JP2010505958A - 神経防護作用組成物および方法 - Google Patents
神経防護作用組成物および方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2010505958A JP2010505958A JP2009532414A JP2009532414A JP2010505958A JP 2010505958 A JP2010505958 A JP 2010505958A JP 2009532414 A JP2009532414 A JP 2009532414A JP 2009532414 A JP2009532414 A JP 2009532414A JP 2010505958 A JP2010505958 A JP 2010505958A
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Abstract
Description
本発明は、少なくとも一部は、アメリカ合衆国政府からの助成金(国立衛生研究所からの助成金番号P01 HD29587、R01 NS43242、およびR01 EY05477)によって支えられた。政府は、本発明に対して一部の権利を有する可能性がある。
X1、X2、X3、X4、X5およびX6は、それぞれ独立して、X1−X6の少なくとも2つがOHであり、かつX1−X6の少なくとも1つがYであるという条件で、H、OH、アルキルまたはYであり、
YはB−C−DもしくはC−B−DまたはC−B−C−Dであり、そのいずれかはコアベンゼン環に付着され、縮合環を形成することができ、
Bは不存在、カルボニル、カルボキシ、エーテル、スルファニル、アミノ、−NHC(O)−および−C(O)NH−より成る群から選択され、そのいずれかは場合により置換され、
Cは不存在、アルキル、シクロアルキル、アルケニル、シクロアルケニル、アリール、アリールアルキル、およびアリールアルケニルより成る群から選択され、そのいずれかは場合により置換され、かつ縮合環を形成するためにコアベンゼン環に付着されうるとともに、
Dは不存在、カルボキシ、安息香酸、ヒドロキシ安息香酸、SO3H、PO3、NO3、NO2、NO、アミノ、ヒドロキシル、かつそのエーテルおよびエステル誘導体より成る群から選択される]の化合物である。
以下でさらに詳しく述べるように、求電子剤そのものだけではなく反応性酸素種(ROS)などフリーラジカルをも除去し、したがって神経変性を予防するニューロンによって「求電子剤反撃」を活性化する神経保護求電子剤を含んでなる組成物および関連方法が提供される。かかる求電子物質による神経保護は、Keap1/Nrf2シグナル伝達経路および第二相遺伝子の誘導を含む転写に基づく機序を伴うが、これらの遺伝子は、γ−GCLおよびHO−1など神経保護物質の細胞内レベルの増大を含む求電子剤に対する調整された反応を表す酵素をコード化する。かかる化合物はまた、細胞におけるフリーラジカル媒介事象による損傷を予防、削減または遅延させる。別の実施形態によれば、かかる方法は、組成物の投与が細胞の(例えば、アポトーシス、ネクローシスまたはオートファジーによる)ストレス誘発細胞損傷、傷害、または死を低下または遅延させるかを判定するステップを含んでなる。患者の体内で代謝されてかかる求電子化合物を産生するかかる神経保護求電子剤(または「プロ求電子剤」)のプロドラッグ形態を含んでなる組成物および関連使用方法も提供される。
X1、X2、X3、X4、X5およびX6は、それぞれ独立して、X1−X6の少なくとも2つがOHであり、かつX1−X6の少なくとも1つがYであるという条件で、H、OH、アルキルまたはYであり、
YはB−C−DもしくはC−B−DまたはC−B−C−Dであり、そのいずれかはコアベンゼン環に付着され、縮合環を形成することができ、
Bは不存在、カルボニル、カルボキシ、エーテル、スルファニル、アミノ、−NHC(O)−および−C(O)NH−より成る群から選択され、そのいずれかは場合により置換され、
Cは不存在、アルキル、シクロアルキル、アルケニル、シクロアルケニル、アリール、アリールアルキル、およびアリールアルケニルより成る群から選択され、そのいずれかは場合により置換され、かつ縮合環を形成するためにコアベンゼン環に付着されうるとともに、
Dは不存在、カルボキシ、安息香酸、ヒドロキシ安息香酸、SO3H、PO3、NO3、NO2、NO、アミノ、ヒドロキシル、かつそのエーテルおよびエステル誘導体より成る群から選択される]を有する。
X11、X12、X13、X14、X15、X16、X17、X18、X19、およびX20は、それぞれ独立して、X11−X20の少なくとも2つがOHであるという条件でH、OH、またはYであり、
YはB−C−DもしくはC−B−DまたはC−B−C−Dであり、そのいずれかは環炭素に付着されて縮合環を形成することができ、
Bは不存在、カルボニル、カルボキシ、エーテル、スルファニル、アミノ、−NHC(O)−および−C(O)NH−より成る群から選択され、そのいずれかは場合により置換され、
Cは不存在、アルキル、シクロアルキル、アルケニル、シクロアルケニル、アリール、アリールアルキル、およびアリールアルケニルより成る群から選択され、そのいずれかは場合により置換され、かつ縮合環を形成するために環炭素に付着されうるとともに、
Dは不存在、カルボキシ、安息香酸、ヒドロキシ安息香酸、SO3H、PO3、NO3、NO2、NO、アミノ、ヒドロキシル、かつ
そのエーテルおよびエステル誘導体より成る群から選択される]によるコアフラボノイド構造を有する。
X21、X22、X23、X24、X25、X26およびX27は、それぞれ独立してH、OH、オキソ(=O)、またはYであり、
YはB−C−DもしくはC−B−DまたはC−B−C−Dであり、そのいずれかは環炭素に付着されて縮合環を形成することができ、
Bは不存在、カルボニル、カルボキシ、エーテル、スルファニル、アミノ、−NHC(O)−および−C(O)NH−より成る群から選択され、そのいずれかは場合により置換され、
Cは不存在、アルキル、シクロアルキル、アルケニル、シクロアルケニル、アリール、アリールアルキル、およびアリールアルケニルより成る群から選択され、そのいずれかは場合により置換され、かつ縮合環を形成するために環炭素に付着されうるとともに、
Dは不存在、カルボキシ、安息香酸、ヒドロキシ安息香酸、SO3H、PO3、NO3、NO2、NO、アミノ、ヒドロキシル、かつそのエーテルおよびエステル誘導体より成る群から選択される]を有するカルノシン酸(CA)誘導体である。
