JP2008307050A - Soil for growing plant and method for growing plant - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide soil for growing plants having excellent resistance to tread pressure in order to grow plants and having adequate water permeability in order to grow plants and further having high effective water content-retaining amount and fertilizer-retaining amount and to provide a method for growing plants by using the soil. <P>SOLUTION: The soil for growing plants is composed of a crushed material of a tile having 0.05-10 mm average particle diameter. The crushed material of the tile is preferably a porous material having a 0.1-20 μm pore diameter. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2009,JPO&INPIT

Description

  The present invention relates to a plant growing method using plant growing soil made of roof tile crushing material. More specifically, the present invention is a soil for plant growth made of roof tile crushing material, which has little change in soil structure due to treading pressure, and has water permeability, water retention and fertilizer retention suitable for plant growth. And a plant growing method using the same.

  Plants such as turf are used for greening parks, promenades, playgrounds, racetracks, and sports grounds. However, it is often recognized that excessive tread pressure is applied to the soil in which these plants are planted.

  This excessive treading pressure causes the soil particles to move and the gaps between the soil particles to collapse, resulting in changes in soil structure such as soil compaction, porosity loss, and water permeability, which adversely affect the growth of plants such as turf. Bring.

  Therefore, an operation called aeration for supplying oxygen to the root portion of a plant is performed using various methods. For aeration, for example, using a hollow blade, coring to remove the soil from the soil, using a blade or metal spike that is clogged to the inside, spiking to make a hole in the ground, cutting the grass surface vertically There is a method such as vertical cut that divides the lawn into fine stems.

  However, since aeration damages the turf, it is better to avoid the period when the turf is susceptible to pain and the period when the pathogen is likely to invade due to cuts on the turf. It is economically inconvenient.

  Therefore, a method of mixing an anti-caking agent or the like with the soil is employed so that the gaps between the soil particles are not crushed. For example, a method has been proposed in which a soil-mixed material in which a rubber chip is coated with a soil aggregating agent is prepared, mixed with and mixed with the soil, and soil permeability is improved and caking is prevented (see Patent Document 1).

However, once the soil-contaminated material is mixed into the soil, it becomes extremely difficult to remove the soil-contaminated material from the soil and reuse the soil for other purposes.
JP 2001-131548 A

  The object of the present invention is to grow plants that have excellent resistance to treading for plant growth, have appropriate water permeability for plant growth, and have a high effective water retention amount and fertilizer retention amount An object of the present invention is to provide soil for use and a plant growing method using the soil.

  In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides a soil for plant cultivation made of a tile crushing material having an average particle diameter of 0.05 to 10 mm.

  The tile crushing material used in the present invention is preferably porous with a pore diameter of 0.1 to 20 μm.

  Moreover, it is preferable that the porosity crushing material used for this invention is 50 to 65% of porosity.

Furthermore, the plant-growing soil according to the present invention preferably has an effective water retention amount of 50 to 300 L / m ³ and a water permeability of 0.0001 to 1 cm / second.

  Here, the effective water retention amount refers to the amount of water that can be absorbed by plant roots of the water remaining in the soil after the moisture is discharged from the soil by gravity. The hydraulic conductivity is an index of the ease of water flow in the soil.

  Although it does not specifically limit as a use of the soil for plant cultivation which concerns on this invention, It can use as soil for pressure resistance suitable for the use which requires pressure resistance from the outstanding pressure resistance.

  These plant growing methods using the soil according to the present invention are also one aspect of the present invention.

  The soil for plant cultivation of the present invention has excellent tread pressure resistance, moderate water permeability for plant growth, and further has a high effective water retention amount and fertilizer retention amount. The soil for plant growth having a specific hydraulic conductivity and effective water retention amount of the present invention is excellent in plant growth promotion effect, and plant growth in places where excessive treading pressure is applied such as parks, promenades, playgrounds, racetracks, sports grounds, etc. Useful as soil for use. The soil for plant growth of the present invention can be used without adding other soil components, and can be repeatedly used for plant growth because there is little change in soil structure.

  The tile crushing material used in the present invention is a porous crushing material having many voids, and the pore diameter is preferably about 0.1 to 20 μm.

