JP2002275080A - Skin care preparation - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a skin care preparation comprising a bleaching and skin beautifying ingredient having higher inhibitory actions on melanin formation than those of a conventional bleaching agent, scarcely deteriorating in the preparation and providing high medicinal effects. SOLUTION: This skin care preparation comprises a pressed juice of a cranberry fruit and/or an extract from the cranberry fruit and a skin care preparation comprises (A) the pressed juice of the cranberry fruit and/or the extract from the cranberry fruit and (B) one or more kinds of medicinal effective ingredients selected from a bleaching agent, an antioxidant, an antiinflammatory agent, a cell activator and an ultraviolet preventing agent.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0001]

TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to an external preparation for skin containing a cranberry fruit juice and / or a cranberry extract, and more particularly to a cranberry fruit juice and / or a cranberry extract. The present invention relates to a skin external preparation having an excellent whitening effect and a beautiful skin effect for preventing and improving pigmentation and improving skin clarity.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, skin external preparations such as emulsions, creams, lotions, packs, cleansers, dispersions, ointments, and external preparations have been variously formulated with the aim of imparting a predetermined medicinal effect to them. Has been added. For example, whitening agents such as ascorbic acid, placental extract, glutathione, and hydroquinone have been added to prevent or improve skin darkening caused by sunburn and the like, and spots and freckles caused by pigmentation.

[0003]

However, in many cases, these whitening agents do not have sufficient whitening effect or do not have the desired medicinal effect due to deterioration in the preparation. Was desired.

[0004]

Means for Solving the Problems The present inventors have conducted intensive studies on components that can be used as medicinal components of an external preparation for skin, and as a result, found that cranberry fruit juice and / or
Alternatively, the present inventors have found that a cranberry fruit extract has a high melanin production inhibitory action and is excellent as a whitening and skin beautiful component. The present inventors have found that this extract can be blended with a skin external preparation as a skin whitening and skin beautiful component, and that a more excellent effect as a skin external preparation can be obtained by combining the extract with other medicinal components, thereby completing the present invention.

[0005] That is, the present invention is characterized by containing cranberry fruit juice and / or cranberry fruit extract as a whitening and skin-smoothing component, and is effective in preventing and improving pigmentation and improving skin clarity. And a skin external preparation having an excellent whitening effect.

[0006]

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Cranberry used in the present invention is a plant belonging to the family Rhododendron of the family Rhododendron.
ton or Vaccinium oxycoccu
s, Japanese name is Tsurukokemomo. A shrub with evergreen elongate stems on the vine, flowers are white to pink, with reddish, glossy, sour fruits. Cranberries are mainly derived from North and South America, but the kind and production area of the juice and extract used in the present invention are not particularly limited.

[0007] The above cranberry fruit juice can be obtained by crushing and grinding cranberry fruit, lining it to remove pericarp and seeds, and separating it. , Concentration treatment, fine treatment, deodorization and decolorization treatment, etc., and the preparation method is not particularly limited. The obtained juice may be in the form of a paste, a gel, or a powder, if necessary, in addition to the solution.

In the present invention, the stock solution of cranberry fruit juice can be diluted with various solvents and used.
As the solvent, for example, one or more kinds of water; lower monohydric alcohols such as methyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol; and liquid polyhydric alcohols such as glycerin, propylene glycol and 1,3-butylene glycol can be used. Alternatively, one or more preservatives such as paraoxybenzoate and phenoxyethanol can be added for preservative use.

In the present invention, an extract of cranberry fruit can also be used. Cranberry fruit extract is obtained from cranberry fruit by using various extraction solvents. The extraction method is not particularly limited, but the extraction is carried out using a suitable solvent at a low temperature or at room temperature or under heating. As an extraction solvent for obtaining a cranberry extract, for example, water, lower monohydric alcohol (methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, 1-propanol,
-Propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, etc.), liquid polyhydric alcohols (glycerin, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, etc.), lower alkyl esters (ethyl acetate, etc.), hydrocarbons (benzene,
Hexane, pentane, etc.), ketones (acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, etc.), ethers (diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, dipropyl ether, etc.), acetonitrile, etc., and one or more kinds can be used.

[0010] As an example of a preferable extraction method, ethyl alcohol or 1,3-butylene glycol having a water content of 0 to 100 vol% is extracted at room temperature or heated for 1 to 5 days, and then filtered. Then, the obtained filtrate is allowed to stand for about one week to be aged, and then filtered again.

The content of the cranberry fruit juice and / or the cranberry fruit extract in the external preparation for skin of the present invention is preferably 0.00001 to 5% by mass as solid content.
(Hereinafter simply referred to as “%”), and more preferably 0.1%.
0001 to 2%. Within this range, the cranberry fruit juice and / or the cranberry fruit extract can be stably blended, and can exhibit high whitening and skin beautiful effects. When using an extract,
As long as the content of the solid content as a solute is within the above range, the concentration of the extract is not limited at all.

The cranberry fruit juice and / or cranberry fruit extract of the present invention is blended with various types of bases used in usual external preparations for the skin, according to a conventional method as a skin whitening and skin beautiful component. A skin external preparation can be obtained by making the composition into a skin, but by further combining it with other medicinal ingredients, a skin external preparation having more excellent skin whitening and skin effect can be obtained.

In the present invention, other medicinal ingredients (component (B)) used in combination with cranberry fruit juice and / or cranberry fruit extract (component (A)) are a whitening agent, an antioxidant, and an anti-inflammatory agent. Agents, cell activators, UV inhibitors, but as specific medicinal agents,
The following are respectively mentioned. In the parentheses, other names of plants, names of crude drugs, and the like are described.

