IL162191A0 - Method and apparatus for determining the log-likelihood ratio with precoding - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for determining the log-likelihood ratio with precoding

Info

Publication number
IL162191A0
IL162191A0 IL16219102A IL16219102A IL162191A0 IL 162191 A0 IL162191 A0 IL 162191A0 IL 16219102 A IL16219102 A IL 16219102A IL 16219102 A IL16219102 A IL 16219102A IL 162191 A0 IL162191 A0 IL 162191A0
Authority
IL
Israel
Prior art keywords
precoding
log
determining
likelihood ratio
likelihood
Prior art date
Application number
IL16219102A
Other languages
English (en)
Original Assignee
Qualcomm Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Qualcomm Inc filed Critical Qualcomm Inc
Publication of IL162191A0 publication Critical patent/IL162191A0/xx

Links

Classifications

    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L27/00Modulated-carrier systems
    • H04L27/26Systems using multi-frequency codes
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/004Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using forward error control
    • H04L1/0056Systems characterized by the type of code used
    • H04L1/0064Concatenated codes
    • H04L1/0066Parallel concatenated codes
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/004Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using forward error control
    • H04L1/0045Arrangements at the receiver end
    • H04L1/0054Maximum-likelihood or sequential decoding, e.g. Viterbi, Fano, ZJ algorithms
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L25/00Baseband systems
    • H04L25/02Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
    • H04L25/03Shaping networks in transmitter or receiver, e.g. adaptive shaping networks
    • H04L25/03006Arrangements for removing intersymbol interference
    • H04L25/03343Arrangements at the transmitter end
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L25/00Baseband systems
    • H04L25/02Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
    • H04L25/06Dc level restoring means; Bias distortion correction ; Decision circuits providing symbol by symbol detection
    • H04L25/067Dc level restoring means; Bias distortion correction ; Decision circuits providing symbol by symbol detection providing soft decisions, i.e. decisions together with an estimate of reliability
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L25/00Baseband systems
    • H04L25/38Synchronous or start-stop systems, e.g. for Baudot code
    • H04L25/40Transmitting circuits; Receiving circuits
    • H04L25/49Transmitting circuits; Receiving circuits using code conversion at the transmitter; using predistortion; using insertion of idle bits for obtaining a desired frequency spectrum; using three or more amplitude levels ; Baseband coding techniques specific to data transmission systems
    • H04L25/497Transmitting circuits; Receiving circuits using code conversion at the transmitter; using predistortion; using insertion of idle bits for obtaining a desired frequency spectrum; using three or more amplitude levels ; Baseband coding techniques specific to data transmission systems by correlative coding, e.g. partial response coding or echo modulation coding transmitters and receivers for partial response systems
    • H04L25/4975Correlative coding using Tomlinson precoding, Harashima precoding, Trellis precoding or GPRS
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L27/00Modulated-carrier systems
    • H04L27/02Amplitude-modulated carrier systems, e.g. using on-off keying; Single sideband or vestigial sideband modulation
    • H04L27/06Demodulator circuits; Receiver circuits
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L27/00Modulated-carrier systems
    • H04L27/10Frequency-modulated carrier systems, i.e. using frequency-shift keying
    • H04L27/14Demodulator circuits; Receiver circuits
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L25/00Baseband systems
    • H04L25/02Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
    • H04L25/03Shaping networks in transmitter or receiver, e.g. adaptive shaping networks
    • H04L25/03006Arrangements for removing intersymbol interference
    • H04L2025/0335Arrangements for removing intersymbol interference characterised by the type of transmission
    • H04L2025/03375Passband transmission
    • H04L2025/03414Multicarrier
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L27/00Modulated-carrier systems
    • H04L27/26Systems using multi-frequency codes
    • H04L27/2601Multicarrier modulation systems
    • H04L27/2647Arrangements specific to the receiver only
IL16219102A 2001-11-29 2002-11-27 Method and apparatus for determining the log-likelihood ratio with precoding IL162191A0 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US33436301P 2001-11-29 2001-11-29
PCT/US2002/038341 WO2003047118A2 (en) 2001-11-29 2002-11-27 Method and apparatus for determining the log-likelihood ratio with precoding

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
IL162191A0 true IL162191A0 (en) 2005-11-20

Family

ID=23306875

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
IL16219102A IL162191A0 (en) 2001-11-29 2002-11-27 Method and apparatus for determining the log-likelihood ratio with precoding
IL162191A IL162191A (en) 2001-11-29 2004-05-27 Method and apparatus for determining the log-likelihood ratio with precoding

