JP2007507543A - 樹状細胞治療によって誘導されるt細胞アネルギーを予防するためのcox−2インヒビターの使用 - Google Patents
樹状細胞治療によって誘導されるt細胞アネルギーを予防するためのcox−2インヒビターの使用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本発明の方法および試薬は、細胞増殖に関連する疾患または状態(例えば、癌)を処置または予防するために使用される。
癌は、米国において2番目に多い死亡原因であり、毎年、100万人よりも多くの人が、癌と診断される。およそ2人の米国男性のうちの1人および3人の米国女性のうちの1人は、その生涯の間に何らかの型の癌を有するだろう。しかし、可能性が高い癌の環境原因および遺伝原因のうちのいくつかを同定することにおいて、かなりの進歩がなされたが、この疾患に関連する罹患率は、癌ならびに関連する疾患および障害についての治療介入においてかなりの改善が必要であることを示す。
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本明細書中に記載されるのは、疾患状態(癌を含む)の処置において使用される治療DCワクチンの効果を増強するための方法である。その方法は、被験体に、DCワクチンおよびCOX−2阻害化合物を投与する工程を包含する。
(A.定義)
他のように定義されない限り、本明細書中で使用される技術用語および科学用語は、本発明が属する分野の当業者によって一般的に理解されるのと同じ意味を有する。Singletonら、Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology,2nd ed.,J.Wiley & Sons(New York,NY 1994);March,Advanced Organic Chemistry Reactions,Mechanisms and Structure 4th ed.,J.Wiley & Sons(New York,NY,1992)は、本出願において使用される用語の多くに対する一般的案内を、当業者に提供する。
本発明は、COX−2過剰発現神経膠腫へと浸潤するDCにより誘導される、腫瘍特異的CTL寛容機構の驚くべき発見に基づく。ヒト神経膠腫細胞株U−87MG、LN−18、および初代培養神経膠腫(MG−377)を、ヒトインビトロモデルとしてDCとともに共培養して、腫瘍浸潤性DCを研究した。DCは、アポトーシス神経膠腫細胞を効率的に貪食した。DCは、TNF−α刺激によって成熟した。しかし、COX−2過剰発現神経膠腫からの余剰のPGE2は、DCがIL−10発現を増強することおよびIL−12発現を抑制することを引き起こし、これによって、腫瘍浸潤性DCによって、Th2に対する未刺激CD4+Th細胞発達の偏向が生じた。COX−2インヒビターは、PGE2を抑制し、腫瘍浸潤性DCは、Th細胞をThサブセット1(Th1)に向って極化させた。このことは、PGE2が、神経膠腫によって生じるCTL寛容において主要な役割を果たすことを示す。
(腫瘍細胞、培地、および試薬)
腫瘍細胞(U−87MGヒト神経膠腫細胞株(American Type Culture Collection(Rockville,MD)より取得)、LN−18細胞株(Erwin Van Meier博士(Emory University;Atlanta,GA)より取得)、および初代培養ヒト神経膠腫MG−377(神経外科研究所であるCedars−Sinai Medical Center(Los Angeles,CA)の神経膠芽細胞腫患者の外科標本から取得)を含む)を、10%熱不働体化ウシ胎仔血清(Sigmaから入手可能;本明細書中で以後「FBS」)と、2mMグルタミン酸と、10mM HEPES(Sigmaから入手可能)と、100U/mlペニシリン(Sigmaから入手可能)と、100μg/mlストレプトマイシン(Sigmaから入手可能)とを補充した、ダルベッコ改変イーグル培地(Sigma(St.Louis,MO)から入手可能;本明細書中で以後「DMEM」)中にて、37℃かつ5% CO2にて維持した。100%ジメチルスルホキシド(Sigmaから入手可能;本明細書中で以後「DMSO」)に溶解したNS−398(選択的COX−2インヒビター;Cayman Chemicalから取得)を、10μM濃度にて使用した。組換えヒトTNF−α(BioSource International(Camarillo,CA)から取得)を、20ng/ml濃度にて使用し、TRAIL(Pepro Tech Inc.(Rocky Hill,NJ)から取得)を、300ng/ml濃度にて使用した。