(Whitening agent) As whitening agents, vitamin C and its derivatives (L-ascorbic acid phosphate, L
-Ascorbic acid sulfate, L-ascorbyl dipalmitate, L-ascorbyl tetraisopalmitate), placenta extract, glabridine, glabrene, liquiritin, isoliquiritin, and a liquorice extract containing these, adlay (yokunin) extract, Scutellaria (Oregon) extract, seaweed extract (kelp, makombu,
Brown algae such as wakame, hijiki, hibamata, shimeji, trollocum, swordfish, truss arame, tigaiso, hondawara, giant kelp; tengusa, tsunomata, suginori,
Red algae such as Usubanori, Asakusanori, Matsunori, Tosakamatsu, Funori, Ogonori, Sponge, Eggis, Egonori, etc .; Green algae; blue-green algae such as spirulina), juniper extract, mushroom extract, grape extract, wheat extract, tomato extract, carotenoids (carotene, lycopene, astaxanthin, etc.), agarose, oligosaccharides, neoagarobiose, Hydroquinone and its derivatives, cysteine and its derivatives, asparagus extract, Ibukitorano extract, Neubara (Aegitsu) extract, Eleuthero extract, pea extract, chamomile extract, coconut extract C. extract, orange extract, raspberry extract, kiwi extract, Clara (Kudin) extract, coffee extract, sesame oil, perilla oil, kokahi (Ezokogi) extract, rice extract, Saishin extract, hawthorn extract , Sampens (Karaoketsumei) extract, Peony extract, Shirayuri extract, Mulberry (Sohakuhaku) extract, Touki extract, Beech extract, Blackcurrant extract, Hop extract, Maikaika (Makai, Hamanas)
Extract, mocca (blurred) extract, saxifrage extract, tea extract (such as oolong tea, black tea, and green tea), soybean extract, molasses extract, and arhat extract.

Among these whitening agents, particularly preferred are vitamin C and its derivatives, licorice extract, barley (Yokuinin) extract, wheat extract, syrup extract, seaweed extract and tea extract. Can be

(Antioxidants) As antioxidants, vitamin E and its derivatives (dl-α (β, γ) -tocopherol, dl-α-tocopherol acetate, nicotinic acid-dl-α-tocopherol, linoleic acid) -Dl-α-
Tocopherols, tocopherols such as dl-α-tocopherol succinate and derivatives thereof, ubiquinones and the like),
Vitamin A and its derivatives (retinol palmitate,
Retinol such as retinol acetate and its derivatives, retinal such as dehydroretinal and its derivatives, etc., carotenoids (carotene, lycopene, astaxanthin, etc.), vitamin B and its derivatives (thiamine hydrochloride, thiamine sulfate, riboflavin, riboflavin acetate, hydrochloride) Pyridoxine, pyridoxine dioctanoate, flavin adenine nucleotide, cyanocobalamin, folate,
Nicotinic acids such as nicotinic acid amide and benzyl nicotinate, cholines, etc., vitamin C and its derivatives (L-ascorbic acid phosphate, L-ascorbic acid sulfate, L-ascorbyl dipalmitate, L-tetraisopalmitate) -Ascorbyl, etc.), vitamin D and its derivatives (ergocalciferol, cholecalciferol, dihydroxystannal, etc.), dibutylhydroxytoluene, butylhydroxyanisole, rutin and its derivatives, thiotaurine, taurine, hydroquinone and its derivatives, histidine, catechin And its derivatives, glabridine, glabrene, liquiritin, isoliquiritin and liquorice extract containing them, glutathione and its derivatives, gallic acid and its derivatives, cucumber extract, Duel extract, gentian (Gentiana) extract, Geranium thunbergii extract, cholesterol and its derivatives, hawthorn extract, peony extract,
Superoxide dismutase, ginkgo extract,
Aspergillus oryzae extract, carrot extract, maikaika (maikai, hamanas) extract, sampens (kawaragetsumei) extract, tormentilla extract, parsley extract, grape extract, button (buttonpig) extract, mannitol, melissa extract Stuff, yasajitsu (yasa) extract, saxifrage extract, rosemary (mannenrou)
Extracts, lettuce extracts, tea extracts (such as oolong tea, black tea, and green tea), microbial fermentation metabolites, seaweed extracts, eggshell membrane extracts, placenta extracts, and arhat extract.

Of these antioxidants, particularly preferred are vitamin E and its derivatives, vitamin C and its derivatives, rutin and its derivatives, yasazitsu extract, saxifrage extract, squid extract, superoxide dismutase, Ginkgo biloba extract, glutathione, histidine, mannitol, carotenoids.

(Anti-inflammatory agent) Examples of anti-inflammatory agents include glycyrrhizic acid and its derivatives, glycyrrhetinic acid and its derivatives, vitamin B and its derivatives (thiamine hydrochloride, thiamine sulfate, riboflavin, riboflavin acetate, pyridoxine hydrochloride, pyridoxine dihydrochloride). Octanoate, flavin adenine nucleotide, cyanocobalamin, folate,
Nicotinic acid amides, nicotinic acids such as benzyl nicotinate, cholines, etc.), aloe extract, ashitaba extract, altea extract, arnica extract, sulfur and its derivatives, nettle extract, cinnamon extract (turdworm), turmeric Extract, yellowfin (Otaku) extract, Hypericum perforatum extract, chamomile extract, Comfrey (Hypericum perforatum) extract, honeysuckle (Kinginka) extract, watercress extract, salvia (sage) extract, Waremokou (Jiyu) extract , Shikon (Murasaki) extract, Perilla extract, Birch extract, Elderberry extract, Gama (Houra)
Extracts, mud mushroom extracts, eucalyptus extracts, mugwort extracts, astragalus extracts, chondroitin sulfate and its derivatives, zinc oxide and the like.

Among these anti-inflammatory agents, particularly preferred are glycyrrhizic acid and its derivatives, glycyrrhetinic acid and its derivatives, vitamins B and their derivatives, arnica extract, nettle extract, and yellowfin (oubak) extract. And chamomile extract, perilla extract, and comfrey (Hypericum) extract.

