GB1596294A - Textured food product - Google Patents
Textured food product Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB1596294A GB1596294A GB9958/77A GB995877A GB1596294A GB 1596294 A GB1596294 A GB 1596294A GB 9958/77 A GB9958/77 A GB 9958/77A GB 995877 A GB995877 A GB 995877A GB 1596294 A GB1596294 A GB 1596294A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- mixture
- meat
- fibrous
- product
- gravy
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 73
- 239000003349 gelling agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000009924 canning Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 230000001954 sterilising effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 235000013372 meat Nutrition 0.000 claims description 46
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 40
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 claims description 29
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 claims description 28
- 235000013882 gravy Nutrition 0.000 claims description 27
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium sulfate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- MIDXCONKKJTLDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,5-dimethylcyclopentane-1,2-dione Chemical compound CC1CC(C)C(=O)C1=O MIDXCONKKJTLDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 235000013736 caramel Nutrition 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000004659 sterilization and disinfection Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2] UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 7
- 241000207199 Citrus Species 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920002230 Pectic acid Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000020971 citrus fruits Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000010257 thawing Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000001879 gelation Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920001284 acidic polysaccharide Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000004805 acidic polysaccharides Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000001175 calcium sulphate Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000011132 calcium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 241000186660 Lactobacillus Species 0.000 claims description 4
- AEMOLEFTQBMNLQ-BKBMJHBISA-N alpha-D-galacturonic acid Chemical group O[C@H]1O[C@H](C(O)=O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O AEMOLEFTQBMNLQ-BKBMJHBISA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000001110 calcium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001628 calcium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229940039696 lactobacillus Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000019832 sodium triphosphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- CHHHXKFHOYLYRE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 2,4-Hexadienoic acid, potassium salt (1:1), (2E,4E)- Chemical compound [K+].CC=CC=CC([O-])=O CHHHXKFHOYLYRE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 108010068370 Glutens Proteins 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000021312 gluten Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000008935 nutritious Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004302 potassium sorbate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940069338 potassium sorbate Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000010241 potassium sorbate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- BHPQYMZQTOCNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium cation Chemical compound [Ca+2] BHPQYMZQTOCNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 244000199866 Lactobacillus casei Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000013958 Lactobacillus casei Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920001328 Polyvinylidene chloride Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001424 calcium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-ZSJDYOACSA-N heavy water Substances [2H]O[2H] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-ZSJDYOACSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940017800 lactobacillus casei Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000005033 polyvinylidene chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- FQENQNTWSFEDLI-UHFFFAOYSA-J sodium diphosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O FQENQNTWSFEDLI-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000019818 tetrasodium diphosphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 abstract description 3
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 26
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 11
- 239000001814 pectin Substances 0.000 description 8
- 235000010987 pectin Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 229920001277 pectin Polymers 0.000 description 8
- 235000018102 proteins Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 8
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 8
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000003925 fat Substances 0.000 description 5
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 235000010469 Glycine max Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 244000068988 Glycine max Species 0.000 description 3
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 description 3
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000015271 coagulation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005345 coagulation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000032050 esterification Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005886 esterification reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 210000003205 muscle Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 3
- IXPNQXFRVYWDDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,3-diazinane-5-carboximidamide Chemical compound CN1CC(C(N)=N)C(=O)NC1=O IXPNQXFRVYWDDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 108010058643 Fungal Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 229920002907 Guar gum Polymers 0.000 description 2
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000010443 alginic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229920000615 alginic acid Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000013312 flour Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000000665 guar gum Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010417 guar gum Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229960002154 guar gum Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000010413 sodium alginate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000000661 sodium alginate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940005550 sodium alginate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- PYMYPHUHKUWMLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentanal Chemical compound OCC(O)C(O)C(O)C=O PYMYPHUHKUWMLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000251468 Actinopterygii Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000017060 Arachis glabrata Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000105624 Arachis hypogaea Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000010777 Arachis hypogaea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000018262 Arachis monticola Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 108010077805 Bacterial Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-K Citrate Chemical class [O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 108010082495 Dietary Plant Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N EDTA Chemical class OC(=O)CN(CC(O)=O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CC(O)=O KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004150 EU approved