JP2006501131A - 樹状細胞に対するヒトモノクローナル抗体 - Google Patents
樹状細胞に対するヒトモノクローナル抗体 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本発明は、抗原提示細胞(APC)、特にヒト樹状細胞に特異的に結合する単離されたヒトモノクローナル抗体や、このような抗体を含有するワクチン結合体、二重特異的分子、イムノトキシン及び治療用組成物を、提供するものである。従って、本発明の抗体及び組成物は、例えば抗原提示を高めたり、又はAPCが媒介する疾患を治療するなど、樹状細胞を標的とする多種の治療に利用できる。
a)ヒト樹状細胞上に存在するマンノース受容体に、少なくとも約107M-1の結合平衡結合定数(Ka)で結合する能力;
b)ヒト樹状細胞をオプソニン化する能力;
c)ヒト樹状細胞に結合した後に内部移行する能力;
d)ヒト樹状細胞上のマンノース受容体への結合を遮断する能力;
のうちの一つ以上を有することを、特徴とする。
本発明は、抗原に対する免疫応答を調節すると共に、樹状細胞が媒介する疾患を含め、疾患を治療及び診断するための、新規な抗体を基にした治療法を提供するものである。
本発明のヒトモノクローナル抗体(mAb)を作製する特に好適な方法をここで詳述するが、例えばケーラー及びミルスタインの標準的体細胞ハイブリッド形成技術 Nature 256: 495 (1975) など、従来のモノクローナル抗体法を含め、多様な他の技術も利用できる。体細胞ハイブリッド形成法が好ましいが、例えばBリンパ球のウィルス又は腫瘍遺伝子による形質転換など、モノクローナル抗体を作製する他の技術も利用できる。
樹状細胞に対する完全ヒトモノクローナル抗体を作製するには、HuMabマウスを、Lonberg, N. et al. (1994) Nature 368(6474): 856-859; Fishwild, D. et al. (1996) Nature Biotechnology 14: 845-851及びWO 98/24884が解説したように、樹状細胞の精製もしくは濃縮標品で免疫することができる。好ましくは、このマウスは一回目の免疫時点で6乃至16週齢であるとよいであろう。例えば、樹状細胞の精製もしくは濃縮標品(100万乃至1000万個の細胞)を用いて、HuMabマウスを腹腔内で免疫することができる。樹状細胞の精製もしくは濃縮標品を用いた免疫化で抗体が生成されない場合、マウスにさらに、樹状細胞のライセートで免疫化を行って、免疫応答を促進することもできる。
マウス脾細胞を単離し、PEGでマウス骨髄腫細胞株に標準的プロトコルに基づいて融合させることができる。次に、こうして得られたハイブリドーマを、抗原特異抗体を産生しているか、スクリーニングする。例えば、免疫後のマウスの脾臓リンパ球の単個細胞懸濁液を、50%PEGで、P3X63-Ag8.653非分泌性マウス骨髄腫細胞 (ATCC、CRL 1580)の数の6分の1に融合させる。細胞を約2×105になるように 底の平らな微量定量プレートに塗った後、2週間、20% 胎児クローン血清、18% 「653」調整培地、 5% オリゲン(アイゲン社製)、4 mM L-グルタミン、1 mM L-グルタミン、1 mMピルビン酸ナトリウム、5mM HEPES、0.055 mM 2-メルカプトエタノール、50 単位/ml ペニシリン、50 mg/ml ストレプトマイシン、50 mg/ml ゲンタマイシン及び1×HAT (シグマ社製;HAT は融合から24時間後に加える)を含有する選択培地でインキュベートする。二週間後、細胞を、HATをHTに置き換えた培地で培養する。次に、個々の細胞をELISAでヒト抗樹状細胞モノクローナルIgM 及びIgG抗体についてスクリーニングする。広汎なハイブリドーマ成長があったら、培地を通常10乃至14日後に観察する。抗体を分泌しているハイブリドーマを再度塗り、再度スクリーニングし、抗樹状細胞モノクローナル抗体であるヒトIgGについてやはり陽性であったら、少なくとも二回、限界希釈でサブクローニングすることができる。こうして安定なサブクローンをin vitroで培養して、少量の抗体を組織培養培地で作製させてから、特徴付けを行う。
