GB2194805A - Sewerage system and lamphole cover - Google Patents

Description

1 GB2194805A 1

SPECIFICATION

Sewerage system and lamphole cover, especially for waste water and rainwater 5 disposal and process for sewering The invention relates to a sewerage system and lamphole cover, especially for the disposal of waste water and rainwater as well a pro- cess for sewering.

Sewerage for carrying off waste water and rainwater was already built by ancient peoples, e.g. Greeks and Romans. Sewerage is almost as old as mankind. At sites where ancient urban settlements were discovered, traces of sewerage system- although of primitive form-were always found.

The sewerage system of the Romans served primarily for carrying off ground water and rainwater.

During the reign of Julius Caesar all waste waters had to be conducted into a canal.

Excavations give evidence of the fact that there were complete sewerage systems in Ro- man cities.

In the cities of the Middle Ages, sewerage disposal declined. Existing systems were left untended and allowed to decay. At the same time, ditches along road served not only to drain off rainwater but people threw all their waste, such as household, animnal and other residues into them.

In these ditches the waste water putrefied and malodorous on draining into the soil or on remaining on the surface; the slack water it gave rise to sources of infections.

Nowadays modern town planning has the indispensable and concomitant condition of providing adequate sewerage.

The waste water accumulating due to water supply in households, factories, plants has to be carried off and this is the task of the sewerage system.

Canals collect household and industrial sew- age and conduct it to sewage treatment plants and then to some outlet.

From the roofs of the buildings and from the roads the rainwater has to be collected and conducted through the shortest way to the outlet.

The sewerage system serves by draining off the rainwater from land covered by buildings and promote road traffic. It preserves different kinds of establishments from the destructive effect of water, regulates and partly eliminates pollution of the ground water, reduces dampness of the houses and cellars.

Beyond its sanitary function sewerage has importance in the protection of the environ- merit, water economics, manufacture, etc.

From what is said above, the various requirements to be met by a sewerage system are apparent.

The effort to meet all these requirements resulted in manufacturing sewerages from vari- 130 ous materials and in different performances.

Sewerage systems and their accessories (auxiliary structures) must be manufactured from technically appropriate materials whose service life must be at least 50 years i.e. the pipes and ducts as well as the accessories may only be made from materials complying with this requirement if properly operated.

However, according to experiences, these requirements-with few exceptions until now-cannot completely be fulfilled in practice due to the effects of aggressive waters and dynamic traffic loads from outside and aggressive effects of various industrial sew- ages from inside of the sewerage.

Based upon such experiences the following choice of materials is to be found most fre quently used with the technical solutions of sewerage systems.

Stoneware pipes, pressed from a soft ma terial shrinking at low temperature and then baked. These fully watertight pipes are ex tremely durable. They are used primarily where the sewerage is exposed to aggressive effects and where higher water-tightness is required.

The sewerage with stoneware pipes has, however, the drawback that beyond its high investment costs, the system is rigid and due to its missing flexibility the possible loads (stresses) may result in fractures. For building the system, skilled specialists are needed.

With larger dimensions, works need to be highly mechanized.

There are known tubes from concrete and reinforced concrete, too, used as building un its for sewerage systems. One of the most frequently used elements for building sewer age is the concrete tube. In our country there are several manufacturing plants for producing such tubes on an industrial scale.

Concrete tubes have the disadvantage of being too heavy and besides, there are some troubles with their watertightness, they are not dense enough and their cold resistance is poor. A further difficulty resides in that with their use there is required considerable skill and mechanization for building the sewerage system.

Reinforced concrete tubes were used in the past only as elements for water supply systems but nowadays they are used for sewerage, too.

Their long life and high strength are valuable properties, but they have the drawback that careful calculation of the dimensions and economics are needed on account of the high investment costs.

Also asbestos cement tubes are known.

They are made from high strength cement and pure, long fibre asbestos. The tubes are made only in circular form, separately for pressure pipes and for gravity canals. Their application is justified primarily at sites where the gravity canal is laid in high level ground water and full 2 GB2194805A 2 water-tightness is required with an appropriate strength.

