ES2533918B1 - Procedure of production and release of predatory mites, composition useful for it and use in the biological control of pests - Google Patents

Abstract

Procedure for the production and release of predatory mites, useful composition for this and use in the biological control of pests. # A new procedure for the production and release of predatory phytoseid mites of any of the nutritional types is described. It is based on providing as a diet a composition that combines live prey mites with an artificial diet based on a base nutritional source comprising a homogenate of arthropods and, preferably, egg, supplemented according to the specific requirements of each phytoseido. The basic nutritional source is provided solid, preferably in the form of microcapsules, and both predators and live prey are allowed to feed on it. The procedure allows the mass rearing of predatory phytoseids at competitive cost with respect to pesticides based on chemical compounds and facilitates the use and commercialization of predatory phytosid mites and / or compositions comprising them for the biological control of pests.

Description

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DESCRIPTION

Procedure of production and release of predatory mites, composition useful for it and use in the biological control of pests

Technical field

The present invention relates to the field of biological pesticides and their production. More specifically, in the present application a new crla system is described, to be used with predatory mites in general, which has specific advantages in its application for phytoseid mites of type IV and type I, using a new form of crla that allows its production at a competitive cost and its use in the biological control of pests.

Background of the invention

Phytoseids are called mites belonging to the Phytoseiidae family (Mesostigmata order, Acari subclass, Arachnida class, Arthropoda edge, Animalia kingdom). The members of this family usually live in plants and are considered to play an important role in the natural control of some mites and phytophagous insects, since phytoseids are predators that feed on thysanoptera insects (tiny insects, of the order Thysanoptera, also known as thrips or washers), whiteflies and other species of mites, many of which are pests of cultivated plants. Therefore, they have aroused great interest as possible agents of biological control of pests.

According to the work of McMurtry and Croft (1997), predatory phytoseid mites can be classified by their nutritional habits into 4 types:

- Type I predatory mites are those highly specialized in a dam and only feed and reproduce from this type of prey. An example of this type is Phytoseiulus persimilis that feeds only on tetranichid mites such as Tetranychus urticae. Although they can supplement their diet with other nutrients, adults do not reproduce if there is no presence of their prey.

- Type II predatory mites are those that are not yet as specialized in tetranichids as Phytoseiulus spp. They have a great preference for this prey and obtain maximum reproduction by feeding on them.

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- Type III predatory mites are highly generalist and feed on a wide variety of sources, such as small arthropods, nectar, pollen, carrona, etc. An example of this type is Amblyseius swirskii, widely used in biological pest control programs because of its great voracity and implementation capacity.

- Finally, predatory mites of type IV are highly generalist, but have a certain phytophage tendency, needing plant sources such as pollen and plant leaf tissue for reproduction (Adar et.al., 2012). This last type of predatory mites is very interesting for three main reasons:

a) They are very polyphagous and therefore have a great capacity to control many different pests.

b) As they supplement their diet with plant tissue, they can remain in the crop for a long period of time in the absence of a pest, which represents a very desired feature in biological control programs, and also

c) Several members belonging to this type, such as Euseius scutalis, have a high tolerance for low relative humidity, which is a limitation for the use of open-field predatory mites in arid and semi-arid areas very frequent in the Mediterranean basin.

One of the main factors that influence a species to be used for biological control of pests is the possibility of producing it on a large scale at low cost, so that it can be marketed at competitive prices, especially when compared to traditional chemical pesticides. However, among the thousands of phytoseid species that exist, only a few are produced on a large scale and are currently marketed, mainly because the cost of their production is not competitive. And, in some cases, such as Phytoseiulus persimilis, it is often used only in crops of species of great value and / or in which there are no other effective legal pesticides capable of controlling phytoseid sensitive pests, such as the common red spider (Tetranychus urticae).

Precisely, the high degree of specialization for a specific dam presented by phytosides of type I, such as Phytoseiulus persimilis, is the cause of the high cost of its production, since its natural prey must necessarily be added to the diet so that

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They can reproduce. Thus, the natural prey must also be raised, often on a plant, on which the predatory mite that feeds on the prey (Tetranychus urticae) is then released. This system requires a lot of space and work, so the P. persimilis crla is expensive: its production cost can currently be estimated at 5 euros / thousand individuals. In addition, the nutritional requirements of P. persimilis entail the additional disadvantage that they cannot be stored for long periods, since they must be packaged in the absence of their natural food source, which is a pest.

To date, only species of predatory mites of type III have been able to be bred in a mixture of prey alternative to the natural dam, such as Acaro siro, mixed with wheat bran (Ramakers & van Lieburg, 1982). The system consists of the cricket of a factitious dam, usually of the Astigmata order, which are frequently found in storage products. The population of mites that act as a prey is fed and reproduced in wheat bran and when the population level is adequate, the mixture of bran and mites is inoculated with a population of predatory mites. These feed on the factitious prey and obtain the necessary nutrition to reproduce. The population of the predatory mite increases and when it reaches an adequate number of troops, the mixture of bran-mite prey-mite can be distributed in the crops. The distribution can be done with a controlled release system consisting of a bag with a compartment containing wheat bran (which can be mixed, for example, with yeast and wheat germ), a factitious dam population and a population of predatory mites. The produced predators have the ability to feed on several pests and suppress them.