本発明のヒトモノクローナル樹状細胞抗体の結合を特徴付けするために、ハイブリドーマを、例えばフローサイトメトリで樹状細胞との能動的反応性についてスクリーニングすることができる。
樹状細胞に対する特異的結合に加え、ヒトモノクローナル抗樹状細胞抗体を、樹状細胞のファゴサイトーシス及び致死を媒介するその能力についてテストすることもできる。モノクローナル抗体活性をin vitroでこのようにテストすると、in vivoモデルでテストする前の予備的スクリーニングとすることができる。簡単に説明すると、健康なドナーから採取した多核白血球(PMN)又は他のエフェクター細胞を、フィッコール・ハイパック密度遠心分離法で精製し、次に、混入した赤血球を溶解させることができる。洗浄後のPMNを、10%熱不活化ウシ胎児血清を添加したRPMI中に懸濁させ、51Crで標識した樹状細胞に、様々なエフェクター細胞対樹状細胞比(エフェクター細胞:樹状細胞)で混合してもよい。次に、精製済みのヒト抗樹状細胞IgGを多様な濃度で加えてもよい。無関係のヒトIgGを陰性のコントロールとして用いてもよい。検定は0乃至120分間、37℃で行うことができる。51Crの培養上清中への放出を測定すると、試料の細胞溶解を検定することができる。また、複数のモノクローナル抗体があったときに細胞溶解を促進できるかを判定するために、抗樹状細胞モノクローナルを相互に組み合わせてテストしてもよい。
1.)生きた樹状細胞への結合;
2.)樹状細胞への高親和結合;
3.)樹状細胞上の固有のエピトープへの結合(補完的な活性を持つモノクローナル抗体を組み合わせて用いた場合に、同じエピトープへの結合をめぐって競合する可能性をなくすため);
4.)樹状細胞のオプソニン化;
5.)ヒトエフェクター細胞の存在下における樹状細胞の成長抑制、ファゴサイトーシス及び/又は致死の媒介;
6.)樹状細胞への結合後の内部移行;
7.)インシツー(例えばヒト組織での)での樹状細胞への結合
8.)樹状細胞の活性化(例えばサイトカイン放出、免疫調節性表面分子(例えばCD80(B7.1)、CD86(B7.2)、CD40、及びCD54(ICAM))の発現を誘導する、など);
9.)樹状細胞上のヒトマンノース受容体への結合;及び
10.)霊長類間で保存されている樹状細胞抗原への結合。
さらに別の態様では、本発明は、樹状細胞に特異的に、好ましくは高親和性で結合するヒトモノクローナル抗体を発現できる、トランスジェニックマウスなどの非ヒトトランスジェニック動物を提供するものである。ある好適な実施態様では、トランスジェニックマウス(HuMabマウス)などの本非ヒトトランスジェニック動物は、ヒト重鎖導入遺伝子及び軽鎖導入遺伝子を含むゲノムを有するものである。ある実施態様では、トランスジェニックマウスなどの当該非ヒトトランスジェニック動物は、樹状細胞の精製されたもしくは濃縮された標品及び/又は樹状細胞ライセートで、免疫してある。好ましくは、トランスジェニックマウスなどの当該の非ヒトトランスジェニック動物が、V-D-J組換え及びアイソタイプ・スイッチングを起こすことにより、樹状細胞に対する複数のアイソタイプのヒトモノクローナル抗体(例えばIgG、IgA及び/又はIgEなど)を産生できるとよい。アイソタイプ・スイッチングは、例えば古典的又は非古典的アイソタイプ・スイッチングで起きるものでよい。
(1)ヒトVL遺伝子セグメント及びヒトJLセグメントにコードされたポリペプチド配列に実質的に同一なポリペプチド配列を有する軽鎖可変領域、及び(2)ヒトCL遺伝子セグメントにコードされたポリペプチド配列に実質的に同一なポリペプチド配列を有する軽鎖定常領域、から成るヒト配列軽鎖と;
(1)ヒトVH遺伝子セグメント、選択的にD領域、及びヒトJHセグメントにコードされたポリペプチド配列に実質的に同一なポリペプチド配列を有する重鎖可変領域、及びヒトCH遺伝子セグメントにコードされたポリペプチド配列に実質的に同一なポリペプチド配列を有する定常領域、から成るヒト配列重鎖と、
を含んで成る。
I.再編成のない重鎖及び再編成した軽鎖免疫グロブリン導入遺伝子を含有するトランスジェニック動物;
