JP2008522971A - 多発性硬化症の発症の遅延または予防 - Google Patents
多発性硬化症の発症の遅延または予防 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本出願は参考として全体が本明細書に組み込まれる2005年12月3日出願の米国仮出願60/633,022の利益を主張する。
多発性硬化症(MS)は中枢神経系の慢性、多病巣性、脱髄性の自己免疫疾患である。全世界で2百万人超、合衆国で400,000人がMSを有している。MS患者の約80%が再発性の形態を有し、それらの患者の80%超が25年内に二次的な進行性のMSに進行している。
一態様において、本発明は、多発性硬化症(MS)の危険性がある、例えば進行性MSまたは再発性MSの危険性がある対象を治療する方法を特徴とする。方法は、VLA−4遮断薬、例えばVLA−4結合抗体(例えば完全長VLA−4結合抗体またはVLA−4結合抗体フラグメント)を対象に投与することを包含する。一実施形態において、該方法は、MSの臨床発現の開始(例えば軽減中のMSの回帰)を防止または遅延(例えば少なくとも1年、2年、3年、4年、5年、10年またはそれ以上)することもできれば、後の(例えば二次的な)臨床発現の重症度を最低限にすることもできる。一実施形態において、対象は限局性神経学的欠損の臨床エピソードを二つ未満有したことがある。
(定義)
「神経学的欠損」とは、中枢神経系の機能の低下である。例としては、会話不能、知覚低下、平衡感覚喪失、虚弱、認知機能不全、視野変化、異常反射、および問題歩行が包含される。「限局性神経学的欠損」とは、特定の位置(例えば、左顔面、右顔面、左腕、右腕)または特定の機能(例えば、会話には影響あるが、筆記能力には影響ない)の何れかに影響するものである。神経学的欠損に言及する場合、「臨床エピソード」という用語は、数時間、数日、または数週間にわたり持続し(但し、そこから部分的または完全な回復が起こる可能性がある)、検査や内部身体組織の撮影のみにより観察可能なものとは異なり、患者の対外的な身体兆候により直接観察できる神経学的欠損を意味する。臨床上の神経学的欠損は、一般的に医療歴および/または身体的神経学的検査により判断される。
(多発性硬化症)
MSの診断は、限局性神経学的欠損の多重の臨床エピソードに基づいて、或いは、MRIのような補助的試験から得られる神経学的損傷を裏付ける証拠とは空間的時間的に分離された限局性神経学的欠損の臨床エピソードに基づいて、行うことができる(McDonald et al.,Ann. Neurol.,2001,50:121−7)。McDonaldの基準は、二回目の発作をMRIで観察される新しい病変により随時特定できるようにする。又、MacDonaldの基準は、MRIにおける9種の代表的な白質病変または1種の増強中病変の何れかに基づいて、空間的な播種度を明確化できるようにする。初期の臨床的顕在性は変動する場合があり、身体性の感覚変化、視神経炎または虚弱を包含する場合がある。真実の臨床診断のためには、少なくとも二つの神経学的減損が観察される必要があり、これらは解剖学的および時間的に分離する必要がある。さらに、減損はMSを有する患者において観察される減損と合致する必要があり、このことは一般的に、欠損の持続時間が数日から数週間であることを意味する。本明細書に記載される方法は、例えば臨床的に確定したMSまたは再発性のMSへの進行を防止または低減するために使用できる。
神経学的減損の単回の発生は、症状をVLA−4遮断薬で改善できる患者の指標となる。臨床孤立症候群(CIS)とは、脱髄またはその他の単相性のCNS炎症性障害(例えば、脊髄症候群、脳幹/小脳症候群、および後述するその他の症候群)の単一の臨床エピソードの検出を指す。
脊髄症候群を有する対象は、脱髄事象と合致する脊髄MRIを有し、脊髄症の症状、例えば以下、即ち、(a)ブラウンセカール症候群;(b)下腿および/または上腕不全麻痺または麻痺(片側性または両側性);(c)尿失禁または貯留;(d)便失禁または貯留;(e)発作性失調症;(f)レールミット現象の一つ以上を有する。
脳幹/小脳症候群を有する対象は、神経学者により判定される対象の症状と合致した神経学的検査の異常を有する。症状には以下、即ち、(a)眩暈、(b)三叉神経痛、(c)核間眼筋不全麻痺(麻痺)、(d)眼振、(e)動揺視および二重視、(f)共同または非共同注視麻痺(不全麻痺)、(g)交差運動症候群、(h)交差感覚症候群、(i)片側顔面痙攣、(j)運動失調、(k)振せん、(l)構語障害の少なくとも二つが包含される。
横断脊髄炎は、脊髄の一つの高さまたは分節において両側に渡る炎症により生じる神経学的障害である。炎症の攻撃により、ミエリンが損傷または破壊され、脊髄と身体残余部分との神経の間の連絡が遮断される。横断脊髄炎の症状には、数時間から数週間にわたる脊髄機能の喪失をが包含される。下背部痛、筋肉虚弱または踵および脚部の異常な衝撃の突然の発生として開始したものが、急速に進行してより重度の症状、例えば麻痺、尿貯留および腸制御喪失に至る。患者によっては横断脊髄炎から回復し、問題は僅かまたは皆無であった者もいるが、日常生活の通常の作業を行う能力に影響する永久的な障害を有する者もいる。大部分の患者は、横断脊髄炎のエピソードを一つしか有さない。再発する割合は低い。
