ITTO20130918A1 - PREFABRICATED MODULAR PANEL FOR CONSTRUCTION, IN PARTICULAR FOR HOUSES. - Google Patents

Description

"Prefabricated modular panel for buildings, especially for homes"

DESCRIPTION

Technical field

The present invention refers to a prefabricated modular panel for buildings, in particular for homes.

More specifically, the present invention refers to a panel according to the preamble of the attached claim 1.

Technological background

In the civil engineering sector, particularly in the building sector, the use of prefabricated elements for the construction of structures intended for different types of use, such as for example for housing structures, is known.

The use of prefabricated elements is convenient because it is cheaper, faster and easier to perform than ordinary construction methods.

Prefabricated concrete panels with a structural function are known in the state of the art.

A drawback of these panels, in addition to their considerable weight, is that they do not have sufficient thermal and acoustic insulation characteristics compatible with the needs of the building. In addition, the external surfaces of the concrete panel are not aesthetically pleasing and therefore need to be finished both on the external and internal façade of the building or associated with other structures with thermal and / or acoustic insulation characteristics.

Therefore, to obtain a finished building, various processes are required, including: the assembly of the panels, the laying and anchoring of thermal insulation, and finally the application of the plaster on the external and internal facing.

Prefabricated panels formed by a plurality of wooden layers are also known, which, in order to have a high resistance to the loads that stress the structure, are of considerable thickness and are generally expensive.

A further drawback of existing prefabricated panels is constituted by the means for connecting the various panels, which often comprise numerous elements to be assembled, thus expanding assembly times, increasing costs and complicating operations. Furthermore, some connections are not able to guarantee sufficient strength and stability to withstand the loads coming from the structure, the resistance of which is entrusted to said prefabricated panels.

In addition, some structures formed by modular elements are not easily removable and reusable, since some particularly critical parts of the structure, such as the joints between panels, are made using ordinary building materials, such as cement mortar and concrete.

Summary of the invention

An object of the present invention is to provide a panel capable of solving this and other drawbacks of the known art, and which at the same time can be produced in a simple and economical way.

A further object of the present invention is to provide a load-bearing panel, having a series of functional characteristics, including: thermal insulation, surface finish, ease of assembly and the possibility of being disassembled and then reused.

According to the present invention, this and other purposes are achieved by means of a panel made according to the attached claim 1.

It is to be understood that the attached claims are an integral part of the technical teachings provided herein in the detailed description that follows regarding the present invention.

Brief description of the drawings

Further characteristics and advantages of the present invention will become clear from the detailed description that follows, given purely by way of non-limiting example, with reference to the attached drawings, in which: - Figure 1 is a front view of a building in which there are panels made in accordance with the present invention;

Figure 2 is a front view of a panel according to a first embodiment of the present invention;

Figure 3 is a front view of a panel according to a second embodiment of the present invention;

- figure 4 is a section along the line IV-IV of a variant of the panel shown in fig. 2;

- figure 5 is a section along the line IV-IV of a further variant of the panel shown in fig. 2;

- figures 6 and 6a are sections of two panels connected to each other, in accordance with two embodiments;

- figure 7 is a section of a panel connected to earth;

- figures 8 and 8a are sections showing two panels connected to each other at an angle; figure 8b represents the detail indicated with VIII in figure 8a;

figure 9 represents various constructional details of the panel according to the present invention; Figure 10 is a perspective view of an angular shaped panel;

Figure 11 is a section showing an embodiment of a panel;

- figure 12 represents various construction details of an anchoring system;

- figure 13 represents an example of union between panels, in particular between vertical and horizontal panels;

- figure 14 represents a variant of union between panels and relative connection to earth;

Figure 15 is a front view of a variant of a panel;

- Figures 16a, 16b, 16c represent a further variant of a panel, respectively in a front view, in plan, and a section along the line XVI.

Detailed description of the invention

Figure 1 illustrates a construction 1 comprising a series of side walls including a plurality of panels 10, a floor 4 and a roof 3. There are also several openings A, in particular a window and a door, obtained by using particular variants of the panel 10 described below.

The roof 3 is made by arranging panels 10 along the horizontal or inclined plane, or a combination thereof, as required.