(Cell activator) Cell activators include vitamin A and its derivatives (retinol and derivatives thereof such as retinol palmitate and retinol acetate, retinal and derivatives thereof such as dehydroretinal and the like), carotenoids (carotene, lycopene, and the like). Vitamin B and its derivatives (thiamine hydrochloride, thiamine sulfate, riboflavin, riboflavin acetate, pyridoxine hydrochloride, pyridoxine dioctanoate, flavin adenine nucleotide, cyanocobalamin, folic acids, nicotinamide, benzyl nicotinate, etc.) Nicotinic acid, choline, etc.), vitamin C and its derivatives (L-ascorbic acid phosphate, L-ascorbic acid sulfate, L-ascorbyl dipalmitate, L-ascolate tetraisopalmitate) Buildings), ribonucleic acids and salts thereof,
Deoxyribonucleic acid and its salts, α- and γ-linolenic acid, xanthine and its derivatives (such as caffeine), almond extract, asparagus extract, amino acids and its derivatives (serine, glutamic acid, theanine, hydroxyproline, pyrrolidone carboxylic acid) Etc.), apricot (kyonin) extract, ginkgo extract, docosahexaenoic acid and its derivatives, eicosapentaenoic acid and its derivatives,
Yellowfin (Obak) extract, Barley (Bakuga) extract, Kiwi extract, Cucumber extract, Lactic acid, Citric acid,
Succinic acid, shiitake extract, horse chestnut extract, assembly extract, soybean extract, jujube (traditional) extract, camellia extract, capsicum extract, calendula extract,
Tomato extract, garlic extract, carrot extract, hinokitiol, bukuro extract, grape seed oil, beech extract, peach extract, eucalyptus extract, lily extract, lettuce extract, lemon extract, rosemary (mannen wax ) Extracts, animal-derived extracts (mollusc extracts such as cuttlefish, shell extract, shellfish extract, fish extract, cockscomb extract, silk protein and its degradation products, placenta extract, serum deproteinized extract, Royal jelly, lactoferrin or a degradation product thereof), microbial fermentation metabolites (derived from lactic acid bacteria, bifidobacteria, etc.), reishi extract, and the like.

Of these cell activators, particularly preferred are vitamin A and its derivatives, vitamin C
And its derivatives, citric acid, malic acid, pyrrolidone carboxylic acid, cockscomb extract, yeast extract, lactic acid bacteria extract, bifidobacterium extract, microorganisms selected from fermented metabolites, such as extracts derived from microorganisms such as Lingzhi extract Origin Extract, Carrot Extract, Soy Extract, Barley (Bakuga)
Extract.

(Ultraviolet inhibitor) As the ultraviolet inhibitor,
2-ethylhexyl paramethoxycinnamate, 4-te
rt-butyl-4'-methoxydibenzoylmethane, 2
-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone-5-sulfonic acid, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone-5
Sodium sulfonate, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone-5-sodium sulfate, titanium oxide,
Zinc oxide and the like can be mentioned. In addition, a higher effect is exhibited when fine particles are used.

Of these UV inhibitors, particularly preferred are 2-ethylhexyl paramethoxycinnamate, 4-tert-butyl-4'-methoxydibenzoylmethane, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, Examples include titanium oxide, fine particle titanium oxide, and zinc oxide.

The compounding amount of the above-mentioned component (B) in the external preparation for skin of the present invention varies depending on the kind of the above-mentioned medicinal agent, but is preferably in the following range. Within this range, the cranberry fruit juice of component (A) and / or
Or, when combined with the cranberry fruit extract, it does not affect the stability over time of the cranberry fruit juice and / or the cranberry fruit extract of the preparation and the component (A) in the preparation, so that a higher whitening effect and skin beauty can be obtained. Can be effective).

That is, the amount of the whitening agent in the external preparation for skin of the present invention is preferably 0.00001 to 5%, more preferably 0.0001 to 3%.
When the placenta extract and the plant extract are used as they are, the dry solid content may be within this range. Within this range, a skin external preparation exhibiting more excellent whitening and skin effect and having a good feeling upon use can be obtained.

The content of the antioxidant in the external preparation for skin of the present invention is preferably 0.00001 to 5%, more preferably 0.0001 to 3%. When the plant extract is used as it is as the extract, the dry solid content may be within this range. Within this range, a skin external preparation exhibiting more excellent antioxidant effect and exhibiting excellent whitening and beautiful skin effects can be obtained.

The compounding amount of the anti-inflammatory agent in the external preparation for skin of the present invention is preferably in the range of 0.00001 to 5%, more preferably in the range of 0.0001 to 3%.
When the plant extract is used as it is as the extract, the dry solid content may be within this range. Within this range, an external preparation for skin which exhibits an excellent anti-inflammatory effect and also has excellent whitening and skin beautiful effects can be obtained.

The amount of the cell activator in the external preparation for skin of the present invention is preferably 0.00001 to 5%, more preferably 0.0001 to 3%. When the extract is used as it is, the extract may be in this range as a dry solid content. Within this range, a skin external preparation that exhibits a more excellent effect of improving skin roughness and that exhibits excellent whitening and skin effect can be obtained.

The compounding amount of the ultraviolet ray inhibitor in the external preparation for skin of the present invention is preferably 0.01 to 30%, more preferably 0.1 to 20%. Within this range, a skin external preparation that exhibits a more excellent ultraviolet ray preventing effect and also has an excellent whitening and skin beautiful effect can be obtained.

These whitening agents, antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents, cell activators and UV inhibitors can be used alone or in combination of two or more.

The external preparation for skin which combines the above-mentioned components (A) and (B) is also prepared according to a conventional method using the essential components (A) and (B) as various conventional external preparations for skin. Can be prepared by blending with a base of the form:

Examples of the form of the external preparation for skin are not particularly limited, and include, for example, milky lotions, creams, lotions, essences, powders, packs, detergents, makeup cosmetics,
It can be a cosmetic such as a dispersion or an ointment, or an external medicine.

In addition to the above-mentioned essential components, the external preparation for skin of the present invention is usually used in the preparation of cosmetics, quasi-drugs, and external medicines, as long as the effects of the present invention are not impaired. Ingredients used, i.e., water (purified water, hot spring water, deep water, etc.), oil agent, surfactant, metal soap, gelling agent,
Powders, alcohols, water-soluble polymers, film-forming agents, resins, clathrates, salts, PH regulators, chelating agents, cooling agents, extracts from animals and microorganisms, plant extracts, antibacterial agents,
Moisturizing agents, blood circulation promoters, enzymes, astringents, antiseborrheic agents, keratolytic agents, hormones, vitamins, preservatives, fragrances and the like can be added. Specific examples of suitable components include those shown below. Here, the “derivative” includes a salt that can be formed.

