JP2005050837A - Multilayer electronic component and its manufacturing method - Google Patents

Multilayer electronic component and its manufacturing method Download PDF

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Publication number
JP2005050837A
JP2005050837A JP2003202735A JP2003202735A JP2005050837A JP 2005050837 A JP2005050837 A JP 2005050837A JP 2003202735 A JP2003202735 A JP 2003202735A JP 2003202735 A JP2003202735 A JP 2003202735A JP 2005050837 A JP2005050837 A JP 2005050837A
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electronic component
ceramic
multilayer electronic
columnar
internal electrode
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JP2003202735A
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JP4771649B2 (en
Inventor
Susumu Ono
進 小野
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Kyocera Corp
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Kyocera Corp
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Priority to JP2003202735A priority Critical patent/JP4771649B2/en
Application filed by Kyocera Corp filed Critical Kyocera Corp
Priority to CN200810080741A priority patent/CN100583480C/en
Priority to EP04771171A priority patent/EP1653527A4/en
Priority to US10/566,044 priority patent/US7633210B2/en
Priority to CNB2004800215169A priority patent/CN100448047C/en
Priority to PCT/JP2004/011130 priority patent/WO2005011009A1/en
Priority to EP11169066A priority patent/EP2365553A1/en
Publication of JP2005050837A publication Critical patent/JP2005050837A/en
Priority to US12/607,858 priority patent/US20100066211A1/en
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Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method for manufacturing a highly reliable multilayer electronic component in which the occurrence of delamination, cracking and the like, can be suppressed. <P>SOLUTION: A multilayer piezoelectric element comprises a columnar multilayered body manufactured by laying a plurality of ceramic layers and a plurality of internal electrodes alternately, and a pair of external electrodes connected with every other internal electrode alternately wherein such a part as the gap between the internal electrode and the ceramic layer is 2 μm or less substantially occupies 50% or more of an active part. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、積層型電子部品およびその製造方法に関し、例えば、自動車用燃料噴射弁、光学装置等の精密位置決め装置や振動防止用の駆動素子等に関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
従来より、積層型電子部品として、例えば、電歪効果を利用して大きな変位量を得るために、圧電体と内部電極を交互に積層した積層型圧電素子が提案されている。積層型圧電素子には、同時焼成タイプと圧電磁器と内部電極板を交互に積層したスタックタイプの2種類に分類されており、低電圧化、製造コスト低減の面から考慮すると、同時焼成タイプの積層型圧電素子が薄層化に対して有利であるために、その優位性を示しつつある。
【0003】
同時焼成タイプの積層型圧電素子は、図3に示すように、積層型セラミックコンデンサと同様に、従来、圧電材料を含有するグリーンシート21と内部電極材料を含有する内部電極パターンが交互に積層された活性部の上下面に、上記セラミックグリーンシート21を複数積層して形成された不活性部を積層し、これを脱脂、焼成することで積層型圧電素子を作製していた。
【0004】
ところで、近年においては、例えば、小型の積層型圧電アクチュエータで大きな圧力下において大きな変位量を確保するため、より高い電界を印加し、長期間連続駆動させることが行われている。
【0005】
【特許文献1】
特開平4−299588号公報
【0006】
【特許文献2】
特開平5−217796号公報
【0007】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかしながら、上記特許文献1の従来の積層型電子部品では、内部電極内に、内部電極の厚さの1/2〜1倍の粒径にコントロールされた圧電セラミック粉末を10〜20%含むことにより、セラミック層間を柱状に繋ぐことで、焼成後では内部電極とセラミック層との界面に剥離の発生を防止しているが、内部電極と外部電極の接続工程の熱処理時の冷却の速度が速いため、図5に示すように、内部電極2とセラミック層1との熱膨張係数の差により、柱状部分51の存在しない部分では、界面のほぼ全面にわたり内部電極とセラミック層との間に2μmより大きな隙間Tが50%以上発生していた。これにより、より高い電界を印加し、長期間連続駆動させるとデラミネーションが発生するという問題があった。
【0008】
