GB2118678A - Resilient bushing for a fender - Google Patents

Abstract

A resilient bushing comprises a cylindrical body 38, 40, 44 of resilient material, an eccentrically positioned cylindrical shaped central opening extending through the length of the body, the opening being of a size to receive a central support 34. The opening is positioned with its centre line extending parallel to the centre line of the body and with the centre line of the opening displaced from the centre line of the body. The fender for an offshore structure comprises an arm 20, 22 for connection to an offshore structural member, a receptacle 46A, 46B on the end of the arm, an eccentric resilient bushing in the receptacle, a support column 34 extending through the central opening in the resilient bushing in a direction transverse to the arm, and an outer protector 32 resiliently mounted on the support column by two more resilient bushings. Instead of the holes 42 in the cylindrical body, grooves in the upper and lower surface may be provided. <IMAGE>

Description

(112)U K Patent Appi ication (19) G B (11) 2 118 6 7 8 A (21) Application

No 8224227 (22) Date of filing 7 Mar 1980 Date lodged 24 Aug 1982 (30) Priority data (31) 20163 54443 117712 13 Mar 1979 3 Jul 1979 19 Feb 1980 (33) United States of America (US) (43) Application published 2 Nov 1983 (51) 1 NT CL3 F1 6F 1/38 (52) Domestic classification F2S 708 709 CF U1 S 1754 F2S (56) Documents cited GB 1543142 GB 1242778 F7\ PATENTS ACT 1977

SPECIFICATION NO 2118678A

The following corrections were allowed under Section 117 on 7 November 1983.

(54) Resilient bushing for a fender (57) A resilient bushing comprises a cylindrical body 38, 40, 44 of resilient material, an eccentrically positioned cylindrical shaped central opening extending through the length of the body, the opening being of a size to receive a central support 34. The opening is positioned with its centre line extending parallel to the centre line of the body and with the centre line of the opening displaced from the centre line of the body.

The fender for an offshore structure comprises an arm 20, 22 for connection to an offshore structural member, a receptacle 46A, 46B on the end of the arm, an eccentric resilient bushing in the receptacle, a support column 34 extending through the central opening in the resilient bushing in a direction transverse to the arm, and an outer protector 32 resiliently mounted on the support column by two more resilient bushings.

Instead of the holes 42 in the cylindrical body, grooves in the upper and lower surface may be provided.

62 rd-r-F--Tl.1.11 Front page, Heading (72) Inventors for Clarence Thompson read Clarence Thornerson THE PATENT OFFICE 13 January 1984 Carpmaels and Ransford, 43 Bloomsbury Square, London WC1 A 2RA Bas 255090118 The drawings originally filed were informal and the print here reproduc ed is taken C) C0 t\i ---1 ---1 m CD k..Ii C0 1 GB 2 118 678 A 1 SPECIFICATION

Bumper element and connector for a bumper assembly The present invention relates to offshore bumper systems for use in protection of offshore structures from damage from contacts with vessels such as boats, barges and the like and in particular, an offshore bumper system for attachment to offshore structures where said system is of the type using resilient elements to absorb shock.

In the exploration and development of offshore petroleum reserves, it is sometimes necessary to erect platforms located miles off shore. These platforms form a base on which drilling, exploration and storage activities can occur. Some of these platforms have legs or other types of support structure which extend down into the water. To transport men and material to and from these platforms, it is necessary to dock vessels alongside. In some situations, these vessels are small. In others, the vessels are quite large and contact between these larger vessels and the platform leg structure can weaken or otherwise damage either the structure or the vessel itself.

To protect these platforms from damage due to contact by vessels operating near the platforms, systems have been designed which are attached to the platform adjacent the water level and operate to fend off vessels and absorb shocks from vessels coming into contact with the platform.