This system was developed for the crushing of predatory phytoseid Neoseiulus cucumeris and Neoseiulus barkery (also known as Amblyseius cucumeris and Amblyseius barkery, respectively), which have action against small pest arthropods such as thrips, but a very poor control action of other pests of agricultural interest such as whitefly and red spider. The crushing of such predators in large quantities is easy and economically feasible through the previous system, although it is also necessary to release a large number of individuals to be effective in controlling pests. However, said crla system has some limitations in the production of predatory mites in general; the main reason is that many of the species of predators do not admit feeding on mites of the order Astigmata, and if

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they do, they maintain very low reproduction ratios, which make the crus unfeasible from a commercial point of view.

In 2006, a new way of producing predatory mites was disclosed, described in European patent EP 1686849 B1. With this new methodology they managed to reproduce a new species of predatory mite, Amblyseius swirskii, using as mite prey Carpoglyphidae family, mainly those of the species Carpoglyphus lactis (Astigmata), which is not harmful to crops. This species of predatory mite could not be reproduced with Acaro siro, as described in previous publications, and its crush from pollen, whether collected from other plants or directly in greenhouses on castor plants, was not economically viable. Both problems were solved using the new factitious dam, Carpoglyphus lactis. Its mass production has allowed its large-scale utilization against diversity of pests, but mainly against thrips and whitefly.

A little later, in the international patent application WO2007 / 075081, it was revealed that phytoseid mites could be reared by using mites of the Glycyphagidae family as a prey. Subsequently, the international patent application WO 2008/104807 (A2) describes a new formulation in which predatory mites could be raised using as mites from the family Suiidasidae or Chortoglyphidae. In both cases, the factitious dam was especially useful for the crush of Amblyseius swirskii, in principle without providing any productive advantage other than being a production alternative to the use of Carpoglyphus lactis.

In the same period of time WO2008 / 015393 revealed the possibility of raising certain species of predatory mites using as an alternative factitious dam Tyreophagus entomophagus, for being more sedentary and less pilose than other factitious dams such as Carpoglyphus lactis or Acarus siro, which decreases the possible rejection of the prey by the predator and possible causes of stress for it, which can lead to decreased egg laying. It is also reported to use a diet rich in sugar to enhance the healthy and vigorous development of the population of acaro prey, and consequently of the phytoseid population.

All these technologies described are based on the use of a living and reproductive population of a species of mite of the Astigmata order that serve as food for a living and reproductive population of phytoseid mites. All of them have the limitation that a few species of mites of the Astigmata order serve to breed only a few

species of phytoseid mites, limiting the massive crla of many other species of

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high interest predators. There are many reasons for this limitation such as: substances secreted by the dam such as kariomonas, erratic and continued movements of the dam, predation of the eggs of predators among others. In some cases, when the mite is not adequate, it seems that predators deny the prey; in other cases, predators feed on prey but reproductive ratios are not adequate enough to maintain a high reproductive ratio. Whether for one reason or another, only a few species of phytoseids are bred from the more than 2000 species known at the moment.

To try to solve this crla problem, the patent application WO 2011/131791 emerges that uses as food from the predatory mite, mites of the order Astigmata but, instead of offering a live population, a dead population is offered by freezing at low temperature, using liquid nitrogen. Although the patent application claims that many species can be raised with this methodology, the truth is that the results are very limited, since the dead mites are dehydrated and corrupt in a few days, having to replenish the supply frequently, making the crla more expensive. In addition, the method is hardly practicable for the production and use of slow-release envelopes, where the mites must reproduce within the loose envelopes for several weeks.

Although one of the problems that is intended to be solved in application WO 2011/131791 is the risk of fungal contamination presented by commercial forms of predatory phytoseids, a risk that is associated with the presence of food (fiber in particular) used to feed the prey During the production of predators, the international application WO 2013/103294 states that dead mites of the Astigmata order are also a good substrate for fungi, which promotes fungal growth. Thus, the use of dead prey mites does not seem to solve the risk of fungal contamination. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the presence of fungi when predatory mites are bred based on a substantial number of dead or immobilized prey mites. To do this, in the application WO 2013/103294 it is proposed that immobilized or dead dams, as well as the food source of live dams, contact a fungal reducing agent. Said fungal reducing agent may be a fungicide based on a chemical, natural or synthetic compound, or it may also contain a biological agent such as a population of fungal dusts, which may also be of the Astigmata order. Thus, both immobilized prey mites are included in the crla system of application WO 2013/103294

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(dead or deprived of movement by some other method) as live mites that maintain their mobility and can also serve as food for predatory mites.