II.再編成のない重鎖及び再編成のない軽鎖免疫グロブリン導入遺伝子を含有するトランスジェニック動物;
III.再編成した重鎖及び再編成のない軽鎖免疫グロブリン導入遺伝子を含有するトランスジェニック動物;及び
IV.再編成した重鎖及び再編成した軽鎖免疫グロブリン導入遺伝子を含有するトランスジェニック動物。
本発明のさらに別の実施態様では、樹状細胞に対するヒトモノクローナル抗体、又はその抗原結合部分を誘導体化するか、又は別の機能分子、例えば別のペプチド、タンパク質又は他の結合物質(例えば抗体、抗体フラグメント又は他のリガンド)に連結して、樹状細胞と、1つ以上の他の結合部位又は標的エピトープとの両方に結合する二重特異的又は多重特異的分子を作製することができる。例えば、本発明のヒト抗体又はそのフラグメントを、病原体又は樹状細胞以外の細胞に結合する、1種以上の他の抗体、抗体フラグメント、ペプチド(例えば腫瘍リガンドなどのリガンド)又は結合ミメティックに(例えば化学結合、遺伝子融合、非共有結合による結合、又は他の結合などで)機能的に連結することで、当該病原体又は細胞が樹状細胞により狙われるようにすることができる。
別の局面では、本発明は、第二の作用薬に連結させた1つ以上のヒト抗樹状細胞抗体(又はそのフラグメント)を含有する多種の治療用結合体を提供する。抗体に連結させることのできる具体的な作用薬には、限定はしないが、抗原(それによりワクチンを形成する)、放射性同位体、細胞毒(それによりイムノトキシンを形成する)及び他の薬物、が含まれる。細胞毒又は細胞傷害性薬剤には、細胞にとって有害な(例えば致死させる)あらゆる物質が含まれる。例には、タキソール、シトカラシンB、グラミシジンD、臭化エチジウム、エメチン、ミトマイシン、エトポシド、テノポシド、ビンクリスチン、ビンブラスチン、コルヒチン、ドキソルビシン、ダウノルビシン、ジヒドロキシアントラシンジオン、ミトキサントロン、ミトラマイシン、アクチノマイシンD、1-デヒドロテストステロン、糖質コルチコイド、プロカイン、テトラカイン、リドカイン、プロプラノロール、及びプロマイシン及びこれらの類似体又は同族体がある。治療的作用物質には、限定はしないが、代謝拮抗物質(例えばメトトレキセート、6-メルカプトプリン、6-チオグアニン、シタラビン、5-フルオロウラシル、デカルバジン)、アルキル化剤(例えばメクロレトアミン(原語mechlorethamine)、チオエパクロラムブシル、メルファラン、カルムスチン(BSNU)及びロムスチン(CCNU)、シクロトスファミド、ブスルファン、ジブロモマンニトール、ストレプトゾトシン、ミトマイシンC、及びcis-ジクロロジアミンプラチナム(II) (DDP)シスプラチン)、アントラサイクリン(例えばダウノルビシン(前のダウノマイシン)及びドキソルビシン)、抗生物質(例えばダクチノマイシン(前のアクチノマイシン)、ブレオマイシン、ミトラマイシン、及びアントラマイシン(AMC))、及び抗有糸分裂剤(例えばビンクリスチン及びビンブラスチン)がある。本発明の抗体を、放射性ヨウ素などの放射性同位体に結合させて、自己免疫又は炎症性疾患や移植片対宿主疾患などの樹状細胞関連疾患を治療する細胞傷害性放射性医薬品を作製することもできる。
別の局面では、本発明は、一種又は組合せになった本発明のヒトモノクローナル抗体又はその抗原結合部分を、薬学的に許容可能な担体と一緒に調剤された形で含有する医薬組成物などの治療用組成物を提供するものである。このような組成物には、さらに、例えば他の抗体、細胞毒又は薬物(免疫抑制剤など)などの他の治療用試薬を含めることができ、単独で投与しても、又は、放射線などの他の治療法と併用してもよい。
本発明の組成物(例えば、樹状細胞に対するヒトモノクローナル抗体及びその誘導体/結合体)は、in vitro及びin vivoで診断上及び治療上の実用性を有する。