[0034] The oils are solid, semi-solid, liquid or volatile as long as they are constituents of the base or improve the usability and usability, and are used in ordinary skin external preparations. Whether they are natural oils such as animal oils, vegetable oils, mineral oils, or synthetic oils, hydrocarbons, oils and fats, waxes, hardened oils, esters, and fatty acids And higher alcohols, silicone oils, fluorinated oils, and lipophilic surfactants. Specifically, paraffin wax, ceresin wax, microcrystalline wax, carnauba wax, candelilla wax, beeswax, mokuro, gay wax, polyethylene wax, liquid paraffin, squalane, polybutene,
Vaseline, olive oil, castor oil, jojoba oil, macadamian nut oil, lanolin, pentaerythritol rosinate, dipentaerythritol fatty acid ester, cholesterol fatty acid ester, di-N-lauroyl-L-glutamate (cholesteryl behenyl octyldodecyl) ), Isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, cetyl 2-ethylhexanoate, octyldodecyl myristate, glyceryl trioctanoate, polyglyceryl triisostearate, polyglyceryl triisostearate, stearic acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, behenic acid, isostearin Acid, oleic acid, cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, lauryl alcohol, isostearyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, dimethylpolysilo Sun, methylphenylpolysiloxane, methylhydrogenpolysiloxane, crosslinked methylpolysiloxane, silicone oil such as crosslinked methylphenylpolysiloxane, perfluorooctane, perfluorodecane, perfluoropolyether, fluorine-based silicone, etc. Oils and the like.

Surfactants are used for emulsification and solubilization of oils and the like, and anionic, cationic, amphoteric and nonionic surfactants can be used. For example, anionic surfactants include fatty acids such as stearic acid and lauric acid and their inorganic and organic salts, alkylbenzene sulfates, alkyl sulfonates, α-olefin sulfonates, dialkyl sulfosuccinates, α-sulfones Fatty acid salt, acylmethyl taurine salt, N-methyl-N-alkyl taurine salt, polyoxyethylene alkyl ether sulfate, polyoxyethylene alkyl phenyl ether sulfate, alkyl phosphate, polyoxyethylene alkyl ether phosphate, polyoxy Ethylene alkyl phenyl ether phosphate, N-acyl amino acid salt, N
-Acyl-N-alkylamino acid salts, o-alkyl-substituted malates, alkylsulfosuccinates and the like. As the amphoteric surfactant, there are carboxylic acid type, sulfate type, sulfonic acid type and phosphate type of amino acid type and betaine type, and those which are safe for human body can be used. For example, N, N-dimethyl-N-alkyl-N-carboxylmethylammonium betaine, N, N-dialkylaminoalkylenecarboxylic acid, N, N, N-trialkyl-N-sulfoalkyleneammonium betaine, N, N- Dialkyl-N,
N-bis (polyoxyethylene sulfate) ammonium betaine, 2-alkyl-1-hydroxyethyl-1-carboxymethylimidazolinium betaine, and the like. As the nonionic surfactant, glycerin fatty acid ester and its alkylene glycol adduct, polyglycerin fatty acid ester and its alkylene glycol adduct, propylene glycol fatty acid ester and its alkylene glycol adduct, sorbitan fatty acid ester and its alkylene glycol adduct, Fatty acid esters of sorbitol and alkylene glycol adducts thereof,
Polyalkylene glycol fatty acid ester, sucrose fatty acid ester, glycerin alkyl ether, polyoxyalkylene alkyl ether, polyoxyethylene alkyl phenyl ether, polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil, alkylene glycol adduct of lanolin and the like can be mentioned.

The metal soap is a metal salt other than an alkali salt such as a fatty acid, such as aluminum stearate,
Examples include magnesium stearate and zinc laurate.

The gelling agent is used for stabilizing the system, improving the usability, and the feeling upon use. Amino acid derivatives such as N-lauroyl-L-glutamic acid; dextrin fatty acid esters such as dextrin palmitic acid ester; Examples include fatty acid esters and organically modified clay minerals.

The powder is used for various purposes such as coloring, concealing the skin, or improving the feeling of use. If the powder is used in ordinary cosmetics, its shape (spherical, needle-like,
Any of them can be used regardless of plate shape, etc., particle size (fog, fine particles, pigment grade, etc.) and particle structure (porous, non-porous, etc.). For example, examples of the inorganic powder include barium sulfate, calcium carbonate, talc, mica, synthetic mica, mica, kaolin, sericite, silicic acid, silicic anhydride, aluminum magnesium silicate, ceramic powder, and boron nitride. As organic powder,
Polyester powder, polyethylene powder, polystyrene powder, nylon powder, lauroyl lysine, and the like.Examples of colored pigments include iron oxides, carbon black, chromium oxide, navy blue, ultramarine blue and other inorganic pigments, and tar pigments. Pearl pigments include titanium oxide coated mica, titanium oxide coated mica, bismuth oxychloride, titanium oxide coated bismuth oxychloride, titanium oxide coated talc, fish scale foil, titanium oxide coated coloring Examples include mica and the like, and other tar dyes and natural dyes such as carminic acid. These powders may be compounded, or may be surface-treated with an oil agent, silicone, a fluorine compound, or the like.

[0039] Alcohols and water-soluble polymers are used for stabilizing the system, improving usability and feeling of use, and also for obtaining a moisturizing effect. As alcohols, lower alcohols such as ethanol and isopropanol, glycerols such as glycerin, diglycerin and polyglycerin, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, And glycols such as polyethylene glycol.

Examples of the water-soluble polymer include plant polymers such as carrageenan, pectin, agar, locust bean gum and guar gum, microbial polymers such as xanthan gum, animal polymers such as casein and gelatin, and starches such as starch. Polymer, methylcellulose, ethylcellulose,
Cellulosic polymers such as carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, nitrocellulose and crystalline cellulose; alginic acid polymers such as sodium alginate; vinyl polymers such as carboxyvinyl polymer; polyoxyethylene polymers; polyoxyethylene polyoxy Examples include propylene copolymer polymers, acrylic polymers such as sodium polyacrylate, and inorganic water-soluble polymers such as bentonite and hectorite. In addition, film-forming agents such as polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl pyrrolidone are also included in these.

