ja) * | 2013-10-30 | 2017-03-09 | ユナイテッド テクノロジーズ コーポレイションUnited Technologies Corporation | ガスタービンエンジン非融接性ニッケル鋳造物のためのレーザ粉末溶着による溶接補修 |
US10569361B2 (en) | 2013-10-30 | 2020-02-25 | United Technologies Corporation | Laser powder deposition weld rework for gas turbine engine non-fusion weldable nickel castings |
US11524363B2 (en) | 2013-10-30 | 2022-12-13 | Raytheon Technologies Corporation | Laser powder deposition weld rework for gas turbine engine non-fusion weldable nickel castings |
KR20200029837A (ko) * | 2018-09-11 | 2020-03-19 | 두산중공업 주식회사 | 터빈 블레이드, 터빈 블레이드의 제조방법 및 가스터빈 |
KR102108351B1 (ko) * | 2018-09-11 | 2020-05-08 | 두산중공업 주식회사 | 터빈 블레이드, 터빈 블레이드의 제조방법 및 가스터빈 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US8987629B2 (en) | 2015-03-24 |
CH701556A2 (de) | 2011-01-31 |
CN101987412A (zh) | 2011-03-23 |
CH701556B1 (de) | 2015-01-15 |
US20110024393A1 (en) | 2011-02-03 |
JP5638302B2 (ja) | 2014-12-10 |
CN101987412B (zh) | 2015-07-15 |
DE102010036527A1 (de) | 2011-02-03 |
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