According to an embodiment variant, the roof 3 may not be made using panels 10, but constitutes an independent body that is hooked to the rest of the building structure.

In the illustrated embodiment, the building 1 is a single-storey building, but the construction of multi-storey structures is also possible.

In the case of multi-storey buildings, horizontal floors are required to act as a floor, or attic, 4 for each floor; this floor 4, according to a convenient embodiment variant, is also made through the use and assembly of one or more panels 10 in accordance with the present invention.

Even in the case of a single-storey building, the floor 4 can be made by using one or more panels 10 in accordance with the present invention.

Furthermore, these panels 10 can also act only as infill elements for a load-bearing structure, such as for example a frame formed by a reinforced concrete or steel frame, etc.

It will appear clear to a technician in the field that the conformation, extension, dimensions, internal subdivision of the building can vary widely, without however departing from the scope of protection of the present invention.

With reference to the aforementioned figures, a panel 10 according to the present invention is illustrated comprising: - at least a first coating layer 20;

- at least a second coating layer 22;

- at least one frame 25 located between said first and second covering layers 20, 22 and comprising a plurality of beams 30 rigidly constrained to each other.

In the first embodiment illustrated in Figure 2, each beam 30 is arranged in correspondence with a respective outer edge of said panel 10. In particular, the panel 10, conveniently rectangular in shape, preferably has four beams 30 rigidly connected to each other, arranged in such a way as to create the frame 25 shaped like a "frame", in which each beam 30 is located in proximity to a respective edge in a position substantially parallel to it; that is to say that the beam 30 can be slightly indented, protruding (at most a few cm) or aligned with respect to the outer edge of at least one of the two cladding layers 20, 22.

In accordance with the second embodiment illustrated in Figure 3, there are beams 30 of the frame 25 in correspondence with only some of the outer edges of the panel 10 (in this case three). In this case the frame 25 assumes a "U" shape. In other words, the frame 25 has an interruption at one side of the panel 10, thus not developing continuously along the perimeter of the same.

As it will become clear to a person skilled in the art, the expression "beams rigidly connected to each other" means that the frame 25 can be made in a single piece in which each beam 30, preferably but not exclusively with a straight axis, represents a section ; or the individual beams 30 can be joined together to form the frame 25 by means of per se known joining systems, such as for example welding or bolting, etc.

Further construction variants provide for a frame similar to those shown in figures 2 and 3, but in which there are additional beams not in correspondence with the perimeter edges of the panel 10. These "additional" beams can always be inserted between the two coating layers and parallel or inclined with respect to the axis of the external edges of the panel 10.

According to a further variant (not shown), if there are beams 30 which cross the panel 10, at least one of said first and second cladding layer 20, 22 can be formed by several parts, so that one or more beams 30 are accessible from the outside and therefore can interlock in a removable way with a respective beam 30 belonging to an adjacent panel 10; for example to form a “T” joint between two panels.

As regards the external shape of the panel 10, different solutions are possible in addition to the rectangular one. For example, some shapes are possible shown below in a non-limiting way: L, T, V, irregular, polygonal with at least one curvilinear side, polygonal in which at least one corner is not a right angle, etc.

In particular, when it is necessary to realize openings A in the structure, useful for example for the subsequent assembly of a door or a window, it is necessary to use panels 10 having a shape similar to those just mentioned, or a combination thereof, in order to generating in the structure an opening A having the desired shape and size.

In accordance with a further embodiment variant represented in a non-limiting manner in figure 1, the panel 10 can have an opening A. In the example in figure 1, opening A is a rectangular window; however, the shape and size of this opening A can vary significantly.

Figure 4 represents a section of a variant of the panel 10 in which the following are visible: the beams 30 which form the frame 25; the first coating layer 20; the second coating layer 22.

A layer of insulating material 40 is interposed between said first and second coating layers, with the function of ensuring the thermal and / or acoustic insulation of the building. This solution is particularly convenient in the event that the panel 10 is positioned on the external facade of the building.