colour Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019733 Fish meal Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102000011782 Keratins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010076876 Keratins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000715 Mucilage Polymers 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IDCBOTIENDVCBQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N TEPP Chemical compound CCOP(=O)(OCC)OP(=O)(OCC)OCC IDCBOTIENDVCBQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000783 alginic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960001126 alginic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000004781 alginic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 159000000013 aluminium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000329 aluminium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001580 bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003385 bacteriostatic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000000988 bone and bone Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008112 carboxymethyl-cellulose Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940105329 carboxymethylcellulose Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000001427 coherent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000084 colloidal system Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001143 conditioned effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- XPPKVPWEQAFLFU-UHFFFAOYSA-J diphosphate(4-) Chemical class [O-]P([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O XPPKVPWEQAFLFU-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 235000011180 diphosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004945 emulsification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000796 flavoring agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019264 food flavour enhancer Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008240 homogeneous mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003906 humectant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000015243 ice cream Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001802 infusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001057 ionotropic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000003734 kidney Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000011031 large-scale manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000004072 lung Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000012054 meals Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000013622 meat product Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- GRVDJDISBSALJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyloxidanyl Chemical group [O]C GRVDJDISBSALJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940016286 microcrystalline cellulose Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019813 microcrystalline cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008108 microcrystalline cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940006093 opthalmologic coloring agent diagnostic Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000020232 peanut Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical class [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229920001282 polysaccharide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005017 polysaccharide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004804 polysaccharides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 159000000001 potassium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012460 protein solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000008163 sugars Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L sulfate group Chemical group S(=O)(=O)([O-])[O-] QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- UNXRWKVEANCORM-UHFFFAOYSA-I triphosphate(5-) Chemical class [O-]P([O-])(=O)OP([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O UNXRWKVEANCORM-UHFFFAOYSA-I 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23J—PROTEIN COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS; WORKING-UP PROTEINS FOR FOODSTUFFS; PHOSPHATIDE COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS
- A23J3/00—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs
- A23J3/22—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs by texturising
- A23J3/24—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs by texturising using freezing
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23J—PROTEIN COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS; WORKING-UP PROTEINS FOR FOODSTUFFS; PHOSPHATIDE COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS
- A23J3/00—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs
- A23J3/22—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs by texturising
- A23J3/225—Texturised simulated foods with high protein content
- A23J3/227—Meat-like textured foods
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L13/00—Meat products; Meat meal; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L13/06—Meat products; Meat meal; Preparation or treatment thereof with gravy or sauce
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L13/00—Meat products; Meat meal; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L13/40—Meat products; Meat meal; Preparation or treatment thereof containing additives
- A23L13/45—Addition of, or treatment with, microorganisms
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L29/00—Foods or foodstuffs containing additives; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L29/20—Foods or foodstuffs containing additives; Preparation or treatment thereof containing gelling or thickening agents
- A23L29/206—Foods or foodstuffs containing additives; Preparation or treatment thereof containing gelling or thickening agents of vegetable origin
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L29/00—Foods or foodstuffs containing additives; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L29/20—Foods or foodstuffs containing additives; Preparation or treatment thereof containing gelling or thickening agents
- A23L29/206—Foods or foodstuffs containing additives; Preparation or treatment thereof containing gelling or thickening agents of vegetable origin
- A23L29/231—Pectin; Derivatives thereof
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Nutrition Science (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Meat, Egg Or Seafood Products (AREA)
- Jellies, Jams, And Syrups (AREA)
- General Preparation And Processing Of Foods (AREA)
- Bakery Products And Manufacturing Methods Therefor (AREA)
Abstract
To prepare a textured foodstuff or animal food, an aqueous mixture which contains nutrient components and an ionic gelling agent is prepared. A gel is produced in the mixture by reacting the gelling agent with a non-toxic divalent or polyvalent metal ion, either by means of directly treating discrete particles of the mixture in a solution which contains the abovementioned ions, or by including the abovementioned ions in the mixture. The mixture is frozen slowly so that not less than 2 hours elapse before the mixture is frozen completely. Ice crystals are formed in the mixture, resulting in a fibrous, layer-like or strip-like structure. This structure is sufficiently stable to allow the product to be processed for example by sterilising or canning, even on an industrial scale.
Description
(54) TEXTURED FOOD PRODUCT
(71) We, MARS LIMITED, a British
Company of 143/149 Fenchurch Street,
London EC3M 6BN, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- This invention relates to a textured food product with a fibrous or striated appearance, resembling for example the appearance of fibrous meat and provides a process for the production of such food.
It is known to impart a lamellar structure to protein solutions, emulsions and dispersions by freezing the mixture followed by setting the structure by means of the proteins present. For instance, heat coagulation of the protein is described in
U.S. Patent No. 3 870 808 and in Belgian
Patent 838 907. However these products are often too weak to be used in large scale manufacturing processes, and furthermore are limited by the requirement of a functional protein, i.e. one that on coagulation in aqueous solution or dispersion yields a coherent body. A further disadvantage with these processes is the high energy requirement of the thawing and heat coagulation stages.
British Patent 1 311 581 describes a method of producing a protein-containing food imitating lamellar-structure meat products by forming a gelatinous food preparation, diffusing ions of a polyvalent metal from a solution of a salt thereof into the gelatinous preparation through a semipermeable membrane to form an ionotropic gel, freezing the said gel and then defrosting the frozen gel to form elements of lamellar structure, impregnating said elements of lamellar structure with an edible binding agent and bonding together the impregnated elements.
We have now discovered that a food product with a meat-like fibrous, lamellar or striated texture, which is sufficiently tough to withstand factory handling, can be prepared by a process which comprises a method of making textured food product which comprises: preparing a mixture including nutritious ingredients and an ionic gelling agent; forming a gel in the mixture by causing the gelling agent to react with a non-toxic divalent or polyvalent metal ion through either direct treatment of discrete pieces of the mixture in a solution containing the said ions or inclusion of the said ions in the mixture; and freezing the mixture at a slow rate such that it is not fully frozen until at least 2 hours has elapsed, thereby forming ice crystals therein and generating a fibrous, lamellar or striated structure in the mixture.
A wide variety of ionic gelling agents and reactive metal ions can be employed. The gels produced by divalent or polyvalent metal ions when used in sufficient concentration have considerable stability and in particular can form thermally stable fibrous or lamellar structures that are resistant to sterilizing heat, for example in a canning process, even in the absence of heat coagulable substances such as protein.
The majority of ionic gelling agents are acidic polysaccharides. The acidic groups may be carboxyl groups as in the case of pectates, alginates and carboxylmethyl celluloses, or they may be sulphate groups as in the case of carragheenin.
Although the fibrous, striated or lamellar structure achieved by this process is of particular value in conferring a meat-like texture on products containing edible proteinaceous material, whether of animal or vegetable origin, so as to provide a meat substitute or analogue, the formation of the textured structure does not ultimately depend on the presence of protein in the mixture.
The product may, if required, be preserved by canning, sterilisation or freezing or by incorporation or infusion of sugars, glycerol or other humectants and fungistats such as potassium sorbate.
Alternatively the product may be preserved by lowering its pH to a bacteriostatic level and including fungistats.
In the preferred process for preparing the food product of this invention proteinaceous materials and preferably also fat or oil are formed into a solid matrix by the reaction of a non-toxic salt of a metal ion and the salt of an acidic polysaccharide.
A lamellar structure is induced by freezing the solid matrix at temperatures less than 273 K and controlling the freezing rate to allow the temperature to fall to below 273 K over a period of 2 hours or more to promote large ice crystal formation.
The proteinaceous materials can be of meat, vegetable or bacterial origin, typical examples being fish flesh, muscle flesh, meat offal, meat by-products, gluten (vital or devital), defatted soya flours, soya concentrates, peanut flour, soya isolate, bacterial protein, yeast protein, fungal protein, meat meals, dried blood, structural animal or vegetable protein fibres, greaves, fish meals, blood, bone and keratin.
The inclusion of fats and oils is preferred, but the fat may be an integral part of one or more of the ingredients instead of or as well as a separate ingredient. Emulsifiers may be added to assist emulsification if desired, although it may be advantageous to have evident lumps of fat embedded in the matrix. Inert fillers such as micro-crystalline cellulose or silica may be added to absorb free fat or oils.
The non-toxic salt employed in this invention is preferably a calcium, magnesium or aluminium salt, but more generally may be any non-toxic di- or polyvalent metal salt. The salt employed will depend upon the method used to set up the protein food. For example, a highly soluble salt such as calcium chloride can be used if the forming process is one of contact between the reactive protein mix and a metal salt solution. On the other hand a less soluble salt such as calcium sulphate is preferred if the setting up process occurs in situ after intimate mixing of all the ingredients.
The preferred acidic polysaccharides for the purposes of this invention are pectates and the preferred forming process is one of an in situ reaction between the metal salt and the acidic polysaccharide. By pectate is meant a very low methoxyl pectin with a degree of esterification (DE) of less than 20 En and especially crude pectin sources which contain pectin of a degree of esterification less than 20%. Providing the degree of esterification is less than 20% any pectin source may be used at a preferred concentration of 0.1 to 5.0% of pectin based on the weight of product. Citrus peel or pulp which has been treated to produce a pectin of very low methoxyl content is a good example of such crude pectin.
However, sodium pectates and potassium pectate may be used. Similarly, soluble salts of alginic acid and carboxy methyl cellulose may be used.
Hydrophilic gums and mucilages may be incorporated in the formulation to reduce syneresis of the product which may occur upon thawing.
Suitable colouring agents such as blood, natural and synthetic dyestuff, e.g. caramel, may be added at any stage. Flavourings and flavour enhancers may also be added.
Sequesterants may be used either to extract pectin from the crude pectin sources or to slow down the rate of the gelation process. The sequesterant may be any nontoxic salt capable of sequestering or chelating with, or making unavailable for gelation, the metal ion causing gelation.
Examples are sodium or potassium salts of tripolyphosphate, citrate, pyrophosphate, orthophosphate and EDTA.
We have also found that application of this ionic gelling and freezing process of this invention markedly enhances the fibrous character of formed structures which prior to freezing already possess some fibrous character. For instance, extremely fibrous products are obtained by this process when hashed fibrous meats are used and are set up using a pectate in situ forming process. It has also been found that added water has a beneficial effect on the structure. A product with a high added water content exhibits a more fibrous structure after freezing than does a similar product with lower water content.
The process of this invention provides best results when the ice crystal formation takes place slowly. The slower freezing process presumably produces larger ice crystals which provide a more marked structuring effect. An improved product texture is obtained also if the product is maintained at sub-freezing temperatures for a prolonged period. The inclusion of hydrophilic colloids to reduce the volume of drip loss during the thawing process surprisingly does not appear to affect the extent of structuring brought about during the freezing process.
The process of this invention induces or increases the fibrous appearance of food products which have been "set up" by ionic gelling agents presumably as a result of their freeze-thaw instability and the structure formed is not thermo-reversible. This instability to freeze-thaw cycling is interesting since the sodium salts of the polysaccharides are used to provide freezethaw stability in items such as ice creams.
Mixes which have not been "formed" prior to freezing, but which contain sufficient metal ions to allow gelation with time, react during the freezing process and after thawing exhibit the fibrous appearance.
The following Examples further illustrate the invention but are given by way of example only. Percentages are quoted on a weight basis unless the context otherwise requires. Example 1 describes the present preferred product.
Example 1
o
Meat offcuts (2mm mince) 40.0
Water 26.5
Caramel 0.5
Gravy 33.0
100.0
Gravy for
mulation
Treated citrus peel (DE l00/o)* 6.0
Sodium tripolyphosphate 1.2
Water (373 K) 92.8
100.0 *Calacturonic acid content 30% and containing sufficient calcium.
The gravy was prepared by mixing the ingredients in a high speed mixer or homogeniser until an homogeneous viscous solution was produced.
The meat offcuts were hashed through a 2 mm plate and mixed with the other ingredients except for the gravy in a bowl mixer with a "spade" attachment.
The above noted proportion of gravy was rapidly mixed into the meat, water, and caramel mixture and the resulting mixture poured into trays to solidify. After 2 hours the solidified blocks, which were approximately It inches deep, were placed in a freezer controlled at 258 K for 8 weeks.
The temperature of the block centre reached 273 K after 2 hours and was at 258
K after 8 weeks.
The blocks were conditioned to between
273K and 278 K before being cubed and
sterilised in a typical meat-injelly petfood product in metal cans. After cooling, the
cans were opened and the product
examined. The product of the invention was very tough with a marked fibrous
appearance similar to high quality fibrous
muscle meat.
The control product prepared in an
identical manner but not subjected to the freezing process. after sterilisation in jellymeat pet-food product, did exhibit some fibrosity due to the meat but to a very much smaller degree. Also the meat analogue which had been subjected to the process was significantly tougher with a
more meat-like mouthfeel and chew characteristics than the control.
Example 2
Gravy formulation
Treated citrus peel 2.0
Tetron (sequesterant) 0.4
Water (373 K) 31.1 75 Product formulation
2 mm hashed meat offcuts 66.0
Caramel 0.5
Gravy 33.5
100.0
The gravy was prepared by high shear mixing together of all ingredients before adding to the meat/caramel mixture. After mixing, the mixture was extruded intermittently into a solution of 10% calcium chloride and allowed to stand in the solution for 25 minutes, after which time the chunks were thoroughly washed with running water. The chunks resulting had a tough skin but a soft unreacted centre. After being stored for 5 hours at room temperature the chunks were solid throughout as a result of calcium penetration. The solid chunks were placed in a deep freeze set at 258 K for 24 hours, after which time they were allowed to thaw.
The chunks when cut exhibited a fibrous structure which was stable to sterilisation when canned in a meat in gravy product.
The control product which was not treated to the freezing had a dense nonfibrous appearance similar to lung or kidney. After sterilisation in a meat and gravy formulation the control material remained dense with no evidence of fibrosity. The meat analogue which had been subjected to the freezing process and subsequently sterilised in a similar meat and gravy food product had in contrast the appearance of a good quality fibrous muscle meat, especially when cut open or deformed.
Example 3
Sodium alginate 1.33
Guar gum 0.67
Water (293 K) 32.00
Meat offcuts (2 mm hashed) 66.00
100.0
Sodium alginate, guar gum and water were mixed in a Z-blade mixer to produce a viscous solution. The 2 mm hashed meat offcuts were mixed in to provide an homogeneous mixture which was then extruded into a weir of 10% calcium chloride solution and cut off with a rotary knife to produce spherical lumps of meat mix with a tough outer skin and soft centre.
The chunks were allowed to soak in 10% calcium chloride solution for 25 minutes before being washed thoroughly. At this point the chunks had a tough skin but a very soft unreacted centre.
The chunks were placed in a deep freeze compartment controlled at 258 K for 24 hours and thereafter allowed to thaw at room temperature.
The thawed chunks were solid throughout and when cut open exhibited a lamellar structure, which was stable to sterilisation in a meat-based product, giving it the appearance of good quality fibrous meat.
In contrast the control product which had been treated similarly but not subjected to the freezing process had a dense lung-like appearance and texture.
Example 4
Product Formulation
Meat mix 67.0
Gravy mix 33.0
Meat mix
Pasteurised meat offcuts 63.0
Lactobacillus culture 3.0
Calcium sulphate 2H2O 1.0
67.0
Gravy mix
Treated citrus peel 6.0
Tetrasodium pyrophosphate 1.2
Sugar 9.0
Potassium sorbate 1.2
Caramel 4.5
Dye 1.5
Water 76.6
100.0
The meat mix was prepared by adding the
Lactobacillus casei culture to the pasteurised meat offcuts, which had been heated at 373K for 15 minutes, hashed through a 2 mm plate, and cooled to 313K. The calcium sulphate was added and the three ingredients were mixed in a bowl mixer using a dough hook.
The Lactobacillus starter culture was prepared by growing the desired strain of microorganism for 20LH in MRS Broth at 303K.
The gravy mix at 323K was added to the meat mix (313K) whilst mixing in the bowl mixer for approximately 30 seconds and the contents were then transferred to a 2-inch deep tray. After 5 minutes, when a pH of approximately 6.4 was achieved, the solid meat block was cut into chunks, packaged in PVDC pouches and incubated at 303K for 18 hours by which time the pH of the chunks had fallen to 4.3. The formed meat was firm, having a fibrous appearance similar to stewed steak but was bacteriologically stable.
The product was then deep frozen at 258K for 36 hours. After thawing out, the chunks exhibited a highly lamellar structure which was superior to the unfrozen material.
Example 5
Product Formulation
Vital gluten 15.4
Caramel 0.5
Water (353 K) 9.1
Gravy 75.0
100.0
Gravy Formulation
Treated citrus peel 4.5
Sodium tripolyphosphate 0.5
Water (373 K) 95.0
100.0
The gravy was prepared as in Example 1.