  The tile used for the tile crushing material is a clay tile formed by firing clay as a raw material. Furthermore, the tile used is preferably a waste tile from the viewpoint of reuse, but is not limited to a waste tile. Moreover, as long as it is baked using clay as a raw material, it is not limited to the one formed in the shape of a tile, and may be an unglazed brick, earthenware or the like.

  The roof tiles made of the above materials are suitable for plant growing soils that are expected to have effects such as hydration of plants, recharge of groundwater, natural water circulation, and improvement of vegetation and underground ecology. In addition, since it enables the recycling of waste tiles that are discarded in large quantities as industrial waste, it is also meaningful from the viewpoint of environmental conservation. Furthermore, since it can be used without adding other soil components and the change in soil structure is small, it can be used repeatedly for plant growth.

In addition, as shown in Table 1 below, since heat treatment is not required when processing the tile crushing material into soil, the amount of CO ₂ emission can be reduced. CO ₂ emitted when producing 1 m ^{3 of} such soil is 1.49 kg / m ³ . On the other hand, according to the estimation of the present inventor, it was found that as much as 22.3 kg / m ^{3 of} CO ₂ is discharged in red crust. This is approximately 240 times as much CO ₂ emission as during soil production according to the present invention. Therefore, the soil according to the present invention is excellent from the viewpoint of suppressing global warming.

  The tile crushing material used in the present invention may be finely divided according to a desired water permeability coefficient and effective water retention amount, but the average particle size of the tile crushing material is preferably 0.05 to 10 mm. When the average particle size is less than 0.05 mm, the pores of the tile crushing material particles tend to decrease and the effective water retention amount tends to decrease. When the average particle size exceeds 10 mm, the water permeability becomes too high, which is not preferable as soil for plant growth. . Furthermore, the range of the average particle diameter may be divided by 0.1 mm, 0.5 mm, 1 mm, 2 mm, and 5 mm, and a tile crushing material having a particle diameter suitable for each plant to be grown may be appropriately blended and used. In addition, when the inventor investigated, the smaller the particle size, the better the water retention, the larger the particle size, the better the water permeability, and the narrower the particle size, the better the tread resistance. Was found.

Available water holding amount of soil for plant cultivation of the present invention is preferably 50~300L / ^{m 3,} more preferably 60~300L / ^{m 3,} more preferably 80~300L / ^{m 3,} 100~300L / m ³ is particularly preferred. Further, the effective water retention amount is most preferably 200 to 300 L / m ³ . When the effective moisture retention is less than 50 L / m ³ , the moisture necessary for the plant is insufficient. If the effective water retention amount is 200 L / m ³ or more, the labor of watering is reduced and the labor can be reduced.

  The hydraulic conductivity of the plant growing soil of the present invention is preferably 0.0001 to 1 cm / second, more preferably 0.001 to 1 cm / second, and particularly preferably 0.01 to 1 cm / second. If the water permeability is less than 0.0001 cm / second, the water permeability is too low and water hardly penetrates into the lower part. If the water permeability exceeds 1 cm / second, the water permeability becomes too high, and moisture is quickly removed from the soil. Since they are lost, both tend to be a bad environment for plant growth.

  The soil for plant cultivation of the present invention containing a tile crushing material is used as a plant cultivation soil for parks, promenades, playgrounds, racetracks, sports grounds, multipurpose open spaces, etc. Can be used as In particular, the soil according to the present invention is suitably used in an environment where a treading pressure is applied to a plant grown there.

  The soil for plant growth of the present invention is preferably laid on the raw ground with a thickness of 4 to 70 cm, and plants are grown on the soil. If the thickness of the soil is less than 4 cm, water cannot be sufficiently retained. When the thickness of the soil exceeds 70 cm, the amount of soil necessary for laying is excessively increased, which is not preferable from an economic viewpoint.

  The soil for plant growth of the present invention is such that irrigated water and rainwater are permeated so as not to cause root rot of the plant, and there is water in the lower part of the soil, and the water in the soil is low Can absorb water from the lower part.

  Conventionally, mountain sand used as plant soil for parks, promenades, playgrounds, racetracks, sports grounds, etc. is excellent in water permeability but has a low effective water retention amount. Addition is performed. On the other hand, the soil for plant cultivation of the present invention has a high effective water retention amount and appropriate water permeability. For this reason, the water environment suitable for plant cultivation can be maintained over a long period of time by sucking up the water under the soil while simultaneously preventing root rot of the plant due to excessive moisture.