また、上記特許文献2の従来の積層型電子部品では、素子の機械加工による切断面(外部電極形成面)を1回目の焼成時より高い焼成温度で熱処理することにより、切断時に生じたショートの原因になるマイクロクラックを解消しているが、焼成温度よりも高い温度による熱処理時の冷却の速度が速いため、内部電極とセラミック層との熱膨張係数の差により界面のほぼ全面にわたり剥離が発生していた。これにより、より高い電界を印加し、長期間連続駆動させるとデラミネーションが発生するという問題があった。
【0009】
本発明は、デラミネーション、クラック等の発生を抑制することができ、高信頼性が得られる積層型電子部品の製造方法を提供することを目的とする。
【0010】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明の積層型電子部品は、複数のセラミック層と複数の内部電極とを交互に積層してなる柱状積層体と、該柱状積層体の側面に設けられ、前記内部電極が一層おきに交互に接続される一対の外部電極とを具備してなる積層型電子部品であって、前記内部電極とセラミック層との隙間が2μm以下である部分が、実質的に活性な部分の50%以上であることを特徴とする。ここで実質的に活性な部分とは、任意の2層の内部電極が積層方向に重畳する部分のことである。即ち、内部電極の正極と負極とがそれぞれ重なる部分のことを指す。
【0011】
また、本発明の積層型電子部品は、セラミック層が圧電セラミックスであることを特徴とする。
【0012】
また、本発明の積層型電子部品の製造方法は、複数のセラミック層と複数の内部電極とを交互に積層してなる柱状積層体を作製する工程と、該柱状積層体を所望の寸法に加工する工程と、該柱状積層体を熱処理する工程と、該柱状積層体の側面に、導電性ペーストを塗布する工程と、該導電性ペーストを熱処理し、前記内部電極と一層おきに交互に接続される一対の外部電極を作製する工程と、前記外部電極に電圧を印加し、格子定数の比であるc/aの変化率が0.5%以下となるように分極処理を行う工程とを具備することを特徴とする。
【0013】
また、本発明の積層型電子部品の製造方法は、熱処理の工程において、熱処理の最高温度からの冷却速度が、前記セラミック層のキュリー温度t(℃)に対し、t/3(℃/分)以下であることを特徴とする。
【0014】
また、本発明の積層型電子部品の製造方法は、熱処理の工程において、熱処理のからの冷却時に1.2t〜0.8tの温度域の冷却速度がt/3(℃/分)以下であることを特徴とする。
【0015】
【発明の実施の形態】
図1は積層型圧電アクチュエータからなる積層型電子部品の一実施形態を示す縦断面図である。
【0016】
本発明の積層型圧電子部品は、図1に示すように複数のセラミック層1と複数の内部電極2とを交互に積層してなる活性部8と、該活性部8の積層方向両端に設けられた不活性部9とからなる四角柱状の柱状積層体3を有している。
【0017】
セラミック層1は、例えば、チタン酸ジルコン酸鉛Pb(Zr,Ti)O(以下PZTと略す)或いは、チタン酸バリウムBaTiOを主成分とする圧電セラミックス材料などが使用されるが、これらに限定されるものではなく、圧電性を有するセラミックスであれば何れでも良い。なお、この圧電体材料としては、圧電歪み定数d33が高いものが望ましい。
【0018】
また、セラミック層1の厚み、つまり内部電極2間の距離は、小型化及び高い電界を印加するという点から0.05〜0.25mmであることが望ましい。これは、積層型圧電素子は電圧を印加して、より大きな変位量を得るために積層数を増加させる方法がとられるが、積層数を増加させた場合に活性部8中のセラミック層1の厚みが厚すぎるとアクチュエータの小型化、低背化ができなくなり、一方、活性部8中のセラミック層1の厚みが薄すぎると絶縁破壊しやすいからである。
【0019】
内部電極2は、図2に示すように矩形状をしており、図1に示したように、その一辺が柱状積層体3の対向する側面(外部電極形成面)に一層おきに露出しており、この内部電極2の一辺が露出する柱状積層体3の側面(対向する側面)にそれぞれ外部電極4が形成されている。これにより、それぞれの外部電極4に、内部電極2が一層おきに電気的に交互に接続されている。
【0020】
そして本発明では、内部電極2とセラミック層1との隙間が2μm以下である部分が、実質的に活性な部分の50%以上であることが重要である。これにより、デラミネーション、クラック等の発生を抑制することができ、高信頼性が得ることができる。
【0021】
内部電極2とセラミック層1との隙間が2μm以下である部分が、実質的に活性な部分の50%より少ないと、高電界で駆動させた際に、隙間部分からクラックが発生し、信頼性を損なう危険があるからである。特には、クラックの起点を少なくし、高信頼性を得るために、内部電極2とセラミック層1との隙間が2μm以下である部分が、実質的に活性な部分の70%以上が望ましい。
【0022】
また、本発明の積層型電子部品の製造方法は、先ず、チタン酸ジルコン酸鉛Pb(Zr,Ti)Oなどの圧電体セラミックスの仮焼粉末(セラミック粉末)と、アクリル樹脂、ブチラール樹脂などの有機高分子からなる有機バインダと、可塑剤とを混合したスラリーを作製し、例えばスリップキャステイング法により、図2に示すような厚み50〜250μmのセラミックグリーンシート21を作製する。
【0023】
本発明では、セラミック層2をなすセラミックスの仮焼粉末の平均粒径は0.3〜0.9μmであることが望ましい。セラミックスの仮焼粉末の平均粒径を0.3μm以上とすることにより、セラミックグリーンシート21作製時の乾燥クラック発生防止のために必要な有機バインダを少量とすることができる。
【0024】
一方、セラミックスの仮焼粉末の平均粒径を0.9μm以下とすることにより、焼成時の焼結を充分に行うことができ、磁器強度を高くでき、例えば積層型圧電素子において電界により発生する応力によるクラックの発生を抑制できる。
【0025】
また、セラミックグリーンシート21の厚みは絶縁強度を向上させるという理由から90μm以上、特には、100μm以上であることが望ましい。また、セラミックグリーンシート21の取り扱い時のクラック発生を防止するために、有機バインダとしては、高い引張強度を有するブチラール樹脂を用いることが望ましい。
【0026】
次に、作製されたセラミックグリーンシート21を所定の寸法に打ち抜いた後、図2に示すようにセラミックグリーンシート21の片面に、内部電極2となる銀−パラジウム及び溶媒を含有する導電性ペーストをスクリーン印刷法により1〜10μmの厚みに印刷し、乾燥させて内部導体パターン22を形成する。
【0027】
内部導体パターン22は矩形状をなしており、矩形状のセラミックグリーンシート21よりも小さい面積を有しており、内部導体パターン22の一辺はセラミックグリーンシート21の一辺に重なり、他の辺には重ならないように形成されている。
【0028】
次に、図3に示すように、内部導体パターン22が形成されたセラミックグリーンシート21を、内部導体パターン22の一辺が積層成形体23の対向する側面に交互に露出するように所定の枚数だけ積層して活性部積層成形体23aを作製し、この活性部積層成形体23aの上下面に、導電性ペーストが印刷されていないセラミックグリーンシート21を複数積層してなる不活性部成形体23bを積層し、積層成形体23を作製する。
【0029】
尚、導電性ペーストが印刷されていないセラミックグリーンシート21を複数積層して、下側の不活性部積層成形体23bを作製した後、この不活性部積層成形体23b上に、内部導体パターン22が形成された複数のセラミックグリーンシート21を所定の枚数だけ積層して活性部積層成形体23aを積層し、この活性部積層成形体23a上に、導電性ペーストが印刷されていないセラミックグリーンシート21を複数積層して上側の不活性部積層成形体23bを積層し、積層成形体23を作製しても良い。
【0030】