いくつかの求電子剤(本明細書中で「神経毒性」求電子剤と呼ばれる)と、還元型システイン残基、例えば、グルタチオン(GSH)の還元型システイン残基との反応は、その細胞の還元能を低下させることにより、神経毒性を誘発することができる(Suzukiら, J.Am.Chem.Soc.119:2376−2385,1997;Spencerら, FEBS Lett.24:246−250,1994)。このように、初期の研究は15d−PGJ2(Shibataら, J.Biol.Chem.281:1196−1204,2005)、カテコールアミン代謝産物(ドーパミンを含む)(Spencerら, FEBS Lett.24:246−250,1994)、および抗腫瘍薬(ドキソルビシンを含む)(Wetzelら, Eur.J.Neurosci.18:1050−1060,2003)のような内因性求電子剤の神経毒性効果に焦点を当てていた。この点に関して、求電子剤は、いくつかの機構:(1)GSH削除、(2)活性酸素種(ROS)産生、(3)DNA損傷、(4)p53活性化、(5)Fas/Fasリガンド誘発、および(6)ミトコンドリア機能不全(Suzukiら, J.Am.Chem.Soc.119:2376−2385,1997;Spencerら, FEBS Lett.24:246−250,1994;Shibataら, J.Biol.Chem.281:1196−1204,2005;Wetzelら, Eur.J.Neurosci.18:1050−1060,2003)、によってニューロン死に寄与することができる。求電子剤によるGSHシステインのアルキル化(Suzukiら, J.Am.Chem.Soc.119:2376−2385,1997)はその細胞の還元能を削除し(Suzukiら, J.Am.Chem.Soc.119:2376−2385,1997;Shibataら, J.Biol.Chem.281:1196−1204,2005;Wetzelら, Eur.J.Neurosci.18:1050−1060,2003)、同時にそのアルキル化された複合体は、多剤耐性関連タンパク質−1(MRP−1)によって、細胞膜を通って押し出される(Sekineら, Am.J.Physiol.Renal Physiol.290:F251−F261,2006)。GSH削除によって誘起された活性酸素種(ROS)の蓄積はミトコンドリア機能不全に寄与し、このミトコンドリア機能不全はアポトーシスの仕組みを活性化し、チトクロムc放出、ミトコンドリア内膜へのBax転座、およびカスパーゼ活性化をもたらす(Shibataら, J.Biol.Chem.281:1196−1204,2005;Wetzelら, Eur.J.Neurosci.18:1050−1060,2003)。加えて、グアニン残基のアルキル化はDNAの転写および複製を阻害し、p53依存性アポトーシス経路を活性化する(Spencerら, FEBS Lett.24:246−250,1994;Shibataら, J.Biol.Chem.281:1196−1204,2005)。
多くのNEPPならびに他の求電子性およびプロ求電子性化合物が、文献に公知である。
本発明の組成物は、医薬組成物として処方することができ、そして哺乳類の宿主(例えば、ヒト患者)に、選択された投与経路、すなわち、経口または非経口による、静脈内経路、筋肉内経路、局所経路もしくは皮下経路によるに経路に適合された種々の形態で投与することができる。
最近の研究は、Keap1/Nrf2/ARE経路の活性化が求電子剤によるHO−1誘発を媒介することを示した(Itohら, Mol.Cell.Biol.24:36−45,2004;Gongら, Antioxid.Redox Signal.4:249−257,2002)。従って、本発明者らは、神経突起伸長促進性プロスタグランジン(NEPP)がHO−1誘発および神経防護作用を促進する、可能性のある機構としてこの経路に焦点を当てた。本発明者らは、NEPPが、Keap1/Nrf2経路を活性化するための求電子剤として作用することにより、インビトロおよびインビボの両方において、ニューロン変性から皮質ニューロンを保護することを見出した。
細胞培養物、トランスフェクション、およびグルタチオン(GSH)測定
HT22細胞(Satohら, Eur.J.Neurosci.17:2249−2255,2003;Satohら, J.Neurochem.77:50−62,2001;Sagaraら, J.Biol.Chem.277:36204−36215,2002)および一次皮質ニューロン(Bonfocoら, Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 92:7162−7166,1995)を、記載されているように培養した。トランスフェクションを、Lipofectamine 2000(Invitrogen)を用いて行った。レポーター遺伝子アッセイでは、細胞溶解物における蛍ルシフェラーゼ活性を照度計(Promega)を用いて測定した。全GSH(還元体および酸化体)を、記載されているように測定した(Leeら, Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun.280:286−292,2001)。
これらのアッセイを、以下の抗体を用いることによって記載されているように行った(Guら, Science 297:1186−1190,2002):抗−HO−1(SPA895、1:1000、Santa Cruz Biotechnology)、抗−Keap1(1:100、Santa Cruz Biotechnology), または抗−アクチン(1:5,000、Oncogene Research Products、San Diego)。
二本鎖抗酸化剤応答配列(ARE)を、ビオチン3’−末端DNA標識キット(Pierce)を用いることによって標識した。核溶解物を、標識したプローブとともに室温で20分間インキュベーションし、8% 未変性ポリアクリルアミドゲルに展開させ、Hybond−N+(Amersham Pharmacia)に移した。シグナルを、ペルオキシダーゼ接合ストレプトアビジン(Pierce)を用いて視覚化した。
記載されているように(Guら, Science 297:1186−1190,2002;支援テキスト(Supporting Text)の支援方法(Supporting Methods)を参照のこと)、中大脳動脈閉塞(MCAO)/再灌流の繊維モデルを用いた。
提示した実験は、4つのサンプルを用いて少なくとも3回繰り返した。データを、(インビトロにおける実験については)平均±標準偏差(SD)として、(インビボでの実験については)平均±標準誤差(SEM)として提示する。
求電子性NEPPの標的としてのチオール
本発明者らは、シクロペンテノンプロスタグランジンの化学構造に基づいて、NEPP関連化合物を生成させ、そしてNEPP6およびNEPP11が酸化ストレスからニューロンを保護すること(Satohら, Eur.J.Neurosci.17:2249−2255,2003;Satohら, J.Neurochem.77:50−62,2001)およびHO−1の誘発が神経防護作用効果において必須の役割を果たすこと(Satohら, Eur.J.Neurosci.17:2249−2255,2003)を見出した。NEPP11は、NEPP6よりも強力な神経防護作用を与え、これはおそらく、NEPP11がより親油性で、より良好なCNS浸透性を可能にするためである(Satohら, J.Neurochem.77:50−62,2001)。NEPPの交差共役型ジエノン構造はそれらの生物学的効果にとって非常に重要であり(Satohら, J.Neurochem.77:50−62,2001)、炭素#11の求電子性、およびひいてはそのチオールとの高い化学反応性の根拠をなす(Satohら, J.Neurochem.77:50−62,2001)。
