JP2006518810A - 高温用材料 - Google Patents

高温用材料 Download PDF

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JP2006518810A
JP2006518810A JP2006502779A JP2006502779A JP2006518810A JP 2006518810 A JP2006518810 A JP 2006518810A JP 2006502779 A JP2006502779 A JP 2006502779A JP 2006502779 A JP2006502779 A JP 2006502779A JP 2006518810 A JP2006518810 A JP 2006518810A
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temperature
present
carbon
alloy
titanium
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スンドベルイ,マッツ
リンドグレン,クイェル
エル−ラギィ,タメール
マルムクビスト,グスタブ
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サンドビック インテレクチュアル プロパティー アクティエボラーグ
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Abstract

1200℃以上の高温の酸化雰囲気中で用いるための、金属と、アルミニウム(Al)と、炭素(C)または窒素(N)との合金であって、
組成がMAlであり、Mは実質的にチタン(Ti)、クロム(Cr)および/またはニオブ(Nb)から成り、Xは炭素(C)であるか、またはMがチタン(Ti)である場合にはXは窒素(N)および/または炭素(C)であり、かつ
Z=1.8〜2.2、Y=0.8〜1.2、W=0.8〜1.2であり、
上記高温に加熱されたときにAlから成る保護酸化層が形成される
ことを特徴とする高温用材料。