尚、積層成形体23の製造方法については特に限定されるものではなく、セラミックグリーンシート21と内部導体パターン22が積層された積層成形体23が得られれば良い。
【0031】
次に、この積層成形体23を加熱を行いながら加圧を行い、積層成形体23を一体化し、柱状積層体成形体を得る。
【0032】
また、加圧する方法としては、積層精度を向上させるという点で静水圧による加圧が望ましく、その圧力は、20〜120MPaであることが望ましい。
【0033】
一体化された柱状積層体成形体は所定の大きさに切断された後、大気中において400〜800℃で5〜40時間の脱脂を行ない、この後、900〜1200℃において2〜5時間で本焼成が行われ、図4に示すような柱状積層体33を得る。この柱状積層体33は、圧電体層41と内部電極42が交互に積層された活性部を有しており、その対向する側面には内部電極42の一辺が交互に露出している。
【0034】
つぎに、図1に示したように一対の外部電極4に0.1〜3kV/mmの直流電圧を印加し、柱状積層体を分極処理することによって、製品としての積層型電子部品が完成する。ここで、格子定数の比であるc/aの分極前後の変化率が0.5%以下であることが重要である。c/aの変化率が0.5%より大きいと、分極時に発生する応力により、内部電極2とセラミック層1との間で剥離が起こるためである。本発明では、分極時の応力による剥離を防止するため、c/aの変化率は0.2%以下が望ましい。ここで、格子定数の比c/aは、XRD回折パターンから面指数(200)のピークより格子定数aを求め、同様に面指数(002)のピークより格子定数cを求め、これらの値よりc/aを求める。
【0035】
以上のような製造方法を用いることにより、内部電極2とセラミック層1との界面の隙間を2μm以下とすることが可能となる。内部電極2とセラミック層1との隙間が2μmより大きいと、高い電圧を印加した際に隙間からクラックが発生したり、長期間連続駆動を行うと隙間よりクラックが発生するため信頼性を低下させる。本発明の積層型電子部品は剥離を防止できるが、実際には工程での異物の混入により、一部に2μmより大きな界面の隙間が発生することもあるが、2μm以下の隙間の部分が活性部の50%以上あれば信頼性は確保できる。
【0036】
つぎに、図1に示すように、柱状積層体3の内部電極2の端部が露出した側面に銀を主成分とする銀ガラスペーストを塗布し、500〜900℃の最高温度から、上記セラミック層1のキュリー温度t(℃)に対してt/3(℃/分)以下の速度で冷却する熱処理を行うことにより、外部電極4を形成する。これにより、内部電極2は互い違いに1層おきに外部電極4にそれぞれ接続される。
【0037】
冷却の速度をt/3(℃/分)より速くすると、内部電極2とセラミック層1との熱膨張係数の差から界面に応力が発生し、デラミネーションやクラックを発生させるためである。
【0038】
特に、1.2t〜0.8t(℃)の温度内の冷却速度がt/3(℃/分)以下であることが望ましい。キュリー温度より高い温度ではセラミック層1が立方晶であり、キュリー温度より低い温度では菱面体晶若しくは正方晶となるため、結晶層の変化する温度域においては冷却速度を速くすると結晶層が変化することによる内部応力によりデラミネーションが発生しやすくなるためである。
【0039】
ここで、内部電極2とセラミック層1との隙間を確認する手法として、超音波探傷による検査、若しくは破面のSEMを用いる。非破壊で容易に積層型電子部品の全体の隙間の分布を検査できるという点で超音波探傷を用いることが望ましいが、破面のSEMを観察することでも実際の隙間の大きさを確認できる。ここで、断面を鏡面に仕上げてSEMにより観察を行うと、実際に隙間が存在していても内部電極2の延性により隙間に内部電極2が延びてしまうため、破面で観察することが重要である。超音波探傷による検査により、積層方向に垂直な面を観察することで得られる結果から、実質的に活性な部分において、2μm以上の剥離の発生している部分とそうでない部分との面積比により剥離の割合を算出する。
【0040】
超音波探傷による検査では、一度に複数層の断面を観察してもよい。一般に、超音波探傷による検査では焦点深度を深くすると、感度が低くなるため、積層数が多く、高さが5mm以上あるものに関しては、積層方向に垂直に2〜5mmの高さに切断、分割し、それぞれを超音波探傷による検査を行うことにより、剥離の割合を算出することが望ましい。駆動による応力や電界による応力、座屈による応力等が発生し、破壊の起点となり得易い部分の一部分、特には積層方向の上下部分近傍および、中央部近傍の少なくとも一部分に、内部電極2とセラミック層1との隙間が2μm以下である部分が、実質的に活性な部分の50%以上であればよい。
【0041】
さらに、上記形態では、図2に示したように、一つの積層成形体3により一つの柱状積層体を作製したが、一枚のセラミックグリーンシート21に複数の内部導体パターンを形成し、このセラミックグリーンシート21を複数積層して、多数の柱状積層体成形体を作製しうるマザーの積層成形体を作製し、この積層成形体を所定寸法で切断して、多数の図2に示すような柱状積層体成形体を一度に作製する積層型電子部品の製造方法に本発明を適用しても良いことは勿論である。
【0042】
尚、本発明の積層型電子部品は、内部電極2とセラミック層1との界面の剥離を防止するため、積層断面に占める内部電極2の割合が高いほど好適である。特には、内部電極2の割合が70%以上である場合に好適に用いられる。
【0043】
尚、本発明の積層型電子部品の製造方法は、積層型圧電トランス、積層型コンデンサ、積層型圧電アクチュエータ等の積層型電子部品の製造方法に好適に用いられる。特に高電界にて連続駆動される、圧電セラミックスを用いた積層型圧電アクチュエータにおいては、本発明の積層型電子部品の製造方法は好適に用いられる。
【0044】
【実施例】
チタン酸ジルコン酸鉛Pb(Zr,Ti)Oからなるキュリー温度300℃、粒径0.7μmの圧電体セラミックスの仮焼粉末と、ブチラール樹脂からなる有機バインダと、可塑剤とを混合したスラリーを作製し、スリップキャステイング法により、厚み150μmのセラミックグリーンシート21を作製した。
【0045】
このセラミックグリーンシート21の片面に、図2に示したように、内部電極2となる銀−パラジウムと、溶媒を含有する導電性ペーストをスクリーン印刷法により4μmの厚みに印刷し、内部導体パターン22を形成した。内部導体パターン22が形成されたセラミックグリーンシート21を30枚積層し、この積層体の上下面に、導電性ペーストを塗布していないセラミックグリーンシート21を5枚ずつ積層し、図3に示すような構造の積層成形体23を作製した。
【0046】
次に、この積層成形体23を金型内に配置し、90℃で加熱を行いながら静水圧プレスにより100MPaの加圧を行い一体化した。
【0047】
これを10mm×10mmの大きさに切断した後、800℃で10時間の脱バインダを行い、1130℃において2時間本焼成を行い、柱状積層体3を得た。
【0048】
その後、活性部の対向する側面に、銀を主成分とするAgガラスペーストを塗布し、750℃で1時間の加熱後、表1に示す冷却速度でそれぞれ熱処理を完了することにより外部電極4を形成した。
【0049】
その後、正極及び負極の外部電極4に3kV/mmの直流電界を15分間印加して分極処理を行うことにより積層型圧電素子を作製した。このときの格子定数の比c/aの変化率を表1に示す。
【0050】
【表1】

Figure 2005050837
【0051】
この表1から、冷却速度が本発明の範囲外である試料No.1では冷却速度が速いため界面の隙間が2.8μmと大きく、また、2μm以下の部分が2%と少ないため、双眼顕微鏡による外観検査にてデラミネーションの発生が確認できた。これに対し、本発明による実施例である試料No.2〜5では界面のデラミネーションの発生も見られなかった。