Their disadvantage resides firstly in the very high investment costs and in that due to the heavy weight pressure tubes made from asbestos cement, lifting devices need to be used.

For building sewerage systems from plastics tubes there are used tubes made of polyvinyl- chloride, polyethylene, and polyester reinforced with glass fibre, glass- cloth, or with fine sand layer. The tubes are extruded from hot material L e. moulded under pressure and the reinforced tubes are produced by winding techniques.

The light-weight tubes may be telescopically inserted and in general provided with rolling or sliding rubber ring sealing.

Beyond the ease of building, the plastics canals have the advantage that the tubes are manufactured in lengths of 6 to 12 m, which enables easy and less labour intensive transportation and assembling, besides a part of the conventional concreted cleaning shafts may be changed to cleaning tubes.

Hungarian patent specification No. 182 345 relates also to a- sewerage system. The main feature of this system is that a part of the cleaning shafts used until now is omitted and a further part of them is changed to cleaning tubes. The sewerage system consists of plastics tubes in order to achieve a saving in costs.

Along the axis of the collecting or service main lying axially to the road are located the cleaning shafts and cleaning tubes, respectively.

The canals at different levels e.g. the collecting or service main is provided with clean- ing tube, the service connection has a separate cleaning tube and when the private sewer is located at a different level, then this one is provided with a separate cleaning tube, too.

A disadvantage of this solution resides in that the plastics cleaning tubes which are otherwise susceptible to damage, are located on the road.

Namely, the shaft covers located on the road can be fixed against displacement only by extremely careful work and at the same time the water soaks through or washes away the soil by the side of the cleaning tube due to the missing flexible sealed joint between the tube and the cover. According to expreri- ences, the covers provided for on the cleaning tubes are of light weight and due to their relatively small diameter they do not have a stable enough laying surface to prevent them from turning out of their seats also in the case of a minor manufacturing error or a very small amount of wear.

Beyond ail this, servicing and operating on the road causes traffic troubles to an extent depending on the width of the road.

The above sewerage systems have cleaning 130 shafts or cleaning tubes as inseparable auxiliary equipments. Their names refer to their function: they are equipments serving to enable cleaning, repairing check up and other ser- vicing of the sewerage system.

With the development of cleaning techniques, apparatuses and larger tools had to be carried down and thus the dimensions of the lampholes had to be adjusted to the modern requirements.

According to projecting regulations and to practice, lampholes are built at break points and generally at distances of 25 to 50 m thus enabling regular care of the canals. Up to a nominal diameter of 800 mm the cleaning shafts are located along the axis of the canal for the sake of simple and economic manufacture.

Common drawbacks of such lampholes and cleaning tubes are as follows:

An important part of the lampholes are built along the axis of the canals which are located along the axis of the roads.

It is a day-to-day experience that the covers of the lampholes and cleaning tubes are only aligned with the surface of the road case of an extremely careful assembly. In the majority of the cases they are protruding from the surface thus creating a permanent danger to the traffic. 8eyond this direct danger their presence in large numbers badly influences the early wear of certain units of the vehicles.

A further disadvantage of the lampholes and cleaning tubes located on the roads resides in that due to their frequent damage their operating and servicing is expensive.

Over all this, a further drawback in view of the road traffic resides in that the men reparing and servicing the sewerage are working under dangerous conditions.

It is also a common drawback of the known lampholes and cleaning tubes according to the known systems that different cleaning holes or cleaning tubes had to be developed for the collecting mains, for the service connections and for the private sewers and different covers had to be provided for them.

The object of the present invention is to eliminate all these disadvantages and to pro- vide a sewerage system based upon bent pieces in which the lampholes and cleaning tubes, are removed from busy roads (possibly into park areas or green zones) whereby the covers become protected, the operation of the sewerage as well as the road traffic will be more safe and, beyond this, a simple as sembly and an economic technical solution will be realized at a significantly higher quality level.

