CN101987412B - 封闭构件中的开口的方法 - Google Patents
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- B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
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- B23K35/30—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
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- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
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- B23K35/30—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
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- C22C—ALLOYS
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- C22C19/03—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel
- C22C19/05—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium
- C22C19/051—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W
- C22C19/055—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W with the maximum Cr content being at least 20% but less than 30%
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Abstract
本发明涉及封闭构件中的开口的方法。具体而言,一种用于封闭构件(10)的表面(18)中的开口(14)的方法,以及通过该方法形成的构件。该方法必须在构件表面(18)中形成沟槽(22)使得沟槽至少部分地围绕构件表面处的开口(14)。合金然后淀积在沟槽中以在沟槽中形成无裂缝淀积物。然后加工与开口相交并且至少部分地形成在淀积物中的台阶体。该台阶体限定出至少部分地由淀积物的周边部分围绕并且具有凹入到构件表面中的表面的凹部(32)。盖帽(30)安放在凹部中并且焊接在淀积物的周边部分上,以限定出完全封闭开口(14)的焊接接头(20)。然后加工焊接接头(20)的表面以形成与构件表面基本上平齐的加工表面(36)。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及用于封闭在高温下操作的构件中的孔(例如,位于燃气轮机轮叶末梢的孔)的方法。更具体而言,本发明涉及填充由合金形成的铸件中的孔的方法,当试图通过常规焊接技术填充此类孔时该合金容易出现应变时效开裂。
背景技术
燃气轮机的构件,例如轮叶(叶片)、喷嘴(导叶)以及其它热气体通路构件,通常由具有对于涡轮操作温度和条件的期望机械特性和环境特性的镍基、钴基或铁基超合金形成。由于燃气轮机的效率取决于其操作温度,所以要求构件、且特别是涡轮轮叶和喷嘴能够耐受不断升高的温度。当超合金构件的最大局部温度接近超合金的熔化温度时,需要进行强制空气冷却。为此,燃气轮机轮叶和喷嘴的翼型件通常需要复杂的冷却方案,在其中迫使空气通过翼型件内的内部冷却通道且然后经由位于翼型件表面的冷却孔排放。