視神経炎は眼の網膜に作用する視神経(第2脳神経)の脱髄を伴った炎症である。これは以下の症状(即ち、かすみ眼、正しい視力の喪失、一部または全ての視覚の喪失、完全または部分的な盲目、および眼後方の疼痛)の何れか一つ以上と共に生じる場合がある。発現は症例の70%で片側性(一方の眼)である。視神経炎は、MS患者の約20%においてMSの初期の顕在化(初回発作)となる。視神経炎の診断試験には、視覚的誘発電位(VEP)および視覚的誘発反応(VER)試験が包含され、これらの試験では視神経に沿った神経伝達の速度を検出することができる。
ADEMは、ウィルス性の症候群またはワクチン接種が一般的に先行するCNSの単相性の脱髄障害である。ミエリン喪失と軸索の相対的枯渇を伴う場合がある。細静脈周囲のリンパ球および単核細胞の浸潤および脱髄が観察される場合が多い。
多発性硬化症の病因は複雑である。一つ以上の因子が多発性硬化症の危険性に寄与する場合があり、そのような因子には当業者により現在知られているもの、および当業者により統計学的に有意な影響であると今後判定されるものが包含されるる。
脳脊髄液検査をMS危険性の検出に使用することができる。例えば、一つの因子は、例えばベースラインまたはマッチした正常個体との相対比較における上昇した水準のCSF IgGにより、またはCSF IgGのCSFアルブミンに対する上昇した比率により示される。例えば、Perkin et al.(1983)J Neurol Sci. 60(3):325−36を参照のこと。例えば、異常な比率は、0.7以上のIgG指数により示すことができる。免疫固定電気泳動による異なるIgGオリゴクローンバンドの存在も又、MSの危険の指標となり得る。
α4インテグリン結合抗体であるナタリズマブは、血液から中枢神経系への白血球の遊走を抑制する。ナタリズマブは、活性化T細胞およびその他の単核白血球の表面上においてVLA−4に結合する。これはT細胞と内皮細胞の間の接着を妨害し、これにより単核白血球が内皮を通過して実質にまで遊走することを防止する。その結果、前炎症サイトカインの濃度も低減できる。
VLA−4に結合する抗体は、例えば動物を使用した免疫化により作成することができる。VLA−4の全体または一部を免疫原として使用することができる。例えば、α4サブユニットの細胞外領域を免疫原として使用することができる。一実施形態において、免疫化した動物は、天然、ヒトまたは部分的にヒトの免疫グロブリン遺伝子座を有する免疫グロブリン産生細胞を含有する。一実施形態において、非ヒト動物は、ヒト免疫グロブリン遺伝子の少なくとも一部を包含する。例えば、ヒトIg遺伝子座の大型フラグメントを使用してマウス抗体の生成が欠損しているマウス系統を操作することが可能である。ハイブリドーマ技術を使用することにより、所望の特異性を有する遺伝子由来の抗原特異的モノクローナル抗体が生成され、選択される場合がある。例えば、XenoMouseTM、Greene et al.,Nature Genetics 7:13−21(1994)、US2003−0070185、米国特許5,789,650およびWO96/34096を参照のこと。
抗体は、原核生物および真核生物の細胞において生成することができる。一実施形態において、抗体(例えばscFv)は、ピチア(例えば、Powers et al.(2001)J. Immunol. Methods 251:123−35参照)、HanseulaまたはSaccharomycesのようなコウボ細胞中で発現させる。
VLA−4遮断薬、例えばVLA−4結合抗体(例えばナタリズマブ)は、医薬組成物として製剤できる。一般的に、医薬組成物には、薬学的に許容可能な担体が包含される。本明細書で使用される「薬学的に許容可能な担体」には、生理学的に適合する如何なる全ての溶媒、分散媒体、コーティング、抗細菌および抗カビ剤、等張性付与および吸収遅延剤等も包含される。
VLA−4遮断薬、例えばVLA−4結合抗体、例えばナタリズマブは対象、例えばヒト対象に対し種々の方法で投与できる。多くの用途のためには、投与経路は静脈内注射または注入、皮下注射、または、筋肉内注射のうちの一つである。VLA−4遮断薬、例えばVLA−4結合抗体、例えばナタリズマブは固定用量で、または、mg/kg用量で、但し、好ましくは固定用量で投与できる。抗体は静脈内(IV)または皮下(SC)で投与できる。
特定の実施形態において、対象、例えば本明細書に記載される多発性硬化症の危険性を有する対象には、VLA−4遮断薬、例えばVLA−4結合抗体、例えばナタリズマブと組み合わせて、第2の薬剤を投与することができる。VLA−4遮断薬と共に投与できる多発性硬化症を治療または予防するための薬剤の非限定的な例には、「Combination Therapy」との発明の名称の同時係属中の2004年8月20日出願のU.S.S.N.60/603,468、代理人事件番号10287−087P01/P0608に記載されている薬剤が包含される。
Claims (30)
- 再発性または進行性の多発性硬化症の危険性がある対象を治療する方法であって、VLA−4結合抗体を該対象に投与する工程を包含する、方法。