【0052】
【発明の効果】
以上詳述した通り、本発明の積層型電子部品では、内部電極とセラミック層との隙間が2μm以下である部分を、実質的に活性な部分の50%以上とすることにより、デラミネーションの発生を抑制することができ、高信頼性を備えた積層型電子部品を提供することができる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明の積層型電子部品の側面図である。
【図2】本発明の積層型電子部品を構成するセラミックシートの平面図である。
【図3】本発明の積層型電子部品となる積層成形体の展開斜視図である。
【図4】本発明の積層型電子部品となる積層構造体の断面図である。
【図5】従来の積層型電子部品のセラミック層と内部電極間の欠陥を示す図である。
【符号の説明】
1・・・セラミック層
2・・・内部導体パターン
3・・・柱状積層体
4・・・外部電極
8・・・活性部
9・・・不活性部
21・・・セラミックグリーンシート
22・・・内部導体パターン
23・・・積層成形体[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a multilayer electronic component and a method for manufacturing the same, and, for example, relates to a precision positioning device such as a fuel injection valve for an automobile and an optical device, a driving element for preventing vibration, and the like.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Conventionally, as a multilayer electronic component, for example, a multilayer piezoelectric element in which piezoelectric bodies and internal electrodes are alternately stacked has been proposed in order to obtain a large amount of displacement using the electrostrictive effect. Multilayer piezoelectric elements are classified into two types: simultaneous firing type and stack type in which piezoelectric ceramics and internal electrode plates are alternately laminated. Since the multilayer piezoelectric element is advantageous for thinning, its superiority is being shown.
[0003]
As shown in FIG. 3, in the simultaneous firing type multilayer piezoelectric element, conventionally, a green sheet 21 containing a piezoelectric material and an internal electrode pattern containing an internal electrode material are alternately laminated like a multilayer ceramic capacitor. On the upper and lower surfaces of the active portion, an inactive portion formed by laminating a plurality of the ceramic green sheets 21 is laminated, and this is degreased and fired to produce a laminated piezoelectric element.
[0004]
By the way, in recent years, for example, in order to ensure a large amount of displacement under a large pressure with a small stacked piezoelectric actuator, a higher electric field is applied to continuously drive for a long time.
[0005]
[Patent Document 1]
JP-A-4-299588 [0006]
[Patent Document 2]
Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 5-217796
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, in the conventional multilayer electronic component of Patent Document 1 described above, the internal electrode contains 10 to 20% of piezoelectric ceramic powder controlled to a particle size 1/2 to 1 times the thickness of the internal electrode. By connecting the ceramic layers in a columnar shape, peeling is prevented from occurring at the interface between the internal electrode and the ceramic layer after firing, but the cooling rate during the heat treatment in the connection process between the internal electrode and the external electrode is high. As shown in FIG. 5, due to the difference in thermal expansion coefficient between the internal electrode 2 and the ceramic layer 1, the portion where the columnar portion 51 does not exist is larger than 2 μm between the internal electrode and the ceramic layer over almost the entire interface. The gap T was 50% or more. Accordingly, there has been a problem that delamination occurs when a higher electric field is applied and driven continuously for a long period of time.