According to one variation of the invention, the cleaning tubes and/or lampholes are-ex cept for the critical junctions where several canals meet and roads intersect-uniformly removed from the road or from the most busy zone of the road. The collecting or service $1 11 3 GB2194805A 3 main located in general along the axis of the road is connected to the service connection through a bent piece on which there is located a cleaning tube or lamphole formed so that it may replace the cleaning tubes or cleaning shafts of the collecting main, service connec tion and private sewer as well. This cleaning tube or lamphole may be located in a park area. The lower part of the thus formed uni versal cleaning tube or universal cleaning lam- 75 phole is provided with a piece having an ap propriate bend. When using universal cleaning tube or universal lamphole the one or more private sewers are connected to one-bend tee-pieces or to appropriate bended pieces so 80 that the appropriate bend enables the intro duction of the cleaning hose or cleaning spiral for mechanical cleaning.

Connection of the upper part of the cleaning tube to the cover and to a box e.g. cock-box, 85 has not been solved in a technically accept able way until now.

Therefore, a combined cover is also pro vided for a flexible,and at the same time seal edJoint. The combined cover has with a lower 90 part comprising a rubber ring. This rubber ring assures a sealed joint as it tightly fits onto the upper part of the universal cleaning tube which is left open.

Preferably the combined cover is provided with an upper flange formed so that it receives the cover in a recess. In addition to the surface lying on the shoulder of the recess, the cover has a further fitting surface serving to prevent the cover from being turned out in 100 the case of any radial load. This is achieved advantageously by a pipe-like extension on the lower part of the cover. On the cover, a hole is provided for the lifting tool to remove the cover and at the same time to ensure aeration 105 of the open universal cleaning tube and of the sewerage system. Where further regulations prescribe it, the upper part of the universal cleaning tube can be covered by a closing piece naving one or more bores.

It is expedient to fix the combined cover by means of concrete frame also when located in a park area.

The distance which these expediently formed universal cleaning tubes and/or universal lampholes are located at, is defined by the capacity of the available cleaning tubes serving also for cleaning the collecting or service main can expediently be located at distances of 60 to 100 m.

At other connection places, too, it is expedient to use universally formed cleaning tubes or universal lampholes. A possible embodiment therefore is as follows:

The service connection is brought up to a different level than the laying depth of the collecting or service main as required economically in order to achieve significant savings on earth moving etc.

To the service connection thus laid at the appropriate level is joined the universal cleaning tube or universal lamphole located in public area, possibly in park area. Its location is defined by a technical solution thereby that the private sewer needs cleaning at less frequent intervals, however, locating on a closed private area would result in troubles with personnel, organization, operation, servicing etc. which all may be avoided in this way.

The service connection is of course installed with the insertion of an appropriately dimensioned bent piece.

According to a possible embodiment of the invention, the lower part of the universal cleaning tube is formed as a bent piece joined to an appropriately located one-bend tee-piece so as to ensure mechanical cleaning of the connected private sewer.

In another embodiment of the invention, the upper part of the universal cleaning tube is formed similarly to that described above and it is connected through a flexible joint to a combined cover.

On the basis of the described principles, there can be realized several other technical solutions, too.

The invention will be described below by means of embodiments when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

Fig. 1 shows a part of a possible embodiment of the sewerage system according to the invention, Fig. 2 is a possible embodiment of the universal cleaning tube of the sewerage system according to the invention, in side elevation, Fig. 3 is another variation of the universal cleaning tube of the sewerage system according to the invention, also in side elevation, Fig. 4 shows a section through a possible embodiment of the combined cover of the sewerage system according to the invention,and Fig. 5 is a possible embodiment of a univer- sal cleaning shaft of the sewerage system according to the invention, in longitudinal section.

Fig. 1 shows a part of a possible embodiment of the sewerage system according to the invention, wherein any of the universal cleaning tubes 4 and/or universal cleaning (lamp)holes 3 are located on the road 9 whereby the above described drawbacks of the known solutions can be eliminated.