- 前記対象が限局性神経学的欠損の一つの臨床エピソードを経験している、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記抗体が前記臨床エピソードの4週間以内に投与される、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記神経学的欠損が、一つ以上の四肢の虚弱、一つ以上の四肢の麻痺、一つ以上の四肢の振せん、制御不可能な筋肉の痙性、感覚の喪失または異常、協調低下、平衡感覚喪失、抽象的思考能力喪失、一般化能力喪失、会話困難、会話理解困難、単眼または両眼の視力喪失、および膀胱または腸の制御困難からなる群より選択される一つ以上の症状により明示される、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記対象が脳組織炎症またはミエリン鞘損傷の物理的証拠を示す頭部スキャンを受けたことがある、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記頭部スキャンが放射線撮影スキャン、コンピュータ連動断層撮影(CT)スキャンおよび磁気共鳴画像化(MRI)スキャンからなる群より選択される、請求項5に記載の方法。
- 前記対象がMRIにより検出可能な1〜50個の個別の脳病変を有する、請求項5に記載の方法。
- 前記対象がミエリン稀突起神経膠細胞糖タンパク質(MOG)およびミエリン塩基性タンパク質(MBP)の一方または両方に対する血清抗体を有する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記対象が神経学的欠損の一つの臨床エピソードを経験している、請求項5に記載の方法。
- 前記対象が神経学的欠損の臨床エピソードを経験していない、請求項5に記載の方法。
- 前記対象が神経学的欠損の一つの臨床エピソードを経験している、請求項8に記載の方法。
- 前記対象が神経学的欠損の臨床エピソードを経験していない、請求項8に記載の方法。
- 前記対象が限局性神経学的欠損の臨床エピソードを経験しておらず、以下の特徴:
(a)頭部スキャンにより検出可能な3mm以上のサイズの脳の病変または瘢痕を複数有する、
(b)ミエリン稀突起神経膠細胞糖タンパク質(MOG)およびミエリン塩基性タンパク質(MBP)の一方または両方に対する血清抗体を有する、
(c)陰性対照と比べてCSF IgGの水準が上昇している、および、
(d)陰性対照と比べてミエリン塩基性タンパク質(MBP)の水準が上昇している、
のうちの一つ以上を有する、請求項1に記載の方法。 - 前記対象が限局性神経学的欠損の一つの臨床エピソードを経験しており、以下の特徴:
(a)頭部スキャンにより検出可能な3mm以上のサイズの脳の病変または瘢痕を複数有する、
(b)ミエリン稀突起神経膠細胞糖タンパク質(MOG)およびミエリン塩基性タンパク質(MBP)の一方または両方に対する血清抗体を有する、
(c)陰性対照と比べてCSF IgGの水準が上昇している、および、
(d)陰性対照と比べてミエリン塩基性タンパク質(MBP)の水準が上昇している、
のうちの一つ以上を有する、請求項1に記載の方法。 - 前記投与手順の前に、(a)ミエリン鞘損傷の頭部スキャン証拠、(b)MOGまたはMBPの一方または両方に対する血清抗体の存在、(c)上昇した水準のCSF IgGの存在、(d)上昇した水準のMBPの存在、および(e)限局性神経学的欠損の臨床エピソードの一つの発生、のうちの一つ以上に基づきMSの危険性があるものとして対象を選択することをさらに包含する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記対象が多発性硬化症の家族歴を有する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記対象が視神経、脊髄または小脳の関与する一つの急性孤立性脱髄事象を有していたことがある、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記対象が3mm以上のサイズの臨床上サイレントな脳MRI病変を複数有する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記対象が横断脊髄炎を有する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記対象が視神経炎を有する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記対象を治療する方法であって、
対象に対しスキャンを実施する工程、および、
前記スキャンが臨床上サイレントな脳組織炎症またはミエリン鞘損傷の証拠を示す場合にVLA−4結合抗体を該対象に投与する工程、
を包含する、方法。 - 単相性脱髄障害に関して対象を治療する方法であって、単相性脱髄障害を有する対象を同定すること;およびVLA−4結合抗体を対象に投与する工程を包含する、方法。
- 前記対象が横断脊髄炎を有する、請求項22に記載の方法。
- 前記対象が視神経炎を有する、請求項22に記載の方法。
- 前記対象が急性播種性脳脊髄炎(ADEM)を有する、請求項22に記載の方法。
- 前記VLA−4結合抗体がVLA−4の少なくともα鎖に結合する、請求項1、13、14、15、21および22のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記VLA−4結合抗体がナタリズマブを含む、請求項1、13、14、15、21および22のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記VLA−4結合抗体がVLA−4への結合に関してHP1/2またはナタリズマブと競合する、請求項1、13、14、15、21および22のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記VLA−4結合抗体がヒト抗体またはヒト化抗体である、請求項1、13、14、15、21および22のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記VLA−4結合抗体が第2の治療薬と組み合わせて投与される、請求項1、13、14、15、21および22のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