(COX−2 cDNAプラスミドおよびトランスフェクション)
COX−2 cDNAを、EcoRIおよびXbaIでの消化によって、pSG5−COX−2プラスミドから単離した。このプラスミドは、pSG発現ベクター中に全長COX−2 cDNAを含む(Richard Kulmacz博士(University of Texas Medical School(Houston,TX)から取得)。COX−2発現プラスミド(pTracer−COX−2と命名した)を、pTracer−CMV2発現ベクター(Invitrogenから取得)のEcoRI部位とXbaI部位との間にCOX−2 cDNAを挿入することによって構築した。この発現ベクターは、選択マーカーであるゼオシンに融合した緑色蛍光タンパク質(GFP)を発現するために利用可能である。Lipofectamine 2000(Invitrogenから取得)およびPlus Reagent(Invitrogenから取得)を、製造御者のプロトコルに従って、LN−18に対するトランスフェクションのために使用した。pTracer−COX−2のトランスフェクトされた細胞と、空のプラスミド(pTracer−CMV2)とを、ゼオシン(Invitrogenから取得した)によって選択した。安定なトランスフェクト体を、確立した(LN−18−COX−2、LN−18−EP)。
(アポトーシス細胞死の検出)
腫瘍細胞を、TNF−αおよびTRAILで24時間処理した。アポトーシス死を、Annexin V−FITC Apoptosis Detection Kit I(Phamingen(San Diego,CA)から取得)を使用して検出した。細胞を、Annexin V−FITC(Ann V)とヨウ化プロピジウム(PI)とを製造業者のプロトコルに従って染色した。初期段階のアポトーシスを、蛍光多色フローサイトメトリー(Becton Dickinson Immunocytometry Systems(San Jose,CA)から取得;本明細書中で以後「FACScan」)によって分析して、Ann V+/PI−染色によって規定した。
(ウェスタンブロットのための細胞サンプルの抽出)
サンプルを、1% Triton X−100と、150mM NaClと、50mM Tris(ヒドロキシメチルアミノメタン)(pH7.5)と、1mM フェニルメチルスルホニルフルオリド(PMSF)とを含む緩衝液を用いて、抽出した。細胞破片を、14,000gにて20分間遠心分離することによって除去した。その上清を、SDSポリアクリルアミドゲル電気泳動(SDS−PAGE)に供し、7.5%ポリアクリルアミドゲル(Bio−Rad(Hercules,CA)から取得)上にローディングした。ニトロセルロース膜(Amersham Biosciences(Piscataway,NJ)から取得)への電気泳動的移動を、マウスIgG1抗COX−2抗体(Phamingenから取得)またはマウスIgG1抗βチューブリン(Sigmaから取得した)を用いるイムノブロッティングによって追跡した。この後、ペルオキシダーゼ結合体化抗マウスIgG抗体(Amersham Bioscienceから取得)を用いてハイブリダイゼーションを行った。そのシグナルを、ECL検出システム(Amersham Bioscienceから取得)およびHyperfilm ECL(Amersham Bioscienceから取得)を使用する化学ルミネッセンスによって検出した。
(樹状細胞およびリンパ球の単離および濃縮)