[0008]
Further, in the conventional multilayer electronic component of Patent Document 2, the cut surface (external electrode forming surface) obtained by machining the element is heat-treated at a firing temperature higher than that at the first firing, so that a short circuit caused at the time of cutting can be prevented. Although the microcracks that cause it have been eliminated, the cooling rate during heat treatment at a temperature higher than the firing temperature is fast, so peeling occurs almost over the entire interface due to the difference in thermal expansion coefficient between the internal electrode and the ceramic layer. Was. Accordingly, there has been a problem that delamination occurs when a higher electric field is applied and driven continuously for a long period of time.
[0009]
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An object of the present invention is to provide a method for manufacturing a multilayer electronic component that can suppress the occurrence of delamination, cracks, and the like and obtain high reliability.
[0010]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The multilayer electronic component of the present invention is provided with a columnar laminate formed by alternately laminating a plurality of ceramic layers and a plurality of internal electrodes, and provided on the side surface of the columnar laminate, and the internal electrodes are alternately arranged every other layer. A multilayer electronic component comprising a pair of external electrodes to be connected, wherein a portion where the gap between the internal electrode and the ceramic layer is 2 μm or less is substantially 50% or more of an active portion It is characterized by that. Here, the substantially active portion is a portion where two arbitrary internal electrodes overlap in the stacking direction. That is, it refers to a portion where the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the internal electrode overlap each other.
[0011]
The multilayer electronic component of the present invention is characterized in that the ceramic layer is a piezoelectric ceramic.
[0012]
In addition, the method for manufacturing a multilayer electronic component according to the present invention includes a step of manufacturing a columnar laminate formed by alternately laminating a plurality of ceramic layers and a plurality of internal electrodes, and processing the columnar laminate to a desired dimension. A step of heat-treating the columnar laminate, a step of applying a conductive paste to the side surface of the columnar laminate, a heat treatment of the conductive paste, and the internal electrodes are alternately connected to every other layer. A pair of external electrodes, and a step of applying a voltage to the external electrodes and performing a polarization treatment so that a change rate of c / a, which is a ratio of lattice constants, is 0.5% or less. It is characterized by doing.
[0013]
In the method for manufacturing a multilayer electronic component of the present invention, in the heat treatment step, the cooling rate from the maximum temperature of the heat treatment is t / 3 (° C./min) with respect to the Curie temperature t (° C.) of the ceramic layer. It is characterized by the following.
[0014]
In the method for manufacturing a multilayer electronic component according to the present invention, in the heat treatment step, the cooling rate in the temperature range of 1.2 t to 0.8 t is t / 3 (° C./min) or less during the cooling after the heat treatment. It is characterized by that.
[0015]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
FIG. 1 is a longitudinal sectional view showing an embodiment of a multilayer electronic component including a multilayer piezoelectric actuator.
[0016]
As shown in FIG. 1, the multilayer piezoelectric component of the present invention is provided with active portions 8 in which a plurality of ceramic layers 1 and a plurality of internal electrodes 2 are alternately stacked, and at both ends of the active portions 8 in the stacking direction. It has a quadrangular columnar stacked body 3 composed of the inactive portions 9 formed.
[0017]
The ceramic layer 1 is made of, for example, lead zirconate titanate Pb (Zr, Ti) O 3 (hereinafter abbreviated as PZT) or a piezoelectric ceramic material mainly composed of barium titanate BaTiO 3. It is not limited, and any ceramics having piezoelectricity may be used. As the piezoelectric material, as the piezoelectric strain constant d 33 it is high is preferable.
[0018]
The thickness of the ceramic layer 1, that is, the distance between the internal electrodes 2, is preferably 0.05 to 0.25 mm from the viewpoint of downsizing and applying a high electric field. This is because a method of increasing the number of stacked layers in order to obtain a larger amount of displacement by applying a voltage to the stacked piezoelectric element is used, but when the number of stacked layers is increased, the ceramic layer 1 in the active portion 8 is increased. This is because if the thickness is too large, the actuator cannot be reduced in size and height, and if the thickness of the ceramic layer 1 in the active portion 8 is too thin, dielectric breakdown tends to occur.
[0019]
The internal electrode 2 has a rectangular shape as shown in FIG. 2, and as shown in FIG. 1, one side of the internal electrode 2 is exposed on every other side surface (external electrode forming surface) of the columnar laminate 3. The external electrodes 4 are respectively formed on the side surfaces (opposite side surfaces) of the columnar laminate 3 where one side of the internal electrode 2 is exposed. Thereby, the internal electrodes 2 are electrically connected to the external electrodes 4 alternately every other layer.
[0020]
In the present invention, it is important that the portion where the gap between the internal electrode 2 and the ceramic layer 1 is 2 μm or less is 50% or more of the substantially active portion. Thereby, generation | occurrence | production of a delamination, a crack, etc. can be suppressed and high reliability can be acquired.
[0021]
If the portion where the gap between the internal electrode 2 and the ceramic layer 1 is 2 μm or less is substantially less than 50% of the active portion, a crack is generated from the gap portion when driven by a high electric field, and reliability is increased. This is because there is a risk of damaging it. In particular, in order to reduce the starting point of cracks and obtain high reliability, it is desirable that the portion where the gap between the internal electrode 2 and the ceramic layer 1 is 2 μm or less is 70% or more of the substantially active portion.