To 75 parts of gravy the remaining ingredients of the product formulation were folded in under high shear, e.g. in a jar homogeniser, and the mix was poured into li-inch deep trays to form. After 2 hours, the solid blocks were placed in a deep freeze at 258 K for 24 hours. Before freezing the chunks were dense, with a lung-like appearance, but after the freezing process had been carried out the thawed chunks had a sponge-like fibrous texture which was stable to sterilisation in metal cans in a meat and gravy formulation.
WHAT WE CLAIM IS:
1. A method of making textured food product which comprises: preparing a mixture including nutritious ingredients and an ionic gelling agent; forming a gel in the mixture by causing the gelling agent to react with a non-toxic divalent or polyvalent metal ion through either direct treatment of discrete pieces of the mixture in a solution containing the said ions or inclusion of the said ions in the mixture; and freezing the mixture at a slow rate such that it is not fully frozen until at least 2 hours has elapsed, thereby forming ice crystals therein and generating a fibrous, lamellar or striated structure in the mixture.
2. A method according to claim 1 in which the mixture is extruded to form as discrete pieces which are immersed in a solution of calcium chloride.
3. A method according to claim 1 in which the mixture contains calcium ions and the rate of gelation is controlled by the inclusion of a sequesterant.
4. A method according to claim 1, 2 or 3 in which the mixture is maintained at a temperature below its freezing point for a period after being frozen.
**WARNING** end of DESC field may overlap start of CLMS **.
Claims (12)
1. A method of making textured food product which comprises: preparing a mixture including nutritious ingredients and an ionic gelling agent; forming a gel in the mixture by causing the gelling agent to react with a non-toxic divalent or polyvalent metal ion through either direct treatment of discrete pieces of the mixture in a solution containing the said ions or inclusion of the said ions in the mixture; and freezing the mixture at a slow rate such that it is not fully frozen until at least 2 hours has elapsed, thereby forming ice crystals therein and generating a fibrous, lamellar or striated structure in the mixture.
2. A method according to claim 1 in which the mixture is extruded to form as discrete pieces which are immersed in a solution of calcium chloride.
3. A method according to claim 1 in which the mixture contains calcium ions and the rate of gelation is controlled by the inclusion of a sequesterant.
4. A method according to claim 1, 2 or 3 in which the mixture is maintained at a temperature below its freezing point for a period after being frozen.
5. A method according to any preceding
claim wherein the gelling agent is an acidic polysaccharide.
6. A method according to claim 5 wherein the gelling agent is a pectate.
7. A method according to any preceding claim wherein the said mixture includes proteinaceous material.
8. A method according to claim 7 wherein the mixture contains fibrous meats conferring some fibrous character thereon, and the gel formation and freezing enhances the fibrous character of such mixture.
9. A method according to any preceding claim wherein the product after freezing is subjected to a sterilization or canning process, the fibrous, lamellar or striated structure being retained in the now sterilized product.
10. A method of making a textured food product substantially as described in any one of Example 1, 4 or 5 herein.
I 1. A method of making a textured food product substantially as described on either
Example 2 or Example 3 herein.