Examples of extracts derived from animals or microorganisms include hemoglobin or its degradation products, extracts such as mammals such as cuttlefish, birds, shellfish, insects, fish, molluscs, and crustaceans, and extracts derived from microorganisms. Objects and the like. By blending an animal or microorganism-derived extract, a moisturizing effect, a cell activating effect, a whitening effect, an anti-inflammatory effect, a skin aging preventing effect, an active oxygen removing effect, a blood circulation promoting effect, and the like can be imparted.

The plant extract includes a plant extraction site,
There is no particular limitation on the extraction method and the like. For example, it can be extracted from the whole plant, or the roots, stems, stems, barks, sprouts, leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, etc., and dried, shredded, and squeezed. Alternatively, it can be subjected to an appropriate treatment such as fermentation or the like, and can be extracted at low temperature or at room temperature to heating using various appropriate solvents. As the extraction solvent, for example, one or more kinds of water; lower monohydric alcohols such as methyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol; and liquid polyhydric alcohols such as glycerin, propylene glycol and 1,3-butylene glycol can be used. . Extraction can also be carried out using a lipophilic solvent such as hexane, acetone, ethyl acetate, ether, etc. Alternatively, extraction using an oily component such as squalane may be used. The resulting extract may be filtered, adsorbed, decolored, and purified to a solution, paste, gel, or powder. If necessary, purification treatment such as deodorization and decolorization may be performed within a range that does not affect the effect. Plants include: Amachea, Usbania oil, Odorikosou, Ononis, oats, quince seed, gardenia, kumazasa, grapefruit, burdock, sesame, cactus, sabonsou,
Jio, Shimotsuke, Ginger, Shobu, Common mint (Peppermint), Gentle oyster (Usubenitachioi), Senkyu, Tachijakosou (thyme), Hamamerisu, Rose, Hinoki, Sunflower, Fukidanpopo, Butchers bloom, Prune, Hojima, Bodaiju, Macadamia nuts, olives, safflower, sunflowers, avocados, medou homes, camellias, borage (rurizisa), cacao, shea, pine, quince, marronie,
Cornflower, lime, lavender, apple and the like. Moisturizing effect by blending plant extract,
Cell activating effect, whitening effect, anti-inflammatory effect, skin aging preventing effect, active oxygen removing effect, blood circulation promoting effect and the like can be provided.

Examples of the antibacterial agent include parachlorometacresol, benzalkonium chloride, and isopropylmethylphenol. When these are blended, pigmentation due to bacterial skin inflammation such as acne is suppressed, and higher whitening is achieved. , Can show beautiful skin effect.

Examples of the humectant include proteins such as collagen, elastin and keratin or derivatives thereof, hydrolysates and salts thereof, mucopolysaccharides such as chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid and derivatives thereof, serine, glycine, theanine and aspartic acid. , Amino acids such as arginine and their derivatives, sorbitol, maltitol,
Erythritol, trehalose, inositol, glucose, xylitol, sucrose and its derivatives, dextrin and its derivatives, saccharides such as honey, D-panthenol and its derivatives, glycolipids, ceramide, pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid and its salts, soybeans and eggs Phospholipids, urea and the like. By blending these humectants, higher whitening and skin beautiful effects can be exhibited, and transparent skin can be realized.

The blood circulation promoting agent is used for promoting the excretion of melanin by promoting the blood flow of the skin, and includes, for example, pepper tincture, γ-oryzanol, and the like, and the enzymes include lipase, papain, and the like. By blending these, even higher whitening and beautiful skin effects can be exhibited.

[0046]

EXAMPLES Next, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to Reference Examples, Test Examples and Examples, but the present invention is not limited thereto.

Reference Example 1 Production of Cranberry Fruit Juice Cranberry fruit was crushed and strained by a conventional method to remove seeds and the like to obtain a cranberry fruit juice. Then
The cranberry juice was circulated several times at high speed using a grinder to perform a fine treatment. The obtained processing solution is centrifuged and centrifuged to separate the sediment containing most insoluble solids and the liquid part (solid content 7%), and this liquid part is subjected to filtration treatment with a microfiltration membrane. Was carried out to obtain a cranberry fruit juice.

Reference Example 2 Production of Cranberry Fruit Extract 10 g of cranberry fruit was crushed by a conventional method and
1% 1,3-butylene glycol solution, and 50 vol
100 mL of ethyl alcohol at room temperature.
After extraction for one day, filtration was performed to obtain each extract. The dry solids of these extracts were 1.5% and 1.8%, respectively.

Reference Example 3 Preparation of Yokuinin Extract To 10 g of Yokuinin (JP), 100 mL of 70 vol% ethyl alcohol was added, extracted at room temperature for 3 days, and filtered to obtain a Yokuinin extract. At this time, the dry solid content of the yokunin extract was 0.8%.

Test Example 1 Inhibition of Melanin Production and Cell Viability Test by Cell Culture B16 melanoma cultured cells derived from mice were used. 2
An appropriate amount of a MEM medium containing 10% FBS was taken in a 6-well petri dish, B16 melanoma cells were inoculated, and allowed to stand at 37 ° C. in a carbon dioxide concentration of 5%. The next day, the final concentration of the cranberry fruit juice or the cranberry fruit extract obtained in Reference Example 1 was converted to a solid content of 0 (control), 60, 180,
The sample preparation was added and mixed to a concentration of 600 μg / mL. On the fifth day of the culture, the medium was replaced, and the sample preparation solution was added again. On the next day, the medium was removed, and one petri dish was washed with a phosphate buffer and then collected. The degree of whitening of the cultured B16 melanoma cells was evaluated according to the following criteria. Further, as a comparative example, the same test was performed on the yoquinin extract obtained in Reference Example 3 which is already known to have a melanin production inhibitory action.

(Judgment Criteria) +: Clearly white with respect to the control. ±: slightly white compared to the control. -: Same black as the control.

For the remaining one petri dish, the cells were fixed in formalin and stained with a 1% crystal violet solution. Cell viability for each sample concentration was measured with a monocerator (Olympus). Table 1 shows the above results.