[0022]
In addition, according to the method of manufacturing a multilayer electronic component of the present invention, first, a calcined powder (ceramic powder) of piezoelectric ceramics such as lead zirconate titanate Pb (Zr, Ti) O 3 , acrylic resin, butyral resin, etc. The slurry which mixed the organic binder which consists of this organic polymer, and a plasticizer is produced, and the ceramic green sheet 21 of thickness 50-250 micrometers as shown in FIG. 2 is produced by the slip casting method, for example.
[0023]
In the present invention, it is desirable that the average particle size of the ceramic calcined powder forming the ceramic layer 2 is 0.3 to 0.9 μm. By setting the average particle size of the calcined ceramic powder to 0.3 μm or more, a small amount of organic binder is required to prevent the generation of dry cracks when the ceramic green sheet 21 is produced.
[0024]
On the other hand, by setting the average particle size of the calcined ceramic powder to 0.9 μm or less, sintering during firing can be sufficiently performed, and the ceramic strength can be increased. For example, it is generated by an electric field in a multilayer piezoelectric element. Generation of cracks due to stress can be suppressed.
[0025]
The thickness of the ceramic green sheet 21 is preferably 90 μm or more, particularly 100 μm or more for the purpose of improving the insulation strength. Moreover, in order to prevent the generation of cracks during handling of the ceramic green sheet 21, it is desirable to use a butyral resin having a high tensile strength as the organic binder.
[0026]
Next, after the produced ceramic green sheet 21 is punched out to a predetermined size, a conductive paste containing silver-palladium and the solvent to be the internal electrode 2 is formed on one side of the ceramic green sheet 21 as shown in FIG. The internal conductor pattern 22 is formed by printing to a thickness of 1 to 10 μm by screen printing and drying.
[0027]
The inner conductor pattern 22 has a rectangular shape and has a smaller area than the rectangular ceramic green sheet 21, one side of the inner conductor pattern 22 overlaps one side of the ceramic green sheet 21, and the other side It is formed so as not to overlap.
[0028]
Next, as shown in FIG. 3, a predetermined number of ceramic green sheets 21 on which the inner conductor pattern 22 is formed are exposed so that one side of the inner conductor pattern 22 is alternately exposed on the opposite side surfaces of the multilayer molded body 23. The active part laminated molded body 23a is produced by laminating, and the inactive part molded body 23b formed by laminating a plurality of ceramic green sheets 21 on which the conductive paste is not printed is formed on the upper and lower surfaces of the active part laminated molded body 23a. Lamination is performed to produce a laminated molded body 23.
[0029]
A plurality of ceramic green sheets 21 on which no conductive paste is printed are laminated to produce a lower inactive portion laminated molded body 23b, and then the inner conductor pattern 22 is formed on the inactive portion laminated molded body 23b. A predetermined number of ceramic green sheets 21 formed with a plurality of ceramic green sheets 21 are laminated to form an active part laminate formed body 23a, and a ceramic green sheet 21 on which no conductive paste is printed is formed on the active part laminate formed body 23a. A plurality of layers may be stacked, and the upper inactive part stacked molded body 23b may be stacked to manufacture the stacked molded body 23.
[0030]
In addition, the manufacturing method of the laminated molded body 23 is not particularly limited as long as the laminated molded body 23 in which the ceramic green sheet 21 and the internal conductor pattern 22 are laminated is obtained.
[0031]
Next, pressure is applied while heating the laminated molded body 23 to integrate the laminated molded body 23 to obtain a columnar laminated molded body.
[0032]
Moreover, as a method of pressurizing, pressurization by hydrostatic pressure is desirable in terms of improving the lamination accuracy, and the pressure is desirably 20 to 120 MPa.
[0033]
The integrated columnar laminated body is cut to a predetermined size, and then degreased at 400 to 800 ° C. for 5 to 40 hours in the atmosphere, and thereafter at 900 to 1200 ° C. for 2 to 5 hours. The main firing is performed to obtain a columnar laminate 33 as shown in FIG. The columnar laminate 33 has an active portion in which piezoelectric layers 41 and internal electrodes 42 are alternately stacked, and one side of the internal electrodes 42 is alternately exposed on the opposite side surfaces.
[0034]
Next, as shown in FIG. 1, a direct current voltage of 0.1 to 3 kV / mm is applied to the pair of external electrodes 4 to polarize the columnar laminated body, thereby completing a multilayer electronic component as a product. . Here, it is important that the rate of change before and after polarization of c / a, which is the ratio of lattice constants, is 0.5% or less. This is because if the change rate of c / a is larger than 0.5%, peeling occurs between the internal electrode 2 and the ceramic layer 1 due to stress generated during polarization. In the present invention, the change rate of c / a is desirably 0.2% or less in order to prevent peeling due to stress during polarization. Here, the lattice constant ratio c / a is obtained from the peak of the plane index (200) from the XRD diffraction pattern, and similarly, the lattice constant c is obtained from the peak of the plane index (002). Find c / a.
[0035]
By using the manufacturing method as described above, the gap at the interface between the internal electrode 2 and the ceramic layer 1 can be set to 2 μm or less. If the gap between the internal electrode 2 and the ceramic layer 1 is larger than 2 μm, a crack is generated from the gap when a high voltage is applied, or a crack is generated from the gap when continuously driven for a long period of time. . Although the multilayer electronic component of the present invention can prevent peeling, in reality, a gap of an interface larger than 2 μm may be generated in part due to the mixing of foreign matters in the process, but a gap of 2 μm or less is active. If it is 50% or more, the reliability can be ensured.
