JP2007527245A - レギュラトリーt細胞並びに免疫療法及び自己免疫応答の抑制におけるそれらの使用 - Google Patents
レギュラトリーt細胞並びに免疫療法及び自己免疫応答の抑制におけるそれらの使用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本発明は、レギュラトリーT細胞、並びにそれの長期間の培養-増量(culture-expanding)法、活性化法、免疫療法及びGVHDを含む自己免疫応答の抑制における使用法に関する。
サプレッサー細胞は、癌の進行において役割を果たすと長い間考えられている(Dyeら、J. Exp. Med., 154:1033-1042 (1981))。実際、レギュラトリーT細胞による能動的抑制は、外来及び自己-抗原に対するT細胞反応のダウン-レギュレーションにおいて重要な役割を果たす。
T細胞は、リンパ球のクラスであり、遺伝子再構成の結果として産生される特異的T細胞レセプター(TCR)を有する。T細胞は、多様な役割を有し、これは遺伝子発現の個別のパターンにより認識可能である、T細胞の別個のサブセットの分化により実現される。いくつかの主要なT細胞サブセットは、TCR-α/β、及びTCRγ/Δ及びインバリアントナチュラルキラー細胞などの、レセプター発現を基に認識される。他のT細胞サブセットは、表面分子及びそこから分泌されるサイトカインにより定義される。例えば、ヘルパーT細胞(CD4細胞)は、サイトカインを分泌し、並びにB細胞及び細胞傷害性T細胞を生存させ、エフェクター機能を実行することを補助する。細胞傷害性T細胞(CTL)は一般に、CD8細胞であり、これらは感染細胞又は腫瘍細胞のような標的細胞を殺傷するために特化される。ナチュラルキラー(NK)細胞は、T細胞に関連するが、TCRを有さず、より短い寿命を有するが、これらは一部の機能をT細胞と共有し、サイトカイン分泌及びある種の標的細胞の殺傷を行うことができる。
前述の当該技術分野における必要性を考慮し、本発明は、肺癌のような固形癌腫瘍の癌免疫療法の重要な要素としてのための、並びにアロ反応及び自己免疫応答の抑制、阻害及び予防のための、レギュラトリーT細胞(Treg細胞)の亜集団、CD4+CD25+T細胞を操作し及び変調する方法を提供する。CD4+CD25+T細胞は、自家T細胞増殖の強力な阻害を媒介することがわかった;一方で、患者腫瘍由来のレギュラトリーT細胞は、同種異系性T細胞の増殖の阻害に失敗し、及び肺癌患者における腫瘍への寛容を誘導又は維持するように見える。結果的に、腫瘍免疫サーベイランスの失敗及び増強された腫瘍増殖に繋がり得るin vivoにおけるTreg細胞の発達を修飾及び調節する方法を提供することが目的である。
本発明において、初期肺癌患者から得た原発性肺腫瘍標本は、レギュラトリーT細胞("Treg細胞")とこれまでされてきた表現型を伴う多数のT細胞を収容することがわかった。レギュラトリーT細胞の先の説明とは対照的に、腫瘍中のCD4+CD25+リンパ球は、CTLA-4の際だって高い表面発現を有し、及びこれらは自家T細胞の増殖を直接阻害するが、同種異系T細胞は阻害しない。この腫瘍常在性のCD4+CD25+T細胞の抑制作用は強力であり、及び反応性T細胞の激しい活性化後であっても生じ、Treg細胞と活性化の抑制及び細胞傷害性細胞の反応の間に強力な相関関係を確立する。従って本発明は、Treg細胞をex vivo活性化する方法並びに特に長期間培養し及び増強する方法、活性化及び増強されたTreg細胞それら自身、並びに免疫療法及びGVHDを含む自己免疫応答の抑制のために活性化及び増強されたTreg細胞を使用する方法を提供する。
治療過程において、対象は、発熱反応のような全身の副作用が定期的に評価される。副作用は、適当な支援的臨床看護により管理される。
実施例1に説明された材料及び方法は、実施例2-5においても一般に使用され、実施例6に説明されたものは実施例7において使用されるものと共通であった。
実施例1−NSCLC患者における増加した割合のCD4 + CD25 + 細胞