(Result)

[Table 1]

* 1 Manufactured in Reference Example 1 * 2 Manufactured in Reference Example 2 * 3 Manufactured in Reference Example 3

As is evident from the results in Table 1, it was confirmed that the cranberry fruit juice and the extract had high melanin production inhibitory activity and low toxicity to cultured B16 melanoma cells. Therefore, the cranberry fruit juice and extract, by applying this to the skin, exerts an extremely excellent melanin production inhibitory effect, effectively suppresses skin blackening due to sunburn, spots, freckles, etc. A beautiful skin effect can be expected.

Embodiment 1 Cream A cream is prepared by the composition shown in Table 2 and the following production method, and whitening when using cranberry fruit juice alone or using a cranberry fruit juice with a whitening agent, an antioxidant, an anti-inflammatory agent, a cell activator, and a UV inhibitor. , The skin effect was examined. The results are also shown in Table 2.

(Composition and Results)

[Table 2]

(Production method) Components (1) to (6), (9), (12), (13)
And heat to keep at 70 ° C. B. Heat a portion of component (15) and maintain at 70 ° C. C. B was added to A, and (8), (10) and (11) dissolved in the remainder of (7), (14) and (15) were mixed and cooled to obtain a cream.

(Test method) 27 per test cream
Every day, morning and night 2
After washing the face, an appropriate amount of the test cream was applied to the face. The test was performed for 12 weeks. The whitening and skin effect by coating were evaluated according to the following criteria.

(Evaluation Criteria) <Evaluation> <Contents> Effective Skin dullness became inconspicuous. Slightly effective Skin dullness became less noticeable. Ineffective No change from before use.

As shown in the results in Table 2, the cream of the present invention 1 containing the juice of cranberry fruit can prevent and improve the occurrence of "dullness" on the skin by applying them to the skin. It is clear that it is possible to make beautiful skin, but in addition, the present invention product 2 which is combined with cranberry fruit juice and whitening agent, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory agent, cell activator, UV inhibitor By applying 6 to the skin, more effective prevention and improvement of the occurrence of "dullness" and the like of the skin than in the case of applying an external preparation containing only the cranberry fruit juice, It became clear to have beautiful skin.

Embodiment 2 Lotion (Prescription) (%) (1) Glycerin 10.0 (2) 1,3-butylene glycol 6.0 (3) 50 vol% 1,3-butylene glycol extract of cranberry fruit * 1 1.0 (4 ) Citric acid 0.1 (5) sodium citrate 0.3 (6) purified water balance (7) polyoxyethylene (60EO) hydrogenated castor oil 0.5 (8) ethyl alcohol 8.0 (9) ) Preservative appropriate amount (10) Fragrance appropriate amount * 1 manufactured in Reference Example 2

(Production Method) The components (1) to (6) are mixed and dissolved. B. Components (7) to (10) are mixed and dissolved. C. A and B were mixed and made uniform to obtain a lotion.

Embodiment 3 FIG. Lotion (Prescription) (%) (1) Glycerin 10.0 (2) 1,3-butylene glycol 6.0 (3) Cranberry fruit juice * 1 0.5 (4) Seaweed extract * 2 0.5 (5) Citric acid 0.1 (6) Sodium citrate 0.3 (7) Purified water balance (8) Polyoxyethylene (60EO) hydrogenated castor oil 0.5 (9) Ethyl alcohol 8.0 (10) Appropriate amount of preservative (11) Appropriate amount of flavor * 1 Produced in Reference Example 1 * 2 Manufactured by Maruzen Pharmaceutical Co.

(Production method) Components (1) to (7) are mixed and dissolved. B. Components (8) to (11) are mixed and dissolved. C. A and B were mixed and made uniform to obtain a lotion.

Embodiment 4 FIG. Emulsion (Formulation) (%) (1) Sorbitan monostearate 0.3 (2) Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (20EO) 0.1 (3) Lipophilic glyceryl monostearate 0.2 ( 4) Stearic acid 0.5 (5) Cetanol 0.5 (6) Squalane 3.0 (7) Liquid paraffin 4.0 (8) Glyceryl tri-2-ethylhexanoate 2.0 (9) Methyl polysiloxane 1. 0 (10) Hydrogenated soybean phospholipid 0.1 (11) dl-α-tocopherol acetate * 1 0.05 (12) Preservative appropriate amount (13) Carboxyvinyl polymer 0.1 (14) Sodium hydroxide 0.05 (15) Glycerin 5.0 (16) 1,3-butylene glycol 7.0 (17) Remaining amount of purified water (18) Ethyl alcohol 5.0 (19) Crambe 50 vol% ethyl alcohol extract of chromatography fruit * 2 0.1 (20) licorice extract * 3 1.0 (21) Perfume Appropriate amount * 1 Eisai Co. * 2 as prepared in Reference Example 2 * 3 Maruzen Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd.

(Production Method) The components (13) to (17) are mixed by heating and kept at 70 ° C. B. The components (1) to (12) are mixed by heating and kept at 70 ° C. C. Add B to A, mix and emulsify uniformly. D. After cooling C, (18) to (21) were added and mixed uniformly to obtain an emulsion.

Embodiment 5 FIG. Emulsion (Formulation) (%) (1) Sorbitan monostearate 0.3 (2) Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (20EO) 0.1 (3) Lipophilic glyceryl monostearate 0.2 ( 4) Stearic acid 0.5 (5) Cetanol 0.5 (6) Squalane 3.0 (7) Liquid paraffin 4.0 (8) Glyceryl tri-2-ethylhexanoate 2.0 (9) Methyl polysiloxane 1. 0 (10) Hydrogenated soybean phospholipid 0.1 (11) Astaxanthin * 1 0.2 (12) Preservative appropriate amount (13) Carboxyvinyl polymer 0.1 (14) Sodium hydroxide 0.05 (15) Glycerin 5 0.0 (16) 1,3-butylene glycol 7.0 (17) Remaining purified water (18) Ethyl alcohol 5.0 (19) Cranberry fruit juice * 2 0.5 (20) Yeast extract * 3 3.0 (21) Sodium hyaluronate 0.5 (22) Appropriate amount of flavor * 1 Sigma * 2 Manufactured in Reference Example 1 * 3 Maruzen Pharmaceutical

(Production method) The components (13) to (17) are mixed by heating and kept at 70 ° C. B. The components (1) to (12) are mixed by heating and kept at 70 ° C. C. Add B to A, mix and emulsify uniformly. D. After cooling C, (18) to (22) were added and mixed uniformly to obtain an emulsion.