  The good effective water retention and water permeability seen in the plant growing soil of the present invention are achieved by the roof tile used in the soil having a high porosity of 50 to 65%. Here, the porosity is the sum of the volume of the solid phase filled with the roof tile component and the volume of the internal voids (gas phase and liquid phase) not filled with the roof tile component in the particles of the roof tile breaking material used in the present invention. It is the ratio of the internal voids to (100% of the whole). Examples of porous materials other than tile crushing materials include pumice, charcoal, and reddish clay, all of which have high water absorption but low effective moisture retention, and are strong when root rot, mold is generated, and when water is contained. Decreases and the structure is destroyed, so it is not suitable as a plant growing soil.

  Although it is not necessary to add components other than the tile crushing material to the plant growing soil of the present invention, other soils may be mixed in order to enhance the fertilizer retention ability. In this case, the mixing ratio of other soils is preferably 30% by weight or less (100% by weight as a whole).

  The tile crushing material used in the soil for plant cultivation of the present invention has a pore diameter, effective water retention property and effective fertilizer retention property that allow root hairs (diameters of several μm to several tens of μm) of plant roots to enter. Have. For this reason, root hairs can enter the internal space of the roof tile crushing material and increase the water and fertilizer absorption of the plant itself.

  Here, the state in which the root hair of a plant enters the internal space of the tile crushing material will be described with reference to FIGS. FIG. 1 shows an electron micrograph magnified 650 times. Reference numeral 1 denotes the surface of the roof tile breaking material, and reference numeral 2 denotes root hairs. It can be seen from FIG. 1 that the root hairs 2 have entered the voids on the surface 1 of the tile crushing material. FIG. 2 is an electron micrograph magnified 1600 times, and it is possible to clearly observe the state in which the root hairs 4 enter the surface 3 of the roof tile breaking material.

  The soil for plant growth of the present invention can be used without limitation for the growth of various plants. Suitable examples include turf, moss, dragon beard, sedum, pine, chrysanthemum, eggplant, grape, satsuki, zelkova, cherry blossom, rose, and hyacinth. In particular, the soil according to the present invention is suitably used when a plant is grown under an environment where a tread pressure is applied.

  EXAMPLES Hereinafter, although this invention is demonstrated further in detail based on an Example, this invention is not limited only to this Example.

Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Example 1 (Measurement of tread resistance)
As samples, clay tile crushed material (average particle size 0.05 to 2 mm) (Example 1), clay tile crushed material (average particle size 1 to 2 mm) (Example 2) and masa soil (Comparative Example 1) Each column was packed in a column (with a cross-sectional area of 17.68 cm ² ), and an 80 kg person stepped on a column that stood to cover the top surface of the column. 1, 5, 10, and 50 step pressures were applied, and the sample length in the column was measured. The results are shown in Table 2.

Moreover, the change rate of the sample length in the column before and after each stepping pressure was calculated by the following formula. The results are shown in Table 3.
Rate of change (%) = (1−sample length in the column after stepping pressure (cm) / sample length in the column before stepping pressure (cm)) × 100

  Table 2 shows the sample length in the column before and after each stepping pressure. According to Table 2, in comparison with Comparative Example 1, Examples 1 and 2 using the clay tile crushing material have a short change length due to the stepping pressure even when the number of the stepping pressures is increased, and have a resistance to the stepping pressure. Recognize. Table 3 shows the change rate of the sample length in the column before and after each stepping pressure. According to Table 3, it can be seen that Examples 1 and 2 have a smaller change rate of the sample length than Comparative Example 1. Therefore, the plant growing soil according to the present invention is useful as a countermeasure against soil consolidation.