Family Applications After (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
IL162191A IL162191A (en) 2001-11-29 2004-05-27 Method and apparatus for determining the log-likelihood ratio with precoding

Country Status (16)

Country Link
US (1) US7218689B2 (ru)
EP (1) EP1461924A4 (ru)
JP (1) JP4116562B2 (ru)
KR (1) KR100911424B1 (ru)
CN (1) CN100583860C (ru)
AR (1) AR039071A1 (ru)
AU (1) AU2002346605B2 (ru)
BR (1) BR0214528A (ru)
CA (1) CA2468574A1 (ru)
IL (2) IL162191A0 (ru)
MX (1) MXPA04005171A (ru)
MY (1) MY137160A (ru)
RU (1) RU2304352C2 (ru)
TW (1) TWI292272B (ru)
WO (1) WO2003047118A2 (ru)
ZA (1) ZA200404175B (ru)

Families Citing this family (77)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6711121B1 (en) * 1998-10-09 2004-03-23 At&T Corp. Orthogonal code division multiplexing for twisted pair channels
US7154936B2 (en) * 2001-12-03 2006-12-26 Qualcomm, Incorporated Iterative detection and decoding for a MIMO-OFDM system
US7197084B2 (en) * 2002-03-27 2007-03-27 Qualcomm Incorporated Precoding for a multipath channel in a MIMO system
DE60215153T2 (de) * 2002-08-21 2007-10-25 Lucent Technologies Inc. Drahtloses MIMO Telekommunikationssystem mit Multilevel-Coded Modulation unter Verwendung von iterativer Ermittlung von Soft-Schätzwerten und entsprechende Methode
US7609777B2 (en) * 2002-08-30 2009-10-27 Alcatel-Lucent Usa Inc. Maximum likelihood a posteriori probability detector
US7002900B2 (en) 2002-10-25 2006-02-21 Qualcomm Incorporated Transmit diversity processing for a multi-antenna communication system
DE60313505T2 (de) * 2003-02-13 2007-12-27 Ntt Docomo Inc. Differenzielle sende- und empfangs-diversity mit mehrfacher länge
US8064528B2 (en) 2003-05-21 2011-11-22 Regents Of The University Of Minnesota Estimating frequency-offsets and multi-antenna channels in MIMO OFDM systems
ES2608397T3 (es) * 2003-06-23 2017-04-10 Hong-Seok Seo Método de demodulación usando decisión flexible para modulación de amplitud en cuadratura y aparato del mismo
US7394858B2 (en) * 2003-08-08 2008-07-01 Intel Corporation Systems and methods for adaptive bit loading in a multiple antenna orthogonal frequency division multiplexed communication system
JP4255951B2 (ja) * 2003-09-09 2009-04-22 株式会社エヌ・ティ・ティ・ドコモ 無線多重伝送システムにおける信号伝送方法及び送信機
GB2406759B (en) * 2003-10-02 2006-06-07 Toshiba Res Europ Ltd Signal decoding methods and apparatus
US7616698B2 (en) 2003-11-04 2009-11-10 Atheros Communications, Inc. Multiple-input multiple output system and method
KR100520159B1 (ko) * 2003-11-12 2005-10-10 삼성전자주식회사 다중 안테나를 사용하는 직교주파수분할다중 시스템에서간섭신호 제거 장치 및 방법
JP4490922B2 (ja) 2003-11-21 2010-06-30 パナソニック株式会社 マルチアンテナ送信装置及びマルチアンテナ送信方法
US8204149B2 (en) 2003-12-17 2012-06-19 Qualcomm Incorporated Spatial spreading in a multi-antenna communication system
US7194042B2 (en) * 2004-01-13 2007-03-20 Qualcomm Incorporated Data transmission with spatial spreading in a mimo communication system
US11451275B2 (en) 2004-04-02 2022-09-20 Rearden, Llc System and method for distributed antenna wireless communications
US10985811B2 (en) 2004-04-02 2021-04-20 Rearden, Llc System and method for distributed antenna wireless communications
US11394436B2 (en) 2004-04-02 2022-07-19 Rearden, Llc System and method for distributed antenna wireless communications
US8923785B2 (en) 2004-05-07 2014-12-30 Qualcomm Incorporated Continuous beamforming for a MIMO-OFDM system
US9077516B2 (en) * 2004-06-18 2015-07-07 Nokia Technologies Oy Reduced complexity frequency domain equalization of multiple input multiple output channels
GB2415336B (en) * 2004-06-18 2006-11-08 Toshiba Res Europ Ltd Bit interleaver for a mimo system
US7978649B2 (en) 2004-07-15 2011-07-12 Qualcomm, Incorporated Unified MIMO transmission and reception
US8484272B2 (en) 2004-08-20 2013-07-09 Qualcomm Incorporated Unified pulse shaping for multi-carrier and single-carrier waveforms
US20060067293A1 (en) * 2004-09-24 2006-03-30 John Santhoff Digital synthesis of communication signals
US8401503B2 (en) * 2005-03-01 2013-03-19 Qualcomm Incorporated Dual-loop automatic frequency control for wireless communication
EP1860894B1 (en) * 2005-03-09 2014-11-26 Fujitsu Ltd. Communication system, and transmission method
US7502408B2 (en) * 2005-04-21 2009-03-10 Broadcom Corporation RF transceiver having adaptive modulation
CN101204032B (zh) * 2005-06-22 2013-04-10 松下电器产业株式会社 多载波传送方式的发送及接收装置和方法
EP1746756B1 (en) 2005-07-21 2013-01-16 STMicroelectronics Srl A method and system for decoding signals, corresponding receiver and computer program product
US7684522B2 (en) * 2005-08-02 2010-03-23 Beceem Communications Inc. Method and system for determining a log-likelihood ratio (LLR) corresponding to each bit of a symbol
US20070072606A1 (en) * 2005-09-28 2007-03-29 Pieter Van Rooyen Method and system for mitigating interference from analog TV in a DVB-H system
US7539265B2 (en) * 2005-11-09 2009-05-26 Chung Shan Institute Of Science And Technology, Armaments Bureau, M.N.D. Multiple-input multiple-output code division multiple access (MIMO-CDMA) wireless communication equipment
KR100788890B1 (ko) 2005-12-07 2007-12-27 한국전자통신연구원 다중안테나를 사용하는 다중 반송파 시스템의 송신 장치 및 수신 장치
US7672400B2 (en) * 2005-12-29 2010-03-02 Celeno Communications (Israel) Ltd. Method of secure WLAN communication
US7751353B2 (en) * 2005-12-29 2010-07-06 Celeno Communications (Israel) Ltd. Device, system and method of securing wireless communication
US7656965B2 (en) * 2005-12-29 2010-02-02 Celeno Communications (Israel) Ltd. Method of secure WLAN communication