One system which has been used for years in the industry has been known as the Lawrence Allison system. This system utilizes a vertically standing piece of pipe or other structural member which is supported from the platform at the water level. The pipe typically has its upper end supported from the leg of the platform at a position above the high tide level and the lower end connected to the platform at a position below the low tide level. The system utilizes a plurality of rubber vehicle tires with the vertically standing structural member extending through the center of the tires to form a stack of tires which absorb shocks from contact with vessels. Some of these Lawrence Allison systems leave the outer surfaces of tires exposed, and some have a cylindrical metal skin or can supported around the outside of the tires and spaced away from the central support by the tires. In the latter case, the tires resiliently separate the outer contact skin from the inner central support.

Other prior art systems include the one shown in the United States patent to Pogonowski 3,564,858, issued February 23, 197 1. This patent discloses boat landing systems for offshore structures in which a frame is supported from the legs of the platform. A spring support is provided on the upper end and on the lower end, a circular snubber or cuff of resilient material is used in a mounting to permit limited movement of the frame both horizontally and arcuately.

Other systems, such as is disclosed in the U.S.

patent to Files 4,005,672, issued February 1, 1977, utilize a shockabsorbing element on the upper support. A bottom joint is disclosed formed by a resilient cylinder positioned between two cylindrical members to permit angular displacement at the bottom.

In addition the U.S. patent to Files, 4,109,474, issued August 29, 1978, utilizes a plurality of rubber bumper rings with top and bottom mounted shock cells.

In other prior art systems, the outer can or contact surface is resiliently separated from the central structural support by a pre-formed rubber element. In one such system, the outer protective shield or can and the central support are coaxially positioned. A solid rubber element extends the length of the outer shield and occupies less than 3600 but at least 1801 of the annular space formed between the outer shield and the central support. In these devices, the rubber element has a constant radial thickness positioned in the annular space on the side from which contact with vessels normally occurs.

Although these bumper systems have been quite satisfactory in many applications, they have not proved entirely satisfactory where large impact loads must be absorbed to protect the platform. In the previous designs, resilient elements surrounding vertical posts were utilized to absorb energy. When these elements were made of a sufficient toughness to prevent their destruction by contact with vessels, the energy absorbing capacities were substantially diminished, and in some applications, were negligible. Various designs for shock elements with relief portions were also attempted to return the energy absorbing capacity. These designs have not proved entirely satisfactory.

In addition even though these prior bumper systems have performed satisfactorily, in many ways unappreciated by the industry, their design has contained aspects which were redundant and which added to the overall costs of the systems. These systems, for example, failed to appreciate and/or accommodate into the design cost savings and size reductions which could be accomplished if the limited directions from which contact forces are applied to the system are taken into account. Further, these systems utilized complicated manufacturing and fabrication techniques which were unnecessary. In the past, these systems have been expensive to manufacture and install and as a consequence have not proven entirely satisfactory.

According to one aspect of the invention there is provided a bumper element comprising; a cylindrical body of resilient material, an eccentrically positioned cylindrical shaped central opening extending through the length of said body, said opening being of a size to receive a central support through said opening, the opening being positioned with its centre line extending parallel to the centre line of said body and with the centre line of said opening displaced from the centre line of said body.

2 GB 2 118 678 A 2 According to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a connector for a bumber assembly comprising; an arm for connection to an offshore structural member; a receptacle formed on the end of said arm; a cylindrical shock absorbing element supported in said receptacle, an eccentrically positioned central opening with its centre line extending parallel to the centre line of said opening displaced from the centre line of said cylindrical element; and a support column extending through said central opening in the direction traverse to said arm.

By way of example, embodiments of bumper elements and connectors according to the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

Fig. 1 is a side elevation of a shock absorbing system shown attached to the leg of an offshore platform; Fig. 2 is a view similar to Fig. 1 showing the 85 shock absorbing system of Fig. 1 partially in section; Fig. 3 is a sectional view taken on line 3-3 of Fig. 2 looking in the direction of the arrows; Fig. 4 is a sectional view taken on line 4-4 of Fig. 2 looking in the direction of the arrows; Fig. 5 is a view similar to Fig. 2 of a second embodiment of the present invention; Fig. 6 is a perspective view of a subassembly of the shock absorbing element; Fig. 7 is a perspective view of a subassembly of a support column; Fig. 8 is a perspective view similar to Fig. 6 comprising a third subassembly embodiment; 35: Fig. 9 is a section taken on line 9-9 of Fig. 8, looking in the direction of the arrows; Fig. 10 is a view similar to Fig. 2 showing a fourth embodiment of the shock absorbing column partially in section; Fig. 11 is a sectional view taken along line 105 11-11 of Fig. 10, looking in the direction of the arrows; and Fig. 12 is a view similar to Fig. 2 showing a fifth embodiment.

In describing the invention by referring to the 110 Figures, the same reference numerals will be used to identify corresponding parts of the system in all of the views.

The embodiment shown in Figs. 1-4 will be described initially. In Fig. 1, a shock absorbing bumper assembly 10 is shown in a exemplary installation attached to a vertically extending structural member 12. The structural member 12 can be the leg or other structural portion of an off- shore platform, jack-up, submersible or semi- submersible rig or the like. It is also envisioned that structural member 12 could represent a portion of a pier or piling of a dock, wharf or the like.

Assembly 10 is shown attached to the 125 structural member 12 at the water level. Assembly is positioned to provide protection for the structural member 12 by fending off boats, barges and other vessels which may, by accident or necessity, come into contact with the structural member 12. It is also envisioned that the assembly 10 could be utilized to protect fluid carrying conduits, such as standpipes and the like, from damage due to impact from vessels.

The assembly 10 is supported from the member 12 by upper and lower horizontally extending support assemblies 14 and 16, respectively, and an optional tension member assembly 18. The assembly 10 is designed to provide a contact surface spaced away from the member 12 and has resilient means for absorbing the shock imparted to the assembly by vessels contacting the assembly. The assembly reduces the maximum shock loads transferred to the members 12 by contact with the vessel.

As shown in the embodiment of FIGURES 1-4, the upper and lower support assemblies 14 and 16 comprise upper and lower horizontally extending arms 20 and 22. In the present embodiment, the upper arm 20 is shown welded by means of a flange 21 to the structural member 12 and consists of a piece of hollow structural tubing. The lower arm 22 is of similar construction to the upper arm 20 and is attached to the structural member 12 by means of a clamp assembly 23 as shown. It is envisioned, of course, that the arms 20 and 22 could be formed from other materials besides hollow structural tubing such as box beams, 1-beams, channels, and the like. It being important only that the arms 20 and 22 have sufficient structural integrity to support the assembly 10 in place and withstand the loads applied by contact between the assembly 10 and vessels. It is also envisioned that either or both of the upper or lower arms 20 and 22 could have a shock cell of the type described in United States Patents Nos. 4,005,672 or 4,109,474 (and shown in the embodiments of FIGURES 10-12) connected thereto to provide additional shock absorbing capacity. For simplicity, the details of the shock cell and its connection to the arms 20 and 22 is n ot shown, it being understood, of course, that the mounting would be in accordance with the teachings of the above-mentioned patents whose specification is incorporated herein by reference for that purpose. The optional tension member 18 is connected to the member 12 at 24 in the manner described in United States Patent 4,109,474, whose specification is incorporated herein by reference.

Each of the arms 20 and 22 have upper and lower shock absorbing connector assemblies 26 and 28, respectively, supported from the ends thereof. The details of these shock absorbing connector assemblies will be described hereinafter.

The assembly 10 has a contact assembly 30 which is supported from the arms 20 and 22. Assembly 30 is shown in FIGURE 1 as being positioned in a vertically extending attitude and is the portion against which vessels contact during use of the bumper system.

The contact assembly 30 comprises a vertically extending support column 34 connected to and spanning between the upper and lower shock M 3 GB 2 118 678 A 3 absorbing connector assemblies 26 and 28. A cylindrical outer protector 32 is positioned to enclose a portion of the column 34.

The outer protector 32 is eccentrically positioned around the column 34 and is spaced therefrom as will be hereinafter described in more detail.

In the embodiment shown, the outer protector 32 extends vertically through the area in which contact between vessels and the assembly usually occurs and is of sufficient length to accommodate changes in water level such as those due to tides. The outer protector 32 in the embodiment shown is held in position by support chains 36. These chains 36 are positioned on opposite sides of the column 34 and have one end connected to the outer protector 32 and the other end connected to the upper connector assembly 26.

As can be seen in FIGURE 2, the outer protector 32 is separated from the column 34 by upper and lower shock rings 38 and 40, respectively. In the embodiment shown, the outer protector 32 is a cylindrical member which can be formed from a length of standard tubing. The inner column is likewise formed from pipe. The outer protector 32 and inner column 34 are positioned with their canter lines parallel but not coaxial. The center line of the outer protector 32 is displaced to the right as shown in FIGURES 2 and 3 from the center line of column 32.

The arrow identified as F in FIGURE 2 represents normal direction of force applied by vessels coming into contact with the system. The canter line 35 of the column 34 is displaced in the direction of arrow F (or in the direction of the normal force applied by a vessel) from the canter line 33 of the outer protector 32. This displacement of the canter line 35 increases the size of the thickness of the annular space between the outer protector 32 and the column 34 on the side nearest the force vector F. This eccentric placement of the outer protector 32 and column 34 also decreases the thickness of the annular space on the side of the column 34 away from the arrow F. The maximum thickness of the annular space is shown in FIGURES 2 and 3 as A whereas the minimum annular thickness is shown as B. In one example of the first embodiment, the outer protector 32 is 30-inch diameter pipe, the column 34 is 1 0-inch diameter pipe, and the axes 115 of the two parts are separated by a distance of approximately a little over 5-1/2 inches. The annular thickness A will be approximately 14 inches while the annular thickness B will be approximately 2-3/4 inches. Thus, on the side on 120 which shock forces are normal to the system the annular space is a maximum, and in the example given, the maximum thickness if five times larger than the minimum. It should be understood that the dimensions are exemplary only and others 125 could be selected as desired.

Both the upper and lower shock rings 38 and 40, respectively, are made from resilient material and are shaped to closely conform to the annular space formed between the column 34 in outer protector 32. The upper shock ring 38 is shown in FIGURE 3. In this embodiment, the shock rings 38 and 40 are each connected, for example, by bonding to the exterior surface of the column 34 to support the rings in a vertical position. In addition, a plurality of clearance openings 42 can be formed through the rings.

By constructing the rings of resilient material in the shape shown in FIGURES 2 and 3, additional resilient shock absorbing material is positioned on the side of the column 34 where the compression loads are normally the highest. It is to be appreciated that shock loads applied to the system in the reverse direction of arrow F will be minimal since that side of the system is positioned facing the platform. It is envisioned, of course, that the shock rings 38 and 40 could be formed without the openings 42 and alternatively could be bonded to the interior wall of the outer protector 32 if desired. It is also envisioned that the rings could be mechanically connected to the column instead of by bonding.

It should be noted that the rings 38 and 40 are axially spaced a distance shown in FIGURE 2 as C.

This spacing leaves the outer protector unsupported between the two fings. In designing the system the protector is selected to be positioned so that the contact with vessels will occur in the unsupported space.between rings 38 and 40. In addition, outer protector 32 is selected of a size and material so that it will deflect into the annular space to position 32 as shown in FIGURE 2 in phantom lines upon contact with a vessel. Thus, the outer protector 32---itselfprovides a shock absorbing effect in addition to the shock absorb in g..,effect of. compressing rings 32. In addition, increasing the thickness of the annular space provides more clearance and allows the use of outer protectors which are more resilient and less stiff, thus, increasing the shock absorbing capacity of the overall system.

The details of the construction of the connector assembly 26 is shown in FIGURES 2 and 4. The construction of connector 26 is typical for the connector 28. Connector assembly 26 utilizes a shock ring 44 identical in construction to the shock rings 38 and 40. Ring 44 is bonded to the exterior of the column 34. Shock ring 44 however is located 1801 from the position of rings 38 and so that the maximum thickness of the ring 44 is on the platform side of the column betweep the column 34 and the upper arm 20. A cylindrical retainer assembly is formed on the end of the arm to house and contact the outer surface of the shock ring 44. This cylindrical retainer is formed in two semi-cylindrical halves 46a and 46b. The halves are bolted together by suitable fasteners and flanges are provided thereon which allows for disassembly. It is to be understood of course that elements 46a and 46b could be designed in segments other than halves.

A pin member 50 extends through suitable guide openings in the half 46a and extends through one of the openings 42 in the ring 44.

This pin 50 prevents rotation of the shock ring 44 4 GB 2 118 678 A 4 within the upper cylindrical assembly and maintains the bumper system in proper alignment.

As can be seen in FIGURES 2 and 4, the thickest portion of the ring 44 is positioned on the side of the column 34 where it is of most use in providing 70 compressive shock absorbing functions from forces in the direction of arrow F.

In operation, a vessel will come into contact with the outer protector 32 and impart shock forces to the system 10 in the direction of arrow F.

These forces are absorbed in the system by compression of shock cells if they are present, compression of rings 44 in connector assemblies 26 and 28, compression of rings 38 and 40 in contact assembly 30 and by deflection or bending of outer protector 32. These elements each add together to increase the overall shock absorbing capacity of the bumper system.

In FIGURE 5, a second embodiment of the bumper assembly is shown as 110. This embodiment illustrates two variations in the system 10 which can be used either individually or together with any of the embodiments herein.

First, assembly 110 does not utilize upper and lower shock absorbing connectors 26 and 28 but rather uses the conventional upper and lower rigid mechanical connections 126 and 128, respectively. These connectors 126 and 128 are not designed to provide a substantial shock absorbing function and can be used where none is 95 required.

Second, in assembly 110, the inner column 134 is separated from the eccentrically positioned outer protector 132 by upper and lower shock rings 38 and 40, identical to those shown in FIGURES 1-4. In addition, a centrally positioned resilient member 160 is bonded to the exterior of the inner column 134 and is positioned approximately intermediate the rings 38 and 40.

This member 160 is cylindrical in shape and is spaced away from the inside wall of the protector 132 on the side adjacent to the force arrow F. This resilient member 160 becomes effective upon deflection of the shock absorbent rings 38 and 40 and bending of the member 132 to a point where the interior wall of the member 132 comes into contact with the outer surface of the ring 160.

This ring 160 provides a second stage of shock absorbing action within the column itself.

The method of fabricating the various embodiments is as follows. Columns 34 are fabricated in sections. First, a short section of pipe 34a, as shown in FIGURE 6, is bonded to the interior of a shock ring to form a shock ring subassembly 62. Once a plurality of these shock ring assemblies 62 have been fabricated, they can be connected together by welding the lengths of pipe together as shown in FIGURE 7 and properly orientating the rings as required. The fabrication of support column 34 can be accomplished by axially aligning two subassemblies 62a and 62b with their respective rings 1801 out of phase with each other. The sections 34a can be welded together at 70. A top cap 71 can be welded on the upper end of the short section of pipe of 62a with the cap 71 orientated over the thickest part of the ring on 62a. Next, a section of pipe 72 can be welded at 74 to the end of the pipe section of 62b. This pipe 72 is selected in length to fit the application of the system. Next, subassembly 62c is welded at 76 in place with its ring orientated like subassembly 62b. Subassembly 62d is welded at 78 to subassembly 62c with the ring of 62d orientated like subassembly 62a. A lower stab 80 (or other lower connecting assembly) can be welded at 82 to subassembly 62d. Once assembled as shown in FIGURE 7, the ring of subassembly 62a becomes ring 44 in connector 26. The ring in subassembly 62b and 62c becomes rings 38 and 40, respectively, while the ring in subassembly 62d becomes the ring in connector 28.

By fabricating column 34 in this manner from subassemblies 62, variations in axial spacing of the rings in systems 10 and 110 can be easily accommodated by lengthening the section of pipe 72 or by adding spacers between the subassemblies 62 and 62b or between 62c and 62d. This method provides for flexiblity in design of systems from standard subassembiles, eliminating expensive molds and equipment for customized and specialized parts. In addition, this method allows the use of reasonable lengths of pipe for bonding operations to the individual rings. Further, a ring such as 160 can be formed in a subassembly 1 60a and this subassembly 1 60a can be welded at the center of pipe 72 as shown in FIGURE 5.

A third embodiment of a portion of the shock assembly is illustrated in FIGURES 8 and 9. In FIGURES 8 and 9 a shock ring subassembly 262 is illustrated. This shock ring subassembly can be utilized in a system similar to that shown in FIGURES 1-7 to replace the shock rings 36, 38, and 44 in the same manner in which subassembly 62 is installed and used in the first embodiment.

Subassembly 262 comprises a short section of pipe 234a to which is bonded a ring 256 of resilient material. The ring 256 in the preferred embodiment has upper and lower coincident grooves 250 and 252, respectively. These grooves are positioned as shown in FIGURE 8 and are spaced an equal distance from the periphery of the cylindrical ring 256. According to a feature of the present invention the grooves 250 and 252 are designed to cause the rings when installed and in use to approximate a uniform spring rate within the designated range of deflection. In operation forces are normally applied to the ring 256 in compression. When a force is applied the grooves 250 and 252 will collapse or close progressively to provide a uniform spring rate as the resilient material is deformed. The grooves 250 and 252 preferably each have a width W which is 30 to 50% of the designed deflection. Designed deflection as utilized herein means the distance the ring is designed to be deflected during normal operation. The grooves 250 and 252 additionally have a combined depth (D1 + D2) which is 30-to 50% of the total thickness T of the ring 256. The walls of the groove are tapered as shown to f R 6 522 in vertical position.

In operation, the embodiment of FIGURE 12 will absorb shock through deflection of the column 520, compression of the rings 532, and the 5 compression of the shock cells.

According to one embodiment of FIGURE 12, the maximum force deflection of the column 522 is equal to two times the sum of the maximum force deflection of the two rings 532 and is equal to two times the maximum force deflection of the shock cell.

Although various embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated in the accompanying drawings and described in the foregoing detailed description, it will be understood that the invention is not limited to the embodiments disclosed, but is capable of numerous rearrangements, modifications, and substitutions within the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.

Reference is made to our copending application 85 No. 8007818 from which this application is divided, and also to our application entitled Offshore bumper assembly" also divided from application No. 8007818.

Claims (8)

1. A bumper element comprising; a cylindrical body of resilient material, an eccentrically positioned cylindrical shaped central opening extending through the length of said opening being of a size to receive a central support through said opening, the opening being positioned with its centre line extending parallel to the centre line of said body and with the centre line of said opening displaced from the centre line of said body.

2. A bumper element as claimed in claim 1 additionally comprising a rigid member having a cylindrical external surface of a diameter equal to the diameter of said central opening, said member being of sufficient length to extend through said central opening and said member being bonded to the interior surface of said central opening.

3. A bumper element as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2 wherein each resilient member comprising a body with a circular cross-section periphery, upper and lower surfaces, and upper and lower coincident grooves spaced a substantially equal distance away from the periphery of the body and extending into the body from the upper and lower surfaces by a distance sufficient to approximate a uniform spring rate in the body.

4. A connector for a bumper assembly comprising; an arm for connection to an offshore structural member; a receptacle formed on the end of said arm; a cylindrical shock absorbing element supported in said receptacle, an eccentrically positioned central opening with its centre line extending parallel to the centre line of said opening displaced from the centre line of said cylindrical element; and a support column extending through said central opening in the direction transverse to said arm.