Examples 3 and 4 (Measurement of hydraulic conductivity after treading)
The permeability coefficient was measured based on the constant water head method. In Examples 1 and 2, water was supplied to the container under the column to which the stepping pressure was applied 1, 5, 10 and 50 times to prepare a flooded surface. Water was supplied at a constant flow rate from the upper end of the column, and the flow rate Q (cm ³ / sec) and the flooding depth h (cm) when the flooding depth reached equilibrium were measured. The case where the column in Example 1 is used is Example 3, and the case where the column in Example 2 is used is Example 4. Table 4 shows the relationship between the tread pressure frequency and the saturated hydraulic conductivity. The saturated hydraulic conductivity was obtained from the following formula. In the following formula, l represents the sample length (cm) in the column, and A represents the sample cross-sectional area (cm ² ).
Saturated hydraulic conductivity (cm / sec) = Q × 1 / A × h

  According to Table 4, even if the treading pressure is increased from 10 times to 50 times, a decrease in the hydraulic conductivity is not recognized, and it does not become less than 0.0001 cm / second, which is a poor value of the soil hydraulic conductivity. This is considered to be due to the fact that the soil tile structure is less likely to change and the voids are less likely to decrease even after a certain stepping pressure is applied, because the clay tile crushing material has a stepping pressure resistance.

Examples 5 and 6, Comparative Examples 2 to 4 (Measurement of effective water retention)
The water retention amount in pF1.8-pF3.0 was measured based on the centrifugal method (Soil physical measurement method, edited by Soil Physical Measurement Method Committee, Yokendo, 1972). As samples, clay tile crushed material (average particle size 0.05-2 mm) (Example 5), clay tile crushed material (average particle size 1-2 mm) (Example 6), masa soil (Comparative Example 2), pumice stone (Comparative Example 3) and activated carbon (Comparative Example 4) were used. Pumice and activated carbon are used as artificial lightweight soil when planting lawns as rooftop greening. These samples were dried at 105 ° C. for 24 hours using an electric drying furnace. The dried sample was filled in a filter cylinder, and the dry weight was measured. Thereafter, the filter cylinder containing the sample was saturated with water, and the saturated wet weight was measured. Next, centrifugal dehydration was performed under conditions of pF1.8 and pF3.0, and the wet weight of each sample was determined. From this, the effective water retention amount was calculated based on the following formula.
Effective moisture retention = (wet weight at pF1.8) − (wet weight at pF3.0)
The results are shown in Table 5.

  Note that pF is a unit of the strength of adsorption between soil particles and water, and is expressed as a logarithm of a pressure value in cm. The pF in a state where water is saturated in the soil is 0, the pF in a state where gravity is drained from the soil for 24 hours is 1.8, and the pF of the limit that a general plant root can absorb moisture from the soil particles is 3.0, and pF in a state where the soil is dried at 100 ° C. is 7.0. The amount of water that can be absorbed by the roots of the plant is the amount of water from pF1.8 to pF3.0, so this amount of water becomes the effective water retention amount.

According to Table 5, the effective amount of water that can be absorbed by the plant is the average grain compared to pumice (Comparative Example 3) and activated carbon (Comparative Example 4), which are generally considered to have water retention. In the clay tile crushing material (Example 5) having a diameter of 0.05 to 2 mm, it is 1.7 to 8.7 times. The clay tile crushing material (Example 6) having an average particle diameter of 1 to 2 mm also has an effective moisture retention amount of 50 L / m ³ or more at which moisture necessary for plant growth can be supplied. Since the effective water retention amount appropriate for plant growth varies depending on the type of plant, changing the mixing ratio of the tile crushing material with different average particle diameters, the soil for plant growth having an effective water retention amount appropriate for each plant Can be provided.

Measurement of three-phase distribution ratio The three-phase distribution of the gas phase, the liquid phase and the solid phase was determined from the saturated volume moisture content and the pF1.8 volume moisture content based on the following formula.
Gas phase (%) = saturated volumetric water content (%)-liquid phase (%)
Liquid phase (%) = pF1.8 Volume water content (%)
Solid phase (%) = 100 (%)-saturated volume water content (%)
The results are shown in Table 6. The saturated volumetric water content is obtained by dividing the amount of water when saturated by the volume of soil containing the water. The pF1.8 volume water content is obtained by dividing the amount of water at pF1.8 by the volume of the soil containing the water.

  According to Table 6, it can be seen that clay tile crushed materials having different average particle sizes have different three-phase distributions (Examples 5 and 6). Therefore, the plant growing soil having a three-phase distribution suitable for each plant can be provided by changing the blending ratio of the tile crushing materials having different average particle diameters.