通过铸造工艺形成的轮叶和喷嘴要求型芯(core)用以限定内部冷却通道。在铸造工艺期间,通过使用石英杆或类似器件将型芯支承在模具内而防止型芯移位,这通常导致在轮叶末梢区域中的铸件中形成开口(贯通孔)。这些开口必须可靠地封闭或堵塞以防止冷却空气通过这些开口损失并且确保通过铸件的预期冷却孔的适当的气流水平。已利用各种方法来填充这些开口,包括钎焊(铜焊)技术和焊接技术,后一技术包括钨极惰性气体(TIG)焊接、电子束焊接和激光束焊接。例如,在后铸造操作的过程中,必须经由焊接工艺或铜焊工艺使用盖板密封开口。在一些情形中,焊接由于成本、材料的可熔焊性差或因构件的构造引起的限制而对封闭或填充孔并不实用。此外,焊接技术涉及采用产生熔化区的局部化热能以及容易出现液化和应力时效开裂的基体金属热影响区域(HAZ)。
已发现广泛用于燃气轮机轮叶的特别值得注意的合金包括γ′增强(主要是Ni3(Al,Ti))镍基合金GTD-和RenéN5,其为通常作为用于燃气轮机应用的定向固化(DS)和单晶体(SX)铸件生产的高强度和抗氧化超合金)。GTD-以重量计的标称成分有:约14.0%Cr、约9.5%Co、约3.0%Al、约4.9%Ti、约1.5%Mo、约3.8%W、约2.8%Ta、约0.010%C、调和镍和附带杂质,而N5以重量计的标称成分有:约7.5%Co、约7.0%Cr、约6.5%Ta、约6.2%Al、约5.0%W、约3.0%Re、约1.5%Mo、约0.15%Hf、约0.05%C、约0.004%B、约0.01%Y、调和镍和附带杂质。已发现由这些合金制造的轮叶由于它们的化学成分而特别容易出现开裂,并且特别是它们可归因于这些合金中的钛和铝的结合量(大于5wt%(重量百分比)的Ti+Al)的高体积分数的γ′。如本领域中公知,当焊接由沉淀硬化合金制成的构件时,γ′相和γ″相在焊接部中及其附近溶解。当构件随后经历足够高的温度时,这些增强相能够比释放因焊接工艺而保留的残余应力更快地重新淀积。焊接部和周围区域因此未能吸纳释放残余应力所需的应变,结果焊接部和/或热影响区可能开裂。
一种缓和或消除焊接开裂倾向的方法是选择显现出更好可焊性的覆盖材料,其可焊性更好通常是由于含有小于所焊接的轮叶合金的钛和铝的结合量,例如,小于5wt%的Ti+Al。此类超合金值得注意的实例是γ′增强镍基超合金GTD-其以重量百分比计的标称成分有:约22.5%Cr、约19.0%Co、约2.3%Ti、约1.2%Al(约3.5%Ti+Al)、约2.0%W、约0.8%Nb、约1.0%Ta、约0.01%Zr、约0.01%B、约0.1%C,带有调和镍和附带杂质。虽然满足用于封闭轮叶末梢开口的可焊性要求,但GTD-与GTD-相比机械特性较低。此外,使用可焊接的超合金如GTD-的现有焊接技术尚未完全避免应力时效开裂的出现。
发明内容
本发明提供一种用于封闭构件表面中的开口的方法,该构件值得注意的实例包括高温超合金构件,例如燃气轮机的轮叶、喷嘴以及其它热气体通路构件。
根据本发明的第一方面,该方法必须在构件表面中形成沟槽使得该沟槽至少部分地围绕位于构件表面处的开口。合金然后淀积在沟槽中以在沟槽中形成无裂缝淀积物。根据优选方面,淀积的合金例如由于具有较低的Ti+Al含量而具有比形成构件的合金更好的可焊性。然后加工与开口相交并且至少部分地形成在淀积物中的台阶体(step)。该台阶体限定出凹部,该凹部至少部分地由淀积物的周边部分围绕并且具有凹入到构件表面中的表面。然后将盖帽安放在凹部中,之后将其焊接在淀积物的周边部分上,用以限定出完全封闭开口的焊接接头。焊接接头具有部分地由盖帽的表面、围绕盖帽的焊接件(weldment)的表面以及淀积物的周边部分的表面所形成的表面。然后加工焊接接头表面以形成与构件的表面基本上平齐的加工表面。
本发明的另一方面涉及一种通过上述方法形成的构件。
本发明的一个特征在于由通过别的方式难以焊接的超合金形成的构件容易焊接,并且能够通过焊接封闭构件表面中的开口,以潜在地产生实质上无裂缝的焊接接头。
本发明的其它方面和优点将根据以下详细说明而变得更好理解。
附图说明
图1表示燃气轮机轮叶的末梢的透视图,显示了需要封闭和密封的末梢开口。
图2A是图1的轮叶末梢中的开口之一沿着剖面线2A-2A的截面图。
图2B至图2G表示按照本发明的实施例用于封闭图2A的轮叶末梢开口而执行的步骤。
零件清单
10 构件
12 区域
14 开口
16 壁
18 表面
20 焊接接头
22 沟槽
22A 壁
22B 壁
24 边缘
26 唇部(lip)
28 淀积物
30 盖帽
32 凹部
32A 表面
32B 表面
32C 表面
34 焊接件
36 表面
具体实施方式
