CN113853483B - 引导构件、包括这样的引导构件的机械系统以及用于生成这样的引导构件的方法 - Google Patents

引导构件、包括这样的引导构件的机械系统以及用于生成这样的引导构件的方法 Download PDF

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CN113853483B
CN113853483B CN202080037721.3A CN202080037721A CN113853483B CN 113853483 B CN113853483 B CN 113853483B CN 202080037721 A CN202080037721 A CN 202080037721A CN 113853483 B CN113853483 B CN 113853483B
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guide member
depth
equal
surface layer
hardness
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CN113853483A (zh
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法布里斯·普罗斯特
皮埃里克·帕瓦利耶
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Fluid Mechanics And Friction Co
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Fluid Mechanics And Friction Co
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C11/00—Pivots; Pivotal connections
    • F16C11/04—Pivotal connections
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/02—Parts of sliding-contact bearings
    • F16C33/04—Brasses; Bushes; Linings
    • F16C33/06—Sliding surface mainly made of metal
    • F16C33/12—Structural composition; Use of special materials or surface treatments, e.g. for rust-proofing
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C31/00—Bearings for parts which both rotate and move linearly
    • F16C31/02—Sliding-contact bearings
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16B—DEVICES FOR FASTENING OR SECURING CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS OR MACHINE PARTS TOGETHER, e.g. NAILS, BOLTS, CIRCLIPS, CLAMPS, CLIPS OR WEDGES; JOINTS OR JOINTING
    • F16B1/00—Devices for securing together, or preventing relative movement between, constructional elements or machine parts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B1/00—Layered products having a non-planar shape
    • B32B1/08—Tubular products
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
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    • B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
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    • B32B15/011—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic all layers being formed of iron alloys or steels
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    • B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
    • B32B15/18—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising iron or steel
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种引导构件(10)，包括设置有用于安装活动元件的孔(14)的主体(12)，主体(12)由金属材料构成，其特征在于，孔(14)具有在小于或等于0.6mm的扩散深度(P16)上处理以防止卡住的表面层(16)，表面层(16)在5至50μm之间的深度(P18)上具有大于或等于500Hv1的硬度。