Examples 7 and 8, Comparative Examples 5 to 7 (Measurement of effective fertilizer retention)
As samples, clay tile crushed material (average particle size 0.05 to 2 mm) (Example 7), clay tile crushed material (average particle size 1 to 2 mm) (Example 8), masa soil (Comparative Example 5), pumice stone (Comparative Example 6) and activated carbon (Comparative Example 7) were used. These samples were dried at 105 ° C. for 24 hours using an electric drying furnace. The dried sample was filled into a filter cylinder and saturated with water. Gravity drainage was performed to obtain a pF1.8 soil. 10 mL of liquid fertilizer (manufactured by Hiflower Asahi Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) diluted 500 times was added to this pF1.8 soil, drained by gravity, and drained. After gravity drainage, the sample in the filter cylinder was used as pF3.0 soil. Drainage generated when pF3.0 was used as a soil was collected, and the concentration of each component (phosphorus, nitrate nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, boron, magnesium, manganese, potassium) in the wastewater was measured. For the measurement of phosphorus, nitrate nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen, a eutrophic meter (manufactured by Central Science Co., Ltd., HC-1000) was used. For measurement of boron, magnesium, manganese and potassium, an induction plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS, manufactured by HEWRETT PACKARD, HP4500) was used. The results are shown in Table 7.

* Unit (mg / m ³ )

  According to Table 7, in the clay tile crushed material (average particle size 0.05-2 mm) (Example 7), only the phosphorus component was lower than the pumice (Comparative Example 6), but all other components were It shows a higher value than Comparative Examples 5 to 7, and can be said to be the most excellent in terms of retention characteristics of effective fertilizer components. Moreover, it can be said that a clay tile crushing material (average particle diameter of 1 to 2 mm) (Example 8) shows a high value except for the potassium component and has an excellent effective fertilizer retention amount as compared with activated carbon (Comparative Example 7).

Example 9 and Comparative Example 8 (plant growth promoting effect)
Plant cultivation soil (Example 9) using a clay roof tile crusher having a water permeability coefficient of 0.0126 cm / sec, a particle size of 0.5 to 2 mm, a porosity of 57%, and an effective water retention amount of 217 L / m ³ ), Masa soil (Comparative Example 8) was laid on the ground of a golf course in Osaka City with a thickness of 5 cm. Koshiba soot was spread here and grown for about half a year (February 28, 2006 to September 13, 2006). In Example 9 and Comparative Example 8, conditions such as irrigation and fertilization were the same. In both Example 9 and Comparative Example 8, about 12,000 visitors attended during the training period. After completion of the growing period, a sample of 200 mm diameter Korean turf was collected, and the amount of chlorophyll a (chlorophyll: an index of green intensity), leaf density, root length, and root weight were measured. The results are shown in Table 8.

  According to Table 8, the amount of chlorophyll a in Example 9 is twice that in Comparative Example 8, and it is considered that active photosynthesis is performed in Example 9. Moreover, the root length of Example 9 is about three times that of Comparative Example 8, and the root of Example 9 is easy to extend to the deep part of the soil, and it was in a state where it was easy to absorb moisture and nutrients even in summer when there was little rain. I can say that. Therefore, it can be said that the soil for plant cultivation of the present invention (Example 9) is superior in the effect of promoting the cultivation of Korean turf than Masa soil (Comparative Example 8).

It is explanatory drawing shown in the electron micrograph expanded to 650 times an example of the state which the root hair of a plant penetrates into the internal space | gap of a tile crushing material. It is explanatory drawing which shows an example of the state in which the root hair of a plant penetrates into the internal space | gap of a tile crushing material with the electron micrograph expanded 1600 times.

Explanation of symbols

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 ... Surface of tile crushing material 2 ... Plant root hair 3 ... Surface of tile crushing material 4 ... Plant root hair

Claims (6)

  A soil for plant cultivation composed of a tile crushing material having an average particle size of 0.05 to 10 mm.   The soil for plant cultivation according to claim 1, wherein the tile crushing material is porous having a pore diameter of 0.1 to 20 μm.   The soil for plant cultivation according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the tile crushing material has a porosity of 50 to 65%. The soil for plant cultivation according to claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein the effective moisture retention is 50 to 300 L / m ³ and the water permeability is 0.0001 to 1 cm / sec.   5. Soil for tread pressure resistance comprising the soil according to claim 1, 2, 3 or 4. A plant growing method using the soil according to claim 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5.