JP2009190088A - 連続鋳造装置 - Google Patents
連続鋳造装置 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2009190088A JP2009190088A JP2009107982A JP2009107982A JP2009190088A JP 2009190088 A JP2009190088 A JP 2009190088A JP 2009107982 A JP2009107982 A JP 2009107982A JP 2009107982 A JP2009107982 A JP 2009107982A JP 2009190088 A JP2009190088 A JP 2009190088A
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- mold
- lubricant
- insulating member
- casting
- heat insulating
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- 238000009749 continuous casting Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 78
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 74
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 74
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 59
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 59
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 claims description 78
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 abstract description 97
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 abstract description 7
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 description 38
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 30
- 239000000498 cooling water Substances 0.000 description 24
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 20
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 17
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 15
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 15
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 15
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 14
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 12
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 12
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 12
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 11
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 11
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 11
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 10
- 230000001050 lubricating effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000005461 lubrication Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052581 Si3N4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000000740 bleeding effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000002386 leaching Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 3
- HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon nitride Chemical compound N12[Si]34N5[Si]62N3[Si]51N64 HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002309 gasification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010080 roll forging Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005204 segregation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001360 synchronised effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000008415 Lactuca sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000014443 Pyrus communis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000019484 Rapeseed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004359 castor oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019438 castor oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N glycerol triricinoleate Natural products CCCCCC[C@@H](O)CC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](COC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@@H](O)CCCCCC)OC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@H](O)CCCCCC ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000013011 mating Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000012045 salad Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013585 weight reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
- B22D11/04—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into open-ended moulds
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
- B22D11/001—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths of specific alloys
- B22D11/003—Aluminium alloys
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
- B22D11/04—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into open-ended moulds