Description

引导构件、包括这样的引导构件的机械系统以及用于生成这 样的引导构件的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及引导构件、包括这样的引导构件的机械系统以及用于生成这样的引导构件的方法。
本发明的领域是在高负荷下以振荡、平移或旋转方式运行并在磨损环境中经受冲击的机械系统的领域。
背景技术
通常，这样的系统包括引导构件和活动元件，如文献WO 2006087498所述。
以示例的方式，系统可以形成用于公共作业或采矿机械、农用车辆、工业机械等的接头。
由青铜、复合材料或聚合物材料制成的环具有以下优点：当它们经受高负荷时，能够适应轴的几何形状，因此减小正常压力。因数p.V(以N/mm2为单位的径向压力p和以m/s为单位的圆周速度V的乘积)的减小然后导致环的磨损的减小。
然而，环的低表面硬度导致低的耐磨性。
因此，对于经受高负荷和高磨损的应用，通常使用具有高机械性能(Re＞800MPa)和高硬度的钢。这些钢经过热处理并具有贝氏体或马氏体结构。
然而，由于它们显著的机械性能，这些环无法适应轴的弯曲。这导致非常高的局部p.V因数，并因此导致磨损，然后导致卡住。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提出一种克服上述缺点的改进的引导构件。
为此，本发明涉及一种引导构件，包括设置有用于安装活动元件的孔的主体，主体由金属材料制成，其特征在于，孔具有在小于或等于0.6mm的扩散深度上处理以防止卡住的表面层，表面层在5至50μm之间的深度上具有大于或等于500Hv1的硬度。
因此，本发明使得可以在磨损环境中的高负荷和冲击下的应用范围内获得高性能的引导构件，在抗卡住性、抗磨损性和适应性之间具有优异的折衷。该引导构件具有通常利用更昂贵的钢种类获得的高性能、以及更长和更深的表面处理。所提出的解决方案更具竞争力，具有改善的性能/价格比。
根据单独或组合采取的本发明的其它有利特征：
-金属材料是黑色金属材料。
-金属材料选自结构钢或低合金钢。
-主体的金属材料具有200MPa至600MPa之间的屈服强度Re。
-金属材料具有300MPa至600MPa之间的屈服强度Re。
-金属材料具有400MPa至500MPa之间的屈服强度Re。
-在小于或等于0.3mm的扩散深度上处理表面层以防止卡住。
-表面层在25μm至50μm之间的深度上具有大于或等于500Hv1的硬度。
-表面层在5μm至50μm之间的深度上具有大于或等于550Hv1的硬度。
-表面层在25μm至50μm之间的深度上具有大于或等于550Hv1的硬度。
本发明还涉及一种机械系统，包括根据前述实施例所述的引导构件和布置在该引导构件的孔中的活动元件。
本发明还涉及一种用于生成如上的引导构件的方法，所述引导构件包括设有用于安装活动元件的孔的主体，方法的特征在于其包括以下连续步骤：
-由金属材料生成主体；
-进行孔的表面处理，以便保护引导构件不被卡住，表面处理在小于或等于0.6mm的扩散深度上影响孔的表面层，表面层在表面处理之后在5至50μm之间的深度上具有大于或等于550Hv1的硬度。
附图说明
从以下仅通过非限制性示例给出的并且参考附图进行的描述中，将更好地理解本发明，在附图中：
图1是根据本发明的机械化系统的纵向剖视图，该机械化系统包括根据本发明的引导构件和活动元件。
图2是图1中细节II的放大图。
具体实施方式
图1和图2示出了根据本发明的机械系统1，包括根据本发明的环10和沿着纵轴X1布置在环10中的轴20。
系统1被设计成在磨蚀环境中承受高负荷和/或冲击。系统1例如构成用于公共工程或采矿机械、农用车辆、用于钢铁工业的工业机械等的接头。
环10包括主体12和形成在主体12中的具有圆柱形轮廓的孔14。孔14设置成接收轴20，该轴可根据连续或往复运动而绕轴线X1旋转运动和/或沿着轴线X1平移运动。环10构成用于引导轴20旋转和/或平移的构件。
优选地，环10与轴20之间、更具体地孔14与轴20的外表面之间的摩擦界面被润滑。孔14可以是光滑的或包括用作润滑剂储备器的腔，如文献EP 0987456和WO 2006087498所述。
主体12由屈服强度Re在200至600MPa之间的金属材料制成。有利地，金属材料可以选自结构钢或低合金钢(包括至少95％的铁和碳)。这大大降低了生成环10的成本，同时提供了以下详述的若干优点。金属材料具有优选在300至600Mpa之间并且甚至更优选在400至500MPa之间的屈服强度Re。
以非限制性示例的方式，主体12的材料可以选自以下金属材料：
【表1】
根据本发明，孔14具有表面层16，该表面层在小于或等于0.3mm的扩散深度P16上处理以防止卡住。表面层16在10至50μm之间的深度P18上具有大于或等于500Hv1的硬度。硬度可以在500至650Hv1之间，优选大于550Hv1。深度P18优选在20μm至50μm之间。例如，应用到孔14的防卡住表面处理的扩散深度P16可以是0.2mm，在30μm的深度P18上具有等于600Hv1的硬度。为了简化，图2中的深度P16和P18没有按比例绘制。
优选地，防卡住处理是渗氮。
如果硬化深度P18太低(＜10μm)，则耐磨性太低。如果深度P18太大(＞50μm)，则表面层16变得易碎且弹性较小，因此易于剥落，并具有较小的适应能力。
防卡住表面处理的扩散深度P16被限制为0.3mm，以便保持最大适应特性。因此，当表面处理经受至少4％的压缩时，其将具有不剥落的优点。
优选地，表面层16在25至50μm之间的深度P18上具有大于或等于500Hv1、更优选大于或等于550Hv1的硬度。至少25μm的深度使得可以通过增加耐磨性来进一步增加引导构件的使用寿命。
根据特定实施例，被处理以防止卡住的表面层16包括深度P18处的组合层(也称为白层)和深度P16处的扩散层。
优选地，被处理以防止卡住的表面层16还包括位于组合层与扩散层之间的中间层。
中间层优选位于20至50μm之间、更优选25至50μm之间的深度处。至少25μm的深度P18通过增加耐磨性延长了中间层的使用寿命，因此也延长了引导构件的使用寿命。50μm或更小的深度增加了中间层的弹性，因此增加了引导构件的弹性，改善了适应能力，并限制了剥落。
中间层在20至50μm之间、优选25至50μm之间的深度P18上具有大于或等于500Hv1、优选大于或等于550Hv1的硬度。
当处理在高温(即大于或等于592℃的温度)下进行时，在抗卡住的处理期间特别是通过渗氮或碳氮共渗形成中间层。
592℃的温度在铁-氮图中限定了奥氏体相的铁素体相。在592℃以上，形成γN相(富氮奥氏体)，其对应于上述中间层。
在孔14的后处理之后，可以检查中间层的硬度。利用高温后处理，可以获得高硬度的中间层，而利用低温处理，可以获得较低硬度的中间层。可以使用的后处理的示例是氧化，例如通过350℃至500℃之间的熔盐浴、350℃至500℃之间的气体氧化、或在沸点为120℃至160℃之间的盐水中氧化。
由于金属材料在经受高于其屈服强度的负荷时塌陷，因此一旦完成适应，机械应力区的负荷阻力将更大。
与由具有显著机械性能(Re>600MPa)的金属材料制成的环相比，使用由具有不太显著机械性能(Re<600MPa)的金属材料制成的环10使得可以通过适应它们的面对表面来降低环10与轴20之间的界面处的法向压力，并且因此降低因数p.V，因此降低机械系统1内的磨损。
表面处理遵循材料的适应性，并提供高的表面硬度，这使得可以具有良好的耐磨性和抗卡住性。
出乎意料地，机械系统1的最终利用由材料Re<600MPa制成的根据本发明的环10与利用由材料Re>MPa制成的环相比更高效。
与由复合材料和聚合物材料制成的环相比，环10在表面层的加工硬化之后具有更好的耐负荷性，并且由于经受表面处理的表面层16的表面硬度而具有更好的耐磨性。
与青铜(125＜Re＜175MPa)、黄铜(Re≈180MPa)和铜-铝环相比，环10具有更好的耐磨性。
与由整体或表面硬化的钢(高频感应均热、渗碳)制成的环相比，环10具有更好的抗卡住性和更好的适应负荷的能力。
与具有涂敷在孔中的硬质抗卡住涂层(热喷涂、PVD、化学Ni、硬铬等)的环(需要材料，该材料具有显著机械性能(Re>600MPa)，以便避免经受磨损和冲击的涂层的剥落)相比，环10可由具有不太显著机械性能(Re<600MPa)的金属材料制成，这提供了上述各种优点。
使用两个机械系统进行对比试验，该机械系统包括环和可以在环中旋转1000小时的轴。
当环由Re＞600MPa的钢制成时，适应性不足，负荷分布不良，p.V因数在负荷最大的位置处高，这导致轴的显著磨损。
当环10是根据本发明的环(Re＜600MPa且经过抗卡住表面处理)时，适应性是令人满意的，负荷被更好地分布，因数p.V是有限的，并且可以看出，轴20的磨损比上述情况小得多。
试图通过在径向平面中形成主体12的横截面来更具体地表征环10。这使得可以示出环10的加工硬化及其机械特性的增加。主体12已经经历3％的变形(即孔14的直径增加3％)。在距离变形孔14的表面0.6mm处测量的主体12的硬度针对测试之前的265Hv0.1达到295Hv0.1(即拉伸屈服强度Re从850MPa达到950MPa)。
而且，机械系统1可以与图1和图2不同地成形，而不脱离本发明的范围。
在未示出的变型中，机械系统1可包括不同于环的引导构件。
根据另一变型(未示出)，机械系统1可包括不同于轴20的元件，该元件可在构件中以绕轴线X1旋转和/或沿着轴线X1平移的方式运动。
根据另一变型(未示出)，构件可包括具有根据本发明的表面层16的若干孔14。
此外，上述各种实施例和变型的技术特征可以整体地或仅部分地组合。因此，机械系统1和引导构件可以在成本、功能和性能方面进行适配。