12. A textured food product made by a method according to any preceding claim.
Priority Applications (17)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB9958/77A GB1596294A (en) | 1977-03-09 | 1977-03-09 | Textured food product |
IE372/78A IE46561B1 (en) | 1977-03-09 | 1978-02-21 | Textured food product |
NO780640A NO145596C (en) | 1977-03-09 | 1978-02-24 | PROCEDURE FOR THE MANUFACTURING OF A FOOD PRODUCT OR FOR CHEATING STRUCTURE OR CONSISTENCY |
CA298,185A CA1104408A (en) | 1977-03-09 | 1978-03-03 | Textured food product |
PT67742A PT67742A (en) | 1977-03-09 | 1978-03-06 | Method of making a textured food product |
BE185691A BE864596A (en) | 1977-03-09 | 1978-03-06 | METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING A TEXTURED FOOD PRODUCT. |
FR7806440A FR2382865A1 (en) | 1977-03-09 | 1978-03-07 | TEXTURED FOOD PRODUCT AND ITS PREPARATION PROCESS |
DE19782810009 DE2810009A1 (en) | 1977-03-09 | 1978-03-08 | STRUCTURED FOOD |
JP2647378A JPS53113056A (en) | 1977-03-09 | 1978-03-08 | Texturized foodstuff |
DK104178A DK104178A (en) | 1977-03-09 | 1978-03-08 | TEXTURED FOOD PRODUCT |
SE7802649A SE428521B (en) | 1977-03-09 | 1978-03-08 | PROCEDURE FOR MANUFACTURING FOOD SUBSTANCES WITH COAT-LIKE STRUCTURE |
CH253178A CH645247A5 (en) | 1977-03-09 | 1978-03-08 | Process for the preparation of a textured foodstuff or animal food |
AU34021/78A AU517082B2 (en) | 1977-03-09 | 1978-03-09 | Textured foodstuff containing an ionic gelling agent |
AT0171778A AT362985B (en) | 1977-03-09 | 1978-03-09 | METHOD FOR PRODUCING FOOD AND FEED |
IT21053/78A IT1093790B (en) | 1977-03-09 | 1978-03-09 | STRUCTURED FOOD PRODUCT |
NL7802598A NL7802598A (en) | 1977-03-09 | 1978-03-09 | STRUCTURED FOOD. |
LU79201A LU79201A1 (en) | 1977-03-09 | 1978-03-09 | METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING A TEXTURED FOOD PRODUCT |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB9958/77A GB1596294A (en) | 1977-03-09 | 1977-03-09 | Textured food product |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
GB1596294A true GB1596294A (en) | 1981-08-26 |
Family
ID=9881920
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
GB9958/77A Expired GB1596294A (en) | 1977-03-09 | 1977-03-09 | Textured food product |
Country Status (17)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JPS53113056A (en) |
AT (1) | AT362985B (en) |
AU (1) | AU517082B2 (en) |
BE (1) | BE864596A (en) |
CA (1) | CA1104408A (en) |
CH (1) | CH645247A5 (en) |
DE (1) | DE2810009A1 (en) |
DK (1) | DK104178A (en) |
FR (1) | FR2382865A1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB1596294A (en) |
IE (1) | IE46561B1 (en) |
IT (1) | IT1093790B (en) |
LU (1) | LU79201A1 (en) |
NL (1) | NL7802598A (en) |
NO (1) | NO145596C (en) |
PT (1) | PT67742A (en) |
SE (1) | SE428521B (en) |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0037676A2 (en) * | 1980-04-04 | 1981-10-14 | General Foods Corporation | Preparation of a fibrous protein product |
GB2198623A (en) * | 1986-12-03 | 1988-06-22 | Inst Hochseefischerei | Method of and apparatus for producing textured muscle-meat type products |
GB2233209A (en) * | 1986-12-03 | 1991-01-09 | Inst Hochseefischerei | Apparatus for the manufacture of textured meat and fish products |
WO2001074176A2 (en) * | 2000-04-04 | 2001-10-11 | Cp Kelco Aps | Gelled and gellable compositions for food products |
WO2002015715A1 (en) * | 2000-08-25 | 2002-02-28 | W. Ruitenberg Czn. N.V. | Composition and method for coating foodstuffs |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0024274A1 (en) * | 1979-08-16 | 1981-03-04 | Wilcour Food Products, Inc. | Structured meat product and process for making same |
US4423083A (en) * | 1980-04-04 | 1983-12-27 | General Foods Corp. | Fabricated protein fiber bundles |
US4539212A (en) * | 1983-06-03 | 1985-09-03 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Sterilization and stabilization process for meat analog products |
Family Cites Families (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR1246119A (en) * | 1957-01-11 | 1960-11-18 | Process for the preparation of frozen food products and resulting products | |
US3060032A (en) * | 1960-06-17 | 1962-10-23 | Gen Foods Corp | Freezable gels |
FR2052785A5 (en) * | 1970-06-18 | 1971-04-09 | Dca Food Ind | Onion rings prodn |
JPS4899353A (en) * | 1972-04-01 | 1973-12-15 | ||
DE2437721A1 (en) * | 1973-08-07 | 1975-04-03 | Uncle Ben S Australia Pty | FEED AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING IT |
LU72291A1 (en) * | 1974-04-18 | 1975-08-20 | Mars Ltd |
-
1977
- 1977-03-09 GB GB9958/77A patent/GB1596294A/en not_active Expired
-
1978
- 1978-02-21 IE IE372/78A patent/IE46561B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1978-02-24 NO NO780640A patent/NO145596C/en unknown
- 1978-03-03 CA CA298,185A patent/CA1104408A/en not_active Expired
- 1978-03-06 BE BE185691A patent/BE864596A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1978-03-06 PT PT67742A patent/PT67742A/en unknown
- 1978-03-07 FR FR7806440A patent/FR2382865A1/en active Granted
- 1978-03-08 CH CH253178A patent/CH645247A5/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1978-03-08 JP JP2647378A patent/JPS53113056A/en active Granted
- 1978-03-08 DK DK104178A patent/DK104178A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1978-03-08 DE DE19782810009 patent/DE2810009A1/en active Granted
- 1978-03-08 SE SE7802649A patent/SE428521B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1978-03-09 AT AT0171778A patent/AT362985B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1978-03-09 AU AU34021/78A patent/AU517082B2/en not_active Expired
- 1978-03-09 LU LU79201A patent/LU79201A1/en unknown
- 1978-03-09 IT IT21053/78A patent/IT1093790B/en active
- 1978-03-09 NL NL7802598A patent/NL7802598A/en unknown
Cited By (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0037676A2 (en) * | 1980-04-04 | 1981-10-14 | General Foods Corporation | Preparation of a fibrous protein product |
EP0037676A3 (en) * | 1980-04-04 | 1982-07-14 | General Foods Corporation | Preparation of a fibrous protein product |
GB2198623A (en) * | 1986-12-03 | 1988-06-22 | Inst Hochseefischerei | Method of and apparatus for producing textured muscle-meat type products |
GB2233209A (en) * | 1986-12-03 | 1991-01-09 | Inst Hochseefischerei | Apparatus for the manufacture of textured meat and fish products |
GB2233209B (en) * | 1986-12-03 | 1991-07-17 | Inst Hochseefischerei | Method and apparatus for the manufacture of meat and fish products |
GB2198623B (en) * | 1986-12-03 | 1991-07-17 | Inst Hochseefischerei | Process for the manufacture of textured meats and fish products |
WO2001074176A2 (en) * | 2000-04-04 | 2001-10-11 | Cp Kelco Aps | Gelled and gellable compositions for food products |
WO2001074176A3 (en) * | 2000-04-04 | 2002-06-06 | Cp Kelco Aps | Gelled and gellable compositions for food products |
WO2002015715A1 (en) * | 2000-08-25 | 2002-02-28 | W. Ruitenberg Czn. N.V. | Composition and method for coating foodstuffs |
US7323202B2 (en) | 2000-08-25 | 2008-01-29 | W. Ruitenberg Czn. N.V. | Composition for forming a casing and method of use |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPS53113056A (en) | 1978-10-03 |
CA1104408A (en) | 1981-07-07 |
IE780372L (en) | 1978-09-09 |
IE46561B1 (en) | 1983-07-27 |
FR2382865A1 (en) | 1978-10-06 |
DE2810009A1 (en) | 1978-09-14 |
SE428521B (en) | 1983-07-11 |
SE7802649L (en) | 1978-09-10 |
LU79201A1 (en) | 1978-06-28 |
NO145596C (en) | 1982-04-28 |
AT362985B (en) | 1981-06-25 |
AU3402178A (en) | 1979-09-13 |
ATA171778A (en) | 1980-11-15 |
DE2810009C2 (en) | 1988-09-22 |
NL7802598A (en) | 1978-09-12 |
IT1093790B (en) | 1985-07-26 |
NO780640L (en) | 1978-09-12 |
PT67742A (en) | 1978-04-01 |
AU517082B2 (en) | 1981-07-09 |
NO145596B (en) | 1982-01-18 |
FR2382865B1 (en) | 1984-01-13 |
DK104178A (en) | 1978-09-10 |
BE864596A (en) | 1978-09-06 |
CH645247A5 (en) | 1984-09-28 |
IT7821053A0 (en) | 1978-03-09 |
JPS6257295B2 (en) | 1987-11-30 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
PS | Patent sealed [section 19, patents act 1949] | ||
PE20 | Patent expired after termination of 20 years |
Effective date: 19980308 |