ES2968813T3 - Organo de guía, sistema mecánico que comprende dicho órgano de guía, y procedimiento de fabricación de dicho órgano de guía - Google Patents

Organo de guía, sistema mecánico que comprende dicho órgano de guía, y procedimiento de fabricación de dicho órgano de guía Download PDF

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Publication number
ES2968813T3
ES2968813T3 ES20737513T ES20737513T ES2968813T3 ES 2968813 T3 ES2968813 T3 ES 2968813T3 ES 20737513 T ES20737513 T ES 20737513T ES 20737513 T ES20737513 T ES 20737513T ES 2968813 T3 ES2968813 T3 ES 2968813T3
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Spain
Prior art keywords
depth
equal
layer
guide member
surface layer
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ES20737513T
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English (en)
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Fabrice Prost
Pierrick Pavallier
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Hydromecanique et Frottement SAS
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Hydromecanique et Frottement SAS
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C11/00—Pivots; Pivotal connections
    • F16C11/04—Pivotal connections
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/02—Parts of sliding-contact bearings
    • F16C33/04—Brasses; Bushes; Linings
    • F16C33/06—Sliding surface mainly made of metal
    • F16C33/12—Structural composition; Use of special materials or surface treatments, e.g. for rust-proofing
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C31/00—Bearings for parts which both rotate and move linearly
    • F16C31/02—Sliding-contact bearings
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16B—DEVICES FOR FASTENING OR SECURING CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS OR MACHINE PARTS TOGETHER, e.g. NAILS, BOLTS, CIRCLIPS, CLAMPS, CLIPS OR WEDGES; JOINTS OR JOINTING
    • F16B1/00—Devices for securing together, or preventing relative movement between, constructional elements or machine parts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B1/00—Layered products having a non-planar shape
    • B32B1/08—Tubular products
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
    • B32B15/01—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
    • B32B15/01—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic
    • B32B15/011—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic all layers being formed of iron alloys or steels
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
    • B32B15/04—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising metal as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
    • B32B15/04—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising metal as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
    • B32B15/043—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising metal as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of metal
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
    • B32B15/18—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising iron or steel
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
    • C23C14/06—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the coating material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
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    • C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
    • C23C14/06—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the coating material
    • C23C14/0641—Nitrides
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    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
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    • C23C14/0658—Carbon nitride
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    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
    • C23C14/06—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the coating material
    • C23C14/0664—Carbonitrides
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    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
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    • C23C14/067—Borides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
    • C23C14/22—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
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    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
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    • C23C14/5826—Treatment with charged particles
    • C23C14/5833—Ion beam bombardment
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    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
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Abstract

La presente invención se refiere a un miembro guía (10), que comprende un cuerpo (12) provisto de un orificio (14) para montar un elemento móvil, consistiendo el cuerpo (12) en un material metálico, caracterizado porque el orificio (14) tiene una capa superficial (16) que ha sido sometida a un tratamiento antiagarrotamiento sobre una profundidad de difusión (P16) menor o igual a 0,6 mm, teniendo la capa superficial (16) una dureza mayor o igual a 500 Hv1 sobre un profundidad (P18) de entre 5 y 50 μm. (Traducción automática con Google Translate, sin valor legal)

Description

DESCRIPCIÓN
Órgano de guía, sistema mecánico que comprende dicho órgano de guía, y procedimiento de fabricación de dicho órgano de guía
Campo técnico
La presente invención se refiere a un órgano de guía, un sistema mecánico que comprende dicho órgano de guía, y un procedimiento de fabricación de dicho órgano de guía.
El campo de la invención es el de los sistemas mecánicos que funcionan en oscilación, traslación o rotación bajo cargas pesadas y sometidos a golpes en un entorno abrasivo.
Técnica anterior
Convencionalmente, dicho sistema comprende un órgano de guía y un elemento móvil, como se describe en el documento WO2006087498.
A modo de ejemplo, el sistema puede formar una articulación de maquinaria de obras públicas o minera, de vehículo agrícola, de máquina industrial, etc.