US9071435B2 (en) 2005-12-29 2015-06-30 Celeno Communications Ltd. System and method for tuning transmission parameters in multi-user multiple-input-multiple-output systems with aged and noisy channel estimation
US20070153760A1 (en) * 2005-12-29 2007-07-05 Nir Shapira Method, apparatus and system of spatial division multiple access communication in a wireless local area network
US8811369B2 (en) 2006-01-11 2014-08-19 Qualcomm Incorporated Methods and apparatus for supporting multiple communications modes of operation
US8804677B2 (en) 2006-01-11 2014-08-12 Qualcomm Incorporated Methods and apparatus for establishing communications between devices with differing capabilities
US8331425B2 (en) * 2006-02-28 2012-12-11 Kyocera Corporation Apparatus, system and method for providing a multiple input/multiple output (MIMO) channel interface
US7586991B2 (en) * 2006-03-16 2009-09-08 Posdata Co., Ltd. Method and apparatus for calculating likelihood metric of a received signal in a digital communication system
US20080016425A1 (en) * 2006-04-04 2008-01-17 Qualcomm Incorporated Turbo decoder with symmetric and non-symmetric decoding rates
US8543070B2 (en) 2006-04-24 2013-09-24 Qualcomm Incorporated Reduced complexity beam-steered MIMO OFDM system
KR100918734B1 (ko) * 2006-07-27 2009-09-24 삼성전자주식회사 다중입력 다중출력 통신 시스템의 오류 정정 장치 및 방법
CN1921366B (zh) * 2006-09-25 2010-07-21 华为技术有限公司 一种编码符号对数似然比的实现方法和装置
WO2008121553A1 (en) * 2007-03-29 2008-10-09 Sandisk Corporation Non-volatile storage with decoding of data using reliability metrics based on multiple reads
US7904793B2 (en) * 2007-03-29 2011-03-08 Sandisk Corporation Method for decoding data in non-volatile storage using reliability metrics based on multiple reads
CN103501193B (zh) * 2007-08-20 2017-04-12 瑞登有限责任公司 补偿mu‑mas通信、动态适应mu‑mas的方法
KR101402305B1 (ko) 2008-01-21 2014-06-30 삼성전자주식회사 다중입출력 시스템에서 격자축소행렬을 이용한 송신심볼검출방법 및 그 장치
US8345793B2 (en) 2008-03-10 2013-01-01 Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) Compensation of diagonal ISI in OFDM signals
US8391408B2 (en) * 2008-05-06 2013-03-05 Industrial Technology Research Institute Method and apparatus for spatial mapping matrix searching
US8595501B2 (en) 2008-05-09 2013-11-26 Qualcomm Incorporated Network helper for authentication between a token and verifiers
US8687718B2 (en) 2008-07-07 2014-04-01 Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation Multiple-input multiple-output OFDM systems
US8428169B1 (en) * 2008-07-30 2013-04-23 Marvell International Ltd. MIMO soft demodulation using hard-decision candidate selection
US8428113B1 (en) * 2009-01-23 2013-04-23 Pmc-Sierra, Inc. Equalizer for heavily clipped or compressed communications signals
US8175189B2 (en) * 2009-03-11 2012-05-08 Hitachi, Ltd. Fast generalized decision feedback equalizer precoder implementation for multi-user multiple-input multiple-output wireless transmission systems
EP3249842B1 (en) 2009-08-21 2018-11-14 BlackBerry Limited Transmission of information in a wireless communication system
US9814003B2 (en) 2009-11-06 2017-11-07 Blackberry Limited Transmission of information in a wireless communication system
CN102664707B (zh) * 2012-04-10 2015-06-17 华为技术有限公司 确定对数似然比的方法、Turbo译码方法及其装置
US11190947B2 (en) 2014-04-16 2021-11-30 Rearden, Llc Systems and methods for concurrent spectrum usage within actively used spectrum
US10194346B2 (en) 2012-11-26 2019-01-29 Rearden, Llc Systems and methods for exploiting inter-cell multiplexing gain in wireless cellular systems via distributed input distributed output technology
US10164698B2 (en) 2013-03-12 2018-12-25 Rearden, Llc Systems and methods for exploiting inter-cell multiplexing gain in wireless cellular systems via distributed input distributed output technology
US10547358B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2020-01-28 Rearden, Llc Systems and methods for radio frequency calibration exploiting channel reciprocity in distributed input distributed output wireless communications
CN103166903B (zh) * 2013-03-19 2015-08-12 清华大学 星座映射的软解预处理方法以及软解方法
US11290162B2 (en) 2014-04-16 2022-03-29 Rearden, Llc Systems and methods for mitigating interference within actively used spectrum
US10256942B2 (en) * 2015-01-26 2019-04-09 Sony Corporation Receiver for receiving data in a broadcast system using redundancy data
RU2577192C1 (ru) * 2015-02-11 2016-03-10 Межрегиональное общественное учреждение "Институт инженерной физики" Некогерентный демодулятор бинарного цифрового сигнала с мягким итеративным декодированием данных
US10257013B2 (en) 2015-08-14 2019-04-09 Hfi Innovation, Inc. Signal modulation and demodulation for multiuser superposition transmission scheme
US10257844B2 (en) 2017-01-17 2019-04-09 Qualcomm Incorporated Beam-combining scheme with broadcast beam-sweeping and beam-index indication
US10304550B1 (en) 2017-11-29 2019-05-28 Sandisk Technologies Llc Sense amplifier with negative threshold sensing for non-volatile memory
FR3084227B1 (fr) * 2018-07-23 2021-09-10 Mohamed Tlich Modem radio micro-ondes multi-canaux base sur une modulation multi-porteuses
US10643695B1 (en) 2019-01-10 2020-05-05 Sandisk Technologies Llc Concurrent multi-state program verify for non-volatile memory
US11024392B1 (en) 2019-12-23 2021-06-01 Sandisk Technologies Llc Sense amplifier for bidirectional sensing of memory cells of a non-volatile memory
EP3920494A1 (en) * 2020-06-05 2021-12-08 Nokia Solutions and Networks Oy Method and apparatus for reducing dfe-induced error propagation impact on soft-input decoding