本発明者らは、次に、NEPPによるHO−1プロモーターおよびAREの活性化を研究した。NEPP11によるHO−1タンパク質の誘発を試験するために、NEPP11の種々の濃度を、HT22細胞に24時間添加した。その後、細胞溶解物(1レーンあたり10μg)をSDS−PAGEにかけ、抗HO−1または抗βアクチンでプローブした。本発明者らは、NEPP11が、HO−1タンパク質レベルを、神経細胞死を防護する同じNEPP濃度での基準条件より約5倍誘発したことを見出した(Satohら、Eur.J.Neurosci.17:2249−2255,2003)。次に、本発明者らは、15−kbマウスHO−1プロモーター断片の制御下で、ルシフェラーゼレポーター構築物である、pHO15lucでトランスフェクトした、分化したニューロン細胞株である、HT22細胞においてNEPP11によるHO−1遺伝子の転写活性化を研究した。HT22細胞を、レポーターcDNA(ウェルあたり1μg)でトランスフェクトし、NEPP11の種々の濃度を培養物に添加した。24時間のインキュベーション後、細胞溶解物をルシフェラーゼレポーターアッセイにかけた。ルシフェラーゼ活性に基づいて、NEPP11は、用量依存的に5倍より多いHO−1転写の発現を促進した。同様の反応をNEPP6で得た。Gongら(Antioxid.Redox Signal.4:249−257,2002)は、15−デオキシ−Δ12,14−PGJ2による活性化に関与する要素を含む転写開始部位の約4および10kb上流に位置する2つのエンハンサー領域、E1およびE2を同定した(Gongら、Antioxid.Redox Signal.4:249−257,2002)。E1およびE2エンハンサーの役割を決定するために、本発明者らは、両方のエンハンサー部位を欠く変異プロモーター構築物を発現した[pHO15lucΔ(E1+E2)]。変異は、NEPP11にごくわずかに反応するだけであった(1.8倍誘発)。同様の結果をNEPP6で得た。
次に、本発明者らは、トランスフェクトされたHT22細胞におけるNrf2−緑色蛍光タンパク質(GFP)融合タンパク質(Numazawaら、Am.J.Physiol.285:C334−C342,2003)の局在化を試験した。pNrf2−GFPでトランスフェクトされたHT22細胞を、24時間、ビヒクルまたはNEPP11(2μM)で処理して、落射蛍光顕微鏡下で観察した。基本条件下で、Nrf2−GFP融合タンパク質は、大部分、細胞質に局在化したが、2μM NEPP11への曝露の際に核に転座した。一般に、Nrf2は急速にユビキチン化し、細胞質におけるプロテアソーム経路により分解するが、核内に転座した場合、安定化する(Itohら、Mol.Cell.Biol.24:36−45,2004;Gongら、Antioxid.Redox Signal 4:249−257,2002)。従って、本発明者らは、細胞が、核転座を促進するNEPPのような求電子剤に曝露される場合、Nrf2タンパク質の核レベルが増加するはずであるという仮説を立てた。この仮説を試験するために、24時間、ビヒクルまたは2μM NEPP11で処理した細胞由来の細胞質および核画分(200μgタンパク質)を沈殿させて、抗Nrf2抗体および抗NeuNでニューロン特異的な核タンパク質をプローブした。実際に、本発明者らはこの仮説を確認した。
一次大脳皮質ニューロンに対するNEPP化合物の効果を試験し始めるために、本発明者らは、混合したニューロン/膠細胞皮質培養物をNEPP6−ビオチンで処理し、次いで固定し、ストレプトアビジンと接合したローダミンで染色して、NEPP蓄積の部位を決定した。NEPP6−ビオチン(10μM)で処理した皮質培養物を、抗MAP−2モノクローナルおよびローダミン接合ストレプトアビジン抗体ならびにHoechst33,258染色で染色した。本発明者らは、NEPP6−ビオチン−ストレプトアビジンについて強く染色したMAP−2−陽性ニューロンにより、NEPP化合物がニューロンに蓄積することが示唆されていると見出した。ビオチンそれ自体によるインキュベーションは、ビオチン−ストレプトアビジンのニューロンの蓄積を生じず、NEPP6−ビオチンと過剰な遊離ビオチン(4mM)とにおけるインキュベーションは、ニューロン蓄積の程度に影響を与えず、NEPP6−ビオチン蓄積が、NEPPそれ自体よりむしろビオチンの存在により促進しなかったことを示した。
NEPP化合物によるKeap1/Nrf2/Ho−1経路のニューロン選択的活性化は、神経防護作用を与えるはずである。ここで、興奮毒性パラダイムにおいて、本発明者らは、インビトロおよびインビボの両方におけるNEPP11の作用を、まず、NMDA−レポーター媒介性損傷からの防護剤として培養物において、次に、マウスにおける一過性局所的虚血/再潅流の腔内繊維モデルを用いることによって中大脳動脈閉塞(MCAO)後に試験した。
この研究は、求電子剤薬物が、Keap1/Nrf2経路の活性化、ならびにその結果として起こるHO−1および場合によっては他のII類酵素の上流制御を介して神経防護作用に影響を及ぼすことができるという証拠を与える。HO−1の上流制御が、HO−1トランスジェニックマウスにおいて評価した場合、脳梗塞部位を減少させることは、公知であった(MainesおよびPanahian,「Hypoxia:From Genes to the Bedside」,Roachら編(New York:Kluwer),2001,pp.249−272)。ここで、本発明者らは、ニューロンにおけるHO−1転写を活性化させる低分子の求電子剤のセットを開発し、特徴付け、この経路が、脳における新薬の開発につながるような標的物を表すことを示した。NEPP化合物による首尾よい神経防護作用は、非毒性濃度でのKeap1/Nrf2経路の活性化に関与する。多くの他の求電子剤分子は、全身性副作用を引き起こし、神経防護作用性ではない。なぜなら、おそらく、それらはまた、GSHのような細胞における重要な還元物質を枯渇させるが、これは、NEPP薬物では起こらないからである。
(方法および物質)
局所的脳虚血および再潅流。NEPP11を、7.5% DMSOのPBS溶液において100mg/mlで注射した。コントロールを希釈剤単独で与えた。治験責任医師を、処置群に対して盲目にした。注射量は、1mg/kgに対応する体重の10ml/gであった。中大脳動脈閉塞(MCAO)/再潅流の腔内−繊維モデルを使用した(Guら、Science 297:1186−1190,2000)。6−8週齢および20−30g重量の雄性マウス(C57BL/6)を、12時間明/12時間暗サイクルに収容し、食物および水を自由に摂取させた。この動物を、鼻の錐体(nose cone)を通して送達されたイソフルレンおよび70%亜酸化窒素/30%酸素混合物で麻酔した。中核体温を37±1℃に維持した。全身血圧、グルコース、ならびに動脈血ガスおよびpHを含めた他の生理的パラメータをモニターした。マウスに2時間のMCAO、続いて、24時間の再潅流期間を受けさせた。血流の閉塞および再潅流を、レーザードップラー血流計によってモニターした。麻酔を手術処置の間、維持し、典型的には、本発明者らの手において10分かけた。