[0036]
Next, as shown in FIG. 1, a silver glass paste containing silver as a main component is applied to the side surface of the columnar laminate 3 where the end of the internal electrode 2 is exposed, and the ceramic is formed at a maximum temperature of 500 to 900 ° C. The external electrode 4 is formed by performing a heat treatment that cools the Curie temperature t (° C.) of the layer 1 at a rate of t / 3 (° C./min) or less. Thereby, the internal electrodes 2 are alternately connected to the external electrodes 4 every other layer.
[0037]
This is because when the cooling rate is higher than t / 3 (° C./min), stress is generated at the interface due to the difference in thermal expansion coefficient between the internal electrode 2 and the ceramic layer 1 to cause delamination and cracks.
[0038]
In particular, the cooling rate within the temperature range of 1.2 t to 0.8 t (° C.) is desirably t / 3 (° C./min) or less. Since the ceramic layer 1 is cubic at a temperature higher than the Curie temperature and is rhombohedral or tetragonal at a temperature lower than the Curie temperature, the crystal layer changes when the cooling rate is increased in the temperature range where the crystal layer changes. This is because delamination is likely to occur due to internal stress caused by this.
[0039]
Here, as a method for confirming the gap between the internal electrode 2 and the ceramic layer 1, inspection by ultrasonic flaw detection or SEM of a fracture surface is used. Although it is desirable to use ultrasonic flaw detection because it is possible to inspect the entire gap distribution of the multilayer electronic component easily and non-destructively, the actual size of the gap can also be confirmed by observing the SEM of the fracture surface. Here, when the cross section is finished to a mirror surface and observed by SEM, the internal electrode 2 extends into the gap due to the ductility of the internal electrode 2 even if the gap actually exists. It is. From the results obtained by observing the surface perpendicular to the stacking direction by inspection by ultrasonic flaw detection, the area ratio between the part where peeling of 2 μm or more occurs and the part where it does not occur in the substantially active part Calculate the peel rate.
[0040]
In the inspection by ultrasonic flaw detection, a plurality of cross sections may be observed at a time. Generally, in the inspection by ultrasonic flaw detection, when the depth of focus is deepened, the sensitivity is lowered. Therefore, for those having a large number of stacked layers and a height of 5 mm or more, cut and split to a height of 2 to 5 mm perpendicular to the stacking direction. Then, it is desirable to calculate the rate of peeling by performing an inspection by ultrasonic flaw detection. The internal electrode 2 and the ceramic are formed on a part of a portion that is likely to be a starting point of fracture due to a stress due to driving, a stress due to an electric field, a stress due to buckling, etc. The portion where the gap with the layer 1 is 2 μm or less may be 50% or more of the substantially active portion.
[0041]
Further, in the above embodiment, as shown in FIG. 2, one columnar laminated body is produced by one laminated molded body 3, but a plurality of internal conductor patterns are formed on one ceramic green sheet 21, and this ceramic is formed. A plurality of green sheets 21 are laminated to produce a mother laminated molded body capable of producing a large number of columnar laminated bodies, and this laminated molded body is cut at a predetermined size to obtain a large number of columnar shapes as shown in FIG. Of course, the present invention may be applied to a method for manufacturing a multilayer electronic component in which a multilayer compact is produced at a time.
[0042]
In the multilayer electronic component of the present invention, in order to prevent peeling of the interface between the internal electrode 2 and the ceramic layer 1, the higher the ratio of the internal electrode 2 in the multilayer cross section, the better. In particular, it is suitably used when the ratio of the internal electrode 2 is 70% or more.
[0043]
The method for manufacturing a multilayer electronic component of the present invention is suitably used for a method for manufacturing a multilayer electronic component such as a multilayer piezoelectric transformer, a multilayer capacitor, or a multilayer piezoelectric actuator. In particular, in a multilayer piezoelectric actuator using piezoelectric ceramics that is continuously driven in a high electric field, the multilayer electronic component manufacturing method of the present invention is preferably used.
[0044]
【Example】
Slurry in which a calcined powder of piezoelectric ceramic having a Curie temperature of 300 ° C. and a particle size of 0.7 μm made of lead zirconate titanate Pb (Zr, Ti) O 3 , an organic binder made of butyral resin, and a plasticizer are mixed. A ceramic green sheet 21 having a thickness of 150 μm was produced by a slip casting method.
[0045]
As shown in FIG. 2, silver-palladium serving as the internal electrode 2 and a conductive paste containing a solvent are printed on one surface of the ceramic green sheet 21 to a thickness of 4 μm by a screen printing method. Formed. As shown in FIG. 3, 30 ceramic green sheets 21 on which internal conductor patterns 22 are formed are stacked, and 5 ceramic green sheets 21 not coated with conductive paste are stacked on the upper and lower surfaces of the stacked body. A laminated molded body 23 having a simple structure was produced.
[0046]
Next, this laminated molded body 23 was placed in a mold, and was united by applying a pressure of 100 MPa by a hydrostatic press while heating at 90 ° C.
[0047]
After cutting this to a size of 10 mm × 10 mm, the binder was removed at 800 ° C. for 10 hours, and the main firing was carried out at 1130 ° C. for 2 hours to obtain a columnar laminate 3.
[0048]
Thereafter, an Ag glass paste containing silver as a main component is applied to the opposite side surfaces of the active portion, heated at 750 ° C. for 1 hour, and each heat treatment is completed at a cooling rate shown in Table 1, thereby forming the external electrode 4. Formed.
[0049]
Then, a 3 kV / mm direct current electric field was applied to the positive electrode and the negative external electrode 4 for 15 minutes to carry out polarization treatment, thereby producing a laminated piezoelectric element. Table 1 shows the rate of change of the lattice constant ratio c / a at this time.