Examples 2, 3, 4, and 5 all have excellent stability over time, and when applied to the skin, can prevent skin dullness, spots, and freckles due to sunburn, and are transparent and beautiful. Lotion and milky lotion to make skin.

Embodiment 6 FIG. Ointment (Formulation) (%) (1) Stearic acid 18.0 (2) Cetanol 4.0 (3) dl-α-tocopherol * 1 0.2 (4) Preservatives Appropriate amount (5) Triethanolamine 2.0 (6) Glycerin 5.0 (7) Remaining purified water (8) 50 vol% 1,3-butylene glycol extract of cranberry fruit * 2 1.0 (9) Stearyl glycyrrhetinate * 3 0.5 * 1 Eisai * 2 Manufactured in Reference Example 2 * 3 Maruzen Pharmaceutical

(Production Method) A part of components (5), (6) and (7) are mixed by heating and kept at 75 ° C. B. Heat and mix components (1) to (4) and (9),
To keep. C. Add A slowly to B. D. While cooling C, (8) dissolved in the remainder of (7) was added to obtain an ointment.

Embodiment 7 Ointment (Prescription) (%) (1) Stearic acid 18.0 (2) Cetanol 4.0 (3) Preservative appropriate amount (4) Triethanolamine 2.0 (5) Glycerin 5.0 (6) Purified water residue Amount (7) 50 vol% ethyl alcohol extract of cranberry * 1 2.0 (8) Ginkgo extract * 2 0.3 (9) Sodium pyrrolidonecarboxylate * 3 0.3 * 1 Produced in Reference Example 2 * 2 Tokiwa Plant Chemical Laboratory * 3 Ajinomoto

(Production method) A part of components (4), (5) and (6) are mixed by heating and kept at 75 ° C. B. Components (1) to (3) are mixed by heating and kept at 75 ° C. C. Add A slowly to B. D. C was dissolved in the remainder of (6) while cooling (7)-
(9) was added to obtain an ointment.

Examples 6 and 7 were ointments which were excellent in stability over time and applied to the skin to prevent "dullness", spots and freckles on the skin, and to make the skin transparent and beautiful.

Embodiment 8 FIG. (Prescription) (%) (1) Polyvinyl alcohol 15.0 (2) Silicic anhydride 0.5 (3) Polyethylene glycol 0.5 (4) Polyoxypropylene methyl glucoside 5.0 (5) Glycerin 5.0 (6) Remaining purified water (7) Ethyl alcohol 20.0 (8) Preservative appropriate amount (9) Cranberry fruit juice * 1 0.2 (10) Arnica extract * 2 0.2 (11) Carrot extract * 3 0.2 (12) Appropriate amount of fragrance * 1 Manufactured in Reference Example 1 * 2 Maruzen Pharmaceutical * 3 Maruzen Pharmaceutical

(Production Method) Mix components (1)-(6), heat to 70 ° C. and stir. B. Mix components (7) and (8). C. The above B was added to the above A, mixed, cooled, and (9) to (12) were uniformly dispersed to obtain a pack.

Embodiment 9 FIG. (Prescription) (%) (1) Polyvinyl alcohol 15.0 (2) Silicic anhydride 0.5 (3) Polyethylene glycol 0.5 (4) Polyoxypropylene methyl glucoside 5.0 (5) Glycerin 5.0 (6) Remaining purified water (7) Ethyl alcohol 20.0 (8) Preservative appropriate amount (9) 50% 1,3-butylene glycol extract of cranberry fruit * 1 0.5 (10) Yokuinin extract * 2 0.5 (11) Hydrolyzed conchiolin solution * 3 0.5 (12) Wheat extract * 4 0.5 (13) Perfume appropriate amount * 1 Produced in Reference Example 2 * 2 Produced in Reference Example 3 * 3 Maruzen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. * 4 Seiwa Chemical Co., Ltd.

(Production method) Mix components (1)-(7), heat to 70 ° C. and stir. B. Mix components (8) and (9). C. The above B was added to the above A, mixed and then cooled (1
0) to (13) were uniformly dispersed to obtain a pack.

Examples 8 and 9 were packs which were excellent in stability over time and applied to the skin to prevent "dullness" and spots on the skin and to make the skin transparent and beautiful.

Embodiment 10 FIG. Liquid foundation: (Formulation) (%) (1) Liquid lanolin 2.0 (2) Liquid paraffin 5.0 (3) Stearic acid 2.0 (4) Cetanol 1.0 (5) Self-emulsifying glyceryl monostearate 1.0 (6) Paramethoxycinnamic acid 8.0-2-ethylhexyl (7) Preservative appropriate amount (8) Glycerin 5.0 (9) Triethanolamine 1.0 (10) Carboxymethylcellulose 0.2 (11) ) Bentonite 0.5 (12) Purified water Remaining (13) Titanium oxide 6.0 (14) Fine titanium oxide 2.0 (15) Fine zinc oxide 5.0 (16) Mica 2.0 (17) Talc 4 0.0 (18) Color pigment 4.0 (19) Cranberry fruit juice * 1 0.01 (20) Licorice extract * 2 0.5 (21) Nettle extract * 30 .5 (22) Appropriate amount of perfume * 1 Produced in Reference Example 1 * 2 Maruzen Pharmaceutical Co. * 3 Maruzen Pharmaceutical Co.

(Production Method) A. Components (1) to (7) are mixed and dissolved. B. Add components (13) to (18) to A, mix uniformly, and keep at 70 ° C. C. Components (8) to (12) are uniformly dissolved and kept at 70 ° C. D. Add B to C and emulsify uniformly. E. FIG. After cooling D, components (19) to (22) were added to obtain a liquid foundation.