Claims (11)

1.一种引导构件，包括主体(12)，所述主体(12)设置有用于安装活动元件的孔(14)，所述主体(12)由金属材料制成，其特征在于，所述主体(12)的所述金属材料具有200至600MPa之间的屈服强度Re，所述孔(14)具有在小于或等于0.6mm的扩散深度(P16)上处理以防止卡住的表面层(16)，所述表面层(16)在5至50μm之间的深度(P18)上具有大于或等于500Hv1的硬度，所述表面层包括对应于富氮奥氏体γN相的中间层，所述中间层具有大于或等于500Hv1的硬度且位于组合层与扩散层之间。
2.根据权利要求1所述的引导构件，其特征在于，所述金属材料是黑色金属材料。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的引导构件，其特征在于，所述金属材料选自结构钢或低合金钢。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的引导构件，其特征在于，所述金属材料具有300至600MPa之间的屈服强度Re。
5.根据权利要求1或2所述的引导构件，其特征在于，所述金属材料具有400至500MPa之间的屈服强度Re。
6.根据权利要求1或2所述的引导构件，其特征在于，在小于或等于0.3mm的扩散深度(P16)上处理所述表面层(16)以防止卡住。
7.根据权利要求1或2所述的引导构件，其特征在于，所述表面层(16)在25至50μm之间的深度(P18)上具有大于或等于500Hv1的硬度。
8.根据权利要求1或2所述的引导构件，其特征在于，所述表面层(16)在5至50μm之间的深度(P18)上具有大于或等于550Hv1的硬度。
9.根据权利要求1或2所述的引导构件，其特征在于，所述表面层(16)在25至50μm之间的深度(P18)上具有大于或等于550Hv1的硬度。
10.一种机械系统(1)，包括根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的引导构件，和布置在所述引导构件的所述孔(14)中的活动元件。
11.一种用于生成根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述的引导构件的方法，所述引导构件包括主体(12)，所述主体(12)设置有用于安装活动元件的孔(14)，其特征在于，所述方法包括以下连续步骤：
-由具有200至600MPa之间的屈服强度Re的金属材料生成所述主体(12)；
-进行所述孔(14)的表面处理，以便保护所述引导构件不被卡住，所述表面处理在小于或等于0.6mm的扩散深度(P16)上影响所述孔(14)的表面层(16)，所述表面层(16)在所述表面处理之后在5至50μm之间的深度(P18)上具有大于或等于550Hv1的硬度，所述表面层包括对应于富氮奥氏体γN相的中间层，所述中间层具有大于或等于500Hv1的硬度且位于组合层与扩散层之间。
CN202080037721.3A 2019-05-22 2020-05-15 引导构件、包括这样的引导构件的机械系统以及用于生成这样的引导构件的方法 Active CN113853483B (zh)

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