- B22D11/045—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into open-ended moulds for horizontal casting
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
- B22D11/04—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into open-ended moulds
- B22D11/045—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into open-ended moulds for horizontal casting
- B22D11/047—Means for joining tundish to mould
- B22D11/0475—Means for joining tundish to mould characterised by use of a break ring
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
- B22D11/04—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into open-ended moulds
- B22D11/049—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into open-ended moulds for direct chill casting, e.g. electromagnetic casting
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
- B22D11/07—Lubricating the moulds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
- C22C21/02—Alloys based on aluminium with silicon as the next major constituent
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
- C22C21/06—Alloys based on aluminium with magnesium as the next major constituent
- C22C21/08—Alloys based on aluminium with magnesium as the next major constituent with silicon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
- C22C21/10—Alloys based on aluminium with zinc as the next major constituent
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
- C22C21/12—Alloys based on aluminium with copper as the next major constituent
- C22C21/14—Alloys based on aluminium with copper as the next major constituent with silicon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
- C22C21/12—Alloys based on aluminium with copper as the next major constituent
- C22C21/16—Alloys based on aluminium with copper as the next major constituent with magnesium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
- C22C21/12—Alloys based on aluminium with copper as the next major constituent
- C22C21/18—Alloys based on aluminium with copper as the next major constituent with zinc
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Continuous Casting (AREA)
Abstract
【解決手段】溶湯受部250内の合金溶湯255を鋳型201の一端から鋳型201内に供給してアルミニウム合金鋳造棒を製造する連続鋳造装置を、溶湯受部250と鋳型201の一端との間に配置され、溶湯受部250と鋳型201とを連通する注湯用通路211を有する断熱部材2(2a,2b)と、その断熱部材2(2a,2b)に沿って設けられ、注湯用通路211と一体の通孔を有する仕切り層2cとを備えて構成し、鋳型201を水平状に配置し、アルミニウム合金溶湯74のマグネシウムの含有量を0.5質量%以上、例えば、0.8質量%とする。
【選択図】図1
Description
2a 第1断熱部材
2b 第2断熱部材
2c 仕切り層
2d 第3断熱部材
20b 断熱部材
20c 仕切り層の通孔側周部
70 ホットトップ鋳造装置
71 水冷鋳型
72 溶湯受部
73 耐火物製板状体
73a 第1断熱部材
73b 第2断熱部材
73c 仕切り層
74 アルミニウム合金溶湯
75 アルミニウム合金鋳塊
76 下型
77 水冷ジェット
78 潤滑油供給管
80 冷却水
81 水槽の水
200 鋳型の中空部
201 筒型鋳型(鋳型)
202 冷却水
203 冷却水供給管
204 鋳型冷却水キャビティ
205 冷却水シャワー装置
208 流体供給管
210 耐火物製板状体
211 注湯用通路
213 Oリング
215 柱状金属溶湯
216 凝固鋳塊
220 鋳型中心軸
221 鋳型の内壁面
222 浸透性多孔質材
224 潤滑材供給口
224a 潤滑材供給口
224b 潤滑材供給口
230 隅部空間
250 タンディッシュ
251 溶湯流入部
252 溶湯保持部
253 流出部
254 液面レベル
255 合金溶湯
L 有効モールド長
P0 鋳型内径下部位置
P1 注湯用通路内径下部位置
S0 鋳型の縦断面積
Sb 第2断熱部材の面積
d 鋳型内径
h 注湯用通路内径下部位置の鋳型内径下部位置に対する高さ
Claims (1)
- 溶湯受部内の合金溶湯を鋳型の一端から鋳型内に供給してアルミニウム合金鋳造棒を製造する連続鋳造装置において、
上記溶湯受部と鋳型の一端との間に配置され、溶湯受部と鋳型とを連通する注湯用通路を有する断熱部材と、
上記断熱部材に設けられ、注湯用通路と一体の通孔を有する仕切り層と、を備え、
上記鋳型は、水平状に配置され、
上記アルミニウム合金の合金溶湯は、マグネシウムの含有量が0.5質量%以上である、
ことを特徴とする連続鋳造装置。
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2009107982A JP5091185B2 (ja) | 2004-10-25 | 2009-04-27 | 連続鋳造装置 |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2004309251 | 2004-10-25 | ||
JP2004309251 | 2004-10-25 | ||
JP2009107982A JP5091185B2 (ja) | 2004-10-25 | 2009-04-27 | 連続鋳造装置 |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2005306753A Division JP4757602B2 (ja) | 2004-10-25 | 2005-10-21 | 連続鋳造装置、連続鋳造方法およびアルミニウム合金鋳造棒 |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2012180710A Division JP5424141B2 (ja) | 2004-10-25 | 2012-08-17 | 連続鋳造装置 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JP2009190088A true JP2009190088A (ja) | 2009-08-27 |
JP5091185B2 JP5091185B2 (ja) | 2012-12-05 |
Family
ID=38156845
Family Applications (3)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2009107987A Active JP5131859B2 (ja) | 2004-10-25 | 2009-04-27 | 水平連続鋳造装置 |