Only at the most critical junctions (road crossings) are located conventional e.g. mono lithic cleaning shafts 1, however, at these places there may be used universal cleaning holes 3, too.

Along the axis of the road 9 is laid the collecting or service main 5 which has no di rectly located universal cleaning hole 3 or uni versal cleaning tube 4: they are in the most appropriate zone, namely in the park area 10.

To the collecting or service main 5 there is 4 GB2194805A 4 connected the service connection 6 provided with the appropriately formed universal cleaning tube 4 or univeral cleaning hole 3 advantageously located in the park zone 10. Behind the universal cleaning tubes 4 or universal cleaning holes 3 there is shown a sidewalk 11. Within the private area there is provided a private sewer 8 joined also to the universal cleaning tube 4 or universal cleaning shaft 3.

It is apparent therefrom that by the develop- 75 ment of the universal cleaning tube 4 or universal cleaning hole 3 and by their appropriately defined locating a sewerage system having significant advantageous properties may be realized.

This sewerage system with the service connection provided with a bent piece 7 enables through the technical performance of the universal cleaning hole 3 or universal cleaning tube 4, the collecting or service main 5, the service connection with bent piece 7 and the private sewer 8 to be mechanically cleaned without difficulty and to let the waste water flow down unhindered.

The universal cleaning tube 4 or universal cleaning hole 3 in itself is able through appropriately performed bent pieces to enable also the unhindered mechanical cleaning of the service connection 6 and the private sewer 8 and of course to let the waste water or rainwater flow down without difficulty.

Fig. 2 shows a possible embodiment of the universal cleaning tube 4 of the sewerage system according to the invention, in side eleva- tion.

In this drawing there is shown a universal cleaning tube 4 in side elevation, which in itself is able to ensure cleaning of the collecting or service main 5, the service connection with bended piece 7 and the private sewer 8, as well.

The system consists of the collecting or service main 5, the bent piece 13 or a onebend tee-piece 14 etc. connected directly to the main, the service connection with bent piece 7, a further bent piece 13, the one-bend tee-piece 14, the private sewer 8, the com bined cover 16, the cover 17 and the rubber ring 18. The concrete frame 12 is a fixing device and park area 10 shows a possible 115 locating level 15.

This embodiment fulfils its function through a specially performed and specially located one-bend Tee-piece 14 and unimpeded clean- ing of the private sewer 8, cleaning of the service connection 6 with bent piece 7 and introducing the cleaning hose into the collecting or service main 5 are ensured by the bent piece 13 having an appropriately rounded bend.

Fig. 3 shows another variation of the univer sal cleaning tube 4 of the sewerage system according to the invention, in schematic side elevation.

On the basis of the above description it is 130 understood that Fig. 3 shows the schematic side elevation of a technical solution in which the universal cleaning tube 4 has to ensure the unimpeded cleaning of the service connec- tion 6 and the private sewer 8. It can clearly be seen further, that there is a spigot-andsocket joint 2 protruding upwardly from the collecting or service main 5 serving for the connection of the service connection 6 lying at the required installation depth. Cleaning is facilitated by a bent piece 13 which is connected to the service connection 6 which again is connected to a further bent piece 13 leading to the universal cleaning tube 4. In the universal cleaning tube 4 there is provided the specially formed and specially located onebend Tee-piece 14 enabling private sewer 8.

Fig. 8 shows a possible embodiment of the combined cover 16 of the sewerage system according to the invention, which enables the watertight sealing against the one-bend Teepiece 14 in order that the water may not soak the neighbouring soil. In addition to the me- chanical protection, it has also the function to close the opening in a way to enable aerating and being opened, and thus without being turned out of its place.

These functions are fulfilled by a cover cornprising a lower part formed like a spigot-andsocket joint containing a sealing ring 18. According to an advantageous technical solution, the upper part is provided with a flange in a recess of which is received the cover 17 hav- ing a keyhole 22. Aeration is ensured-besides other functio ns-th rough the one or more keyhole(s) 22.