Embodiment 11 FIG. Liquid foundation: (Formulation) (%) (1) Liquid lanolin 2.0 (2) Liquid paraffin 5.0 (3) Stearic acid 2.0 (4) Cetanol 1.0 (5) Self-emulsifying glyceryl monostearate 1.0 (6) Paramethoxycinnamic acid 8.0-2-ethylhexyl (7) 4-tert-butyl-4'-methoxydibenzoylmethane 2.0 (8) Retinol palmitate * 1 0.2 (9 ) Preservative suitable amount (10) Glycerin 5.0 (11) Triethanolamine 1.0 (12) Carboxymethylcellulose 0.2 (13) Bentonite 0.5 (14) Remaining purified water (15) Titanium oxide 6.0 (16) Fine particle titanium oxide 2.0 (17) Fine particle zinc oxide 2.0 (18) Mica 2.0 (19) Talc 4.0 (20) Color pigment 2.0 (21) Cranberry fruit juice * 2 0.2 (22) α-glucosylrutin * 3 0.5 (23) Phosphorus-L-ascorbyl magnesium * 4 0.5 (24) Perfume appropriate amount * 1 Nippon Roche * 2 Manufactured in Reference Example 1 * 3 Toyo Sugar Co. * 4 Nikko Chemicals

(Production Method) A. Components (1) to (9) are mixed and dissolved. B. Add components (15) to (20) to A, mix uniformly, and keep at 70 ° C. C. Components (10) to (14), (22) and (23) are uniformly dissolved and kept at 70 ° C. D. Add B to C and emulsify uniformly. E. FIG. After cooling D, components (21) and (24) were added to obtain a liquid foundation.

Embodiment 12 FIG. Sunscreen emulsion (Prescription) (%) (1) Polyoxyalkylene-modified organopolysiloxane 1.0 (2) Dimethylpolysiloxane 5.0 (3) Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane 20.0 (4) Isotridecyl isononanoate 5 0.0 (5) 2-Ethylhexyl paramethoxycinnamic acid 5.0 (6) Preservative appropriate amount (7) Perfume appropriate amount (8) Silicon-treated fine particle titanium oxide 10.0 (9) Silicon-treated fine particle zinc oxide 10.0 (10) Polystyrene powder 3.0 (11) Trimethylsiloxysilicate 0.5 (12) Dipropylene glycol 3.0 (13) Ethyl alcohol 10.0 (14) Remaining purified water (15) Salt 0.2 ( 16) 50 vol% ethyl alcohol extract of cranberry fruit * 1 2.0 (17) Rosewood extract * 23 0 * 1 as prepared in Reference Example 2 * 2 Suntory Ltd.

(Production method) Components (1) to (11) are mixed and dispersed. B. Components (12) to (15) are mixed and dispersed. C. Add B to A and emulsify uniformly. D. The components (16) and (17) were added to C to obtain a sunscreen emulsion.

Embodiment 13 FIG. Sunscreen emulsion (Prescription) (%) (1) Polyoxyalkylene-modified organopolysiloxane 1.0 (2) Dimethylpolysiloxane 5.0 (3) Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane 20.0 (4) Isotridecyl isononanoate 5 2.0 (5) Paramethoxycinnamic acid-2-ethylhexyl 10.0 (6) Preservative proper amount (7) Fragrance proper amount (8) Silicon-treated fine particle titanium oxide 5.0 (9) Silicon-treated fine particle zinc oxide 5.0 (10) Polystyrene powder 3.0 (11) Trimethylsiloxysilicate 0.5 (12) Dipropylene glycol 3.0 (13) Ethyl alcohol 10.0 (14) Remaining purified water (15) Salt 0.2 ( 16) Cranberry fruit juice * 1 1.0 (17) Magnesium phosphate-L-ascorbyl * 2 3.0 (18) Oolong tea extract * 3 0.5 * 1 Produced in Reference Example 1 * 2 Nikko Chemicals * 3 Maruzen Pharmaceutical

(Production method) Components (1) to (11) are mixed and dispersed. B. Components (12) to (15) are mixed and dispersed. C. Add B to A and emulsify uniformly. D. The components (16) to (18) were added to C to obtain a sunscreen emulsion.

Examples 10 to 13 are liquid foundations and sunscreen emulsions which are excellent in stability over time and which are excellent in the effects of applying to the skin to prevent darkening of the skin due to sunburn, spots and freckles.

[0090]

As described above, the external preparation for skin containing the cranberry fruit juice and / or the cranberry fruit extract of the present invention has a melanin production inhibitory effect and a high inhibitory effect on pigmentation. It is effective in preventing and improving skin darkening due to dull skin, sunburn, etc., spots and freckles.

The skin according to the present invention, which contains, in addition to cranberry fruit juice and / or cranberry fruit extract, other medicinal ingredients such as whitening agents, antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents, cell activators, and UV inhibitors. The external preparation has a more excellent whitening and skin beautiful effect as compared with the case where the extract is blended alone.

Therefore, the external preparation for skin of the present invention can be advantageously used as cosmetics or pharmaceuticals for whitening and beautiful skin.

──────────────────────────────────────────────────続 き Continued on the front page (51) Int.Cl. ⁷ Identification symbol FI Theme coat ゛ (Reference) A61P 17/16 A61P 17/16 F-term (Reference) 4C083 AA032 AA082 AA111 AA112 AB032 AB172 AB212 AB242 AB432 AB442 AC022 AC072 AC102 AC122 AC212 AC242 AC302 AC342 AC422 AC432 AC442 AC542 AC612 AC912 AD022 AD042 AD092 AD112 AD152 AD162 AD172 AD272 AD332 AD392 AD412 AD512 AD532 AD572 AD642 AD662 BB46 BB47 BB51 CC02 CC03 CC04 CC05 CC07 CC12 CC19 DD22 DD23 DD31 EE12 EA4 MA14 NA14 MA14 MA14 MA14 ZB221 4C088 AB12 AC04 BA08 CA03 MA01 MA63 NA05 NA14 ZA89

Claims (3)

[Claims] 1. An external preparation for skin, comprising cranberry fruit juice and / or cranberry fruit extract. 2. The external preparation for skin according to claim 1, which comprises a cranberry fruit juice and / or a cranberry fruit extract as a whitening and beautiful skin component. 3. The following components (A) and (B): (A) cranberry fruit juice and / or cranberry fruit extract; (B) whitening agent, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory agent, cell activator, ultraviolet ray inhibitor An external preparation for skin, characterized by containing one or more kinds of pharmaceutically active agents selected from the group consisting of: