GB2182936A - Method of producing a sugar syrup from sorghum - Google Patents
Method of producing a sugar syrup from sorghum Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2182936A GB2182936A GB08525194A GB8525194A GB2182936A GB 2182936 A GB2182936 A GB 2182936A GB 08525194 A GB08525194 A GB 08525194A GB 8525194 A GB8525194 A GB 8525194A GB 2182936 A GB2182936 A GB 2182936A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- starch
- solution
- amylase
- grain
- enzyme
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 43
- 235000011684 Sorghum saccharatum Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 235000020374 simple syrup Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 11
- 240000006394 Sorghum bicolor Species 0.000 title description 13
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 108010059892 Cellulase Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 108010073178 Glucan 1,4-alpha-Glucosidase Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 150000008163 sugars Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 230000003301 hydrolyzing effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 241000209072 Sorghum Species 0.000 claims abstract 6
- 239000004382 Amylase Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 claims description 11
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000002255 enzymatic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000020357 syrup Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 11
- 239000006188 syrup Substances 0.000 abstract description 11
- 240000008042 Zea mays Species 0.000 abstract description 7
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 7
- 102000004139 alpha-Amylases Human genes 0.000 abstract description 6
- 108090000637 alpha-Amylases Proteins 0.000 abstract description 6
- 229940024171 alpha-amylase Drugs 0.000 abstract description 6
- 235000005824 Zea mays ssp. parviglumis Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 5
- 235000005822 corn Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 5
- 101710130006 Beta-glucanase Proteins 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 48
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 43
- 229940088598 enzyme Drugs 0.000 description 40
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 38
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 38
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 22
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 21
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 21
- 229910001868 water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 21
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 17
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 17
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 16
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical compound [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 description 13
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 239000011630 iodine Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 12
- NLKNQRATVPKPDG-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium iodide Chemical compound [K+].[I-] NLKNQRATVPKPDG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 12
- 102000013142 Amylases Human genes 0.000 description 10
- 108010065511 Amylases Proteins 0.000 description 10
- 235000019418 amylase Nutrition 0.000 description 10
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000008351 acetate buffer Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229960000583 acetic acid Drugs 0.000 description 8
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 8
- OWEGMIWEEQEYGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 100676-05-9 Natural products OC1C(O)C(O)C(CO)OC1OCC1C(O)C(O)C(O)C(OC2C(OC(O)C(O)C2O)CO)O1 OWEGMIWEEQEYGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-PICCSMPSSA-N Maltose Natural products O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@@H](CO)OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-PICCSMPSSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000002538 fungal effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 7
- 229920001353 Dextrin Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 239000004375 Dextrin Substances 0.000 description 6
- VMHLLURERBWHNL-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium acetate Chemical compound [Na+].CC([O-])=O VMHLLURERBWHNL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 235000019425 dextrin Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 239000001632 sodium acetate Substances 0.000 description 6
- 235000017281 sodium acetate Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 238000003556 assay Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 5
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- LLSDKQJKOVVTOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium chloride dihydrate Chemical compound O.O.[Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2] LLSDKQJKOVVTOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 229940052299 calcium chloride dihydrate Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000796 flavoring agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000019634 flavors Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodine Chemical class II PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- KMUONIBRACKNSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium dichromate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-][Cr](=O)(=O)O[Cr]([O-])(=O)=O KMUONIBRACKNSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 4
- -1 Ca2+ ion Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229940106157 cellulase Drugs 0.000 description 3
- GFHNAMRJFCEERV-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt chloride hexahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.[Cl-].[Cl-].[Co+2] GFHNAMRJFCEERV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 229940097268 cobaltous chloride hexahydrate Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000012362 glacial acetic acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- VZOPRCCTKLAGPN-ZFJVMAEJSA-L potassium;sodium;(2r,3r)-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioate;tetrahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.[Na+].[K+].[O-]C(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C([O-])=O VZOPRCCTKLAGPN-ZFJVMAEJSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000012085 test solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 3
- FYGDTMLNYKFZSV-URKRLVJHSA-N (2s,3r,4s,5s,6r)-2-[(2r,4r,5r,6s)-4,5-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[(2r,4r,5r,6s)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1OC1[C@@H](CO)O[C@@H](OC2[C@H](O[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]2O)CO)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O FYGDTMLNYKFZSV-URKRLVJHSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229920002498 Beta-glucan Polymers 0.000 description 2
- GXCLVBGFBYZDAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-N-methylprop-2-en-1-amine Chemical compound CN(CCC1=CNC2=C1C=CC=C2)CC=C GXCLVBGFBYZDAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000016383 Zea mays subsp huehuetenangensis Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000005903 acid hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-PHYPRBDBSA-N alpha-D-galactose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-PHYPRBDBSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000001580 bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000013361 beverage Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000701 coagulant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000015271 coagulation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005345 coagulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007865 diluting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003113 dilution method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000009973 maize Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000005360 mashing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- RWPGFSMJFRPDDP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium metabisulfite Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]S(=O)S([O-])(=O)=O RWPGFSMJFRPDDP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000004297 potassium metabisulphite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010263 potassium metabisulphite Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001864 tannin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000001648 tannin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000018553 tannin Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- KIAPWMKFHIKQOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[[(4-fluorophenyl)-oxomethyl]amino]benzoic acid methyl ester Chemical compound COC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1NC(=O)C1=CC=C(F)C=C1 KIAPWMKFHIKQOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZXVONLUNISGICL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol Chemical group CC1=CC([N+]([O-])=O)=CC([N+]([O-])=O)=C1O ZXVONLUNISGICL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000228245 Aspergillus niger Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000006439 Aspergillus oryzae Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000002247 Aspergillus oryzae Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229920002261 Corn starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002245 Dextrose equivalent Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241001481828 Glyptocephalus cynoglossus Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000005979 Hordeum vulgare Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007340 Hordeum vulgare Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000228143 Penicillium Species 0.000 description 1
- 101100391171 Schizosaccharomyces pombe (strain 972 / ATCC 24843) for3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000012445 acidic reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 101150099875 atpE gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150018639 atpFH gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150048329 atpH gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007853 buffer solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960005069 calcium Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008120 corn starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002478 diastatic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011552 falling film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008098 formaldehyde solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010926 purge Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013049 sediment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011006 sodium potassium tartrate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- NWONKYPBYAMBJT-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc sulfate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O NWONKYPBYAMBJT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P19/00—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals
- C12P19/20—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals produced by the action of an exo-1,4 alpha-glucosidase, e.g. dextrose
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C13—SUGAR INDUSTRY
- C13K—SACCHARIDES OBTAINED FROM NATURAL SOURCES OR BY HYDROLYSIS OF NATURALLY OCCURRING DISACCHARIDES, OLIGOSACCHARIDES OR POLYSACCHARIDES
- C13K1/00—Glucose; Glucose-containing syrups
- C13K1/06—Glucose; Glucose-containing syrups obtained by saccharification of starch or raw materials containing starch
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Emergency Medicine (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
- Preparation Of Compounds By Using Micro-Organisms (AREA)
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB08525194A GB2182936A (en) | 1985-10-12 | 1985-10-12 | Method of producing a sugar syrup from sorghum |
| IN806/MAS/86A IN163778B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1985-10-12 | 1986-10-13 |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB08525194A GB2182936A (en) | 1985-10-12 | 1985-10-12 | Method of producing a sugar syrup from sorghum |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB8525194D0 GB8525194D0 (en) | 1985-11-13 |
| GB2182936A true GB2182936A (en) | 1987-05-28 |
Family
ID=10586573
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB08525194A Withdrawn GB2182936A (en) | 1985-10-12 | 1985-10-12 | Method of producing a sugar syrup from sorghum |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| GB (1) | GB2182936A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
| IN (1) | IN163778B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
Citations (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3535123A (en) * | 1967-10-24 | 1970-10-20 | Cpc International Inc | High de starch hydrolysate syrups and method of preparation |
| GB1561856A (en) * | 1977-01-24 | 1980-03-05 | Pfeifer & Langen | Method of preparing refined starch hydrolysates mainlyconsisting of monosaccharides disaccharides and higher saccharides from starch-containing cereals |
| EP0022619A1 (en) * | 1979-06-12 | 1981-01-21 | The Research And Development Institute Inc. At Montana State University | Processes for production of waxy barley products and products resulting therefrom |
| EP0028872A2 (en) * | 1979-11-06 | 1981-05-20 | Wenger Manufacturing | A method and apparatus for use in producing sugars from starch-bearing material |
| US4330625A (en) * | 1980-03-12 | 1982-05-18 | National Distillers & Chemical Corp. | Liquefying aqueous starch slurry followed by saccharification with ion exchange resin |
| EP0078782A1 (en) * | 1981-11-04 | 1983-05-11 | Maskin AB Plavia | Method for producing foodstuffs from whole cereal grains |
| EP0114162A2 (de) * | 1983-01-13 | 1984-07-25 | VOEST-ALPINE Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren zum Aufbereiten von Stärke oder stärkehaltigen Rohstoffen |
| EP0131563A1 (de) * | 1983-06-09 | 1985-01-16 | VOGELBUSCH GESELLSCHAFT m.b.H. | Verfahren zum Aufschluss von Stärke zur Herstellung von verzuckerter Maische |
| EP0157638A2 (en) * | 1984-04-03 | 1985-10-09 | Novo Nordisk A/S | Method for production of high conversion syrups and immobilized alpha-amylase employed in the process |
-
1985
- 1985-10-12 GB GB08525194A patent/GB2182936A/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1986
- 1986-10-13 IN IN806/MAS/86A patent/IN163778B/en unknown
Patent Citations (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3535123A (en) * | 1967-10-24 | 1970-10-20 | Cpc International Inc | High de starch hydrolysate syrups and method of preparation |
| GB1561856A (en) * | 1977-01-24 | 1980-03-05 | Pfeifer & Langen | Method of preparing refined starch hydrolysates mainlyconsisting of monosaccharides disaccharides and higher saccharides from starch-containing cereals |
| EP0022619A1 (en) * | 1979-06-12 | 1981-01-21 | The Research And Development Institute Inc. At Montana State University | Processes for production of waxy barley products and products resulting therefrom |
| EP0028872A2 (en) * | 1979-11-06 | 1981-05-20 | Wenger Manufacturing | A method and apparatus for use in producing sugars from starch-bearing material |
| US4330625A (en) * | 1980-03-12 | 1982-05-18 | National Distillers & Chemical Corp. | Liquefying aqueous starch slurry followed by saccharification with ion exchange resin |
| EP0078782A1 (en) * | 1981-11-04 | 1983-05-11 | Maskin AB Plavia | Method for producing foodstuffs from whole cereal grains |
| EP0114162A2 (de) * | 1983-01-13 | 1984-07-25 | VOEST-ALPINE Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren zum Aufbereiten von Stärke oder stärkehaltigen Rohstoffen |
| EP0131563A1 (de) * | 1983-06-09 | 1985-01-16 | VOGELBUSCH GESELLSCHAFT m.b.H. | Verfahren zum Aufschluss von Stärke zur Herstellung von verzuckerter Maische |
| EP0157638A2 (en) * | 1984-04-03 | 1985-10-09 | Novo Nordisk A/S | Method for production of high conversion syrups and immobilized alpha-amylase employed in the process |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| IN163778B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1988-11-05 |
| GB8525194D0 (en) | 1985-11-13 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| WAP | Application withdrawn, taken to be withdrawn or refused ** after publication under section 16(1) |