A means assuring the cover 17 is not turned out of its place is realized in form of a pipe-like extension 23 which is able effectively to prevent the cover 17 from turning out from its place. Of couser, this flexibly sealed joint may also be realized so that the one-bend Tee-piece 14 contains also the spigot-and- socket-like device together with the sealing ring 18 and in this case the combined cover is received within the socket with a smooth pipe-like performance.

In Fig. 5 there is shown a possible embodiment of the universal cleaning hole 3 of the sewerage system according to the invention, in schematic longitudinal section. This has to prove that the sewerage system and the universal cleaning hole 3 or the universal cleaning tube 4 according to the invention is not a question of material selection but over economics, it is a question of fulfilling higher requirements.

In Fig. 5 there is shown a specially performed universal cleaning hole 3 which solves the cleaning of the collecting or service main 5, the service connection with bent piece 7 and e.g.. three private sewers 8 from a single shaft namely the universal cleaning hole 3.

According to this embodiment, the universal cleaning of the p cleaning hole 3 is manufactured from monolithic concrete 21 ending in a reducing piece 20 and covered by a conventional cover 19.

In the universal cleaning hole 3 made from monolithic concrete 21, at the inlet port of the service connection with bent piece 7 as well as at the inlet port of the private sewer 8 there are provided rounded corners 24 the radial arching of which serves to facilitate the unimpeded introduction of the cleaning hose or cleaning spiral of cleaning machines.

In an advantageous arrangement of the universal cleaning hole 3, also its connection to the park area 10 can be seen in Fig. 5.

It is also shown that the unimpeded flow down of the waste water or rainwater is ensured, too. For ensuring appropriate flow down of the rainwater, drain traps are to be connected to the upper part of the universal cleaning holes 3 and/or universal cleaning tubes 4 developed according to the above description through appropriate adaptation so that they should be located on the side of the road at places formed specifically for the col- lection of rainwater.

In the case of building a unified sewerage system, the same technical solution enables beyond draining the rainwater also cleaning of the private sewer 8, service connection with bent piece 7 and service main 5.

On the basis of the above examples it is obvious that the sewerage system according to the invention is realized by significantly reducing the number of the cleaning tubes, by removing them from the road and by applying universal cleaning holes 3 and universal cleaning tubes 4. A flexible sealed Joint of the one-bend Tee-piece 14 to the combined cover is ensured by means of spigot-and- socket joint provided with a rubber ring. At the same time operation and servicing of the system can be made more simple and safe by the described solution. IrIvestment costs of building the sewerage system can be reduced sig- nificantly,i. e. by 40 to 60 % as compared to the technical solutions known until now and simultaneously, a significant improvement of the quality can be achieved both in view of sewerage works and condition of the roads and, besides, secondary effects as a possibility to instal temporary sewage lifting stations, or a higher traffic safety, or an increase in the lifetime of the vehicles, etc. can also be mentioned.

Although the described examples show only schematically a few possibilities for realizing the technical solution according to the invention, there are obviously numerous other variations to be realized within the scope of the claims.

Arrangement of the sewerage system may vary depending on the location, the universal cleaning tube 4 can be carried out in a more complex form and it can be manufactured of course without the combined cover or with a GB2194805A 5 differently designed variation thereof.

There is a further possibility to carry out another variation of the junctions appropriately assembled from bent pieces 13 in which all of the universal cleaning holes 3 and/or universal cleaning tubes 4 will be able to ensure cleaning of the collecting or service main 5, service connection 6 and private sewer 8. Finally, each variation may of course be carried out with a reduced number of pieces by ensuring more-at distances of 16 to 25 m instead of 60 to 100 m-cleaning facilities for the collecting or service main 5.

It is also obvious that in the case of a rain- water canal, it is the gully holes which are constituted by universal cleaning holes 3 or universal cleaning tubes 4, with a simple adaptation of the arrangements shown as examples of the embodiments.

In the appended claims reference numbers have been used purely by way of illustration and emphatically not by way of limitation of the scope of the claims.

