JP2006322343A - エンジンの排気浄化装置及びこれに用いられる排気管の構造 - Google Patents
エンジンの排気浄化装置及びこれに用いられる排気管の構造 Download PDFInfo
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/9404—Removing only nitrogen compounds
- B01D53/9409—Nitrogen oxides
- B01D53/9431—Processes characterised by a specific device
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/74—General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
- B01D53/86—Catalytic processes
- B01D53/90—Injecting reactants
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
- F01N13/009—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
- F01N13/0097—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series the purifying devices are arranged in a single housing
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
- F01N13/08—Other arrangements or adaptations of exhaust conduits
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/105—General auxiliary catalysts, e.g. upstream or downstream of the main catalyst
- F01N3/106—Auxiliary oxidation catalysts
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
- F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
- F01N3/206—Adding periodically or continuously substances to exhaust gases for promoting purification, e.g. catalytic material in liquid form, NOx reducing agents
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
- F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
- F01N3/2066—Selective catalytic reduction [SCR]
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2251/00—Reactants
- B01D2251/20—Reductants
- B01D2251/206—Ammonium compounds
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N1/00—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing
- F01N1/08—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing by reducing exhaust energy by throttling or whirling
- F01N1/083—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing by reducing exhaust energy by throttling or whirling using transversal baffles defining a tortuous path for the gases or successively throttling gas flow
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N1/00—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing
- F01N1/08—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing by reducing exhaust energy by throttling or whirling
- F01N1/084—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing by reducing exhaust energy by throttling or whirling the gases flowing through the silencer two or more times longitudinally in opposite directions, e.g. using parallel or concentric tubes
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2230/00—Combination of silencers and other devices
- F01N2230/04—Catalytic converters
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2240/00—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being
- F01N2240/20—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being a flow director or deflector
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2450/00—Methods or apparatus for fitting, inserting or repairing different elements
- F01N2450/22—Methods or apparatus for fitting, inserting or repairing different elements by welding or brazing
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2470/00—Structure or shape of gas passages, pipes or tubes
- F01N2470/02—Tubes being perforated
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2470/00—Structure or shape of gas passages, pipes or tubes
- F01N2470/06—Tubes being formed by assembly of stamped or otherwise deformed sheet-metal
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
- F01N2610/02—Adding substances to exhaust gases the substance being ammonia or urea
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
- F01N2610/08—Adding substances to exhaust gases with prior mixing of the substances with a gas, e.g. air
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
- F01N2610/14—Arrangements for the supply of substances, e.g. conduits
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
Abstract
【解決手段】 エンジンの排気管に介装され、尿素水溶液により排気中の窒素酸化物を還元浄化する還元触媒と、還元触媒の上流の排気管に尿素水溶液を噴射する噴射ノズルと、の間の排気通路を形成するとともに、軸線方向に沿って溶接された継ぎ目10を有する排気管2aにおいて、この継ぎ目10を、排気管2aの内壁12aがオーバハングした位置に設ける。
【選択図】 図2
Description
しかしながら、この継ぎ目が排気管の下部にある場合には、排気管の継ぎ目に溶接ビードが形成されていると、噴射ノズルから噴射された還元剤が、この溶接ビードの上に溜まる虞がある。このように溶接ビードの上に還元剤が溜まると、排気温度によっては還元剤からその成分が析出して、排気管内に蓄積してしまう。
請求項3記載の発明では、排気管は、更に、その断面が略矩形状であるとともに、その上壁に継ぎ目が設けられることを特徴とする。
請求項4記載の発明では、還元剤は、尿素水溶液であることを特徴とする。
請求項2記載の発明によれば、略円筒状に形成された排気管において、その継ぎ目の溶接ビードの上に還元剤が溜まることが抑制される。
請求項4記載の発明によれば、溶接ビードの上で尿素水溶液から尿素が析出して蓄積することが抑制される。