Generally, prefabricated elements for buildings do not have insulating properties capable of meeting current regulations and guaranteeing thermal comfort for the people who use them. It is therefore necessary to subsequently apply layers of insulating material which must be positioned and fixed. This situation generates a series of drawbacks, such as, for example, longer assembly times, increased costs, and the likelihood of an incorrectly executed construction.

The use of insulating material guarantees high performance in terms of transmittance, reducing the amount of energy required to heat / cool the building, thus reducing management costs.

The layer of insulating material 40 is constituted by a material known per se, such as for example expanded polyurethane; or soundproofing material, preferably in the form of panels, such as rock wool.

The first coating layer 20, preferably facing the environment outside the building 1, generally comprises a fiber cement panel 41, or concrete or plaster.

The second cladding layer 22, preferably facing the interior of the building 1, comprises a wooden panel 42 and a plasterboard panel 43.

The wood that forms the panel 42 is known per se and can be chosen according to different types, including natural wood, plywood, chipboard and, more conveniently, OSB (Oriented Strand Board).

The panels forming part of said covering layers 20, 22 are fixed to the frame 25 by means of fixing means (not shown) known per se.

For example, with reference to the variant proposed in figure 4, the fiber cement panel 41 and a wooden panel 42 to which it is fixed, by means of the direct polyurethane injection construction system, are joined to said frame 25 by means of fastening means mechanical or chemical known per se, a plasterboard 43.

A particularly convenient example of the panel 10 just described can be schematized below:

- fiber cement panel, thickness between 5 and 20 mm;

- OSB board, thickness between 5 and 30 mm;

- plasterboard panel, thickness between 5 and 20 mm.

Figure 5 shows a variant of the panel 10 similar to that of figure 4, in which the layer of insulating material is absent, and which therefore is preferably intended to form the dividing walls inside the building, where there is no acoustic insulation.

The layers 20, 22 present in the variant illustrated in Figure 5 are slightly different from those present in the variant of Figure 4.

The variant proposed in Figure 5 provides a first covering layer 20 comprising the plasterboard panel 43. The second covering layer 22 comprises the wooden panel 42 and the plasterboard panel 43.

In accordance with a further embodiment variant, the panel 10 comprises on at least one of said first and second coating layers 20, 22 a finishing layer useful for giving the structure a pleasant aesthetic appearance. Furthermore, this finishing layer helps to reduce costs for the end user, because no further processing is required to finish the panels 10.

The finishing layer, known per se, can be made using stucco, plaster, paint, upholstery, etc.

Furthermore, further embodiments are possible (not illustrated), in which at least one of said first and second coating layers 20, 22, comprises at least a fiber cement panel 41, or wood 42, or plasterboard 43, or a combination thereof.

It is to be understood that the examples mentioned concerning the layers 20, 22 represent non-limiting embodiments of the present invention, and are therefore likely to vary as regards the material and the number of layers, their thickness, and their succession.

In accordance with a particularly advantageous embodiment variant, the frame 25 is made of metallic material by virtue of the high mechanical performance, such as for example steel, galvanized steel, aluminum.

Furthermore, the frame 25 made of metallic material can be coated with a layer of paint suitable for protecting it from corrosion.

According to further variants, said frame 25 is made of wood, plastic, concrete, reinforced concrete. Furthermore, the frame 25 can optionally comprise a plurality of beams of different materials.

A particularly convenient non-limiting example of the present invention provides for the frame 25 made of galvanized steel with a thickness of the wings of the beams 30 between 1 and 5 mm.

Figure 6 shows the union of two panels 10 in accordance with the present invention; in particular, two 10-storey panels are depicted.

Each panel 10 comprises a beam 30 shaped in such a way as to present at least one of a protrusion 33 and a recess 34, intended to interlock in a removable way with at least one respective recess / protrusion 34, 33 of a respective beam 30 belonging to the adjacent panel 10 . These protrusions 33 and recesses 34 are suitable for achieving a mechanical union of the male-female type.

In the embodiment of Figure 6, the beams 30 belonging to the frame 25 have a "C" -shaped profile in cross section. However, further conformations are possible for the profile of the beams, known per se, such as V, L, dovetail, and other more complex shapes.

This conformation of the beams 30 allows to join the different panels 10 very quickly, without the use of special equipment, thus decreasing the possibility of errors during the process.

A further advantage deriving from this type of mechanical union is given by the fact that the structure 1 can be completely dismantled and the parts that compose it can be reused to construct other buildings at a later time.

Figure 7 shows the union of a panel 10, belonging to a vertical wall, with a horizontal surface 2.

In order to obtain said union, at least one beam 30a is associated with said surface 2 and is shaped in such a way as to present at least one of a projection 33 and a recess 34 intended to interlock in a removable way with at least one respective recess / projection 34, 33 of a respective beam 30 belonging to panel 10, in accordance with any one of the variants of the present invention.

In the case illustrated in figure 7 in a non-limiting manner, the surface 2 coincides with the floor 4 at the base of the building 1, to which the various panels are fixed to create the entire structure.

The surface 2 can be made with different materials known per se.

The beam 30a is fixed to the surface 2 by means of suitable fastening means, known per se, such as nails, screws, bolts, rivets, welding, interlocking systems, bayonet, gluing, etc., or a combination thereof.

According to an embodiment variant, the surface 2 is made of concrete and the beam 30a is partially embedded in it.

Figure 8 shows the union of two panels 10 at an angle, by means of a profile 32 able to interlock in a removable manner with the beams 30 of the two panels 10 converging in the corner.

The profile 32 is shaped in such a way as to present at least one of a projection 33 and a recess 34, intended to be interlocked in a removable way with at least one respective recess / projection 34, 33 of at least one respective beam 30 belonging to the adjacent panel 10. Protrusions 33 and recesses 34 are suitable for forming a mechanical union of the male-female type in a manner similar to how it occurs between the individual panels 10.

In the example shown, the angle between the panels is 90 °, but it is possible to use a profile 32 capable of joining the panels 10 so that they form an acute or obtuse angle.

In accordance with a further embodiment variant, the profile is able to connect more than two panels 10; for example if external and internal walls converge.

A particularly convenient non-limiting example of the present invention provides for the profile 32 made of galvanized steel, with the thickness of the wings of the profile 32 between 1 and 5 mm.

Furthermore, as shown in Figure 8, the profile 32 comprises a layer of insulating material 40a, similar to that previously described with reference to Figure 4, to ensure thermal insulation and avoid the so-called "thermal bridge", that is to say a zone with high thermal conductivity able to mitigate the benefits deriving from the insulation of the rest of the structure.

According to a further embodiment variant (not shown), this profile 32 is devoid of the layer of insulating material 40a, as for example in the case of connection between internal partition walls, if it is not necessary to provide thermal or acoustic insulation.

According to a further variant embodiment, the profile 32 comprises at least in part a covering layer in fiber cement, or plasterboard, or wood, or a combination thereof. Furthermore, as described for the panels, it is possible that a finishing layer is applied externally to the profile.

Figure 9 shows some non-limiting examples of some details seen in section: a beam 30; a beam 30a intended to be fixed on the surface; a profile 32. Figure 12 shows a variant of the beam 30a of a preferred shape.

It is also possible that the beam 30, 30a is shaped in such a way as to present a plurality of protrusions 33 and recesses 34 intended to be interlocked in a removable way with respective recesses 34 and protrusions 33 of a respective beam 30, 30a belonging to the adjacent panel 10.

Figure 10 shows an embodiment of the panel 10 having an angular shape.

The panel 10 comprises a plurality of beams 30 whose axes are arranged three-dimensionally, and do not belong to a single plane as in the examples described above.

The panel 10 shown in figure 10 is formed by two parts 90, 91 arranged almost perpendicularly, identifiable as the planes on which the panel 10 extends at least partially; each part 90, 91 comprises at least one beam 30, and the first and second cladding layers 20a, 20b, 22a, 22b.

Since the panel 10 is not flat, the frame 25 is located between said first cladding layers 20a, 20b and second cladding layers 22a, 22b which join together in order to avoid the presence of openings through the panel 10.

In accordance with a further embodiment variant, at least one of said first cladding layers 20a, 20b and second cladding layers 22a, 22b does not completely cover the beam 30 of the frame 25 which is located at the corner, in such a way that said beam 30 detachably fits onto a respective beam 30 belonging to an adjacent panel 10.