ヒトPBMCを、健常ドナーおよび上記の神経膠芽細胞腫患者の末梢血から、Ficoll−Hypaque密度遠心分離を使用して分離した。PBMCを、X−Vivo 15無血清培地(Cambrex(Santa Rosa,CA)から取得)中に再懸濁し、37℃にて24ウェル培養プレートに接着させた。非接着細胞を、2時間後に除去した。CD4+細胞およびCD8+細胞を、MiniMACS細胞分離ユニット(Milenyl Biotec(Auburn,CA)から取得)と、マイクロビーズ結合体化マウスモノクローナル抗ヒトCD4およびCD8抗体(Milenyi Biotecから取得)とを用いて、これらの非接着細胞から単離した。CD4+細胞およびCD8+細胞を、下記の混合リンパ球反応(MLR)のために使用した。接着細胞を、その後、X−Vivo 15無血清培地中で培養した。20ng/ml GM−CSF(BioSource Internationlから取得)および10ng/ml IL−4(BioSource Internationalから取得)を、0日目、2日目、および4日目にその培養物に添加した。7日間の培養後、浮遊細胞を、新たなX−Vivo 15倍地を含む新しいプレートに、未成熟DC(iDC)として移した。いくつかのiDCを、300ng/ml TRAILおよび/または0.1μM PGE2(Sigmaから取得)および/または20ng/ml TNF−αとともに16時間培養した(TRAIL−DC、PGE2−DC、TRAIL/PGE2−DC、TRAIL/TNF−α−DC、TRAIL/TNF−α/PGE2−DC)。
(樹状細胞および神経膠腫細胞の共培養)
神経膠腫細胞を、新たなX−Vivo 15培地を1を含む6ウェル培養プレートに、1×106細胞/ウェル/2mlの密度にてプレーティングした。いくつかの神経膠腫細胞を、COX−2インヒビターであるNS−398で8時間前処理した。NS−398処理した神経膠腫細胞を、TNF−α、TRAIL、およびNS−398とともに培養した。他の細胞を、TNF−αおよびTRAILとともに培養した。これらの因子とともに24時間培養した後、iDCを、3×105細胞/ウェルの密度でウェルに配置し、神経膠細胞とともに16時間共培養した。いくつかのiDCを、腫瘍細胞を伴わずに、TNF−α/TRAIL、またはTNF−α/TRAIL/NS−398とともに培養した。ヒト神経膠腫細胞株(U−87MGおよびLN−18)ならびに安定なトランスフェクト体(LN−18−COX−2およびLN−18−EP)を、健常ドナーのiDCとともに共培養した。MG−377を、自系iDCとともに共培養した。
(フローサイトメトリー分析)
PE結合体化CD83に対するモノクローナルマウス抗ヒト抗体、PE結合体化CD86に対するモノクローナルマウス抗ヒト抗体、PE結合体化HLA−DRに対するモノクローナルマウス抗ヒト抗体(Phamingenから取得)、FITC結合体化CD11cに対するモノクローナルマウス抗ヒト抗体(BioSource Internationalから取得)、および非結合体化CCR7に対するモノクローナルマウス抗ヒト抗体(R&D Systems;Minneapolis,MN)を、DCの細胞表面分析のために使用した。PE結合体化F(ab’)2ヤギ抗マウス免疫グロブリン(DAKO Cytomation(Carpinteria,CA)から取得)を、二次抗体として使用した。マウスIgG1およびマウスIgG2a(Phamingenから取得)を、アイソタイプコントロールとして使用した。DCを、抗CD11c抗体で染色する前に、抗CD86抗体、抗HLA−DR抗体、抗CD83抗体、および抗CCR7抗体で染色した。CD11c+ DCを、MiniMACS細胞分離ユニットとマイクロビーズ結合体化抗FITC抗体(Milenyi Biotecから取得)とを用いて単離した。
(ELISA分析)