5. A connector as claimed in claim 4 wherein GB 2 118 678 A 6 an annular space of varying thickness in the radial direction is formed between the interior wall of said receptacle and the exterior wall of said support column and wherein the radial thickness of said annular space is a maximum on the side of said support column adjacent to the connection of said arm to said receptacle and wherein said shock absorbing element is made from resilient material and is of a shape to conform to said annular space.

6. A connector as claimed in claim 4 or claim 5 wherein each resilient member comprises a body with a circular cross-section periphery, upper and lower surfaces, and upper and lower coincident grooves spaced a substantially equal distance away from the periphery of the body and extending into the body from the upper and lower surfaces by a distance sufficient to approximate a uniform spring rate in the body.

7. A connector for a bumper assembly substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to and as shown in the accompanying drawings.

Printed for Her Majestys Stationery Office by the Courier Press, Leamington Spa, 1983. Published by the Patent Office. 25 Southampton Buildings, London, WC2A lAY, from which copies may be obtained.

7. A bumper element substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to and as shown in the accompanying drawings.

8. A connector for a bumper assembly substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to and as shown in the accompanying drawings.

New claims or amendments to claims filed on 20.5.83.

Superseded claims 1-8.

New or amended claims:- 95. 1. A bumper element for absorbing shock in an offshore bumper assembly, which element comprises a cylindrical body of resilient material, an eccentrically positioned cylindrical shaped central opening extending through the length of said body, the opening being positioned with its centre line extending parallel to the centre line of said body and with the centre line of said opening displaced fromi2the centre line of said body, and a rigid member having a- cylindrical external surface of a diameter equal to the diameter of said central opening, said member being of sufficient length to extend through said central opening and beyond the body, said member being bonded to the interior surface of said central opening.

2. A bumper element as claimed in Claim 1 wherein said resilient member comprises a body with upper and lower surfaces, and upper and lower coincident grooves spaced a substantially equal distance away from the periphery of the body and extending into the body from the upper and lower surfaces by a distance sufficient to approximate a uniform spring rate in the body.

3. A connector for an offshore bumper assembly comprising; an arm for connection to an offshore structural member, a receptacle formed on the end of said arm and a bumper element as claimed in Claim 1 or Claim 2, the body of resilient material of the bumper element being supported in said receptacle with the rigid member extending transversely of said arm.

4. A connector as claimed in Claim 3 wherein the rigid member of the bumper element is a k 4 GB 2 118 678 A 5 1 20 provide the progressive collapsing of the grooves during deformation of the ring.

As an exemplary embodiment, the ring 256 has a 27-1/2 inch outer diameter and a thickness T which is twelve inches. The pipe section 234a is 10-3/4" diameter pipe and the axes of the pipe and the resilient ring 256 are offset 5-5/8" from each other. Grooves 250 and 252 in this embodiment are identical in construction. The grooves 250 and 252 each have a depth of two inches or a combined depth of four inches. The width of the grooves 250 and 252 is four inches.

The combined angle of the walls of the groove is 601. Designed deflection is ten inches.

A fourth embodiment is illustrated in FIGURES 80 10-11. This embodiment is similar in construction to the first embodiment, except that the upper and lower support assemblies utilize upper and lower shock cells 334 and 336, respectively.

Shock cells 334 and 336 can be of the type described in U.

S. Patents Nos. 4,005,672 or 4,109,474. It is to be understood, of course, that shock cells could be used other than those shown in the two listed patents. It is important that the shock cells be of the type which provide shock absorption when shock loads applied axially to the arms 20 and 22 extending respectively from the shock cells 334 and 336.

The contact portion comprises a vertically 95 extending tubular support column 34, supported by upper and lower shock absorbing connectors 326 and 328 to the arms 20 and 22, respectively.