末梢血及び腫瘍を、病期I又はIIのいずれかの非-小細胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者から、施設内治験審査委員会(IRB)の承認したプロトコールに従い、適切なインフォームドコンセントを得た後、手術時に採取した。8名のNSCLC患者から得た新鮮な腫瘍標本を、Wooらの論文(2001)に記載されたように、滅菌した機械による切開により処理し、その後酵素消化した。細胞は、Percoll(Pharmacia Biotech AB, スウェーデン)密度勾配により分離した。末梢血を、腫瘍採取と同時に入手し、Wooらの論文(2001)に記載されたように処理し、凍結した。
最近の研究は、CTLA-4は、マウス及びヒト調節細胞上でアップレギュレーションされることを示した(Jonuleitら、2001;Dieckmannら、2001;Readら、2000)。従って健常ドナー及びNSCLC患者由来のリンパ球を、フローサイトメトリーにより、CD4、CD25及びCTLA-4の発現について分析した。
肺癌患者のCD4+CD25+ CTLA-4+細胞の機能を評価するために、CD4+CD25+細胞を、高速細胞選別により、残りの腫瘍浸潤リンパ球から分離し、及びそれらの増殖能及びT細胞増殖に対する作用を決定した。レギュラトリーT細胞は典型的には、マイトジェン刺激に反応し増殖に失敗する(Shevachら、J. Exp. Med., 193: F41-F46 (2001))。これを確認するために、50,000個のCD4+CD25+細胞又はCD4+CD25+細胞を枯渇したCD3+腫瘍浸潤リンパ球(TIL)を、固定された抗-CD3及び抗-CD28で刺激した。CD4+CD25+細胞を枯渇したCD3+細胞は増殖したが、CD4+CD25+細胞は増殖しなかった(データは示さず)。
新たに単離された腫瘍浸潤CD4+CD25+ T細胞の、末梢血T細胞の増殖を阻害する能力を決定するために、健常ドナー由来の同種異系末梢T細胞又は無関係の肺癌(NSCLC)患者由来の自家PBLを、この癌患者由来の腫瘍浸潤CD4+CD25+細胞と共に培養した(使用した細胞の量は、各々、図4A及び4Bに示している。)。本実施例における全ての細胞培養物は、プレート結合した抗-CD3/CD28により刺激した。[3H]チミジン取込みは、4日間培養の最後の18時間に測定した。
腫瘍から単離されたレギュラトリーT細胞によるTGF-β分泌は、それらの抑制機能に寄与するかどうかを決定するために、肺癌標本由来のCD4+CD25+細胞及びCD4+CD25+細胞枯渇したCD3+細胞を、2日間培養した。上清を、TGF-βについてELISAで試験した。6名患者中の代表1名(3つ組ウェルに関する±S.E)で表す結果において、刺激されない選別精製されたCD4+CD25+ T細胞は、有意な量のTGF-βを構成的に生成した(図5A)が、IL-2及びIL-10の産生はELISAにより検出されなかった(データは示さず)。
先行する研究において、CD4+CD25+免疫調節細胞は、同時-刺激の遮断を介したアロ抗原に対する寛容のex vivo誘導に必要であることが明らかにされている(Taylorら、2001)。更に新たに精製されたB6 CD4+CD25+細胞の段階的数の添加は、B6 CD4+CD25-反応細胞及び照射されたbm12刺激細胞で構成されたMLRにおけるアロ反応の投与量-依存型の抑制を生じたのに対し、CD4+T細胞のCD25-枯渇は、増強された応答を生じた(Taylorら、2001)。結果的に、これらのプロフェッショナルサプレッサー細胞の可能性のある役割を、アロ抗原に対するT細胞応答の調節及び移植片-対-宿主疾患(GVHD)の形成において研究した。
まとめると、これらのデータは、CD4+CD25+免疫調節細胞は、系統の組合せ又はGVHDがCD4+T細胞もしくはCD4+及びCD8+の両T細胞により媒介されるかどうかとは関わりなく、GVHD形成を有意に阻害する役割を果たす。
先のデータは、新たに精製したCD4+CD25+細胞は、全CD4+細胞と1:1の比で投与した場合GVHDに対する非常にわずかな予防作用のみを有したことを示した(Taylorら、2001)が、CD4+CD25+細胞のGVHD予防作用は、GVHD致死性の阻害に関して臨床用に開発可能であると仮定された。CD4+CD25+細胞はマウス及びヒトの両方の総CD4+集団のわずかに約5〜10%を占めるので、著しく治療的に恩恵のある十分な数の新たに精製した免疫調節細胞の投与は、臨床において実践することはできないないであろう。しかしデータは、CD4+CD25+細胞は、活性化時により強力なサプレッサー細胞となり始めることを示しているので、CD4+CD25+細胞のex vivo活性化及び増量は、臨床的に実行可能な免疫調節細胞療法をもたらすと仮定された。従って最初に最適培養条件を決定するために、4種の異なる条件を、CD25+細胞の活性化について試験し(すなわち、条件1-4)、及び各評価された作用及び結果を、実験の残りに適用した。
条件1:最初の試みは、Thorntonら(2000)により報告されたような、精製したCD4+CD25+細胞の、可溶性抗-CD3 mAb、相乗的抗原提示細胞(APC)及び高投与量IL-2(100U/ml)と一緒のex vivoインキュベーションを利用した。濃厚化したCD25+細胞を、24-ウェルプレート(Costar, アクトン, MA)中で最終濃度0.5x106個細胞/mlで懸濁し、1週間培養した。この培養培地は、10%FBS(HyClone)、50mM 2-ME(Sigma, セントルイス, MO)、10mM HEPES緩衝液、1mMピルビン酸ナトリウム(Life Technologies, グランドアイランド, NY)及びアミノ酸補充物(1.5mM L-グルタミン、L-アルギニン、及びL-アスパラギン)(Sigma)並びに抗生物質(ペニシリン、100U/ml;ストレプトマイシン、100mg/ml)(Sigma)を補充した、DMEM (BioWhittaker, ウォーカービル, MD)であった。最初に、可溶性抗-CD3(0.5μg/ml)(ハイブリドーマ145-2C11、ハムスターIgG)(BD PharMingen)及び組換えヒトIL-2(5.0ng/ml) (Amgen, サザンオークス, CA)を用い、これらの細胞を活性化した("条件1")。
前述のマウスの研究及びTaylorら(2002, 前掲)のような先行する研究を基に、抗-CD3+IL-2(10日間)により、ex vivoポリクローナル性に増量されたTreg細胞は、GVHDの予防において有効であることが示された。他の研究者による研究は、Treg細胞の照射された同種異系APC+外来性IL-2によるex vivo増量は、GVHDを抑制することができることを示している(Cohenら、2002、前掲;Trenadoら、2002、前掲)一方で、その後の研究は、Treg細胞はGVHDを予防することができるが、動物モデルにおいてこれらは依然、抗-腫瘍又は移植片-対-白血病(GVL)作用をもたらすことを示している(Trenadoら、2002;Jonesら、2003;Edingerら、2003、前掲)。しかしながら、ヒト移植時の臨床免疫抑制療法におけるヒトTreg細胞の明らかに可能性のある役割は、「ヒト」Treg細胞が、単離され並びにin vivo注入に十分な数の細胞を提供するのに十分な長期間にわたり培養-増量される方法が開発されない限り、及び開発されるまでは、限定的であった。
前記明細書は、ある好ましい態様に関して説明されているが、多くの詳細は、例示することを目的として示されており、当業者には、本発明の精神及び範囲から逸脱しない限りは、本発明は様々な修飾及び追加の態様を施すことができ、かつ本願明細書に説明されたある詳細は、本発明の基本原理から逸脱しない限りは変動することができることは明らかであろう。このような修飾及び追加の態様も、添付された「特許請求の範囲」内であることが意図されている。
Claims (22)
- 増強された抑制活性を有する治療用ヒトレギュラトリーT細胞(Treg細胞)を調製する方法であって、
CD4+ T細胞の試料を選択する工程、並びに、
