IL96895A - Method and instrument for detecting smuggling by using activation using fast neutrons - Google Patents
Method and instrument for detecting smuggling by using activation using fast neutronsInfo
- Publication number
- IL96895A IL96895A IL9689591A IL9689591A IL96895A IL 96895 A IL96895 A IL 96895A IL 9689591 A IL9689591 A IL 9689591A IL 9689591 A IL9689591 A IL 9689591A IL 96895 A IL96895 A IL 96895A
- Authority
- IL
- Israel
- Prior art keywords
- gamma
- contraband
- ray
- neutrons
- atomic nuclei
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 29
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 title description 5
- 230000005251 gamma ray Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 238000000084 gamma-ray spectrum Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 claims description 65
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 44
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 25
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 24
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000013528 artificial neural network Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 claims 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 abstract description 16
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 abstract description 12
- 238000003491 array Methods 0.000 abstract description 9
- 230000001537 neural effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000007619 statistical method Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 64
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 36
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 24
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 20
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 13
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 12
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 8
- -1 e.g. Substances 0.000 description 8
- YZCKVEUIGOORGS-OUBTZVSYSA-N Deuterium Chemical compound [2H] YZCKVEUIGOORGS-OUBTZVSYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052805 deuterium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000001730 gamma-ray spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000002601 radiography Methods 0.000 description 5
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 4
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000003556 assay Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 3
- 231100001261 hazardous Toxicity 0.000 description 3
- 239000011824 nuclear material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 3
- FVAUCKIRQBBSSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium iodide Chemical compound [Na+].[I-] FVAUCKIRQBBSSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 239000000028 HMX Substances 0.000 description 2
- SNIOPGDIGTZGOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitroglycerin Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)OCC(O[N+]([O-])=O)CO[N+]([O-])=O SNIOPGDIGTZGOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052729 chemical element Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000019441 ethanol Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229960003711 glyceryl trinitrate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000013507 mapping Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004958 nuclear spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- UZGLIIJVICEWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N octogen Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)N1CN([N+]([O-])=O)CN([N+]([O-])=O)CN([N+]([O-])=O)C1 UZGLIIJVICEWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OXNIZHLAWKMVMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N picric acid Chemical compound OC1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1[N+]([O-])=O OXNIZHLAWKMVMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 2
- SPSSULHKWOKEEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene Chemical compound CC1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1[N+]([O-])=O SPSSULHKWOKEEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PAWQVTBBRAZDMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)acetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC1=CC=CC(Br)=C1F PAWQVTBBRAZDMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920004934 Dacron® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920005479 Lucite® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl methacrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C(C)=C VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AGUIVNYEYSCPNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-methyl-N-picrylnitramine Chemical group [O-][N+](=O)N(C)C1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1[N+]([O-])=O AGUIVNYEYSCPNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000020 Nitrocellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004677 Nylon Substances 0.000 description 1
- TZRXHJWUDPFEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)OCC(CO[N+]([O-])=O)(CO[N+]([O-])=O)CO[N+]([O-])=O TZRXHJWUDPFEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920005372 Plexiglas® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- YZCKVEUIGOORGS-NJFSPNSNSA-N Tritium Chemical compound [3H] YZCKVEUIGOORGS-NJFSPNSNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011358 absorbing material Substances 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylic acid group Chemical group C(C=C)(=O)O NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001540 azides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052790 beryllium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N beryllium atom Chemical compound [Be] ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005422 blasting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- MTAZNLWOLGHBHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N butadiene-styrene rubber Chemical compound C=CC=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 MTAZNLWOLGHBHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007405 data analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011157 data evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000004985 diamines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000921 elemental analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- UQXKXGWGFRWILX-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethylene glycol dinitrate Chemical compound O=N(=O)OCCON(=O)=O UQXKXGWGFRWILX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005284 excitation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000295 fuel oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- WETZJIOEDGMBMA-UHFFFAOYSA-L lead styphnate Chemical compound [Pb+2].[O-]C1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C([N+]([O-])=O)C([O-])=C1[N+]([O-])=O WETZJIOEDGMBMA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- MHWLNQBTOIYJJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury difulminate Chemical compound [O-][N+]#C[Hg]C#[N+][O-] MHWLNQBTOIYJJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001956 neutron scattering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001220 nitrocellulos Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000008520 organization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001084 poly(chloroprene) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002600 positron emission tomography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000135 prohibitive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002285 radioactive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000700 radioactive tracer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000009518 sodium iodide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000001960 triggered effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052722 tritium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000002268 wool Anatomy 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
- G01V5/00—Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity
- G01V5/20—Detecting prohibited goods, e.g. weapons, explosives, hazardous substances, contraband or smuggled objects
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21G—CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS; RADIOACTIVE SOURCES
- G21G1/00—Arrangements for converting chemical elements by electromagnetic radiation, corpuscular radiation or particle bombardment, e.g. producing radioactive isotopes
- G21G1/04—Arrangements for converting chemical elements by electromagnetic radiation, corpuscular radiation or particle bombardment, e.g. producing radioactive isotopes outside nuclear reactors or particle accelerators
- G21G1/06—Arrangements for converting chemical elements by electromagnetic radiation, corpuscular radiation or particle bombardment, e.g. producing radioactive isotopes outside nuclear reactors or particle accelerators by neutron irradiation
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
- G01V5/00—Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity
- G01V5/20—Detecting prohibited goods, e.g. weapons, explosives, hazardous substances, contraband or smuggled objects
- G01V5/22—Active interrogation, i.e. by irradiating objects or goods using external radiation sources, e.g. using gamma rays or cosmic rays
- G01V5/234—Measuring induced radiation, e.g. thermal neutron activation analysis
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Geophysics (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analysing Materials By The Use Of Radiation (AREA)
- Measurement Of Radiation (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US07/463,025 US5098640A (en) | 1990-01-10 | 1990-01-10 | Apparatus and method for detecting contraband using fast neutron activation |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
IL96895A0 IL96895A0 (en) | 1992-03-29 |
IL96895A true IL96895A (en) | 1995-06-29 |
Family
ID=23838617
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
IL9689591A IL96895A (en) | 1990-01-10 | 1991-01-07 | Method and instrument for detecting smuggling by using activation using fast neutrons |
Country Status (10)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5098640A (ja) |
EP (1) | EP0470226B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP3144641B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR100261529B1 (ja) |
AT (1) | ATE221691T1 (ja) |
AU (1) | AU636018B2 (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2046896C (ja) |
DE (1) | DE69133079D1 (ja) |
IL (1) | IL96895A (ja) |
WO (1) | WO1991011009A1 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (169)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2652651B1 (fr) * | 1989-10-03 | 1991-12-13 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Systeme de detection de substances et en particulier d'explosifs, par irradiation neutronique de ceux-ci. |