図1は、本発明の排気浄化装置の第1の実施形態の構成図である。
エンジン1の排気通路2を形成する排気管2には、NOxを還元浄化する還元触媒3が介装されている。また、還元触媒3の排気上流には、排気管2内に開口した噴孔4から還元剤としての尿素水溶液を噴射供給する噴射ノズル5が配設されている。噴射ノズル5には、エンジン運転状態に応じた流量の尿素水溶液が供給される。
排気管2aは、図2に示すように、鋼板を円筒状に丸めてその端部同士を突き合わせ、排気管2aの軸線方向に形成された継ぎ目10で互いに溶接して形成されている。この継ぎ目10は、排気管2aの軸線11より鉛直上方に、即ち、排気管2aの内壁12aの法線(内壁12aの向きを定める。)が水平より下側に傾くオーバハングしている位置に配置されている。継ぎ目10では、排気管2aの内壁12a及び外壁12bに夫々溶接ビード13a、13bが形成されている。噴射ノズル5は、排気管2aの側方から軸線11に向かって略水平に挿入されており、噴孔4はその先端に設けられている。
図3に示すように、本実施形態の噴射ノズル21は、エンジンの排気通路に介装された排気浄化機能付き消音装置22内で、排気に尿素水溶液を噴射する。この消音装置22は、ケース23と、排気通路を拡大する拡張室24と、排気中のNOを酸化させる酸化触媒25と、排気通路の折り返し部26と、還元触媒27と、還元触媒27を通過した余剰の還元剤を酸化して除去する還元剤酸化触媒28と、を含んで構成されている。
この継ぎ目41は、リング部材37の軸線42より鉛直上方に形成されている。継ぎ目41では、リング部材37の内壁43a及び外壁43bに、夫々溶接ビード44a、44bが形成されている。更に、リング部材37には、複数の開口部45が、噴射ノズルが挿入されている側に対して反対側に偏在させて設けられている。なお、本実施形態の上流側排気管31及びリング部材37が、本発明の排気管に該当する。
なお、以上の実施形態では、排気管やリング部材は円筒状であるが、断面が楕円形状や略矩形状であってもよい。特に、断面が略矩形状であるときには、排気管の軸線より上方の一辺(排気管の上壁が水平に設定される場合は、その上壁)に、継ぎ目が配置されればよい。
2a 排気管
3、27 還元触媒
5、21 噴射ノズル
31 上流側排気管
37 リング部材
10、33、41 継ぎ目
Claims (5)
- エンジンの排気通路に介装され、還元剤により排気中の窒素酸化物を還元浄化する還元触媒と、
前記還元触媒の上流の前記排気通路に還元剤を噴射する噴射ノズルと、
前記噴射ノズルと前記還元触媒との間の前記排気通路を形成するとともに、軸方向に沿って溶接された継ぎ目を有する排気管と、
を含んで構成されるエンジンの排気浄化装置であって、
前記排気管は、その内壁がオーバハングした位置に前記継ぎ目が設けられることを特徴とするエンジンの排気浄化装置。 - 前記排気管は、更に、略円筒状であるとともに、その軸線より鉛直上方に前記継ぎ目が設けられることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のエンジンの排気浄化装置。
- 前記排気管は、更に、その断面が略矩形状であるとともに、その上壁に前記継ぎ目が設けられることを特徴とすることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のエンジンの排気浄化装置。
- 前記還元剤は、尿素水溶液であることを特徴とする請求項1〜請求項3のいずれか1つに記載のエンジンの排気浄化装置。
- エンジンの排気通路の一部を形成するとともに、この排気通路内に供給された還元剤が流通する排気管の構造であって、
前記排気管の内壁がオーバハングした位置に、軸方向に沿って溶接された継ぎ目を有することを特徴とする排気管の構造。
Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2005144380A JP4703260B2 (ja) | 2005-05-17 | 2005-05-17 | エンジンの排気浄化装置及びこれに用いられる排気管の構造 |
EP06746442.0A EP1890015B1 (en) | 2005-05-17 | 2006-05-16 | Exhaust gas purification system for engine |
ES06746442T ES2416705T3 (es) | 2005-05-17 | 2006-05-16 | Sistema de purificación de gas de escape para motor |
CN2006800168608A CN101175906B (zh) | 2005-05-17 | 2006-05-16 | 发动机的废气净化装置 |
PCT/JP2006/309728 WO2006123650A1 (ja) | 2005-05-17 | 2006-05-16 | エンジンの排気浄化装置 |
US11/941,889 US8181446B2 (en) | 2005-05-17 | 2007-11-16 | Exhaust emission purification apparatus for engine |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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JP2005144380A JP4703260B2 (ja) | 2005-05-17 | 2005-05-17 | エンジンの排気浄化装置及びこれに用いられる排気管の構造 |
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JP2006322343A true JP2006322343A (ja) | 2006-11-30 |
JP4703260B2 JP4703260B2 (ja) | 2011-06-15 |
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JP2005144380A Active JP4703260B2 (ja) | 2005-05-17 | 2005-05-17 | エンジンの排気浄化装置及びこれに用いられる排気管の構造 |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US8181446B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1890015B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4703260B2 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN101175906B (ja) |
ES (1) | ES2416705T3 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2006123650A1 (ja) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN104047687A (zh) * | 2014-07-03 | 2014-09-17 | 中国重汽集团济南动力有限公司 | 一种重型车用催化转化装置 |
WO2014157286A1 (ja) | 2013-03-28 | 2014-10-02 | ヤンマー株式会社 | エンジン装置 |
CN104196602A (zh) * | 2014-03-06 | 2014-12-10 | 万向通达股份公司 | 车辆排放后处理器总成 |
Families Citing this family (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2009097436A (ja) * | 2007-10-17 | 2009-05-07 | Mitsubishi Fuso Truck & Bus Corp | 内燃機関の排気浄化装置 |
WO2009133632A1 (ja) * | 2008-05-02 | 2009-11-05 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 内燃機関の触媒装置および排気浄化システム |
JP5456279B2 (ja) * | 2008-07-08 | 2014-03-26 | 三菱ふそうトラック・バス株式会社 | 内燃機関の排気浄化システム |
JP2013119772A (ja) * | 2011-12-06 | 2013-06-17 | Ud Trucks Corp | 排気浄化装置 |
WO2013179435A1 (ja) * | 2012-05-31 | 2013-12-05 | Udトラックス株式会社 | 排気管の耐久性向上方法及び排気浄化装置 |
US9410464B2 (en) | 2013-08-06 | 2016-08-09 | Tenneco Automotive Operating Company Inc. | Perforated mixing pipe with swirler |
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ES2416705T3 (es) | 2013-08-02 |
EP1890015A1 (en) | 2008-02-20 |
JP4703260B2 (ja) | 2011-06-15 |
EP1890015B1 (en) | 2013-06-19 |
CN101175906A (zh) | 2008-05-07 |
EP1890015A4 (en) | 2009-08-12 |
CN101175906B (zh) | 2010-08-25 |
US20080072576A1 (en) | 2008-03-27 |
WO2006123650A1 (ja) | 2006-11-23 |
US8181446B2 (en) | 2012-05-22 |
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