Los casquillos de bronce, de material compuesto o material polimérico presentan la ventaja, cuando se someten a cargas importantes, de poder adaptarse a la geometría del eje y así reducir las presiones normales. La reducción del factor p.V (producto de la presión diametral p en N/mm2 por la velocidad circunferencial V en m/s) conduce entonces a una reducción del desgaste del casquillo.
En cambio, su baja dureza superficial conduce a una baja resistencia al desgaste abrasivo.
Por ello, para aplicaciones sometidas a cargas elevadas y a una fuerte abrasión, es habitual utilizar aceros con propiedades mecánicas significativas (Re > 800 MPa) y durezas elevadas. Estos aceros están tratados térmicamente y tienen una estructura bainítica o martensítica.
Sin embargo, debido a sus propiedades mecánicas significativas, estos casquillos no pueden adaptarse a flexiones de ejes. Esto conduce a factores p.V localizados muy importantes y, en consecuencia, a un desgaste y a continuación a un gripado.
Los documentos WO2006/111661 A1 y WO 2017/007397 A1 divulgan órganos de guía con una capa blanca superficial obtenida por nitruración o carbonitruración que permite obtener una superficie dura resistente al desgaste. Las características del órgano de guía del documento Wo 2017/007397 A1 corresponden al preámbulo de la reivindicación 1.
Exposición de la invención
El objetivo de la presente invención es proponer un órgano de guía mejorado, que remedia los inconvenientes anteriores.
A este respecto, el objeto de la invención es un órgano de guía, que comprende un cuerpo provisto de un orificio para el montaje de un elemento móvil, estando el cuerpo constituido por un material metálico ferroso, presentando el material metálico del cuerpo un límite elástico Re comprendido entre 200 y 600 MPa, y teniendo el orificio una capa superficial tratada contra el gripado a una profundidad de difusión inferior o igual a 0,6 mm. Según la invención, la capa superficial presenta una dureza superior o igual a 500 Hv1 a una profundidad comprendida entre 5 y 50 pm y comprende una capa de combinación, también denominada capa blanca, a una profundidad comprendida entre 5 y 50 pm, y una capa de difusión a una profundidad inferior o igual a 0,6 mm, comprendiendo la capa superficial una capa intermedia correspondiente a una fase<y>N de austenita enriquecida en nitrógeno y que presenta una dureza superior o igual a 500 Hv1 y situada entre la capa de combinación y la capa de difusión.
Así, la invención permite obtener un órgano de guía muy eficaz en el contexto de aplicaciones sometidas a cargas pesadas y a choques en un entorno abrasivo, con un excelente compromiso entre resistencia al gripado, resistencia a la abrasión y acomodación. El órgano de guía presenta prestaciones elevadas, obtenidas habitualmente con categorías de acero significativamente más caras, así como tratamientos superficiales más largos y profundos. La solución propuesta es más competitiva, con una mejor relación rendimiento/precio.
Según otras características ventajosas de la invención, tomadas individualmente o en combinación:
- El material metálico se selecciona entre aceros estructurales o aceros de baja aleación.
- El material metálico presenta un límite elástico Re comprendido entre 300 y 600 MPa.
- El material metálico presenta un límite elástico Re comprendido entre 400 y 500 MPa.
- La capa superficial está tratada contra el gripado a una profundidad de difusión inferior o igual a 0,3 mm.
- La capa superficial presenta una dureza superior o igual a 500 Hv1 a una profundidad comprendida entre 25 y 50 pm. - La capa superficial presenta una dureza superior o igual a 550 Hv1 a una profundidad comprendida entre 5 y 50 pm. - La capa superficial presenta una dureza superior o igual a 550 Hv1 a una profundidad comprendida entre 25 y 50 pm. La invención también tiene por objeto un sistema mecánico, que comprende un órgano de guía según una de las reivindicaciones anteriores, y un elemento móvil dispuesto en el orificio de este órgano de guía.
La invención también se refiere a un procedimiento de fabricación de un órgano de guía como se ha descrito anteriormente, comprendiendo dicho órgano de guía un cuerpo provisto de un orificio para el montaje de un elemento móvil, comprendiendo el procedimiento las siguientes etapas sucesivas:
- fabricar el cuerpo en un material metálico ferroso que presente un límite elástico Re comprendido entre 200 y 600 MPa;
- realizar un tratamiento superficial del orificio para proteger el órgano de guía contra el gripado, afectando el tratamiento superficial a una capa superficial del orificio a una profundidad de difusión inferior o igual a 0,6 mm, presentando la capa superficial después del tratamiento superficial una dureza superior o igual a 550 Hv1 a una profundidad comprendida entre 5 y 50 pm, una capa de combinación también denominada capa blanca a una profundidad comprendida entre 5 y 50 pm, una capa de difusión a una profundidad inferior o igual a 0,6 mm y una capa intermedia correspondiente a una fase yN de austenita enriquecida en nitrógeno, que presenta una dureza superior o igual a 500 Hv1 y situada entre la capa de combinación y la capa de difusión.
Breve descripción de los dibujos
La invención se comprenderá mejor a la lectura de la descripción detallada que va a seguir, dada únicamente a modo de ejemplo no limitativo y realizada con referencia a los dibujos adjuntos en los que:
[Fig. 1] La figura 1 es una sección longitudinal de un sistema mecanizado según la invención, que comprende un órgano de guía según la invención, y un elemento móvil.
[Fig. 2] La figura 2 es una vista a mayor escala del detalle II de la figura 1.
Descripción detallada de la invención
En las figuras 1 y 2 se representa un sistema mecánico 1 según la invención, que comprende un casquillo 10 según la invención, y un árbol 20 dispuesto en el casquillo 10 a lo largo de un eje longitudinal X1.
El sistema 1 está diseñado para soportar cargas pesadas y/o golpes en un entorno abrasivo. El sistema 1 constituye por ejemplo una articulación de maquinaria de obras públicas o minera, de vehículo agrícola, de máquina industrial para la industria siderúrgica, etc.
El casquillo 10 comprende un cuerpo 12 y un orificio 14 de perfil cilíndrico formado en el cuerpo 12. El orificio 14 está diseñado para recibir el árbol 20, móvil en rotación alrededor del eje X1 y/o en traslación a lo largo del eje X1, en un movimiento continuo o alterno. El casquillo 10 constituye un órgano de guía del árbol 20 en rotación y/o traslación. La interfaz de fricción entre el casquillo 10 y el árbol 20, más precisamente entre el orificio 14 y la superficie externa del árbol 20, preferentemente está lubricada. El orificio 14 puede ser liso o incluir cavidades que actúan como reserva de lubricante, como se describe en los documentos EP0987456 y WO2006087498.
El cuerpo 12 está constituido por un material metálico que presenta un límite elástico Re comprendido entre 200 y 600 MPa. De manera ventajosa, el material metálico puede seleccionarse entre aceros estructurales o aceros de baja aleación (que comprendan al menos un 95 % de hierro y carbono). Esto reduce en gran medida el coste de fabricación del casquillo 10, al tiempo que proporciona varias ventajas, detalladas a continuación. El material metálico presenta un límite elástico Re comprendido preferentemente entre 300 y 600 MPa, más preferentemente, entre 400 y 500 MPa. Como ejemplos no limitativos, el material del cuerpo 12 puede seleccionarse entre los siguientes materiales metálicos:
T l 1
continuación
Según la invención, el orificio 14 tiene una capa superficial 16 tratada contra el gripado a una profundidad de difusión P16 inferior o igual a 0,3 mm. La capa superficial 16 presenta una dureza superior o igual a 500 Hv1 a una profundidad P18 comprendida entre 10 y 50 |jm. La dureza puede estar comprendida entre 500 y 650 Hv1, siendo preferentemente superior a 550 Hv1. La profundidad P18 está preferiblemente comprendida entre 20 y 50 jm . Por ejemplo, la profundidad de difusión P16 del tratamiento superficial antigripado aplicado al orificio 14 puede ser de 0,2 mm, con una dureza igual a 600 Hv1 a una profundidad P18 de 30 jm . Las profundidades P16 y P18 no están a escala en la figura 2 para fines de simplificación.