Family Cites Families (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5040191A (en) * 1987-02-24 1991-08-13 Codex Corporation Partial response channel signaling systems
US5095497A (en) * 1989-10-02 1992-03-10 At & T Bell Laboratories Technique for achieving the full coding gain of encoded digital signals
US5446763A (en) * 1991-07-02 1995-08-29 Motorola, Inc. Apparatus and method for converting soft symbols into soft bits
US5311547A (en) * 1992-02-03 1994-05-10 At&T Bell Laboratories Partial-response-channel precoding
JP3321976B2 (ja) * 1994-04-01 2002-09-09 富士通株式会社 信号処理装置および信号処理方法
CA2171922C (en) * 1995-03-31 2001-12-11 Joseph Michael Nowack Decoder and method therefor
DE19647833B4 (de) * 1996-11-19 2005-07-07 Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. Verfahren zur gleichzeitigen Funkübertragung digitaler Daten zwischen mehreren Teilnehmerstationen und einer Basisstation
US6151296A (en) * 1997-06-19 2000-11-21 Qualcomm Incorporated Bit interleaving for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing in the transmission of digital signals
CA2245601C (en) * 1997-08-14 2007-06-12 Stewart Crozier High-performance low-complexity error-correcting codes
DE19736625C1 (de) * 1997-08-22 1998-12-03 Siemens Ag Verfahren zur Datenübertragung auf Übertragungskanälen in einem digitalen Übertragungssystem
US6499128B1 (en) * 1999-02-18 2002-12-24 Cisco Technology, Inc. Iterated soft-decision decoding of block codes
GB2355164B (en) * 1999-10-07 2004-06-09 Oak Technology Inc Demodulator circuit
US7406261B2 (en) * 1999-11-02 2008-07-29 Lot 41 Acquisition Foundation, Llc Unified multi-carrier framework for multiple-access technologies
US6944242B2 (en) * 2001-01-04 2005-09-13 Comsys Communication & Signal Processing Ltd. Apparatus for and method of converting soft symbol information to soft bit information