It is clear that further shapes are possible for the more complex corner panel 10. For example, the corner panel 10 comprises more than two parts, each belonging to a respective plane. Furthermore, the angle between the faces can be acute or obtuse.

It is also possible to provide a panel that extends at least in part along a curved surface.

For the corner panel, where applicable, all the construction variants described for the flat panel are possible, which for the sake of brevity are not repeated.

A further embodiment provides that on at least one pair of beams 30 and / or 30a intended to be associated there is a fastening system, useful for keeping said beams in position when they are coupled, and thus preventing the collaborating panels 10 from moving away. involuntarily creating problems of stability of the structure 1. Said fastening system can comprise, for example, a snap system, with quick release, union by means of screws, bolts etc., known per se.

For example, the fastening system can be conveniently made on the beams 30, 30a in the form of further protrusions and recesses capable of engaging and providing adequate retention force following a small elastic deformation of the pair of beams 30 and / or 30a during the engagement of the respective panels 10.

The variant illustrated in figure 11 shows a panel 10 in which at least one beam 30 comprises at least one between a pin 35 and a slot 36, or hole, capable of engaging mechanically and in a removable manner with a respective slot / pin 36, 35 belonging to an adjacent panel 10. In particular, the beam 30 which has a recess 34 towards the outside of the panel 10 ("female" beam) comprises a pin 35 able to fit into a slot 36 made on the projection 33 of a beam 30 ("male" beam) belonging to an adjacent panel 10.

Preferably the pin 35 has a conical or frusto-conical shape, so that it is possible to insert it in the respective slot 36 by slightly lifting one of the two panels 10 and, once inserted, the conical or frusto-conical shape prevents the two panels 10 collaborators to come off due to forces acting substantially parallel to the plane of the panels 10.

Figure 6a shows a union between two panels of the type just described.

Consequently, also the profiles 32 can comprise at least one between a pin 35 and a slot 36, able to mechanically and removably engage with a respective slot / pin 36, 35 belonging to an adjacent panel 10 or to a complementary profile 32, as visible in figures 8a and 8b. In particular, there are a pair of profiles 32 having pins and slots 35, 36 suitable for joining said profiles 32, and moreover able to mechanically engage with respective adjacent panels 10.

There are also some fixing systems and construction details, such as to ensure greater resistance and less deformability of the structure, in particular with regard to vertical and horizontal actions.

In fig. 12 illustrates an anchoring system 6 adapted to constrain a panel 10, for example vertical, to a beam 30a associated with a surface 2, for example horizontal, such as a concrete slab or a floor 4. The system 6 comprises:

- a lower plate 60 having a conformation capable of being received at least in part preferably in the beam 30a associated with the surface 2, or in the beam 30;

- an upper plate 61 having a conformation capable of at least partially covering the beam 30a, preferably associated with the surface 2;

- a third profile 62 suitable for creating a mechanical union, preferably removable or disassemblable, between the lower plate 60, the upper one 61, the beam 30a and the panel 10.

In the detail illustrated, the lower plate 60 has a threaded recess 600, made by welding a bolt 601 in correspondence with a hole 602; the upper plate 61 also has a hole 612. The third profile 62 has an angular conformation, in this case "L" shaped, in which on one side there is a hole 622, and on the other there is a pin 35 suitable for engaging mechanically with the slot 36 of a panel 10 in the same way as previously described. Finally, a threaded screw 605 creates a mechanical union, in particular a bolted union, between the panel 10 and the beam 30, 30a, through the holes (602, 612, 622) present on the third profile and on the upper plate and screwing into the thread of the bottom plate.

In this embodiment, the beam 30a associated with the base surface 2 does not have a simple "C" shape, but has a shape such as to allow the insertion of the panels 10 by sliding the relative beams 30 along the longitudinal development of the adjacent beam 30a; in particular it has a "C" shape with two additional ends, or fins, facing and particularly converging towards the concave part (ie towards the inside) of the section of the beam 30a, in order to create the aforementioned anchoring system 6. Furthermore, this conformation prevents the panel 10 from slipping off the base beam 30a (in this case it is a matter of lifting), and also allows the mounting of the anchoring system just described.