图1代表燃气轮机的构件10如轮叶、喷嘴或其它热气体通路构件的末梢区域12的透视图。由此,构件10优选为高温材料形成的定向固化或单晶体铸件,其值得注意的实例包括镍基超合金,例如RenéN4、RenéN5、René108、GTD-GTD-和IN-738。RenéN4、RenéN5、René108、GTD-和GTD-为γ′增强镍基超合金,其成分在多种文献中有记载,包括美国专利No.4810467、5154884、5399313、6074602、6416596、6428637等。记载的IN-738以重量计的标称成分为:约16%铬、8.5%钴、1.75%钼、2.6%钨、1.75%钽、0.9%铌、3.4%铝、3.4%钛、0.10%锆、0.01%硼、0.17%碳、调和镍和杂质。值得注意的是,这些镍基材料的每一种在名义上均具有超过5wt%的Ti+Al含量,并且通常超过6wt%,这一般使得这些合金容易出现应力时效开裂。然而,可以设想的是,构件10能够由容易出现因焊接引起开裂的其它材料铸造而成,例如,钴基超合金如FSX-414,其以重量计的标称成分有:约29.5%铬、10.5%镍,、7%钨、高达2%的铁、0.25%碳以及0.012%硼、调和钴和附带杂质。虽然值得注意的是这些合金在焊接过程中或焊接之后容易出现开裂,但本发明也可采用其它合金。
如前文所述,通过铸造形成的轮叶、喷嘴和其它热气体通路构件通常需要内部冷却通道,使得在铸造工艺过程中必须使用型芯限定出通道和使用杆或其它合适的器件在铸造过程中支承并防止型芯移位。图2A以截面形式表示作为定位在图1的构件10的末梢区域12处示出的三个开口14之一。开口14表示将通过用来在铸造操作过程中支承型芯并防止其移位的杆在铸件壁16中形成的贯通孔,但其它孔源或其它类型的孔,包括盲孔和空腔,也在本发明的范围内。在大部分情形中,开口14在铸造操作之后必须可靠地封闭,以防止一旦构件10安装在燃气轮机中冷却空气经由开口14损失。为此,图2B至图2C表示用于填充和封闭构件10中的开口14的方法中的步骤。根据本发明的优选方面,利用焊接工艺和焊接接头构造封闭开口14,该焊接工艺和焊接接头构造与常规燃气轮机轮叶和喷嘴的末梢区域的几何形状匹配,并且能够产生具有期望机械特性的焊接接头。更具体而言,本发明利用包括多个焊接区域和材料的焊接接头(图2G中的20)封闭开口14,这些焊接区域和材料能使焊接接头20利用更容易焊接并且抗开裂的材料(例如,GTD-)来封闭由潜在地容易开裂的材料(例如,GTD-或RenéN5)形成的构件10中的开口14。为此,焊接接头20形成为包括焊接件34(图2F),该焊接件34位于焊接接头20的冶金结合区域之间,由更容易焊接和抵抗开裂的材料(例如,GTD-)形成。这样一来,该方法具有完全消除由于液化和应力时效现象引起的开裂的潜在可能。
图2B显示凹槽或沟槽22围绕开口14形成在构件10的表面18中。沟槽22紧邻开口14的周边边缘24,但与边缘24稍微隔开以形成围绕开口14的剩余唇部26。沟槽22和唇部26优选完全围绕开口14,在这种情况下应当理解的是,图2B至图2G中所示的沟槽22的两部分实际上是同一沟槽22的部分,但通过开口14间隔开。然而,应该理解的是,在一些情形中,沟槽22可仅围绕开口14的一部分。沟槽22示为具有在一定程度上呈U形的截面,但沟槽22距离开口14最远的壁22A具有比最靠近开口14并由唇部26所限定的壁22B更缓的坡度,从而形成可描述为泪滴形的一半的形状。如根据图2F显然的是,邻近唇部26的沟槽22更大深度与随后的焊接件34位置一致。然而,其它截面形状也可使用,只要为焊接件34提供足够的深度。对于沟槽22的合适的宽度和深度分别为约2.0微米至约8.0微米以及约3.0微米至约8.0微米,但可设想出更小和更大的尺寸。可使用各种加工技术来可控地产生沟槽22及其优选的截面形状,其实例包括使用车床、钻床和磨床,以及使用手动工具加工。
如根据图2C显然的是,沟槽22旨在用作淀积物28的储存器,在图2E至图2G中能够看到该淀积物用以锚定封闭开口14的盖帽30。根据本发明的优选方面,淀积物28由部分地基于比形成构件10的合金更容易焊接并且更不容易出现应变时效开裂而选择的材料形成。淀积物28其它合适的特性包括与构件10的合金的化学和冶金兼容性、疲劳强度、抗氧化性能以及可加工性。特别适合淀积物28的材料为γ′含量低于形成构件10的超合金的镍基合金,通常起因于更低的Ti+Al含量,例如,低于5wt%的Ti+Al含量。此类合金的非限制性实例为前述的GTD-超合金,其以重量计的成分有:约22.2-22.8%铬、约18.5-19.5%钴、约2.2-2.4%钛、约1.1-1.3%铝(约3.2-3.8%钛+铝)、约1.8-2.2%钨、约0.7-0.9%铌(铌)、约0.9-1.1%钽、约0.005-0.020%锆、约0.005-0.015%硼、约0.8-0.12%碳,带有调和镍和附带杂质。