Description

本発明は、高温用に設計した材料に関する。
1100℃以上の高温で用いられる、酸化物を生成し耐食性を有する高温材料のうち、特に加熱要素等の高温用途に用いられる構造部材としては、SiOを生成する材料として例えば炭化シリコン(SiC)、モリブデン・シリサイド(MoSi)、窒化シリコン(Si)があるし、酸化アルミニウムを生成する材料として例えばFeCrAl、MeCrAlYがあるし、更にモリブデン・アルミニウム・シリサイド(Mo(Si1−xAl)がある。NiCr合金も表面保護総として酸化クロム(Cr)から成る不働態層を生成する。
上述した酸化アルミニウム生成材料は、アルミニウムの酸素親和性がSiやCrよりも強いので、酸素ガス雰囲気のような還元性雰囲気中においてSiOやCrを生成する材料よりも安定である。これらの保護層は基材を不働態化し、酸素などの雰囲気中で高温下での劣化を防止する。FeCrAlのような金属系の高温材料は、1300℃以上の高温では耐クリープ特性や変形抵抗が低下して使えない。更に、アルミニウム含有量が限定されているため耐酸化寿命が短い。NiCr合金も1200〜1300℃以上では耐酸化寿命を延ばすことはできないため代替材とはなり得ない。
本発明は、1200℃以上の高温の酸化雰囲気中で長寿命を有する材料を提供する。
そこで本発明は、1200℃以上の高温の酸化雰囲気中で用いるための、金属と、アルミニウム(Al)と、炭素(C)または窒素(N)との合金であって、
組成がMAlであり、Mは実質的にチタン(Ti)、クロム(Cr)および/またはニオブ(Nb)から成り、Xは炭素(C)であるか、またはMがチタン(Ti)である場合にはXは窒素(N)および/または炭素(C)であり、かつ
Z=1.8〜2.2、Y=0.8〜1.2、W=0.8〜1.2であり、
上記高温に加熱されたときにAlから成る保護酸化層が形成される
ことを特徴とする高温用材料を提供する。
スエーデン特許出願第0102214-4号には、単相組成Mn+1の製造方法が開示されており、ここでn=0.8〜3.2、z=0.8〜1.2、Mはチタン(Ti)等であり、Xは炭素(C)または窒素(N)等であり、Aはアルミニウム(Al)等である。この方法では、上記の金属、非金属、最後の元素またはその化合物から成る粉末混合物を形成し、解離が進行しないように不活性雰囲気中で粉末混合物に点火し、各成分同士を反応させる際に、この方法の特徴として、反応温度を、各成分間の反応が生ずる温度以上、単相組成物が解離する温度未満に維持する。
本発明は、Ti−Al−Cの3元状態図において、TiAlCおよびTiAlCの近傍の組成を持つ材料が驚異的な優れた特性を発揮し、この特性は請求項1の限定範囲外では示されない、という新規な知見に基づいている。TiAlNについても同様である。
上記の事実は、金属Tiの全部または一部をクロム(Cr)および/または炭素(C)に置き換えても同様である。
本発明によれば、MがTiである場合には、Xは窒素(N)および/または炭素(C)である。
金属のみから成る合金では耐えられない1200℃以上の高温の酸化雰囲気中で、モリブデン・アルミノシリサイドのような金属間化合物の機械的性質が限界に達して例えば熱衝撃に耐えられなくなるような高温酸化雰囲気中で使用できる点が、本発明の利点の一つである。
本発明の望ましい一実施形態においては、合金成分として金属(M)の一部をタンタル(Ta)およびバナジウム(V)のうちの1種に置き換えることができる。
しかし、特に有用な合金は、組成がTiAlであって、Z=1.8〜2.2、Y=0.8〜1.2、W=0.8〜1.2であり、Z、Y、Wは合金が加熱された際にAlから成る保護酸化層が形成されるように選択する。
上記合金の更に望ましい変形態様においては、Z=2.0、Y=1.0〜1.2、W=1.0である。
3元炭化物TiSiCは、本発明の材料と類似した機械的性質を備えているが、致命的な欠点は、チタンシリコンカーバイドは不働態化しないTiOとSiOとの混合酸化物が急速に成長することである。その結果、1100℃以上の高温の酸化雰囲気中では材料が劣化してしまい使用不可能になる。
更に強調すべき点として、酸化アルミニウムが生成しないような十分に酸素分圧が低い条件下では、本発明の材料は組成TiAlのまま損なわれずに維持される。
3元相TiAlCおよびその近傍組成も、条件によっては表面に酸化アルミニウムが生成するので、本発明の材料中で第2相として用いることができる。
本発明の材料は、Al、TiC、および/またはチタンアルミナイドを含んでも良い。
炭化チタンおよびチタンアルミナイドは、本発明の材料中に存在しても酸化特性に悪影響を及ぼさない。
Alは、本発明の材料の複合体中に増強相として添加してもよい。
以下に実施例を説明する。
1.4000gTi、1240gAl、501gC(組成TiAl1.1Cに対応)の粉末をボールミルにて4時間混合した。
2.得られた混合粉末を、水素ガスを満たした酸化アルミニウム製の管状炉に装入した。
3.混合粉末に下記サイクルで熱処理を施した。
○ 3℃/分で400℃に加熱。
○ 400℃に4時間保持。
○ 2℃/分で800℃に加熱。
○ 800℃に4時間保持。
○ 2℃/分で1400℃に加熱。
○ 1400℃に4時間保持。
4.自然冷却
5.反応済の粉末を粉砕し磨り潰して325メッシュにした。
6.得られた粉末をX線回折(XRD)により解析した結果、TiAlCを主体とし、これに若干量のTiAlCとAlTiとが混在していた。
7.Ti、Al、Cの混合粉末(工程1による物)に20wt%の反応性粉末(工程5の物)を混合した粉末をパッケージに詰めて、水冷した鋼製コンテナに装入した。
8.電気加熱により粉末に点火した。この操作はSHS(Self propagating High Temperature Synthesis:燃焼合成法)として知られている。
9.反応した材料を自然冷却させた。
10.得られた材料を磨り潰して325メッシュにした。
11.得られた粉末をX線回折(XRD)解析した結果、TiAlCを主体とし、これに若干量(10%未満)のTiAlCとTiAlが混在していた。
12.粉末を冷却した後、冷間プレスし、窒素ガス中で1500℃にて1時間焼結した。
13.焼結した材料を光学顕微鏡および走査電子顕微鏡(SEM)により観察した結果、気孔率2%未満の高密度であった。TiAlC粒の一部には粒界に5%未満のTiAlが観察された。粒径は30μmのオーダーであり、一部の粒は200μmのオーダーであった。
14.サンプルを酸化特性調査装置に装入した。サンプルを1100℃に8時間、1200℃に8時間、1300℃に8時間保持した。酸化の進行はほぼ放物線状であった。酸化表面は漂白されたような白色(bleach white)になっており、これは薄い酸化層が生成しているためである。
15.走査電子顕微鏡(SEM)により観察した結果、酸化層は厚さが5μmであり、緻密で密着したAlであった。
16.焼結ロッドの一部を研磨して1000グリットにした。
17.このサンプルを繰り返し挙動調査用の装置に装入した。サンプルを1200℃に4時間保持し、自然放冷した。このサイクルを10回繰り返した。
18.酸化表面は漂白されたような白色(bleach white)になっており、これは薄い酸化層が生成しているためである。
19.走査電子顕微鏡(SEM)により観察した結果、酸化層は厚さが5μmであり、緻密で密着したAlであった。
20.焼結ロッドを研磨して1000グリットにした。
21.このサンプルを大気雰囲気の箱型炉に装入して1200℃に980時間保持した。
22.酸化表面は漂白されたような白色(bleach white)になっており、これは薄い酸化層が生成しているためである。
23.サンプルは10mgの重量増があり、Alの白色表面層を備えていた。
本発明の材料の別の望ましい用途はガス加熱式または揮発性燃料加熱式の赤外線熱放射器の熱放射面である。この種の赤外線放射器は特に、製紙業において、紙および同様の材料の乾燥、湿度分布調整、表面被覆に用いられる。このような熱放射面は一般的にはプレート状である。このプレートは、貫通孔をハニカム状に配列したプレートとして作製することができる。あるいは、多数の薄い壁を平行に並べてプレート状にしてもよい。本発明の材料を用いることにより堅牢な放熱プレートが得られる。すなわち本発明の材料は、1400℃までの酸化速度が遅く、熱伝導率が高く、他のセラミクスに比べて加工が簡単であり(製造コストが低減)、熱衝撃に対して極めて丈夫であり、これらの優れた特性を兼備しているため、鋭いエッジや肉厚の変動を伴う設計も制限を受けない。
本発明の材料は導電性があり、抵抗は室温で0.5Ωmm/m程度、1200℃で2.5Ωmm/m程度である。本発明の材料は、機械的性質と高温特性がいずれも優れているため、酸化雰囲気中、還元雰囲気中、真空中のいずれでも優れた電気抵抗体として用いることができる。本発明の材料の利点を享受できる他の用途として、ガス点火器、火炎検出器、ヒータープラグなどがある。本発明の材料の炉内用途は前述の例に限定する必要はない。更に本発明の材料は、トレー、基材ホルダ、内部取り付け具、支持ローラなどの一部分あるいは全体に適用できる。
本発明の材料は、粉末状にして、例えばHVOF、プラズマ溶射などの溶射による表面被覆に用いることもできる。いわゆるPVD(物理蒸着)やCVD(化学蒸着)による気相堆積法を用いた表面被覆によっても、高温耐食層を形成できる。所望の電気抵抗値になるように設計した回路パターンとして表面被覆を形成すれば、シリコンウェハあるいはシリコン基板の加熱用の平面加熱体としても機能する。
本発明の材料は、上記用途の他に、エチレン生成管、熱交換器、バーナーノズル、ガスタービン部品などにも適用できる。
以上、本発明の材料について種々の用途を説明したが、それ以外の用途にも適用できることは当業者には自明である。
すなわち本発明は本明細書中に記載した実施形態や実施例に限定する必要ななく、特許請求の範囲内で種々の変形が可能である。
本発明によれば、1200℃以上の高温の酸化雰囲気中で長寿命を有する材料が提供される。