PGE2 ELISAキット(Cyman Chemical(Ann Arbor,MI)から取得)を、神経膠腫細胞培養の上清における測定のために、製造業者のプロトコルに従って使用した。IL−10 ELISAキットおよびIL−12 p70 ELISAキット(Phamingenから取得)を、腫瘍細胞または単離CD11c+ DCの培養上清における測定のために、製造業者のプロトコルに従って使用した。CD40−CD40L相互作用は、DCによるIL−12生成の主要誘発要因である(Cella,M.ら「Ligation of CD40 on dendritic cells triggers production of high levels of interleukin−12 and enhances T cell stimulatory capacity:T−T help via APC activation」J.Exp.Med.,Vol.184,pp.747〜752(1996))。この証拠に基づいて、細胞を、NIH−CD40L細胞(Gang Zeng博士(National Cancer Institute,NIH,MD)から取得した)とともに16時間共培養した(NIH−CD40L:DCの比=1:1)。共培養物の上清を、サンプルとして使用した。各キットの検出下限は、7.8pg/mlであった。すべてのサンプルおよび標準物を、二連で実施した。
(混合リンパ球反応およびELISPOT分析)
CD11c+ DCを、自系CD4+リンパ球および自系CD8+リンパ球とともに、新たなX−Vivo 15培地を用いて7日間、6ウェル培養プレート中で共培養した(初回刺激;DC:リンパ球の比=1:40〜50)。そのリンパ球を、新たなX−Vivo 15培地を含む新たなプレートに移し、1×105個の神経膠腫細胞を用いて48時間再刺激した。再刺激後に、CD4+細胞のみを、上記のように再度単離し、新たなX−Vivo 15培地中で再懸濁した。
(ヒト神経膠腫細胞は、COX−2タンパク質を過剰発現し、PGE2を高度に生成する)
ヒト神経膠細胞におけるCOX−2タンパク質の発現を、ウェスタンブロットによって試験した(図1A)。COX−2タンパク質を、U−87MG、LN−18、およびMG−377において検出した。TRAILおよびTNF−αによる処置は、U−87MGおよびMG−377におけるCOX−2発現を高度に誘導した。COX−2インヒビターは、そのCOX−2発現を消滅させなかった。各LN−18群においてCOX−2発現に大きな差は存在しなかった。
(DCは、アポトーシス神経膠腫細胞を効率的に貪食する)
アポトーシス死を、Annexin V−FITC Apoptosis Detection KitとFACScanとを使用して分析した。この場合、Ann V+/PI−細胞は、初期アポトーシス段階を示し、Ann V+/PI+細胞はまた、死細胞を示す。TRAILおよびTNF−αで神経膠腫細胞を処理すると、各群においてコントロールと比較して、アポトーシス死(p<0.01)およびAnn V+/PI+死(p<0.01)の比において有意な増加を引き起こした(図2A)。iDCをTRAILおよびTNF−αで処理すると、iDCの死を誘導しなかった(データは示さない)。NS−398処理は、各神経膠腫における死亡比率の変化を引き起こさなかった(データは、示さない)。
(DCは、神経膠腫細胞の貪食の後に、TNF−α処理によって成熟し得る)
DCを、抗CD86抗体、抗HLA−DR抗体、抗CD83抗体、抗CCR7抗体、および抗CD11c抗体で染色した。CD11c+ DCを、細胞分離ユニットとマイクロビーズ結合体化抗FITC抗体とを用いて単離した。単一培養したiDCは、CD86およびHLA−DRを高度に発現していたが、DCの成熟マーカーであるCD83もCCR7も発現しなかった(図3)。単一培養したiDCに対するTRAILおよび/またはPGE2での副刺激は、CD86発現をアップレギュレートした(幾何平均;iDC:647、TRAIL−DC:1086、PGE2−DC:2779、TRAIL/PGE2−DC:1176)が、これらは、CD83発現もCCR7発現も誘導しなかった(図3)。単一培養したiDCに対するTNFαによる副刺激は、CD83発現およびCCR7発現の両方を誘導した。TNF−αおよびPGE2による副刺激は、これらの成熟マーカーを強力にアップレギュレートした(図3)。これらのデータは、TNF−αの刺激が、未成熟DCの成熟のために必要であることを示す。
(神経膠腫におけるCOX−2タンパク質の阻害は、腫瘍浸潤性DCにおけるIL−10の減少およびIL−12p70増強において有効である)