近年、皮膚、腎臓、肝臓、心臓、肺、膵臓及び骨髄などの組織及び臓器を移植する外科的技術の効率が大きく進歩した。おそらく現在ある問題の大きなものは、移植された同種移植片又は臓器に対するレシピエントの免疫寛容を誘導するのに満足のいく薬剤がないことであろう。同種細胞又は臓器をホスト(即ち提供者及び受容者が、同じ種の異なる個体である)に移植するとき、ホストの免疫系が移植片中の外来抗原に対して免疫応答(宿主対移植片疾患)してしまい、移植組織の破壊が起きる可能性が高い。CD8+細胞、CD4+細胞及び単球のすべてが、この移植組織拒絶に関与している。本発明の治療用薬剤は、受容者において樹状細胞により媒介される、同種抗原が誘導する免疫応答を抑制し、ひいてはこのような細胞を、移植組織又は臓器の破壊に参与させなくするのに有用である。
本発明の治療用薬剤の関連する用途の一つは、「移植片対宿主」疾患(GVHD)に関与する免疫応答の調節においてである。GVHDは、致命的になる可能性のある疾患であり、免疫適格細胞を、同種のレシピエントに移植したときに起きる。この場合、ドナーの免疫適格細胞はレシピエントの組織を攻撃しているのであろう。GVHDの過程においては皮膚、腸管上皮及び肝臓の組織がしばしば標的となり、破壊されることがある。この疾患は骨髄移植など、免疫組織を移植する場合に特に重篤な問題となるが、心臓及び肝臓移植を含め、他の場合にはそれほど重篤なGVHDが報告されたことはない。本発明の治療用薬剤は、樹状細胞などのホスト抗原提示細胞の活性を抑制するのに用いられる。
実施例1 樹状細胞に対するヒトモノクローナル抗体の作製
HuMAbマウスのHCO7株を、樹状細胞の標品で免疫して、ヒト抗樹状細胞モノクローナル抗体を作製した。HCO7 HuMAbマウスは、言及をもってその全開示をここに援用することとする米国特許第5,770,429号及び第5,545,806号に記載された通りに作製した。
+/− 弱/不定の結合
+ 低/有意な結合
++ 高い結合
+++ 非常に高い結合
I.精製されたヒト抗樹状細胞抗体の樹状細胞への結合特異性
樹状細胞に対する特異性を持つヒトIgG抗体を分泌したいくつかのハイブリドーマを精製に向けてサブクローニング及び増殖させた。5%のCO2を含有する加湿したインキュベータ内の回転フラスコで成長させたハイブリドーマ培養株の上清から、モノクローナル抗体を単離した。抗体は、メーカの指示により(イリノイ州ロックフォード、ピアース社製)、プロテインA−アガロースカラムでクロマトグラフィを行って精製した。
精製されたヒト抗樹状細胞モノクローナル抗体B11、C20、及びE21の樹状細胞との用量依存的反応性をフローサイトメトリで調べた。
循環血単球から分化させた樹状細胞は、その利用が可能であるために、研究及び臨床の両方の用途で、最もよく用いられている種類の樹状細胞である。しかしながら、前駆幹細胞を由来とする樹状細胞も利用が可能であり、ヒト組織の樹状細胞をより精確に反映したものであろう。従って、次の研究では、Cd34+前駆細胞から分化した樹状細胞を、ヒトモノクローナル抗体B11との反応性について、フローサイトメトリで評価した。
ヒト抗樹状細胞モノクローナル抗体B11が、樹状細胞に対して相対的にマクロファージに結合する能力を、フローサイトメトリで評価した。
ヒトモノクローナル抗体B11を、ヒト単球性白血病由来の単球様細胞株であるTHP-1細胞との結合について、この細胞を樹状細胞表現型に向かって分化していくよう誘導する前後に、フローサイトメトリで調べた。
カニクイザルマカクの動物(サル)モデルは、標的抗原が霊長類間で保存されている限り、抗体の臨床上の用途に関する適切な情報を提供することができる。従って、ヒトモノクローナル抗体B11の、カニクイザル由来の樹状細胞との交差反応性をフローサイトメトリで評価した。
ヒトモノクローナル抗体B11の、ヒト組織由来の樹状細胞との反応性を免疫組織化学法で評価した。これらの実験は、抗体B11の、ヒト組織の他の細胞又は抗原との何らかの潜在的な交差反応性も評価できるよう、設計されていた。
ヒトモノクローナル抗体B11の一本鎖Fvフラグメントの、ヒト組織由来樹状細胞に対する反応性を、フローサイトメトリで評価した。
ヒトモノクローナル抗体B11のF(ab')2フラグメントの、ヒト組織由来樹状細胞に対する反応性を、フローサイトメトリで評価した。これらの実験は、ヒト抗体B11のFc部分が、B11の樹状細胞への結合に大きく関与しているかどうかも評価できるように設計されていた。