該試料からヒトCD4+CD25+サプレッサーT細胞集団を単離し、及びGMP-承認された方法によりCD4+CD25+細胞をex vivoにおいて長期間培養-増量し、これにより単離された培養-増量された細胞における強力な長期間のサプレッサー活性を活性化する工程、
を含み、増量前には、CD4+CD25+サプレッサー細胞の天然の集団が、全ての単離されたCD4+ T細胞集団で低い割合を示すことを特徴とする方法。 - CD4+CD25+細胞の単離が、高レベルのストリンジェンシーを含む、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記CD4+CD25+細胞の単離が、集団内のCD4+CD25bright細胞を実質的に増強する一方で、集団中のCD25dim細胞を実質的に枯渇することにより、単離体を精製する工程を更に含む、請求項2記載の方法。
- 前記精製法が、単離体を、複合された抗-CD25磁気マイクロビーズと、予め決定されたビーズ/細胞比で接触させる工程、並びにビーズ-結合した細胞を分離するためにビーズ/細胞組成物を磁気カラム上を流し、洗浄し、及び第二の磁気カラム上で再溶出し、及び非サプレッサー細胞の<1〜2%が精製された単離体中に残存するまで再洗浄することにより精製する工程を含む、請求項1〜3のいずれか1項記載の方法。
- CD4+CD25+細胞の培養-増量が、二工程及び切断可能な細胞-サイズの抗体-被覆された磁気マイクロビーズを使用する第二世代の系統枯渇プロトコールにより、単離された細胞を活性化し、これにより培養-増量されたTregサプレッサー細胞を、ヒトにおける免疫応答又は自己免疫応答の治療的抑制を実現するのに有効量のサプレッサー細胞が細胞培養物中に存在するまで、十分な期間増幅する工程を含む、請求項1〜4のいずれか1項記載の方法。
- マイクロビーズが、CD3及びCD28に対する抗体により被覆され、これにより低増殖性のサプレッサーTreg細胞の活性化及び増殖を増強する、請求項1〜5のいずれか1項記載の方法。
- IL-2による細胞の培養-増量のための培地を補充することを更に含む、請求項1〜6のいずれか1項記載の方法。
- 培養の14日以内に細胞の少なくとも10〜20倍の増量を実現することを更に含む、請求項1〜6のいずれか1項記載の方法。
- 更に1〜2週間細胞を培養することにより、細胞の少なくとも100倍の増量を実現することを更に含む、請求項1〜8のいずれか1項記載の方法。
- 長期(log term)ダウンレギュレーションするサプレッサー機能を保持するサプレッサー細胞株を作出することを更に含む、請求項1〜6のいずれか1項記載の方法。
- 試料が、末梢血単核細胞、末梢血リンパ球、脾細胞、腫瘍-浸潤リンパ球及びリンパ節細胞、並びに骨髄及び末梢骨髄細胞からなる群より選択される、全て又は部分的に精製された血液又は造血細胞からなる群より選択される、請求項1〜10のいずれか1項記載の方法。
- 請求項1〜11のいずれか1項記載の方法により作出された、活性化され及びex vivo培養-増強されたサプレッサーTreg細胞の集団であって、サプレッサー機能が長期間保持され、及び増量された細胞数がヒトにおける効果的治療に十分である、集団。
- 請求項1〜12のいずれか1項記載の方法により製造された、活性化され及びex vivo培養-増強されたサプレッサーTreg細胞の集団であって、サプレッサー細胞が最初に高レベルストリンジェンシーで精製され、並びにサプレッサー機能が長期間保持され、及び増量された細胞数がヒトにおける効果的治療に十分である、集団。
- アロ反応性T細胞増量及びサイトカイン産生を阻害する方法であり、該アロ反応性T細胞を、請求項1〜12のいずれか1項記載の方法により作出された活性化された長期間ex vivo培養-増量されたTreg細胞と接触する工程を含む、方法。
- CTL活性を阻害する方法であり、該細胞を、請求項1〜13のいずれか1項記載の方法により製造された活性化された長期間ex vivo培養-増量されたTreg細胞と接触する工程を含む、方法。
- 患者において免疫抑制性の作用を実現する方法であって、アロ反応又は自己免疫応答を有する該患者へ、請求項1〜13のいずれか1項記載の方法により製造された活性化された長期間ex vivo培養-増量されたTreg細胞を有効量投与し、該応答の治療的抑制を実現する工程を含む、方法。