能够采用各种方法来淀积沟槽22中的材料,值得注意的实例为激光粉末淀积,尽管也可使用其它淀积技术,包括等离子粉末淀积等。激光粉末淀积和其它具有高能量密度的熔化焊接技术认为是优选的,因为它们能够叠合淀积物28以具有较低应力状态,从而促进无裂纹淀积物28。此类淀积技术在本领域中是公知的,并且因此这里将不进行任何详细描述。如图2C中可见,沟槽22被完全填充,并且可稍微过度填充有淀积物28。结果,叠合的淀积物28完全围绕开口14,但通过在沟槽22的加工过程中形成的唇部26与开口14分离。
如图2D所示,在围绕开口14的唇部26和淀积物28中加工出台阶体,使得该台阶体与开口14相交,至少部分地形成在淀积物28中,并且限定出由淀积物28的周边部分围绕的凹部32。值得注意的是,凹部32的深度未延伸到沟槽22中的淀积物28下方,而且凹部32的宽度也未横向延伸超出沟槽22中的淀积物28。结果,凹部32的大部分下表面32A和整个侧壁表面32B优选由淀积物28的加工表面形成,最靠近开口14的下表面32A仅一部分由构件10的初始壁16的加工表面32C限定,因为移除了唇部26中的一些而非全部,如根据图2D明显可见。凹部32的宽度和深度基于容纳足够宽和厚的盖帽30(图2E至图2G)以可靠地封闭开口14而选择。凹部32的合适宽度和深度认为分别为约1.0微米至约4.0微米以及约1.0微米至约4.0微米,但也可设想出更小和更大的尺寸。在图2D和图2E中,凹部32的下表面表示为基本上平行于构件10的表面18,结果盖帽30能够具有基本上均匀的厚度,但也可设想下表面32A能够朝向或远离开口14倾斜。
图2E显示了将盖帽30安放在凹部32中的结果,而图2F显示了将盖帽30焊接在围绕凹部32的淀积物28的周边部分上的结果。具体而言,盖帽30焊接在凹部32的侧壁32B上,并且接触但没有直接焊接在形成构件壁16的合金上(通过加工围绕开口14的唇部26形成的加工表面32C)。结果是前述的焊接接头20及其焊接件34,它们形成对于开口14的封闭物,包括由焊接件34围绕的盖帽30,而帽盖30又由淀积物28的周边部分围绕。如果盖帽30如图2F所示仅焊接在淀积物28上,则适合盖帽30的材料可主要基于与淀积物28的合金的兼容性而进行选择,但将会理解的是热膨胀系数(CTE)和其它物理、机械和冶金特性将与实现同构件10的合适兼容性有关。在许多情形中,用于盖帽30的材料可与淀积物28的合金材料如GTD-极为相同。
合适的焊接技术包括高能束处理,例如激光焊接和电子束焊接,或其它熔化焊接处理。此类焊接技术在本领域中是公知的,且因此这里将不进行任何详细描述。由于因此形成的焊接件34局限于将盖帽30冶金结合在淀积物28上,并且未将盖帽30直接结合在构件10的材料上,所以通过如上所述适当地选择用于淀积物28和盖帽30的材料,能够极大地降低并可能消除应变时效开裂的风险。
最后,图2G显示了加工焊接接头20的表面以形成与构件10的环绕表面18基本上平齐的加工表面36的结果。用于此目的的合适的加工技术以及可在加工表面36上执行的其它表面处理步骤在本领域中是公知的且因此这里将不再描述。
虽然本发明已就具体实施例进行了描述,但显而易见的是本领域技术人员能够采用其它形式。因此,本发明的范围仅由所附权利要求限定。
Claims (10)
1.一种封闭位于由第一合金形成的构件(10)的表面(18)处的开口(14)的方法,所述方法包括:
在所述构件(10)的表面(18)中形成沟槽(22),所述沟槽(22)至少部分地围绕位于所述构件(10)的表面(18)处的所述开口(14);
将第二合金淀积在所述沟槽(22)中以在所述沟槽(22)中形成无裂缝淀积物(28),所述第二合金具有比所述第一合金更好的可焊性;
通过移除在所述沟槽内的所述淀积物的一部分来加工与所述开口(14)相交并且至少部分地形成在所述淀积物(28)中的台阶体,所述台阶体限定出凹部(32),所述凹部(32)至少部分地由所述淀积物(28)的周边部分围绕、并具有至少部分由所述淀积物限定且凹入(32)到所述构件(10)的表面(18)中的表面(32A);