TrxおよびGrx遺伝子の発現に対するNEPP化合物の効果の欠如。Trx1/2およびGrx1/2の発現を、以下のプライマー(Juradoら、J.Biol.Chem.278:45546−45554,2003):Trx1、フォワード:5’−CGT GGT GGA CTT CTC TGC TAC GTG GTG−3’;リバース:5’−GGT CGG CAT GCA TTT GAC TTC ACA GTC−3’;Trx2m、フォワード:5’−GCT AGA GAA GAT GGT CGC CAA GCA GCA−3’;リバース:5’−TCC TCG TCC TTG ATC CCC ACA AAC TTG−3’;Grx−1、フォワード:5’−TGC AGA AAG ACC CAA GAA ATC CTC AGT CA−3’;リバース:5’−TGG AGA TTA GAT CAC TGC ATC CGC CTA TG−3’;Grx−2、フォワード:5’−CAT CCT GCT CTT ACT GTT CCA TGG CCA A−3’;リバース:5’−TCA TCT TGT GAA GCG CAT CTT GAA ACT GG−3’を用いてRT−PCRを使用することによって、NEPP11(1mM)で24時間、インキュベーションした皮質培養物において試験した。本発明者らは、NEPP11(1mM)が、本発明者らのアッセイの条件下でTrxおよびGrx遺伝子の発現に有意な影響を及ぼさなかったことを見出した。
脳中の主要興奮性アミノ酸であるグルタメートは、ニューロンに種々の作用を及ぼし、発育、可塑性、および生存に影響を及ぼす(ナカニシ(Nakanishi)、Trends Neurosci.28:93−100頁,2005年;バーコ(Barco)ら、J.Neurochem.97:1520−1533頁、2006年)。病的条件下、グルタメートは、NMDA受容体媒介経路を介して学習および記憶の一部において主要な役割を果たす(ナカニシ(Nakanishi)、Trends Neurosci.28:93−100頁、2005年;バーコ(Barco)ら、J.Neurochem.97:1520−1533頁、2006年)。しかしながら、生理的条件下、グルタメートは、主としてNMDA受容体の過度の活性化により(チョイ(Choi)、J.Neurosci.23:1261−1276頁、1992年;アンカークローナ(Ankarcrona)ら、Neuron 15:961−973頁、1995年;ハラおよびスナイダー(Hara and Snyder)、Annu.Rev.Pharmacol.Toxicol.47:117−141年、2007年)また、ある程度は酸化窒素(NO)ならびに反応性酸素種(ROS)などのフリーラジカルの引き続く発生により「興奮毒性」と称される神経細胞死を誘導することができる。機能性NMDA受容体をまだ発現していない未成熟ニューロンにおいて、高濃度のグルタメートは、「酸化的グルタメート毒性」と称される還元型グルタチオン(GSH)の枯渇により媒介される新規なタイプの神経細胞死を誘導する(マーフィ(Murphy)ら、Neuron 2:1547−1558頁、1989年;マーフィ(Murphy)ら、FASEB J.4:1624−1633頁、1990年;ダルグッシュおよびシューベルト(Dargusch and Schubert)、J.Neurochem.81:1394−1400頁、2002年)。グルタメートにより誘導されたこれら2つのタイプの神経細胞死は、互いに異なっているが、酸化的ストレスは、両方のタイプに関与している(マーフィ(Murphy)ら、Neuron 2:1547−1558頁、1989年;コイルおよびプットファルケン(Coyle and Puttfarcken)、Science 262:689−695、1993年;デュガン(Dugan)ら、J.Neurosci.15:6377−6388頁、1995年)。この理由から、興奮毒性および酸化的グルタメート毒性双方に対してニューロンを保護するために、幾つかの抗酸化剤分子が報告されている(マーフィ(Murphy)ら、FASEB J.4:1624−1633頁、1990年;アンカークローナ(Ankarcrona)ら、Neuron 15:961−973年、1995年;ダルグッシュおよびシューベルト(Dargusch and Schubert)、J.Neurochem.81:1394−1400頁、2002年)。したがって、神経保護薬物の開発のための戦略の1つは、レドックス状態を調節することができる低分子量化合物を探索し、それによって酸化的損傷に対抗することである(サトウおよびリプトン(Satoh and Lipton)、J.Neurochem.75:1092−1102頁、2007年)。
化学薬品。フラクションVウシ血清アルブミン(BSA)、4’,6−ジアミノ−2−フェニルインドール(DAPI)、ジメチルスルホキシド(DMSO)、フルオレセインジアセテート(FDA)、グルタメート、ヘキスト(Hoechst)33,258、還元型グルタチオン(GSH)、GSSG、酸化型グルタチオン(GSSG)、3−(4,5−ジメチルチアゾール−2−イル)−2,5−ジフェニルテトラゾリウムブロミド(MTT)、N−エチルマレイミド(NEM)、N−メチル−D−アスパルテート(NMDA)、ヨウ化プロピジウム(PI)、およびロテノン、2,3,5−トリフェニルテトラゾリウムクロリド(TTC)を、和光ケミカルズ(WAKO Chemicals)社(東京、日本国)またはシグマ(Sigma)(セントルイス、ミズーリ州)から購入した。
(1)pGL3−GSTYa AREコアルシフェラーゼベクター。我々は、GSTYa AREコア配列を含有する一本鎖オリゴヌクレオチド(ワッサーマンおよびファール(Wasserman and Fahl)、Proc.Nat.Acad.Sci.USA 94:5361−5366頁、1997年)を用いた:センス、5’−CGC GTT AGC TTG GAA ATG ACA TTG CTA ATG GTG ACA AAG CAA CTT TA−3’、およびアンチセンス、5’−GAT CTA AAG TTG CTT TGT CAC CAT TAG CAA TGT CAT TTC CAA GCT AA−3’。このように得られたdsDNAを、pGL3−プロモーターベクター(プロメガ(Promega)社、マジソン、ウィスコンシン州)のMlu Iおよび Bgl II部位に挿入した。
Nrf2WT、およびNrf2DNを、マウスcDNAと以下のオリゴヌクレオチドとのポリメラーゼ連鎖反応(PCR)により作出した:Nrf2WTに関してセンス5’−GCC ATG ATG GAC TTG GAG TTG CCA CCG CCA−3’、Nrf2DNに関してセンス5’−GCC ATG GGT GAA TCC CAA TGT GAA AAT ACA−3’、および通常のアンチセンス5’−GTT TTT CTT TGT ATC TGG CTT CTT GCT TTT−3’(アラム(Alam)ら、J.Biol.Chem.274:26071−26077頁、1999年)。Keap1発現ベクターを得るために、センス5’−CCA CCA TGC AGC CCG AAC CCA AGC TTA GC−3’およびアンチセンス5’−AAG CAA ATT GAT CAA CAA AAC TGT ACC TGC−3’を用いてKeap1 cDNAを作出した。増幅産物を、pEF6ベクター(インビトロゲン(Invitrogen)、カールスバッド、カリフォルニア州)にクローン化した。