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NZ237767A (en) * | 1992-04-09 | 1994-09-27 | Inst Geolog Nuclear Sciences | Luggage scanning by fast neutrons and gamma radiation |
US5442672A (en) * | 1993-03-31 | 1995-08-15 | Bjorkholm; Paul J. | Three-dimensional reconstruction based on a limited number of X-ray projections |
FI943179A (fi) * | 1993-07-09 | 1995-01-10 | Gamma Metrics | Bulkkimateriaalin analysaattori mittaustarkkuuden parantaminen |
WO1996013839A1 (en) * | 1994-10-31 | 1996-05-09 | Lockheed Martin Specialty Components, Inc. | Inspection system and spatial resolution technique for detecting explosives using combined neutron interrogation and x-ray imaging |
US7388205B1 (en) | 1995-10-23 | 2008-06-17 | Science Applications International Corporation | System and method for target inspection using discrete photon counting and neutron detection |
US7045787B1 (en) | 1995-10-23 | 2006-05-16 | Science Applications International Corporation | Density detection using real time discrete photon counting for fast moving targets |
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US5838759A (en) * | 1996-07-03 | 1998-11-17 | Advanced Research And Applications Corporation | Single beam photoneutron probe and X-ray imaging system for contraband detection and identification |
EP0837343A1 (en) * | 1996-10-15 | 1998-04-22 | European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) | A monitor for measuring both the gamma spectrum and neutrons emitted by spent nuclear fuel |
US5760898A (en) * | 1997-01-08 | 1998-06-02 | Ids Intelligent Detection Systems Inc. | Laser detection of explosive residues |
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US5901198A (en) * | 1997-10-10 | 1999-05-04 | Analogic Corporation | Computed tomography scanning target detection using target surface normals |
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US6075871A (en) * | 1998-02-11 | 2000-06-13 | Analogic Corporation | Apparatus and method for eroding objects in computed tomography data |
US6026143A (en) * | 1998-02-11 | 2000-02-15 | Analogic Corporation | Apparatus and method for detecting sheet objects in computed tomography data |
US6035014A (en) * | 1998-02-11 | 2000-03-07 | Analogic Corporation | Multiple-stage apparatus and method for detecting objects in computed tomography data |
US6128365A (en) * | 1998-02-11 | 2000-10-03 | Analogic Corporation | Apparatus and method for combining related objects in computed tomography data |
US6078642A (en) * | 1998-02-11 | 2000-06-20 | Analogice Corporation | Apparatus and method for density discrimination of objects in computed tomography data using multiple density ranges |
US6067366A (en) * | 1998-02-11 | 2000-05-23 | Analogic Corporation | Apparatus and method for detecting objects in computed tomography data using erosion and dilation of objects |
US6026171A (en) * | 1998-02-11 | 2000-02-15 | Analogic Corporation | Apparatus and method for detection of liquids in computed tomography data |
US6111974A (en) * | 1998-02-11 | 2000-08-29 | Analogic Corporation | Apparatus and method for detecting sheet objects in computed tomography data |
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US6317509B1 (en) | 1998-02-11 | 2001-11-13 | Analogic Corporation | Computed tomography apparatus and method for classifying objects |
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US8503605B2 (en) | 2002-07-23 | 2013-08-06 | Rapiscan Systems, Inc. | Four sided imaging system and method for detection of contraband |
US7486768B2 (en) | 2002-07-23 | 2009-02-03 | Rapiscan Security Products, Inc. | Self-contained mobile inspection system and method |
US9958569B2 (en) | 2002-07-23 | 2018-05-01 | Rapiscan Systems, Inc. | Mobile imaging system and method for detection of contraband |
US7783004B2 (en) | 2002-07-23 | 2010-08-24 | Rapiscan Systems, Inc. | Cargo scanning system |
US8275091B2 (en) | 2002-07-23 | 2012-09-25 | Rapiscan Systems, Inc. | Compact mobile cargo scanning system |
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- 1991-01-07 IL IL9689591A patent/IL96895A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
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- 1991-01-09 AU AU73080/91A patent/AU636018B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1991-01-09 AT AT91904717T patent/ATE221691T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
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- 1991-01-09 DE DE69133079T patent/DE69133079D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
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- 1991-01-09 WO PCT/US1991/000179 patent/WO1991011009A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1991-01-09 JP JP50436991A patent/JP3144641B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
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KR920701984A (ko) | 1992-08-12 |
AU7308091A (en) | 1991-08-05 |
CA2046896A1 (en) | 1991-07-11 |
AU636018B2 (en) | 1993-04-08 |
WO1991011009A1 (en) | 1991-07-25 |
JPH04504310A (ja) | 1992-07-30 |
US5098640A (en) | 1992-03-24 |
EP0470226A4 (en) | 1997-09-03 |
ATE221691T1 (de) | 2002-08-15 |
CA2046896C (en) | 2001-10-30 |
IL96895A0 (en) | 1992-03-29 |
EP0470226A1 (en) | 1992-02-12 |
DE69133079D1 (de) | 2002-09-05 |
EP0470226B1 (en) | 2002-07-31 |
JP3144641B2 (ja) | 2001-03-12 |
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