培養上清中のIL−10およびIL−12p70を、ELISAによって測定した。その結果を、NS−398(−)単一培養DCと統計学的に比較した(図4)。単一培養DCに対するCOX−2インヒビターは、IL−10生成もIL−12p70生成も変化するように影響を及ぼさなかった。U−87MG(p<0.01)、LN−18(p<0.05)およびMG−377(p<0.05)は、共培養したDCがIL−10を増強するように影響し、そしてまたU−87MG(p<0.01)およびLN−18(p<0.05)は、IL−12p70を抑制するように影響した。神経膠腫におけるCOX−2阻害は、共培養したDCにおけるIL−10過剰およびIL−12欠乏を改善した。神経膠腫細胞培養物の上清において、検出可能なIL−10もIL−12p70も存在しなかった(データは示さない)。これらのデータは、神経膠腫細胞におけるCOX−2発現が、共培養したDCにおけるIL−10増強および/またはIL−12減少に関連することを示す。
(神経膠腫におけるCOX−2インヒビターは、DC媒介性Th極化をTh1に向かって偏向させる能力を有する)
CD4+リンパ球およびCD8+リンパ球ならびに自系DCを共培養することにより、MLRを実施した。Th細胞極化を、ELISPOTアッセイによって確認した(図5A〜図5F)。その結果を、NS−398(−)単一培養DCによって最初に刺激したリンパ球と統計学的に比較した。神経膠腫細胞とともに共培養したDCは、Th2に向かって極化した腫瘍特異的Th応答を誘導した。神経膠腫におけるCOX−2の阻害は、Th1に向かう極化を生じた(図5A〜図5D)。
Claims (11)
- 哺乳動物における疾患状態を処置するための方法であって、該方法は、
該哺乳動物に対して少なくとも1回の樹状細胞(DC)ワクチン接種を投与する工程;および
該少なくとも1回のDCワクチン接種の効果を増強するために、該哺乳動物に対してシクロオキシゲナーゼ(COX)−2阻害化合物を投与する工程;
を包含する、方法。 - 請求項1に記載の方法であって、前記少なくとも1回のDCワクチン接種の各々は、約105個〜約107個のDCを含む、方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法であって、
1日当たり約0.1mg〜約10,000mgの用量で、前記COX−2阻害化合物を投与する工程;
をさらに包含する、方法。 - 請求項1に記載の方法であって、
1日当たり約1.0mg〜約1,000mgの用量で、前記COX−2阻害化合物を投与する工程;
をさらに包含する、方法。 - 請求項1に記載の方法であって、前記COX−2阻害化合物は、NS−398である、方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法であって、前記疾患状態は、肺癌、膀胱癌、結腸直腸癌、および脳の癌からなる群より選択される、方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法であって、前記疾患状態は、脳の癌、神経膠腫、神経膠星状細胞腫、上衣腫、多形性神経膠芽細胞腫、および未分化神経外胚葉性腫瘍からなる群より選択される、方法。
- 哺乳動物においてプロスタグランジンE2(PGE2)活性を選択的に阻害するための方法であって、
該哺乳動物に対して、少なくとも1回の樹状細胞(DC)ワクチン接種を投与する工程;および
PGE2活性を選択的に阻害するために、該哺乳動物に対して、シクロオキシゲナーゼ(COX)−2阻害化合物を投与する工程;
を包含する、方法。 - 請求項8に記載の方法であって、前記COX−2阻害化合物は、PGE2の酵素活性を阻害する、方法。
- 請求項8に記載の方法であって、前記疾患状態は、肺癌、膀胱癌、結腸直腸癌、および脳の癌からなる群より選択される、方法。
- 請求項8に記載の方法であって、前記疾患状態は、脳の癌、神経膠腫、神経膠星状細胞腫、上衣腫、多形性神経膠芽細胞腫、および未分化神経外胚葉性腫瘍からなる群より選択される、方法。
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