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
RU2004119550A (ru) 2005-11-10
ZA200404175B (en) 2005-08-11
KR20040061005A (ko) 2004-07-06
AU2002346605B2 (en) 2008-09-11
EP1461924A2 (en) 2004-09-29
AR039071A1 (es) 2005-02-09
CN100583860C (zh) 2010-01-20
US7218689B2 (en) 2007-05-15
MXPA04005171A (es) 2004-08-11
MY137160A (en) 2009-01-30
BR0214528A (pt) 2004-12-28
AU2002346605A1 (en) 2003-06-10
JP4116562B2 (ja) 2008-07-09
CA2468574A1 (en) 2003-06-05
WO2003047118A3 (en) 2003-11-27
US20030112901A1 (en) 2003-06-19
WO2003047118A2 (en) 2003-06-05
RU2304352C2 (ru) 2007-08-10
CN1615622A (zh) 2005-05-11
TW200304309A (en) 2003-09-16
TWI292272B (en) 2008-01-01
KR100911424B1 (ko) 2009-08-11
IL162191A (en) 2010-11-30
EP1461924A4 (en) 2010-07-07
JP2005510939A (ja) 2005-04-21

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
IL162191A (en) Method and apparatus for determining the log-likelihood ratio with precoding
GB2394389B (en) Equalisation apparatus and methods
GB2398138B (en) Wake-up detection method and apparatus embodying the same
ZA200309762B (en) Rock-bolting apparatus and method.
AU2003277853A8 (en) Recirculating fluidic network and methods for using the same
AU2003279814A8 (en) Fluid-handling apparatus and methods
EP1513924A4 (en) ATTENUATED LISTERIA SPP. AND METHOD OF USE THEREOF
GB0115980D0 (en) Apparatus and methods
EP1451804A4 (en) METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR DETERMINING TONE HEIGHT
EP1448669A4 (en) POLYIMIDE COPOLYMER AND METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF
GB0101259D0 (en) Apparatus and method
MXPA03001687A (es) Aparato receptor y metodo.
SG135906A1 (en) Retransmission control method and the apparatus
GB2392066B (en) Equaliser apparatus and methods
GB2396425B (en) Gradient-coil system and magnetic-resonance apparatus incorporating the gradient-coil system
GB0105688D0 (en) Apparatus and method
GB0110732D0 (en) Apparatus and method
EP1571876A4 (en) SPEAKER AND DEVICE WITH SUCH A SPEAKER
GB2396417B (en) Automatic adjusting method for measuring equipment and apparatus using the same
HK1066514A1 (en) Belt means, clamping means and belt apparatus and the use and method thereof
GB0101084D0 (en) Apparatus and method
GB0217574D0 (en) Apparatus and method
GB2421581B (en) Metering apparatus, combination metering apparatus with the metering apparatus, and metering method
HK1031406A1 (en) Anodizing method and apparatus for performing the same.
AU2003248058A1 (en) Book-making equipment and book-making method using the equipment