Preferentemente, el tratamiento antigripado es una nitruración.
Si la profundidad P18 endurecida es demasiado pequeña (< 10 jm ), la resistencia al desgaste es demasiado reducida. Si la profundidad P18 es demasiado grande (> 50 jm ), la capa superficial 16 se vuelve frágil y menos resiliente, por lo tanto, sujeta a descascarillado y presenta una capacidad de acomodación reducida.
La profundidad de difusión P16 del tratamiento superficial antigripado está limitada a 0,3 mm para conservar las máximas propiedades de acomodación. El tratamiento superficial tendrá así la ventaja de no descascarillarse cuando se somete a compresiones de al menos el 4 %.
Según la invención, la capa superficial 16 presenta una dureza superior o igual a 500 Hv1, más preferentemente superior o igual a 550 Hv1, a una profundidad P18 comprendida entre 25 y 50 jm . Una profundidad de al menos 25 jm permite aumentar aún más la vida útil del órgano de guía, aumentando la resistencia al desgaste.
Según la invención, la capa superficial 16 tratada contra el gripado comprende una capa de combinación (también denominada capa blanca) a una profundidad P18 y una capa de difusión a una profundidad P16.
Según la invención, la capa superficial 16 tratada contra el gripado comprende además una capa intermedia, situada entre la capa de combinación y la capa de difusión.
La capa intermedia está situada preferentemente a una profundidad comprendida entre 20 y 50 jm , y más preferentemente entre 25 y 50 jm . Una profundidad P18 de al menos 25 jm prolonga la vida útil de la capa intermedia, por lo tanto, la del elemento de guía también, aumentando la resistencia al desgaste. Una profundidad de 50 jm o menos aumenta la resiliencia de la capa intermedia, por lo tanto, la del elemento de guía también, mejora la capacidad de acomodación y limita el descascarillado.
La capa intermedia presenta una dureza superior o igual a 500 Hv1, preferentemente superior o igual a 550 Hv1, a una profundidad P18 comprendida entre 20 y 50 jm , preferentemente entre 25 y 50 jm .
La capa intermedia se forma durante el tratamiento contra el gripado, en particular mediante nitruración o carbonitruración, cuando dicho tratamiento se realiza a alta temperatura, es decir una temperatura superior o igual a 592 °C.
La temperatura de 592 °C delimita la fase ferrítica de la fase austenítica en el diagrama hierro-nitrógeno. Más allá de 592 °C, se forma, según la invención, una fase yN (austenita enriquecida en nitrógeno) que corresponde a la capa intermedia descrita anteriormente.
Después del tratamiento posterior del orificio 14, es posible controlar la dureza de la capa intermedia. Con tratamiento posterior a alta temperatura, se puede conseguir una capa intermedia de alta dureza, mientras que, con un tratamiento de temperatura más baja, se puede conseguir una capa intermedia de menor dureza. Entre los tratamientos posteriores que se pueden implementar, se pueden citar en particular una oxidación, por ejemplo, mediante baños de sales fundidas entre 350 °C y 500 °C, una oxidación por vía gaseosa entre 350 °C y 500 °C, o también una oxidación en salmuera en ebullición entre 120 °C y 160 °C.
A medida que los materiales metálicos se endurecen por deformación cuando se someten a cargas superiores a sus límites elásticos, una vez efectuada la acomodación, la resistencia a la carga de las áreas solicitadas mecánicamente será mayor.