More generally, the structure 1 can comprise an anchoring system 6 adapted to preferably constrain a beam 30a associated with the surface 2 to a respective beam 30 belonging to an adjacent panel 10, in order to prevent relative displacements between the panel 10 and the beam 30a.

Figure 9 shows a further fixing system comprising a plate or plate 160 adapted to join two adjacent panels 10 aligned by means of fixing means known per se; in this case the plate 160 has holes intended to accommodate a screw which is screwed onto each panel 10 to be joined. Thanks to this system, sliding between adjacent panels 10 is avoided, making the whole structure 1 more resistant and safe.

Similarly, element 161 is a further variant consisting of an angular shaped plate or plate to join two panels 10 arranged near a corner of the structure 1.

The structure, in accordance with a further embodiment, may include an edge beam 38, the cross section of which is shown in figure 9 which represents a non-limiting example.

The edge beam 38 is shaped in such a way as to present at least one of a protrusion 33 and a recess 34, intended to interlock in a removable way with at least one respective recess / protrusion 34, 33 of a respective beam 30 belonging to an adjacent panel 10 .

In particular, the edge beam 38 is configured to accommodate at least one panel 10 preferably arranged horizontally and mechanically connect it to a panel 10 preferably vertically arranged, as happens for example when it is necessary to realize a mutual bond between an external vertical wall, made by means of panels 10 , and a horizontal walkable floor 4 arranged between two floors of a building 1.

As it will become clear to a person skilled in the art, the shape and size of the edge beam 38 (as well as all the other beams and the various connecting elements) can widely vary according to the types of panels 10 to be connected and the performance in terms of structural strength required to counteract the vertical and horizontal loads to which a structure 1 is subject, such as crowd load, snow, wind, earthquake, etc. The pitch beams 38 can be conveniently arranged along a horizontal perimeter of the structure 1 in correspondence with the different planes, in order to create a sort of "belt", useful for ensuring greater solidity to the whole, thus binding the panels 10 lying both on the same plane, both on different planes, such as the horizontal and vertical ones.

Figure 13 shows a non-limiting example of a union between vertical and horizontal panel 10 in which a roof structure 3 is distinguished made by means of a "strut-and-tie" system, having a substantially triangular shape and comprising two elements acting as struts 70 (of which only one is shown), connected by a tie rod 72 at the base; in the case of a metal structure, the connection between tie rod 72 and strut 70 can be made by means of a handkerchief 74 welded to beam / strut 70, to which a cable or chain is connected which acts as tie rod 72.

The set of mainly vertical loads coming from the slab-panels 4 and possibly also from the roof 3, is transmitted to the vertical panels 10 mainly through the edge beams 38, also useful for distributing the loads along the external perimeter of the structure 1.

Furthermore, it is possible to associate at least one stiffening element 76 to the edge beam 38, to improve the mechanical fastening of the panels 10 of the floor 4 to the vertical panels 10, for example by means of fastening means such as welding, bolting, screws, rivets, etc.

The stiffening element 76 can also be useful in preventing local instability phenomena that may occur particularly in metal elements, such as beams 30, 38.

In particular, the vertical panel 10, the horizontal one 10 and the edge beam 38 are also designed to be mechanically joined by means of a screw system in which at least one beam 30 of the frame 25 (in this case the upper one) has a thread , made for example by means of threaded rivets, suitable for accommodating a screw passing through the beam 30 of the panel 10 of the floor 4 and the edge beam 38, thus ensuring a solid union once the screws have been tightened.

It is also possible to join the vertical panel 10 to the stiffening element 76 by means of fastening means, in order to improve the degree of bond between the vertical walls and the floor 4.

As for the profiles 32, the edge beam 38 can also comprise a layer of insulating material 40a.

Figure 14 shows a detail of a node between a vertical wall, a floor 4, and a foundation element designed to create a geo-mechanical constraint towards the ground on which the structure 1 rests at least in part.

The vertical wall includes a panel 10 connected to the floor 4 also made by means of panels 10, preferably of the walkable type. The connection between the vertical panel 10 and the floor 4 is made in this case by means of an anchoring system 6 previously described; this system 6 connects a beam 30 of the vertical panel 10 to a beam 30a associated with the surface 2, in this case consisting of a floor 4 formed by panels 10.