Upper shock absorbing connector 326 is similar in construction and operation to lower connector 328. For purposes of description, reference will be made only to the upper connector 326 by referring to FIGURES 10 and 11.

A semicylindrical wall 346a is attached by welding to the extending end of the arm 20. A bottom wall 358 extends transverse to the wall - 346a and is joined thereto at the lower most edge of the wall 346a. Wall 358 has a semicircular portion 358a removed therefrom to form a clearance for the column 34. A semiannular shock 110 absorbing member 344 is restrained against downward movement by the bottom wall 358 and has a semicylindrical peripheral wall which lies adjacent to the inside of the wall 346a as shown in FIGURE 11 and an internal semicylindrical wall which closely conforms to the exterior of column 34.

The member 344 can be of any suitable resilient material such as rubber, polyurethane, or the like and can be formed from a 1801 section of 120 a bumper ring. in the present embodiment the bumper ring is shown as having a rectangular cross section with radially spaced relief holes 344a therein.

An upper wall 364 is attached at the upper 125 edge of the wall 346a and extends parallel to wall 358. The upper wall 364 is identical in shape to bottom wall 358 and has a portion similar to portion 358a removed therefrom to provide clearance for column 34.

Radially extending flanges 366 are formed on wall 346a and are used to releasably attach by suitable fasteners an outer retaining wall 346b. Outer retaining wall 346b is bent in the configuration as shown in FIGURE 11 and serves to limit outward movement of column 34. Upper and lower mounting brackets 370 and 372 respectively, are releasably clamped around column 34 above and below the wall 346a to limit vertical movement of the column 34 through the connector 326. In the embodiment illustrated, upper and lower mounting brackets 370 and 372 have split collars which are bolted around the outside of the column 34.

It is to be understood, of course, that the lower shock absorbing connector 328 is constructed in a similar way as the upper connector 326.

The cylindrical outer protector 32 is positioned concentrically around support column member 34 and is positioned vertically between upper and lower support assemblies 14 and 16. As can be seen in FIGURE 10, protector 32 is radially separated from column 34 by upper and lower shock rings 338 and 340, respectively. The upper shock ring 338 is held in position and is supported from the column 34 by a retainer 300. Lower ring 340 can be similarly mounted.

Rings 338 and 340 can be of any suitable resilient material such as the material used for member 344. These rings can be formed in the shape of the bumper rings identified with respect to the member 344. The shock absorbing characteristics of the shock absorbing elements, i.e., rings 338, 340, connector elements 344, and the shock cells 334 and 330 are related. These elements are related, so that, the maximum force deflection of each element is equal to the maximum force deflection of each of the other elements. The purposes of this application, maximum force deflection is defined as the force required to deform the shock absorbing elements to its maximum operating limit.

In FIGURE 12, an alternate embodiment is illustrated. In this embodiment, a column member 520 is supported from upper and lower support assemblies 522 and 524, respectively. The column 520 is structured of a flexible material which will deform in bending upon impact with a vessel and such deformation providing shock absorption.

The upper and lower connecting assemblies 522 and 524 are identical in construction and are supported by shock cells. The upper support connector 522 is formed from two semicylindrical sections 526 and 528 which are bolted together by flanges and define an annular chamber 530 therein. Two spaced shock absorbing rings 532 are positioned in the annular chamber 530. Rings 532 can be of a construction identical to rings 338 and 340 described herein.

Each ring 532 is held in vertical position between spaced parallel semiannular walls 534. These walls extend internally from the sections 526 and 528. Upper and lower mounting brackets 536 and 538 are provided to maintain the column 7 GB 2 118 678 A 7 support column for the bumper assembly.

5. A connector as claimed in Claim 4 wherein the radial thickness of the annular space between the interior wall of the receptacle and the exterior wall of the support column is a maximum on the side of said support column adjacent to the connection of said arm to said receptacle and wherein said body of resilient material is of a shape to conform to said annular space.

6. A bumper element substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to and as shown in the accompanying drawings.