これらの構成物を、東北大学のアキラ・コバヤシ(Akira Kobayashi)博士(ホソヤ(Hosoya)ら、J.Biol.Chem.29:27244−27250頁、2006年;コバヤシ(Kobayashi)ら、Mol.Cell.Biol.26:221−229頁、2006年)から入手した。
CAはGSHおよびタンパク質チオールに結合する。
CAは、TBHQの場合に示唆されたように、酸素および他の酸素ラジカルにプロトンおよび電子を供与すると提案されている(ナカムラ(Nakamura)ら、Biochem.15:4300−4309頁、2003年)。同時に、CAはキノンへと酸化される。核磁気共鳴(NMR)を用い、我々は、CAの炭素(14)がGSHチオールによる求核的攻撃の単一の標的であると結論づけた。CAのカテコール環の容易な酸化により、そのキノン誘導体への変換がもたらされる。GSHなどのチオール含有化合物は、求電子性炭素上に求核的攻撃を誘導することができ、したがって、GS−CA付加体を形成することができる。
求電子性化合物の神経保護効果は、Keap1/Nrf2経路の活性化を介して、現れることが多い(サトー(Satoh)ら、Proc.Nat.Acad.Sci.USA 103:768−773頁、2006年;クラフト(Kraft)ら、J.Neurosci.24:1101−1112頁、2004年;シー(Sie)ら、J.Neurosci.10321−10335頁、2005年)。この活性化カスケードにおける最初の反応は、Keap1タンパク質上の特定のシステインに対する求電子性化合物の結合である(ホング(Hong)ら、Chem.Res.Toxicol.18:1917−1926頁、2005年;エグラー(Eggler)ら、Proc.Nat.Acad.Sci.USA 102:10070−10075頁、2005年;ツァング(Zhang)ら、Mol.Cell.Biol.10941−10953頁、2004年)。このような結合により、細胞の転写経路が開始され、第二相酵素の誘導に至る(タラレイ(Talalay)、Biofactors 12:5−11頁、2000年;パドマナブハム(Padmanabham)ら、Mol.Cell 21:689−700頁、2006年;イトー(Itoh)ら、Free Radic.Biol.Med.36:1208−1213頁、2004年)。したがって、CAに対する結合にとって不可欠な要素を判定するために、Keap1のドメイン(BTB、IVR、およびDGRと称される)を調べた。したがって、免疫共沈降実験のために、COS7細胞に、HAタグ化野生型Keap1タンパク質(HA−WT Keap1)またはタグ化Keap1タンパク質の種々の欠失変異体(HA−ΔBTB Keap1、HA−ΔIVR Keap1、およびHA−ΔDGR Keap1)を発現するDNAをトランスフェクトした。次いで、トランスフェクトしたCOS7細胞を、媒体または10μMのCABによって処理し、溶解させた。我々は、抗HA抗体により、総細胞ライセート中のKeap1タンパク質の発現レベルを定量化した。各々のKeap1変異タンパク質は、予想分子量(HA−ΔBTB Keap1は57kDa、HA−ΔIVR Keap1は53kDa、およびHA−ΔDGR Keap1は37kDa)の同様なレベルで発現した。次に、Keap1/CAB複合体を検出するために、細胞ライセートをストレプトアビジンにより免疫沈降させ、抗HA抗体によって探索した。CABに結合したKeap1−WTに相当する73kDaのタンパク質が、CABによって処理した細胞内に見られた。ΔDGR Keap1もまた、CABに対する強い結合を顕した。対照的に、ΔIVR Keap1は、CABに対してきわめてわずかな結合しか示さず、一方、ΔBTB Keap1は、全く結合を示さなかった。まとめると、これらの結果は、最高のCA結合には、Keap1タンパク質のBTBドメインおよびIVRドメインが必要であるという考えと一致する(ホソヤ(Hosoya)ら、J.Biol.Chem.29:27244−27250頁、2005年;コバヤシ(Kobayashi)ら、Mol.Cell.Biol.26:221−229頁、2006年)。CA結合に関するBTBドメインの要件は、以前の結果と一致する(ホング(Hong)ら、Chem.Res.Toxicol.18:1917−1926頁、2005年;エグラー(Eggler)ら、Proc.Nat.Acad.Sci.USA 102:10070−10075頁、2005年;ツァング(Zhang)ら、Mol.Cell.Biol.24:10941−10953頁、2004年)。
我々はまた、CAが、一次培養物における未成熟の皮質ニューロンを、酸化的グルタメート傷害から保護できたかどうかを評価した。これらの細胞は、機能的グルタメート/NMDA受容体をまだ発現しておらず、その結果、PC12h細胞と同様に、シスチン流入の阻害による非受容体媒介酸化的細胞死を受ける。CAが、グルタメートまたはロテノンへの曝露からこれらの皮質ニューロンを保護したことを我々は見出した。グルタメート(2mM)およびロテノン(300nM)は、MAP2およびNeuN陽性細胞の数をそれぞれ、対照値の30.8±2.5%と25.8±1.9%に減少させた。対照的に、CA(3μM)は、これらの傷害に遭遇した細胞の生存率を、それぞれ、73.8±3.7%と80.4±3.4%に増加させた。これらの結果は、CAが、酸化的ストレスに対して、初期のCNSニューロンを保護することを示唆している。
神経変性疾患に対する保護剤としてのCAの開発に関して、脳内への通過が必須要件である。この態様を調べるために、CAをマウスに経口投与し(25gのマウス当たり3mg)血清および脳実質におけるCA(カテコール体)のレベルを、HPLCによって測定した。1時間以内に、CAは脳内で有意なレベルに達し、CAが血液−脳関門を通過できたことを示唆した。
次に、MCAO/再潅流傷害後に、CAが脳梗塞の体積を減少させることができたかどうかを試験した。MCAOの1時間前に、CAまたは媒体(PBS中10%のDMSO)を腹腔内注射した。再潅流の開始24時間後に、冠状切片のTTC染色によって脳梗塞の体積(可能な浮腫に関して補正)を評価した。媒体を注射したマウスでは、MCAOは重篤な脳損傷を誘導し、脳梗塞の体積は、以前の報告(グー(Gu)ら、Science 297:1186−1190頁、2002年;(グー(Gu)ら、J.Neurosci.25:6401−6408頁、2005年;サトー(Satoh)ら、Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 103:768−773頁、2006年)と同様に、同側半球の51.2±2.4%であった。対照的に、CAは、脳梗塞の体積を有意に減少させ(34.5±3.6%に)(図7)、CAがインビボで神経保護的であるという考えと一致する。