I.樹状細胞のヒトモノクローナル抗体B11標的抗原の免疫沈降
ヒトモノクローナル抗体B11を用いて、それが認識する標的抗原を樹状細胞から免疫沈降させた。
上述の免疫沈降後に、B11標的抗原のN末端アミノ酸配列決定をして、公知のタンパク質とのホモロジーを調べた。
DDXXQFLIXXEDXKR (配列番号5) B11 抗原
LDTRQFLIYNEDHKR (配列番号6) マクロファージ・マンノース受容体
のように、ヒトマクロファージ・マンノース受容体とのタンパク質配列ホモロジーが明らかになった。
以下の実験は、抗体B11がマンノース受容体を遮断するかどうか、ひいては、病原体とこのマンノース受容体との相互作用(細胞感染など)を防止又は抑制するなどのために、この抗体を利用できるか、を調べるよう設計された。
I. ヒトモノクローナル抗体B11の樹状細胞への内部移行
樹状細胞への結合後にヒト抗体B11が内部移行する程度をフローサイトメトリで評価した。
% 内部移行= (試料の平均蛍光強度−酸で洗浄した4℃のコントロールの平均蛍光強度)/ (PBSで洗浄した4℃のコントロールの平均蛍光強度−酸で洗浄した4℃のコントロールの平均蛍光強度)
で計算した。
さらに顕微鏡検査も用いて、抗体B11が樹状細胞への結合後に内部移行することを確認した。
樹状細胞による抗原のプロセッシング及び提示を促進するのにヒトモノクローナル抗体B11を利用できるかを調べるために、化学的架橋試薬SMCCを用いてこの抗体を破傷風トキソイド(TT)抗原に結合させた。
I. ヒト抗体E21抗原の分子量解析
樹状細胞ライセートを培養ヒト樹状細胞から調製した。簡単に説明すると、樹状細胞を洗浄し、溶解緩衝液を含有する4℃のトリトンX-100に再懸濁させた。分画していないこのライセートを4-15% SDS-ポリアクリルアミドゲルに添加した後、このタンパク質をニトロセルロースに写し取った。そのブロットを10 ug/ml E21と一緒にインキュベートし、続いて抗ヒトIgGアルカリホスファターゼプローブと一緒にインキュベートしてから、西洋わさびペルオキシダーゼを用いて視覚化した。
図1に示すように、ヒトモノクローナルAb E21は樹状細胞に優先的に結合した。この実験は、ヒト抗体E21の皮膚及び表皮樹状細胞への反応性を、E21を用いた凍結皮膚の免疫組織化学解析で調べられるように設計された。
カニクイザル・マカクの動物(サル)モデルは、標的抗原が霊長類間で保存されていることを前提に、抗体の臨床上の用途に関する適切な情報を提供することができる。従って、ヒトモノクローナル抗体E21の、カニクイザル由来樹状細胞との交差反応性をフローサイトメトリで評価した。
I. B11-Pmel-17分子結合体の組換え発現
図14に示すように、Pmel-17(黒色腫抗原)コーディング配列を抗体B11に融合(重鎖のCH3ドメインで)させて含有するプラスミドを構築した。その結果得られたプラスミド・コンストラクトを、「MMV4」(配列番号8)と言及し、その後、CHO細胞に標準的なプロトコル(カリフォルニア州バレンシア、キアジェン社)を用いてトランスフェクトした。トランスフェクトされた細胞を抗生物質G418を含有する培地で選抜した。さらに、次第に濃度を高くしたメタトレキセート(原語:methatrexate)で細胞を成長させることで、発現を増幅した。増幅後、限界希釈で細胞をクローニングし、安定なクローン株を用いて、更なる研究用の細胞バンクを作製した。
B11-Pmel-17分子結合体の樹状細胞への結合能をフローサイトメトリで評価した。
以上の実施例は、高い親和性で樹状細胞に特異的に反応するヒトモノクローナル抗体の作製を実証したものである。
当業者であれば、ごく慣例的な実験を利用するのみで、ここに解説された本発明の具体的実施例の同等物を数多く認識され、又は確認できることであろう。このような均等物は以下の請求の範囲の包含するところと、意図されている。
Claims (17)
- 黒色腫関連抗原に連結された樹状細胞に結合するヒトモノクローナル抗体を含む分子結合体。
- 前記黒色腫関連抗原がGp100及びPmel-17から成る群より選択される、請求項1に記載の分子結合体。