- 患者におけるin vivoアロ反応又は自己免疫応答を抑制、ブロック又は阻害することを更に含む、請求項14〜16のいずれか1項記載の方法であって、該アロ反応又は自己免疫応答を有する該患者へ、活性化された長期間ex vivo培養-増量されたTreg細胞を有効量投与する工程を含む、方法。
- 患者の応答が、組織移植後であり、前記方法が、患者における移植片-対-宿主疾患を抑制、ブロック又は阻害することを更に含む、請求項14〜16のいずれか1項記載の方法。
- 患者において予防治療的作用を実現する方法であって、該患者へ、アロ反応又は自己免疫応答の開始前に、請求項1〜13のいずれか1項記載の方法により製造された活性化された長期間ex vivo培養-増量されたTreg細胞の有効量を投与し、該応答を防止する工程を含む、方法。
- 患者においてin vivoアロ反応又は自己免疫応答を防止することを更に含む、請求項19記載の方法であって、該患者へ該応答の開始前に、活性化された長期間ex vivo培養-増量されたTreg細胞の有効量を投与する工程を含む方法。
- 患者が、組織移植の前、途中、又は直後に治療され、前記方法が、患者における移植片-対-宿主疾患の開始を防止することを更に含む、請求項19記載の方法。
- 患者が、組織移植の前、途中、又は直後に治療され、前記方法が、患者における移植された組織の拒絶反応をブロックすることを更に含む、請求項19記載の方法。
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US55048104P | 2004-03-05 | 2004-03-05 | |
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JP2018532414A (ja) * | 2015-10-28 | 2018-11-08 | ライフ テクノロジーズ エーエス | 細胞表面シグナル及びシグナル比を変えることによる、異なるt細胞亜集団の選択的増殖の方法 |
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JP2018532414A (ja) * | 2015-10-28 | 2018-11-08 | ライフ テクノロジーズ エーエス | 細胞表面シグナル及びシグナル比を変えることによる、異なるt細胞亜集団の選択的増殖の方法 |
JP7084304B2 (ja) | 2015-10-28 | 2022-06-14 | ライフ テクノロジーズ エーエス | 細胞表面シグナル及びシグナル比を変えることによる、異なるt細胞亜集団の選択的増殖の方法 |
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EP1730260A4 (en) | 2008-04-02 |
CN1981031A (zh) | 2007-06-13 |
ES2581241T3 (es) | 2016-09-02 |
US7651855B2 (en) | 2010-01-26 |
WO2005086781A3 (en) | 2005-12-01 |
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CA2558777C (en) | 2016-02-02 |
AU2005220854B2 (en) | 2010-12-09 |
US9181526B2 (en) | 2015-11-10 |
CN1981031B (zh) | 2011-03-23 |
WO2005086781A2 (en) | 2005-09-22 |
US20050196386A1 (en) | 2005-09-08 |
AU2005220854A1 (en) | 2005-09-22 |
CA2558777A1 (en) | 2005-09-22 |
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