Claims (15)

1. Sewerage system especially for the conveyance of waste water and rainwater, provided with cleaning holes and/or cleaning tubes, characterized in that at least in a part of the sewerage system there are provided essentially universal cleaning holes (3) and/or universal cleaning tubes (4) advantageously being removed aside from the axis of a collecting or service main (5) and/or of a road (9) and being expediently provided with bent pieces (24, 13, 14) turned upwards from the axis of canals (5, 6, 7, 8) laid at different levels, the bent pieces (24, 13, 14) being di rectly or indirectly joined to each other.

2. Sewerage system as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the universal cleaning hole (3) and/or universal cleaning tube (4) is arranged on the collecting or service main (5) so that at least a part of the collecting or service main (5) is diverted aside from the vertical plane of the axis of the road (9).

3. Sewerage system as claimed in claims 1 or 2, characterized in that at least a part of the universal cleaning holes (3) and/or universal cleaning tubes (4) is arranged on the service connection (6), on the service connection with a bent piece (7), or on a private sewer (8).

4. Sewerage system as claimed in any of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the upper part of the universal cleaning tube (4) is joined by a flexibly sealed joint to a combined cover (16).

5. Sewerage system as claimed in any of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the collecting or service main (5), the service connection (6), the service connection with a bent piece (7), the private sewer (8), the universal cleaning hole (3) and/or universal cleaning tube (4) contain only bent pieces (13, 14, 24) in addi- 6 GB2194805A 6 tion to the straight pipes.

6. Sewerage system as claimed in any of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that in the universal cleaning hole (3) there are provided specially performed bends (24).

7. Sewerage system as claimed in any of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the universal cleaning hole (3) is manufactured from monolithic concrete (21) with varying diameter joined to canals (5, 6, 8) without interruption, provided with releasable joints at the junctions (1, 3, 4) by realizing carrying off the accumulated sewage in a closed system.

8. Sewerage system as claimed in any of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the universal cleaning tube (4) is provided with a bent piece (13) and a specially formed one-bend Tee-piece (14).

9. Sewerage system as claimed in any of claims 1 to 5 and 8, characterized in that the universal cleaning tube (4) is manufactured from plastics, fitted with spigot-and-socket joint having a ring (18), and having different diameters.

10. A cover especially for the sewerage system as claimed in claims 1 to 9, character ized in that in addition to the bearing surfaces due to its recessed position, the cover (17) has a further bearing surface (23) supported at one or more points and the cover (7) is contained in a combined cover (16) having a rubber ring (18) sealing at its lower end executed as a spigot-and-socket joint.

11. Cover for sewerage system, as claimed in claim 10, characterized in that the flexible sealed joint of the combined cover (16) is provided by the spigot-and- socket joint of the one-bend tee-piece (14), provided with the rubber ring (18), so that it receives the lower part of the combined cover (16).

12. Process for seweraging especially for producing the sewerage system as claimed in claims 1 to 11, characterized by assembling bent pieces (13, 14,_ 24) in addition to straight pipes (2, 5, 6, 7, 8) so that the collecting or service main (5) is executed with spigot-andsocket joint having rubber ring, and connected also with spigot-and-socket joint having rubber ring (18) to the service connection with bended piece (7) as well as to the universal cleaning tube (4) removed aside from the vertical plane of the axis of the road (9), this latter being connected to the private sewer (8) through a rubber ring (18) sealing. 55

13. A sewerage system according to claim 1 substantially as herein described with reference to and as shown in any one of the Figures of the accompanying drawings.

14. A cover for a sewerage system accord- ing to claim 10 or 11 substantially as herein described with reference to and as shown in any one of the Figures of the accompanying drawings.

15. A process according to claim 12 sub- stantially as herein described with reference to and as shown in any one of the Figures of the accompanying drawings.

Published 1988 at The Patent Office, State House, 66/71 HighHolborn, London WC 1 R 4TP. Further copies may be obtained from The Patent Office, Sales Branch, St Mary Cray, Orpington, Kent BF15 3RD. Printed by Burgess & Son (Abingdon) Ltd. Con. 1/87.

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