In particular, the beam 30a is associated with the floor 4 thanks to a perimeter beam 314, in this case having a "C" shape obtained by means of a UPE-type steel profile, this perimeter beam 314 being associated with the beams 30 of the panels 10 of the floor 4 by means of per se known fixing systems.

A foundation element 140 is mechanically fixed to the perimeter beam 314, and possibly to the floor beam, by means of fixing systems known per se. In particular, the foundation element 140 is a Krinner type screw suitable for screwing into the foundation soil.

An advantage of such a solution consists mainly in the possibility of dismantling the structure in a short time, in a simple and economical way, once its usefulness is over, and possibly re-using it for other purposes.

In this way, the foundations of the structure are also of the removable type and have all the advantages, including a reduced or no environmental impact, as it is possible to remove and disassemble the structure in its entirety at the end of its useful life and reuse all its parts. in order to create a new structure; it is also possible to create an air gap between the floor 4 and the ground, in order to create a ventilated crawl space.

It is emphasized that the described fastening means do not limit the scope of protection of the present invention to these embodiments. Generally, the structure 1 can comprise fastening means to better constrain, preferably in a reversible manner, at least one beam 30 of a panel 10 to at least one of: a beam 30 belonging to an adjacent panel 10, a guide beam 30a, a profile 32, an edge beam 38, stiffening element 76.

As previously mentioned, an embodiment illustrated in Figure 15 is provided, comprising a first group of beams 30 arranged in correspondence with the rectangular edge and further beams 30 arranged not in correspondence with the outer edges of the panel 10, in particular being arranged parallel to the side longer than the rectangle; these internal beams 30 are useful above all to confer high performances in terms of structural resistance when the panel 10 is stressed in bending by forces acting outside its own plane. In fact, if the panel 10 is used to make a floor 4, generally arranged in a substantially horizontal position, this is stressed by forces substantially orthogonal to the panel 10 itself which cause large bending moments.

In the absence of these “additional” beams 30, the floor 4 thus created would not be able to withstand the loads for which it is intended.

It is clear to a technician in the sector that by varying some parameters, including the spacing, the arrangement, the degree of constraint, the material, the profile (IPE, HEA, HEB, UPE, UPN, etc.) of the beams 30 making up the frame 25, it is possible to obtain different resistance values according to the needs and the intended use. For example, it is possible to arrive at a panel 10 or floor 4 capable of withstanding a distributed load equal to 50, 200, 400 kg / m <2>, or possibly higher.

A home requires various services, including water, electricity, gas, air intakes, heating and air conditioning systems, etc. For this reason, some panels are conveniently equipped with systems to make these services accessible to the user without building or other works, thus reducing the resulting time and costs.

With reference to a first embodiment, the panel 10, between the first and the second coating layer 20, 22, is able to accommodate at least in part systems 50 for services, such as for example pipes, electric wires, cabling, conduits, devices , etc.

In order to accommodate and hold the various systems in a safer and more effective way, the panel can also comprise one or more auxiliary elements, such as raceways, wiring, coatings, brackets, etc.

In accordance with a further variant, on at least one of said first and second coating layers 20, 22, and said frame 25, there is at least one hole 52 to connect at least in part the service systems 50 with the outside of the panel 10 The hole 52 is useful, for example, in the case in which a pipe has to be connected to a household appliance, such as for example the water pipes to a washing machine.

Figures 16a, 16b, 16c show an example of a panel 10 equipped with water systems 50, comprising supply pipes and drain pipes, to supply users, including sanitary ware and household appliances.

It is possible, in accordance with a further variant, that the panel 10 includes 50 electrical systems and elements such as electrical cables, junction boxes and arrangements for power sockets, etc.

According to a further embodiment, the systems 50, or part of them, protruding from a panel are housed in cavities present between the beams 30 of the frames 25 or specially obtained, to hide these systems 50 from the view of the users who are inside. of the structure or building 1. It is therefore possible to provide the services to the entire structure 1 by positioning the relative systems 50 inside the panels 10 and connecting the systems 50 of the different panels 10, creating a system network for each service, without the systems 50 and the pipes are visible from the outside when the structure 1 is completed and without requiring additional masonry works.