本実験において、CAが、インビトロとインビボの双方で、グルタメート/酸化的ストレスおよび脳虚血から神経保護的であることを我々は見出した。この保護を可能にする化学物質に関して、真のエフェクターはCAのカテコール型であるのか、それともキノン型であるのかという疑問が生じる。もし、カテコール型のCAがエフェクターであるならば、それは抗酸化活性によってニューロンを保護するはずである。対照的に、キノン型がエフェクターであるならば、それはKeap1/Nrf2経路の活性化によってニューロンを保護すると考えられる。本試験において我々は、エフェクターは、キノン型分子であって、カテコール型分子ではないことを見出した。この結論は、以下の結果に基づいている:(1)カテコール型ではなく、キノン型のCAがKeap1/Nrf2経路を活性化させた;(2)WT Nrf2の安定な発現によるKeap1/Nrf2経路の活性化によって、酸化的ストレスに対してPC12h細胞が保護された;(3)DN Nrf2の安定な発現によるKeap1/Nrf2経路の阻害によって、酸化的ストレスに誘導された細胞死が増加し、CAによる保護が減少した。したがって、カテコール型CAは、酸素ラジカルへの電子対供与によって抗酸化活性を発揮する可能性はあり得るが、この機序は、ここで見られた神経保護においては限られた役割しか果たしていないと思われる。
全ての刊行物、特許および特許出願は、参照として本明細書中に援用される。上述の明細書において、本発明は、その特定の好ましい実施形態に関して記載され、多くの詳細が、例示の目的のために示されているが、本発明がさらなる実施形態を許容することができ、本明細書中の特定の詳細が本発明の基本原理から逸脱せずに相当に変更できることは、当業者には明らかであろう。
Claims (76)
- 化学式IV
X21、X22、X23、X24、X25、X26およびX27はそれぞれ独立してH、OH、オキソ、またはYであり、
YはB−C−DまたはC−B−DまたはC−B−C−Dであり、そのうちいずれかは環炭素に結合して縮合環を形成してもよく、
Bは不存在、カルボニル、カルボキシ、エーテル、スルファニル、アミノ、−NHC(O)−および−C(O)NH−より成る群から選択され、そのいずれかは場合により置換され、
Cは不存在、アルキル、シクロアルキル、アルケニル、シクロアルケニル、アリール、アリールアルキル、およびアリールアルケニルより成る群から選択され、そのいずれかは場合により置換され、かつ縮合環を形成するために環炭素に結合されてもよく、
Dは不存在、カルボキシ、安息香酸、ヒドロキシ安息香酸、SO3H、PO3、NO3、NO2、NO、アミノ、ヒドロキシル、並びにそのエーテルおよびエステル誘導体より成る群から選択される]
で表される化合物、又はその薬学的に許容されるプロドラッグ、塩または溶媒和物。 - Bが不存在である、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- X21およびX24がそれぞれ独立してメチル、カルボキシ、−C(O)OCH3、CH2OH、またはCH2OC(O)CH3である、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- X22およびX23がそれぞれ独立してH、OH、オキソ、または−OCH3である、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- X25もしくはX27またはその両方がメチルである、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- X21、X26またはX27の少なくとも1つがカルボキシである、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- X21またはX24の1つがCH3であり、かつもう1つがカルボキシ、−C(O)OCH3、−CH2OH、および−CH2OC(O)CH3より成る群から選択される、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- X22およびX23の少なくとも1つがヒドロキシまたはオキソである、請求項7に記載の化合物。
- 前記求電子化合物、もしくはその薬学的に許容されるプロドラッグ、塩または溶媒和物がX26のRエナンチオマーを含んでなる、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- (a)請求項1に記載の化合物、パラカルノシン酸、パラL−ドーパ、パラカフェ酸、もしくはその薬学的に許容されるプロドラッグ、塩または溶媒より成る群の一員から選択される神経保護的量の化合物と、(b)薬学的に許容される担体とを含んでなる医薬組成物。
- 神経保護的量の求電子化合物、もしくはその薬学的に許容されるプロドラッグ、塩または溶媒を含んでなる組成物であって、前記求電子化合物が哺乳動物の細胞におけるKeap1/Nrf2からNrf2の解離をもたらす組成物。
- 前記求電子化合物がKeap1に結合し、Keap1/Nrf2複合体からNrf2の解離をもたらす請求項11に記載の組成物。
- 前記求電子化合物が細胞における第二相酵素の発現を増大させる、請求項11に記載の組成物。
- 前記第二相酵素がHO−1である、請求項13に記載の組成物。
- 前記求電子化合物がニューロンもしくは星状細胞またはその両方において蓄積する、請求項11に記載の組成物。
- 前記求電子化合物がニューロンもしくは星状細胞またはその両方へ活発に輸送される、請求項15に記載の組成物。
- 前記求電子化合物が親油性である、請求項11に記載の組成物。
- 前記求電子化合物が、細胞におけるGSHレベルを実質的に削減することなくKeap1/Nrf2複合体からNrf2の解離をもたらす請求項11に記載の組成物。
- 前記求電子化合物がエノンまたはジエノン化合物である、請求項11に記載の組成物。
- 前記求電子化合物がクルクミンまたはNEPPである、請求項19に記載の組成物。
- 前記求電子化合物がNEPP6またはNEPP11である、請求項20に記載の組成物。
- 前記求電子化合物、もしくはその薬学的に許容されるプロドラッグ、塩又は溶媒和物が、コアベンゼン環を有する化学式I
X1、X2、X3、X4、X5およびX6は、それぞれ独立して、X1−X6の少なくとも2つがOHであり、かつX1−X6の少なくとも1つがYであるという条件で、H、OH、アルキルまたはYであり、
YはB−C−DもしくはC−B−DまたはC−B−C−Dであり、そのいずれかはコアベンゼン環に結合し、縮合環を形成してもよく、
Bは不存在、カルボニル、カルボキシ、エーテル、スルファニル、アミノ、−NHC(O)−および−C(O)NH−より成る群から選択され、そのいずれかは場合により置換され、
Cは不存在、アルキル、シクロアルキル、アルケニル、シクロアルケニル、アリール、アリールアルキル、およびアリールアルケニルより成る群から選択され、そのいずれかは場合により置換され、かつ縮合環を形成するためにコアベンゼン環に結合されてもよく、そして
Dは不存在、カルボキシ、安息香酸、ヒドロキシ安息香酸、SO3H、PO3、NO3、NO2、NO、アミノ、ヒドロキシル、及びそのエーテルおよびエステル誘導体より成る群から選択される]
で表される化合物である、請求項11に記載の組成物。 - 前記求電子化合物、もしくはその薬学的に許容されるプロドラッグ、塩または溶媒和物が化学式Iの化合物であり、かつX1、X2、X3、X4、X5およびX6が、それぞれ独立して、X1−X6の2つがOHであり、かつX1−X6の1つがYであるという条件で、H、OH、アルキルまたはYである、請求項22に記載の組成物。