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JP2013000070A Division JP2013060469A (ja) | 2004-12-03 | 2013-01-04 | 多発性硬化症の発症の遅延または予防 |
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JP2008306707A Pending JP2009102333A (ja) | 2004-12-03 | 2008-12-01 | 多発性硬化症の発症の遅延または予防 |
JP2013000070A Pending JP2013060469A (ja) | 2004-12-03 | 2013-01-04 | 多発性硬化症の発症の遅延または予防 |
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JP2013000070A Pending JP2013060469A (ja) | 2004-12-03 | 2013-01-04 | 多発性硬化症の発症の遅延または予防 |
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EP (1) | EP1833509A4 (ja) |
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CN (1) | CN101111263A (ja) |
AU (1) | AU2005311635B2 (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2589379A1 (ja) |
NZ (2) | NZ581497A (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2006060787A2 (ja) |
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- 2005-12-02 WO PCT/US2005/043980 patent/WO2006060787A2/en active Application Filing
- 2005-12-02 CN CNA2005800475442A patent/CN101111263A/zh active Pending
- 2005-12-02 EP EP05853017A patent/EP1833509A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2005-12-02 AU AU2005311635A patent/AU2005311635B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2005-12-02 US US11/720,716 patent/US20090169477A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2005-12-02 NZ NZ581497A patent/NZ581497A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2005-12-02 JP JP2007544603A patent/JP2008522971A/ja not_active Withdrawn
- 2005-12-02 NZ NZ556105A patent/NZ556105A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP1833509A4 (en) | 2008-12-03 |
NZ581497A (en) | 2012-07-27 |
AU2005311635B2 (en) | 2012-02-02 |
JP2013060469A (ja) | 2013-04-04 |
CN101111263A (zh) | 2008-01-23 |
CA2589379A1 (en) | 2006-06-08 |
WO2006060787A3 (en) | 2007-03-29 |
JP2009102333A (ja) | 2009-05-14 |
WO2006060787A2 (en) | 2006-06-08 |
AU2005311635A1 (en) | 2006-06-08 |
NZ556105A (en) | 2009-12-24 |
EP1833509A2 (en) | 2007-09-19 |
US20090169477A1 (en) | 2009-07-02 |
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