En comparación con los casquillos de materiales metálicos que presentan propiedades mecánicas significativas (Re > 600 MPa), el uso de un casquillo 10 de material metálico que presenta propiedades mecánicas menos significativas (Re < 600 MPa) permite reducir la presión normal en la interfaz entre el casquillo 10 y el árbol 20 mediante la acomodación de sus superficies enfrentadas, por lo tanto, reducir el factor p.V, por lo tanto, reducir el desgaste dentro del sistema mecánico 1.
El tratamiento superficial sigue a la acomodación del material y proporciona una dureza significativa en la superficie, permitiendo una buena resistencia a la abrasión y resistencia al gripado.
Inesperadamente, el sistema mecánico 1 es finalmente más eficaz con el casquillo 10 según la invención de material Re < 600 MPa que con un casquillo de material Re > 600 MPa.
En comparación con los casquillos de materiales compuestos y materiales poliméricos, el casquillo 10 presenta una mejor resistencia a la carga después del endurecimiento por deformación de la capa superficial, y una mejor resistencia a la abrasión gracias a la dureza superficial de la capa superficial 16 sometida al tratamiento superficial.
En comparación con los casquillos de bronce (125 < Re < 175 MPa), latón (Re = 180 MPa), cobre-aluminio, el casquillo 10 presenta una mejor resistencia a la abrasión.
En comparación con los casquillos de acero endurecidos en masa o superficialmente (endurecimiento por inducción de alta frecuencia, cementación), el casquillo 10 presenta una mejor resistencia al gripado y una mejor capacidad de acomodación a la carga.
En comparación con los casquillos con un revestimiento duro antigripado aplicado en el orificio (proyección térmica, PVD, NI químico, Cr duro...), que necesitan un material con propiedades mecánicas significativas (Re > 600 MPa) para evitar el descascarillado del revestimiento sometido a abrasión y choques, el casquillo 10 puede estar hecho de un material metálico que presente propiedades mecánicas menos significativas (Re < 600 MPa), lo que proporciona las diferentes ventajas presentadas anteriormente.
Se realiza un ensayo comparativo utilizando dos sistemas mecánicos, que comprenden un casquillo y un árbol móvil que gira en el casquillo durante 1000 horas.
Cuando el casquillo es de acero con Re > 600 MPa, la acomodación es insuficiente, las cargas están mal distribuidas, el factor p.V es significativo en lugares donde las cargas son máximas, provocando un desgaste significativo del árbol. Cuando el casquillo 10 es según la invención, con Re < 600 MPa y tratamiento superficial antigripado, la acomodación es satisfactoria, las cargas están mejor distribuidas, el factor p.V es limitado, y se constata que el desgaste del árbol 20 es mucho menor que en el caso anterior.
Se intenta caracterizar más precisamente el casquillo 10 realizando una sección del cuerpo 12 en un plano radial. Esto permite mostrar el endurecimiento por deformación del casquillo 10 y un aumento de sus características mecánicas. El cuerpo 12 sufrió una deformación del 3 %, es decir, el diámetro del orificio 14 ha aumentado un 3 %. La dureza del cuerpo 12, medida a 0,6 mm de la superficie del orificio 14 deformado, pasa de 295 Hv0.1 frente a 265Hv0.1 antes del ensayo, es decir, un límite elástico a la tracción que pasa de 850 MPa a 950 MPa.
Asimismo, el sistema mecánico 1 puede tener una forma diferente a la de las figuras 1 y 2 sin apartarse del alcance de la invención.
Como variante no representada, el sistema 1 puede comprender un órgano de guía 10 diferente de un casquillo. Según otra variante no representada, el sistema 1 puede comprender un elemento 20 diferente de un árbol, siendo este elemento 20 móvil en el órgano 10 en rotación alrededor del eje X1 y/o en traslación a lo largo del eje X1. Según otra variante no representada, el órgano 10 puede incluir varios orificios 14 que tienen una capa superficial 16 según la invención.
Además, las características técnicas de las diferentes realizaciones y variantes mencionadas anteriormente pueden, en su totalidad o para algunas de ellas, combinarse entre sí en el marco de las reivindicaciones adjuntas. Así, el sistema mecánico 1 y el órgano de guía 10 pueden adaptarse en términos de coste, funcionalidades y rendimiento.