- 前立腺関連抗原に連結された樹状細胞に結合するヒトモノクローナル抗体を含む分子結合体。
- 前記前立腺関連抗原がPSA及びPSMAから成る群より選択される、請求項3に記載の分子結合体。
- 前記抗体が、一抗体フラグメント又は一本鎖抗体を含む、上記請求項のいずれかに記載の分子結合体。
- 前記樹状細胞がヒト樹状細胞である、上記請求項のいずれかに記載の分子結合体。
- 前記抗体が、配列番号2に示されたアミノ酸配列を含む重鎖可変領域と、配列番号4に示されたアミノ酸配列を含む軽鎖可変領域と、及びこれらの保存的配列改変と、から成る群より選択される可変領域を含む、上記請求項のいずれかに記載の分子結合体。
- 前記抗体が、配列番号1に示されたヌクレオチド配列にコードされた重鎖可変領域と、配列番号3に示されたヌクレオチド配列にコードされた軽鎖可変領域と、及びこれらの保存的配列改変と、から成る群より選択される可変領域を含む、上記請求項のいずれかに記載の分子結合体。
- 配列番号8に示されたヌクレオチド配列にコードされた、上記請求項のいずれかに記載の分子結合体。
- 配列番号9に示されたアミノ酸配列を含む、上記請求項のいずれかに記載の分子結合体。
- 上記請求項のいずれかに記載の分子結合体と、薬学的に許容可能な担体と、を含む組成物。
- アジュバントをさらに含む、請求項11に記載の組成物。
- 上記請求項のいずれかに記載の分子結合体に樹状細胞を接触させるステップを含む、前記樹状細胞に抗原を狙わせる方法。
- 上記請求項のいずれかに記載の分子結合体を対象に投与するステップを含む、対象において抗原に対する免疫応答を誘導又は高める方法。
- 前記免疫応答が、MHC-I又はMHC-II結合体の成分としての抗原の提示を含む、請求項14に記載の方法。
- 上記請求項のいずれかに記載の分子結合体を対象に投与するステップを含む、対象を免疫する方法。
- 前記分子結合体が、樹状細胞によるサイトカイン放出を誘導するのに充分な量、投与される、請求項16に記載の方法。
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KR20040065213A (ko) | 2004-07-21 |
IL161705A0 (en) | 2004-09-27 |
EP1448787B1 (en) | 2013-01-09 |
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US20030031667A1 (en) | 2003-02-13 |
US9095626B2 (en) | 2015-08-04 |
CN1612934A (zh) | 2005-05-04 |
US20160024192A1 (en) | 2016-01-28 |
JP4799821B2 (ja) | 2011-10-26 |
US20120039869A1 (en) | 2012-02-16 |
WO2003040169A3 (en) | 2004-01-15 |
US8142790B2 (en) | 2012-03-27 |
CN101423553A (zh) | 2009-05-06 |
KR100997591B1 (ko) | 2010-11-30 |
MXPA04004324A (es) | 2005-05-16 |
WO2003040169A2 (en) | 2003-05-15 |
CA2466049A1 (en) | 2003-05-15 |
AU2002340451B2 (en) | 2008-11-20 |
US7560534B2 (en) | 2009-07-14 |
EP1448787A2 (en) | 2004-08-25 |
US20120148596A1 (en) | 2012-06-14 |
NZ533299A (en) | 2008-04-30 |
IL161705A (en) | 2010-11-30 |
CN100439398C (zh) | 2008-12-03 |
ZA200403435B (en) | 2006-10-25 |
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