Claims (4)

  1. 1200℃以上の高温の酸化雰囲気中で用いるための、金属と、アルミニウム(Al)と、炭素(C)または窒素(N)との合金であって、
    組成がMAlであり、Mは実質的にチタン(Ti)、クロム(Cr)および/またはニオブ(Nb)から成り、Xは炭素(C)であるか、またはMがチタン(Ti)である場合にはXは窒素(N)および/または炭素(C)であり、かつ
    Z=1.8〜2.2、Y=0.8〜1.2、W=0.8〜1.2であり、
    上記高温に加熱されたときにAlから成る保護酸化層が形成される
    ことを特徴とする高温用材料。
  2. 請求項1において、上記金属(M)の一部が上記合金の合金元素としてタンタル(Ta)およびバナジウム(V)のうちのいずれか1種から成ることを特徴とする高温用材料。
  3. 請求項1または2において、上記合金の組成がTiAlであって、Z=1.8〜2.2、Y=0.8〜1.2、W=0.8〜1.2であり、かつ
    該材料が加熱されたときにAlから成る保護酸化層が形成されるようにZ、Y、Wを選択されていることを特徴とする高温用材料。
  4. 請求項3において、Z=2.0、Y=1.0〜1.2、W=1.0であることを特徴とする高温用材料。
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