Claims (10)

REIVINDICACIONES
1. Órgano de guía (10), que comprende un cuerpo (12) provisto de un orificio (14) para el montaje de un elemento móvil (20), estando el cuerpo (12) constituido por un material metálico ferroso, presentando el material metálico del cuerpo (12) un límite elástico Re comprendido entre 200 y 600 MPa, y teniendo el orificio (14) una capa superficial (16) tratada contra el gripado a una profundidad de difusión (P16) inferior o igual a 0,6 mm, presentando la capa superficial (16) una dureza superior o igual a 500 Hv1 a una profundidad (P18) comprendida entre 5 y 50 pm, y que comprende una capa de combinación, también denominada capa blanca, a una profundidad comprendida entre 5 y 50 pm, y una capa de difusión a una profundidad inferior o igual a 0,6 mm,
caracterizado por que la capa superficial comprende una capa intermedia correspondiente a una fase yN de austenita enriquecida en nitrógeno, que presenta una dureza superior o igual a 500 Hv1 y situada entre la capa de combinación y la capa de difusión.
2. Órgano de guía (10) según una de las reivindicaciones anteriores, caracterizado por que el material metálico se selecciona de entre aceros estructurales o aceros de baja aleación.
3. Órgano de guía (10) según una de las reivindicaciones anteriores, caracterizado por que el material metálico presenta un límite elástico Re comprendido entre 300 y 600 MPa.
4. Órgano de guía (10) según una de las reivindicaciones anteriores, caracterizado por que el material metálico presenta un límite elástico Re comprendido entre 400 y 500 MPa.
5. Órgano de guía (10) según una de las reivindicaciones anteriores, caracterizado por que la capa superficial (16) está tratada contra el gripado a una profundidad de difusión (P16) inferior o igual a 0,3 mm.
6. Órgano de guía (10) según una de las reivindicaciones anteriores, caracterizado por que la capa superficial (16) presenta una dureza superior o igual a 500 Hv1 a una profundidad (P18) comprendida entre 25 y 50 pm.
7. Órgano de guía (10) según una de las reivindicaciones 1 a 5, caracterizado por que la capa superficial (16) presenta una dureza superior o igual a 550 Hv1 a una profundidad (P18) comprendida entre 5 y 50 pm.
8. Órgano de guía (10) según una de las reivindicaciones 1 a 5, caracterizado por que la capa superficial (16) presenta una dureza superior o igual a 550 Hv1 a una profundidad (P18) comprendida entre 25 y 50 pm.
9. Sistema mecánico (1), que comprende un órgano de guía (10) según una de las reivindicaciones anteriores, y un elemento móvil (20) dispuesto en el orificio (14) de este órgano de guía (10).
10. Procedimiento de fabricación de un órgano de guía (10) según una cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 a 9, que comprende un cuerpo (12) provisto de un orificio (14) para el montaje de un elemento móvil (20), comprendiendo el procedimiento las siguientes etapas sucesivas:
- fabricar el cuerpo (12) en un material metálico ferroso que presente un límite elástico Re comprendido entre 200 y 600 MPa;
- realizar un tratamiento superficial del orificio (14) para proteger el órgano de guía (10) contra el gripado, afectando el tratamiento superficial a una capa superficial (16) del orificio (14) a una profundidad de difusión (P16) inferior o igual a 0,6 mm, presentando la capa superficial (16) después del tratamiento superficial una dureza superior o igual a 550 Hv1 a una profundidad (P18) comprendida entre 5 y 50 pm, una capa de combinación, también denominada capa blanca, a una profundidad comprendida entre 5 y 50 pm, una capa de difusión a una profundidad inferior o igual a 0,6 mm, y una capa intermedia correspondiente a una fase<y>N de austenita enriquecida en nitrógeno, que presenta una dureza superior o igual a 500 Hv1 y situada entre la capa de combinación y la capa de difusión.
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