JP2009107982A Expired - Fee Related JP5091185B2 (ja) | 2004-10-25 | 2009-04-27 | 連続鋳造装置 |
JP2012180710A Active JP5424141B2 (ja) | 2004-10-25 | 2012-08-17 | 連続鋳造装置 |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2009107987A Active JP5131859B2 (ja) | 2004-10-25 | 2009-04-27 | 水平連続鋳造装置 |
Family Applications After (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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JP2012180710A Active JP5424141B2 (ja) | 2004-10-25 | 2012-08-17 | 連続鋳造装置 |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7637306B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1808240B1 (ja) |
JP (3) | JP5131859B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR100895618B1 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN101048245B (ja) |
DE (1) | DE602005026425D1 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2006046677A1 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN101939120B (zh) * | 2007-12-05 | 2016-01-06 | 昭和电工株式会社 | 连铸装置和注液用喷嘴 |
JP5324081B2 (ja) * | 2007-12-18 | 2013-10-23 | 昭和電工株式会社 | 注湯用ノズルおよび連続鋳造装置 |
DE102008048374B3 (de) * | 2008-09-22 | 2010-04-15 | Honsel Ag | Korrosionsbeständiges Aluminiumstrangpressprofil und Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Strukturbauteiles |
RU2477668C2 (ru) * | 2010-04-14 | 2013-03-20 | Государственное научное учреждение "Институт технологии металлов Национальной академии наук Беларуси" (ГНУ "ИТМ НАН Беларуси") | Кристаллизатор для непрерывного горизонтального литья |
CN102228963B (zh) * | 2011-06-23 | 2012-11-28 | 曲沃县民政福利企业有限公司 | 一种空心铸铁型材的连铸生产装置 |
CN102418011B (zh) * | 2011-12-15 | 2013-04-10 | 贵州华科铝材料工程技术研究有限公司 | 一种添加AlCrN及RbH的高强度铝合金及其制备方法 |
CN103572126A (zh) * | 2013-10-28 | 2014-02-12 | 吴雅萍 | 一种连续铸造用铝合金材料 |
CN103736950B (zh) * | 2014-01-22 | 2016-02-17 | 西安科唯电热科技有限公司 | 一种水平连铸装置及连铸方法 |
CN106001469B (zh) * | 2016-07-05 | 2018-01-02 | 西安理工大学 | 一种铸铁水平连续铸造结晶器及铸铁型材的制备方法 |
CN107127310A (zh) * | 2017-07-12 | 2017-09-05 | 河南维可托镁合金科技有限公司 | 镁基合金的半连续铸造工艺 |
JP6560838B1 (ja) * | 2019-02-12 | 2019-08-14 | 株式会社神戸製鋼所 | 連続鋳造用鋳型および連続鋳造装置並びに連続鋳造方法 |
JP2023012240A (ja) * | 2021-07-13 | 2023-01-25 | 昭和電工株式会社 | 水平連続鋳造装置、アルミニウム合金鋳造棒の製造方法 |
CN116727616A (zh) * | 2023-08-11 | 2023-09-12 | 山西建邦集团铸造有限公司 | 圆型铸铁型材的成型方法、结晶模具及加工设备 |
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JPH01138043A (ja) * | 1987-11-26 | 1989-05-30 | Showa Denko Kk | 金属の連続鋳造装置 |
JP2004066345A (ja) * | 2002-07-22 | 2004-03-04 | Showa Denko Kk | アルミニウム合金連続鋳造棒、アルミニウム合金連続鋳造棒の製造方法およびアルミニウム合金連続鋳造棒の製造装置 |
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US3286309A (en) | 1963-06-06 | 1966-11-22 | Aluminum Co Of America | Method and apparatus for horizontal casting of ingots |
NO115409B (ja) * | 1963-06-07 | 1968-09-30 | Aluminum Co Of America | |
CH451416A (de) * | 1965-07-24 | 1968-05-15 | Vaw Ver Aluminium Werke Ag | Verfahren zur Zuführung des Schmiermittels beim vollkontinuierlichen Giessen von Metallen in stationären Kokillen |
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2005
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- 2005-10-24 DE DE602005026425T patent/DE602005026425D1/de active Active
- 2005-10-24 WO PCT/JP2005/019847 patent/WO2006046677A1/ja active Application Filing
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JPS5495928A (en) * | 1977-12-19 | 1979-07-28 | Alusuisse | Horizontalltype continuous casting apparatus |
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US20060090875A1 (en) | 2006-05-04 |
JP2009160662A (ja) | 2009-07-23 |
JP5091185B2 (ja) | 2012-12-05 |
WO2006046677A1 (ja) | 2006-05-04 |
DE602005026425D1 (de) | 2011-03-31 |
KR20070052362A (ko) | 2007-05-21 |
JP5424141B2 (ja) | 2014-02-26 |
EP1808240A1 (en) | 2007-07-18 |
US7637306B2 (en) | 2009-12-29 |
EP1808240A4 (en) | 2008-04-16 |
JP2012213811A (ja) | 2012-11-08 |
KR100895618B1 (ko) | 2009-05-06 |
EP1808240B1 (en) | 2011-02-16 |
CN101048245B (zh) | 2011-01-12 |
JP5131859B2 (ja) | 2013-01-30 |
CN101048245A (zh) | 2007-10-03 |
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