- 前記求電子化合物、もしくは薬学的に許容されるプロドラッグ、塩又は溶媒和物が化学式Iの化合物であり、X1、X2、X3、X4、X5およびX6が、それぞれ独立して、X1−X62つがパラまたはオルト配置でOHであり、かつX1−X6の1つがYであるという条件で、H、OH、アルキルまたはYである、請求項23に記載の組成物。
- 前記求電子化合物、もしくは薬学的に許容されるプロドラッグ、塩又は溶媒和物が化学式Iの化合物であり、X1、X2、X3、X4、X5およびX6が、それぞれ独立して、X1−X62つがパラ配置でOHであるという条件でH、OH、アルキルまたはYであり、そしてDがカルボキシ、安息香酸、ヒドロキシ安息香酸、SO3H、PO3、NO3、NO2、NO、アミノ、ヒドロキシル、かつそのエーテルおよびエステル誘導体である、請求項24に記載の組成物。
- X1、X2、X3、X4、X5およびX6が、それぞれ独立して、X1−X6少なくとも2つがOHであり、かつX1−X6の少なくとも1つがYであるという条件で、H、OH、アルキルまたはYである、請求項22に記載の組成物。
- Dが前記求電子化合物のカルボキシまたはエステル誘導体である、請求項22に記載の組成物。
- Bが不存在またはカルボニルである、請求項22に記載の組成物。
- YがB−C−Dである、請求項22に記載の組成物。
- 前記求電子化合物、もしくはその薬学的に許容されるプロドラッグ、塩又は溶媒和物が、環E、環Fおよび環Gを含んでなる化学式IIまたは化学式III
X11、X12、X13、X14、X15、X16、X17、X18、X19、およびX20は、それぞれ独立して、X11−X20の少なくとも2つがOHであるという条件でH、OH、またはYであり、YはB−C−DもしくはC−B−DまたはC−B−C−Dであり、そのいずれかは環炭素に付着されて縮合環を形成することができ、
Bは不存在、カルボニル、カルボキシ、エーテル、スルファニル、アミノ、−NHC(O)−および−C(O)NH−より成る群から選択され、そのいずれかは場合により置換され、
Cは不存在、アルキル、シクロアルキル、アルケニル、シクロアルケニル、アリール、アリールアルキル、およびアリールアルケニルより成る群から選択され、そのいずれかは場合により置換され、かつ縮合環を形成するために環炭素に付着されうるとともに、
Dは不存在、カルボキシ、安息香酸、ヒドロキシ安息香酸、SO3H、PO3、NO3、NO2、NO、アミノ、ヒドロキシル、及びそのエーテルおよびエステル誘導体より成る群から選択される]
で表される化合物である、請求項11に記載の組成物。 - X11、X12、X13、X14、X15、X16、X17、X18、X19、およびX20が、それぞれ独立して、X11−X15の2つがOHであり、またはX16−X19の2つがOHであり、またはX11−X15の2つがOHであり、かつX16−X19の2つがOHであるという条件でH、OH、またはYである、請求項30に記載の組成物。
- X11−X20の少なくとも1つがYである、請求項30に記載の組成物。
- Yが親水性または不存在である、請求項32に記載の組成物。
- Yが親水性である、請求項33に記載の組成物。
- 化学式IIまたは化学式IIIの前記化合物がパラまたはオルト配置で2つのOH基を含んでなるE環を含んでなる、請求項30に記載の組成物。
- 化学式IIまたは化学式IIIの前記化合物がパラ配置で2つのOH基を含んでなるE環を含んでなる、請求項35に記載の組成物。
- 化学式IIまたは化学式IIIの前記化合物がパラまたはオルト配置で2つのOH基を含んでなるG環を含んでなる、請求項30に記載の組成物。
- 化学式IIまたは化学式IIIの前記化合物がパラ配置で2つのOH基を含んでなるG環を含んでなる、請求項37に記載の組成物。
- 前記求電子化合物、もしくはその薬学的に許容されるプロドラッグ、塩又は溶媒和物が、化学式IV、化学式Vまたは化学式VI
X21、X22、X23、X24、X25、X26およびX27は、それぞれ独立してH、OH、オキソ、またはYであり、
YはB−C−DもしくはC−B−DまたはC−B−C−Dであり、そのいずれかは環炭素に結合して縮合環を形成してもよく、
Bは不存在、カルボニル、カルボキシ、エーテル、スルファニル、アミノ、−NHC(O)−および−C(O)NH−より成る群から選択され、そのいずれかは場合により置換され、
Cは不存在、アルキル、シクロアルキル、アルケニル、シクロアルケニル、アリール、アリールアルキル、およびアリールアルケニルより成る群から選択され、そのいずれかは場合により置換され、かつ縮合環を形成するために環炭素に結合されうるとともに、
Dは不存在、カルボキシ、安息香酸、ヒドロキシ安息香酸、SO3H、PO3、NO3、NO2、NO、アミノ、ヒドロキシル、かつ
そのエーテルおよびエステル誘導体より成る群から選択される]の化合物である、請求項11に記載の組成物。 - Bが不存在である、請求項39に記載の組成物。
- 前記求電子化合物、もしくはその薬学的に許容されるプロドラッグ、塩又は溶媒和物が化学式IVまたは化学式Vの化合物である、請求項39に記載の組成物。
- 前記求電子化合物、もしくはその薬学的に許容されるプロドラッグ、塩又は溶媒和物が化学式IVの化合物である、請求項39に記載の組成物。
- X21およびX24が、それぞれ独立してメチル、カルボキシ、−C(O)OCH3、CH2OH、またはCH2OC(O)CH3である、請求項39に記載の組成物。
- X22およびX23が、それぞれ独立してH、OH、オキソ、または−OCH3である、請求項39に記載の組成物。
- X25もしくはX27またはその両方がメチルである、請求項39に記載の組成物。
- X21、X26またはX27の少なくとも1つがカルボキシである、請求項39に記載の組成物。
- X21またはX24の1つがCH3であり、かつもう1つがカルボキシ、−C(O)OCH3、−CH2OH、および−CH2OC(O)CH3より成る群から選択される、請求項39に記載の組成物。
- X22およびX23の少なくとも1つがヒドロキシまたはオキソである、請求項47に記載の組成物。
- 前記求電子化合物、もしくはその薬学的に許容されるプロドラッグ、塩又は溶媒和物がX26のRエナンチオマーを含んでなる、請求項39に記載の組成物。