It should be noted that some terms, such as "vertical" and "horizontal", have been used for greater clarity and immediacy of understanding with particular reference to the examples described and illustrated here, without however confining the inventive concept of the present invention to such spatial arrangements and to such executive details.

Naturally, the principle of the invention remaining the same, the forms of embodiment and details of construction may be widely varied with respect to what has been described and illustrated purely by way of non-limiting example, without thereby departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the attached claims.

Claims (20)

CLAIMS 1. Prefabricated modular panel (10) for buildings, in particular for dwellings, comprising: - at least a first coating layer (20); - at least a second coating layer (22); - at least one frame (25) located between said first and second cladding layer (20), (22) and comprising a plurality of beams (30) rigidly constrained to each other, each beam (30) being arranged at a respective edge exterior of said panel (10); said panel (10) being characterized by the fact that said beam (30) is shaped in such a way as to present at least one of a projection (33) and a recess (34), intended to be interlocked in a removable way with at least one respective recess / projection (34, 33) of a respective beam (30) belonging to an adjacent panel (10). Panel (10) according to claim 1, wherein said frame (25) is constituted by said plurality of beams (30) rigidly constrained to each other, each beam (30) being arranged at a respective outer edge of said panel (10). Panel (10) according to any one of the preceding claims, in which there is a beam (30) at each outer edge of the panel (10). Panel (10) according to any one of the preceding claims, in which a layer of insulating material (40) is interposed between said first and second covering layer (20) (22). Panel (10) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein at least one of said first and second coating layers (20), (22) comprises a fiber cement panel (41). Panel (10) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein at least one of said first and second cladding layers (20), (22) comprises a wooden panel (42). Panel (10) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein at least one of said first and second covering layer (20), (22) comprises a plasterboard panel (43). Panel (10) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said frame (25) is made of metallic material. Panel (10) according to claim 8, wherein said frame (25) is made of steel. Panel (10) according to any one of the preceding claims, having a rectangular shape. 11. Panel (10) according to any of the preceding claims, in which there is an opening (A). Panel (10) according to any one of the preceding claims, suitable for at least partially receiving systems (50), between said first and second coating layer (20), (22). Panel (10) according to claim 12, wherein at least one hole (52) is present on at least one between said first and second coating layers (20), (22) and said frame (25). Panel (10) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein at least one beam (30) comprises at least one of a pin (35) and a slot (36) able to engage in a removable manner with a respective slot / pin ( 36, 35) belonging to a panel (10) or to an adjacent profile (32). Construction (1) comprising at least one panel (10) according to any one of the preceding claims. Construction (1) according to claim 15, comprising a surface (2) associated with at least one beam (30a) shaped in such a way as to present at least one of a projection (33) and a recess (34), intended for detachably interlocking with at least one respective recess / projection (34, 33) of a respective beam (30) belonging to a panel (10) in accordance with any one of the preceding claims. Construction (1) according to claim 15 or 16, comprising a profile (32), said profile (32) being shaped in such a way as to present at least one of a projection (33) and a recess (34), intended to fit removably with at least one respective recess / protrusion (34, 33) of a respective beam (30) belonging to a panel (10) in accordance with any one of the preceding claims. 18. Construction (1) according to any one of claims 15 to 17, comprising an edge beam (38) shaped in such a way as to have at least one of a projection (33) and a recess (34), intended to be interlocked so removable with at least one respective recess / protrusion (34, 33) of a respective beam (30) belonging to a panel (10) in accordance with any one of the preceding claims. 19. Construction (1) according to any one of claims 15 to 18, comprising an anchoring system adapted to constrain said beam (30a) to a respective beam (30) belonging to a panel (10) in accordance with any one of the claims previous. Construction (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, comprising fastening means for fastening, preferably in a reversible manner, at least one beam (30) of a panel (10) to at least one of: a beam (30) belonging to a adjacent panel (10), a beam (30a), a profile (32), an edge beam (38), a stiffening element (76); said panel (10) in accordance with any one of the preceding claims.