[0050]
[Table 1]
Figure 2005050837
[0051]
From Table 1, sample Nos. Whose cooling rate is outside the scope of the present invention are shown. In No. 1, since the cooling rate was high, the gap at the interface was as large as 2.8 μm, and the portion below 2 μm was as small as 2%. Therefore, the occurrence of delamination could be confirmed by visual inspection using a binocular microscope. In contrast, sample No. which is an example according to the present invention. In 2 to 5, no delamination at the interface was observed.
[0052]
【The invention's effect】
As described in detail above, in the multilayer electronic component of the present invention, delamination occurs by setting the portion where the gap between the internal electrode and the ceramic layer is 2 μm or less to be substantially 50% or more of the active portion. Therefore, it is possible to provide a multilayer electronic component having high reliability.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a side view of a multilayer electronic component of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a plan view of a ceramic sheet constituting the multilayer electronic component of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a developed perspective view of a multilayer molded body that is a multilayer electronic component of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a multilayer structure that is a multilayer electronic component of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a diagram showing defects between a ceramic layer and internal electrodes of a conventional multilayer electronic component.
[Explanation of symbols]
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 ... Ceramic layer 2 ... Internal conductor pattern 3 ... Columnar laminated body 4 ... External electrode 8 ... Active part 9 ... Inactive part 21 ... Ceramic green sheet 22 ... Internal conductor pattern 23 ... laminated molded body

Claims (5)

複数のセラミック層と複数の内部電極とを交互に積層してなる柱状積層体と、該柱状積層体の側面に設けられ、前記内部電極が一層おきに交互に接続される一対の外部電極とを具備してなる積層型電子部品であって、前記内部電極とセラミック層との隙間が2μm以下である部分が、実質的に活性な部分の50%以上であることを特徴とする積層型電子部品。A columnar laminate formed by alternately laminating a plurality of ceramic layers and a plurality of internal electrodes, and a pair of external electrodes provided on the side surfaces of the columnar laminate, the internal electrodes being alternately connected every other layer A laminated electronic component comprising: a portion where the gap between the internal electrode and the ceramic layer is 2 μm or less is 50% or more of a substantially active portion. . 前記セラミック層が圧電セラミックスであることを特徴とする請求項1記載の積層型電子部品。2. The multilayer electronic component according to claim 1, wherein the ceramic layer is a piezoelectric ceramic. 請求項1または2記載の積層型電子部品の製造方法であって、複数のセラミック層と複数の内部電極とを交互に積層してなる柱状積層体を作製する工程と、該柱状積層体を所望の寸法に加工する工程と、該柱状積層体を熱処理する工程と、該柱状積層体の側面に、導電性ペーストを塗布する工程と、該導電性ペーストを熱処理し、前記内部電極と一層おきに交互に接続される一対の外部電極を作製する工程と、前記外部電極に電圧を印加し、格子定数の比であるc/aの変化率が0.5%以下となるように分極処理を行う工程とを具備することを特徴とする積層型電子部品の製造方法。3. A method of manufacturing a multilayer electronic component according to claim 1, wherein a step of producing a columnar laminated body in which a plurality of ceramic layers and a plurality of internal electrodes are alternately laminated, and the columnar laminated body is desired. A step of processing the columnar laminate, a step of heat-treating the columnar laminate, a step of applying a conductive paste to the side surface of the columnar laminate, a heat treatment of the conductive paste, and the internal electrode every other layer A process of producing a pair of alternately connected external electrodes, and a voltage is applied to the external electrodes, and polarization treatment is performed so that the rate of change of c / a, which is the ratio of lattice constants, is 0.5% or less. A method for producing a multilayer electronic component, comprising: a step. 前記熱処理の工程において、熱処理の最高温度からの冷却速度が、前記セラミック層のキュリー温度をt(℃)としたとき、t/3(℃/分)以下であることを特徴とする請求項3記載の積層型電子部品の製造方法。The cooling rate from the highest temperature of the heat treatment in the heat treatment step is t / 3 (° C / min) or less, where the Curie temperature of the ceramic layer is t (° C). The manufacturing method of the multilayer electronic component of description. 前記熱処理の工程において、熱処理からの冷却時に、前記セラミック層のキュリー温度をt(℃)としたとき、1.2t〜0.8tの温度域の冷却速度がt/3(℃/分)以下であることを特徴とする請求項3記載の積層型電子部品の製造方法。In the heat treatment step, when cooling from the heat treatment, when the Curie temperature of the ceramic layer is t (° C.), the cooling rate in the temperature range of 1.2 t to 0.8 t is t / 3 (° C./min) or less. The method of manufacturing a multilayer electronic component according to claim 3, wherein:
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EP04771171A EP1653527A4 (en) 2003-07-28 2004-07-28 Laminate type electronic component and production method therefor and laminate type piezoelectric element
US10/566,044 US7633210B2 (en) 2003-07-28 2004-07-28 Multi-layer electronic component and method for manufacturing the same, multi-layer piezoelectric element
CNB2004800215169A CN100448047C (en) 2003-07-28 2004-07-28 Laminate type electronic component and production method therefor, laminate type piezoelectric element and jet device
CN200810080741A CN100583480C (en) 2003-07-28 2004-07-28 Multi-layer piezoelectric component
PCT/JP2004/011130 WO2005011009A1 (en) 2003-07-28 2004-07-28 Laminate type electronic component and production method therefor and laminate type piezoelectric element
EP11169066A EP2365553A1 (en) 2003-07-28 2004-07-28 Multi-layer piezoelectric element
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