- 前記求電子化合物が、TBHQ;NEPP;パラL−ドーパ;ベンゼン酢酸、2,5-ジヒドロキシ−α−オクチリデン−、(Z)−(9CI);ベンゼンデカン酸、2,5-ジヒドロキシ−ι−オキソ−(9CI);ベンゼンウンデカン酸、2,5-ジヒドロキシ−(9CI);ベンゼンブタン酸、2,5-ジヒドロキシ−γ−オキソ−β−フェニル−(9CI);ベンゼンブタン酸、2,5-ジヒドロキシ−β−(4−メチルフェニル)−γ−オキソ−(9CI);安息香酸、2−[2−(2,5-ジヒドロキシフェニル)エチル]−6−ヒドロキシ−(9CI);安息香酸、5−[2−(2,5-ジヒドロキシフェニル)エチル]−2−ヒドロキシ−(9CI);安息香酸、4−[2−(2,5-ジヒドロキシフェニル)−2−オキソエチル]−(9CI);安息香酸、3−[[(2,5-ジヒドロキシフェニル)メチル]アミノ]−(9CI);[1、1’−ビフェニル]−4−カルボン酸、2’、5’−ジヒドロキシ−(9CI);ペンタン酸、5−(2,5-ジヒドロキシフェノキシ)−2,2−ジメチル−(9CI);オクタン酸、8−[(2,5-ジヒドロキシベンゾイル)アミノ]−(9CI);ベンゼンブタン酸、2,5-ジヒドロキシ−γ−フェニル−(9CI);5,9−ウンデカジエン酸、2−[2−(2,5-ジヒドロキシフェニル)エチリデン]−11−ヒドロキシ−6,10−ジメチル−、(2Z,5E,9E)−(9CI);5,9−ウンデカジエン酸、2−[2−(2,5-ジヒドロキシフェニル)エチリデン]−6,10−ジメチル−、(2Z,5E)−(9CI);ベンゼンブタン酸、α−[(3E)−4,8−ジメチル−3,7−ノナジエニル]−2,5-ジヒドロキシ−γ−オキソ−、(+)−(9CI);2,6−オクタジエン酸、8−(2,5-ジヒドロキシフェニル)−2,6−ジメチル−8−オキソ−、(2E,6E)−(9CI);3−(3,4)−ジヒドロキシフェニル]−2−プロペン酸のエステル;および3−(2,5)−ジヒドロキシフェニル]−2−プロペン酸のエステルより成る群から選択される、請求項11に記載の組成物。
- 前記組成物が前記求電子化合物の前記プロドラッグを含んでなることを特徴とする、請求項11に記載の組成物。
- 前記細胞が酸化的ストレス下にあり、かつ前記プロドラッグが細胞において酸化され、求電子化合物を産生する、請求項51に記載の組成物。
- 哺乳動物における神経学的障害、眼科学的障害、およびその組合せより成る群の一員を治療するために有効である量の前記求電子化合物、そのプロドラッグ、塩または溶媒を含んでなる、請求項11に記載の組成物。
- 前記哺乳動物がヒトである、請求項53に記載の組成物。
- 前記神経学的障害、眼科学的障害、またはその組合せが、精神的外傷、虚血、および低酸素症より成る群の少なくとも一員に起因する、請求項53に記載の組成物。
- 前記神経学的障害、眼科学的障害、またはその組合せが、疼痛を伴う神経障害、神経障害痛、糖尿病性神経障害、薬物依存、薬物添加、薬物離脱症状、ニコチン離脱症状、アヘン耐性、アヘン離脱症状、うつ病、不安神経症、運動障害、遅発性ジスキネジー、血液−脳関門を中断させる脳感染、髄膜炎、髄膜脳炎、発作、低血糖症、心停止、脊髄傷害、頭部傷害、周産期低酸素症、心停止、低血糖神経傷害、緑内障、網膜虚血、虚血性視神経障害、黄斑変性症、多発性硬化症、高ホモシステイン血症の続発症、けいれん、疼痛、統合失調症、筋けいれん、片頭痛、尿失禁、嘔吐、脳浮腫、遅発性ジスキネジー、AIDS−誘発(または関連)認知症、眼傷害、網膜症、認知障害、およびHIV感染と関連した神経傷害より成る群から選択される、請求項53に記載の組成物。
- 前記神経学的障害、眼科学的障害、またはその組合せが、てんかん、アルツハイマー病、血管(多発梗塞性)認知症、ハンチントン病、パーキンソニズム、多発性硬化症、筋萎縮性側索硬化症、および最小認知障害より成る群から選択される、請求項53に記載の組成物。
- 哺乳動物における老化または症状を削減または減速させるために有効である量の前記求電子化合物、そのプロドラッグ、塩または溶媒を含んでなる、請求項11に記載の組成物。
- 薬学的に許容される担体をさらに含んでなる、請求項11に記載の組成物。
- 神経保護的量の求電子化合物、もしくはその薬学的に許容されるプロドラッグ、塩または溶媒を含んでなる組成物であって、前記求電子化合物が哺乳動物の細胞におけるKeap1に結合し、Keap1/Nrf2複合体からのNrf2の解離をもたらし、かつ細胞におけるGSHレベルを実質的に削減することなく細胞における第二相酵素の発現を増大させる化合物。
- 請求項11の組成物を細胞に投与するステップを含んでなる哺乳動物の細胞の傷害、損傷または死を予防または遅延させる方法。
- 前記組成物を細胞にインビトロで投与するステップを含んでなる、請求項61に記載の方法。
- 前記組成物を哺乳動物に投与するステップを含んでなる、請求項61に記載の方法。
- かかる治療を必要とする哺乳動物における神経学的障害、眼科学的障害、またはその組合せを治療する方法であって、前記方法が請求項11に記載の組成物を哺乳動物に投与するステップを含んでなる方法。
- 神経保護求電子化合物、もしくはその薬学的に許容されるプロドラッグ、塩または溶媒を特定する方法であって、前記方法が前記求電子化合物、そのプロドラッグ、塩または溶媒を含んでなる組成物を細胞に投与するステップと、前記組成物の投与が細胞におけるKeap1/Nrf2複合体からのNrf2の解離をもたらすかを判定するステップとを含んでなる方法。
- 前記組成物をインビトロで細胞に投与するステップを含んでなる、請求項65に記載の方法。
- 前記組成物をインビボで細胞に投与するステップを含んでなる、請求項65に記載の方法。
- 前記求電子化合物がKeap1に結合するかを判定するステップを含んでなる、請求項65に記載の方法。
- 前記組成物の投与が細胞におけるNrf2によって転写活性化をもたらすかを判定するステップを含んでなる、請求項65に記載の方法。
- 前記組成物の投与が細胞における第二相酵素の発現の増大をもたらすかを判定するステップを含んでなる、請求項65に記載の方法。
- 前記第二相酵素がHO−1である、請求項70に記載の方法。
- 前記組成物の投与が細胞のストレス誘発死を低下または遅延させるかを判定するステップを含んでなる、請求項65に記載の方法。
- 前記組成物の投与が適切なインビボアッセイにおける脳虚血/再灌流傷害に対して細胞を含んでなる実験動物を保護するかを判定するステップを含んでなる、請求項65に記載の方法。
- 前記求電子化合物がニューロンもしくは星状細胞またはその両方に蓄積するかを判定するステップを含んでなる、請求項65に記載の方法。
- 前記組成物の投与が、細胞におけるGSHレベルを実質的に削減することなくKeap1/Nrf2複合体からのNrf2の解離をもたらすかを判定するステップを含んでなる、請求項65に記載の方法。
- 神経学的障害、眼科学的障害、またはその組合せを治療する薬剤を調製する、患者の細胞におけるKeap1/Nrf2複合体からのNrf2の解離をもたらす求電子化合物、もしくはその薬学的に許容されるプロドラッグ、塩または溶媒の使用。
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US8022246B2 (en) | 2011-09-20 |
CA2666461A1 (en) | 2008-09-12 |
WO2008108825A2 (en) | 2008-09-12 |
US20120296112A1 (en) | 2012-11-22 |
US20090042980A1 (en) | 2009-02-12 |
EP2086318A2 (en) | 2009-08-12 |
WO2008108825A3 (en) | 2008-12-18 |
EP2086318A4 (en) | 2009-12-23 |
US8466311B2 (en) | 2013-06-18 |
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