将盖帽(30)安放在所述凹部(32)中以覆盖设于所述构件的所述表面上的所述开口;
将所述盖帽(30)焊接在所述淀积物(28)的周边部分上,以限定出完全封闭所述开口(14)的焊接接头(20),所述焊接接头(20)具有部分地通过所述盖帽(30)的表面、围绕所述盖帽(30)的焊接件(34)的表面以及所述淀积物(28)的周边部分的表面所形成的表面;以及然后
加工所述焊接接头(20)的表面,以形成位于所述构件(10)的所述表面(18)基本上平齐的加工表面(36),所述加工表面由所述盖帽的部分、所述焊接接头、和所述淀积物的所述周边部分限定。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述沟槽(22)形成为完全围绕所述开口(14)。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其特征在于,所述沟槽(22)形成为在所述构件(10)的表面(18)中限定出使所述沟槽(22)与所述构件(10)的表面(18)中的所述开口(14)分离的唇部(26)。
4.根据权利要求3所述的方法,其特征在于,所述沟槽(22)形成为完全围绕所述开口(14),并且所述唇部(26)使所述沟槽(22)与所述构件(10)的表面(18)中的所述开口(14)完全分离。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述第二合金淀积成使得所述淀积物(28)完全围绕所述开口(14)。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述台阶体加工成用以完全围绕所述开口(14),并且所述开口(14)的整个周边(24)与所述台阶体相交。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述台阶体加工成使得所述淀积物(28)的周边部分完全围绕所述凹部(32),并且所述台阶体也可以加工成使得所述凹部的所述表面平行于所述构件的所述表面。
8.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述盖帽(30)仅焊接在所述淀积物(28)的周边部分上。
9.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述第二合金是含有小于5wt%的结合量的铝和钛的镍基超合金。
10.一种具有通过根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述的方法形成的加工表面(36)的构件,其特征在于,所述构件是燃气轮机的铸造热气体通路构件。
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- 2010-07-23 JP JP2010165440A patent/JP5638302B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2010-07-28 CH CH01238/10A patent/CH701556B1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2010-07-29 CN CN201010248945.7A patent/CN101987412B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US8987629B2 (en) | 2015-03-24 |
CH701556A2 (de) | 2011-01-31 |
CN101987412A (zh) | 2011-03-23 |
JP2011033023A (ja) | 2011-02-17 |
CH701556B1 (de) | 2015-01-15 |
US20110024393A1 (en) | 2011-02-03 |
JP5638302B2 (ja) | 2014-12-10 |
DE102010036527A1 (de) | 2011-02-03 |
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