Other authors have tried to optimize the traditional crushing and release system of predatory mites fed with live prey mites by analyzing parameters of the organisms involved. Thus, the international application WO 2013/043050 discloses a method for the production and release of predatory mites in which prey mites are chosen so that their intrinsic growth rate is less than 0.28. In this way, the release time of predatory phytosides is prolonged and the number of individuals produced is increased.

Alternatively to the use of prey mites, attempts have also been made to feed predatory mites with other nutritional sources. It is known that some type III predatory phytosides, such as Neoseiulus cucumeris, Neoseiulus barkery or Iphiseius degenerans, can be maintained and reproduced in plant crops with a high and continuous pollen production, such as pepper plants (Capsicum annum L.) or eggplant (Solanum melongena), even in the absence of prey mites, which is why they are sometimes applied to these plants with preventive functions. In those plants in which pollen production is low or the same is not easily accessible, as is the case with cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus) and many ornamental crops, predatory phytosides can only survive if a nutritional source is provided. In addition, it can be pollen collected from other plants that are sprinkled on the crops to be protected, generally greenhouse crops. But pollen collection is also an arduous and expensive task, so this methodology is not usually used for mass crla.

Artificial diets have also been described to nourish predatory phytosides, although without sufficient success. Already in the works of Kennett and Hamai (1980) an artificial diet was tested and Abou-Awad et al. (1991) describe an artificial diet for the crush of Amblyseius swirskii and Amblyseius gossipy, using egg, yeast and other ingredients. But with quite limited prospects for success and lower results than those currently obtained with the use of factitious prey. United States patent US6129935 claims a diet comprising a source of fat, a source of amino acids, a source of carbohydrates and at least one intact protein. The preference for powdered egg yolk is indicated as a source of fat, as well as for vegetable proteins, in particular soybean meal, as a source of intact proteins. Special preference is also shown because the egg yolk powder and the

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intact protelna are part of the diet in similar proportions, although in larger proportions (at least 5: 1) than the source of amino acids. With this diet the development and reproduction of predatory mites is achieved, especially those of type III.

It has also been achieved that phytoseids of type I and II are successfully developed by feeding them with this type of artificial diets, being able to reach the stage of adults nourishing from them, although it is necessary to incorporate their natural prey into the diet, or an extract of it, so that phytoseids type I reproduce, because they do not lay eggs if they do not capture the aromas of their prey base. This requirement is analogous for type II phytosides such as Neoseiulus californicus, as described in some articles (see, for example, Ogawa and Osakabe, 2008), which cannot be reproduced only from an artificial egg-based diet, carbohydrates and an additional source of proteins

Although these types of artificial diets provide the necessary nutritional requirements for development, the formulation of diets such as that described in US6129935 makes it difficult to apply them in a massive crla, especially with the usual design of the most intensive production of predatory mites, which they are carried out in three dimensions, occupying a means of dispersion in a volume, consisting of small solid and porous pieces, in many cases organic, such as wheat bran. When a liquid diet, such as that described in US6129935, is mixed with the medium, which is very porous, it is absorbed by it and rapidly dehydrated. That excess of specific humidity produces great development of fungi and bacteria, which force antibiotics to be added to the diet to keep the contamination aside. Even so, at more than 25 ° C and 75% relative humidity (RH), the diet is out of the disposition of predators that want to feed in less than 24 hours, which makes its utilization tedious and impracticable in the massive crush of predatory phytoseids. The problem can be solved by encapsulating the diet, but there are certain limitations:

a) Predatory mites have a limitation in the size of the quellceros. If the capsule cover is very thick (more than 15 pm) predators cannot easily pierce the capsule. Therefore, it is convenient to create capsules with very thin covers, the optimum thickness of which is 3-5 pm.

b) If the cover is thin, the size of the microcapsule cannot be very large. If it were too large, its interior being liquid, it would break with friction very easily.

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c) If the microcapsule is very small, the success of the encapsulation is very low, because the components of the diet are very irregular and jam the nozzles, or capsules of many different sizes with different thicknesses of cover are obtained. In addition, smaller capsules can become dehydrated more easily.

In general, it can be said that the partial success achieved with artificial diets only allows the crushing of predatory mites of type III, which are those that have the most generalistic nutritional habits and that in addition, they can be raised very efficiently using factitious prey.

Although different systems have been proposed for the breeding of phytoseid mites and / or their prolonged maintenance on the crops to be protected, stating that they are applicable to various species of phytoseids, the application of these systems to mass crushing is not economically profitable. for most species. At present, among the thousands of species of phytoseids that exist, phytoseid mites that are crushed and marketed industrially remain scarce, specifically:

- Type I: Phytoseiulus persimilis. Its production cost is approximately 5 euros / thousand individuals, so it would be interesting to find a diet that will reduce its production cost.

- Type II: Neoseiulus californicus (approximate cost: 0.0002 euros / thousand individuals), Neoseiulus womersley (approximate cost: 3 euros / thousand individuals)

- Type III: Amblyseius swirskii, Amblyseius andersony, Typhlodromalus limonicus, Typhlodromips montdorensis, Neoseiulus barkeri, Neoseiulus cucumeris. Although its cost is acceptable, it would be interesting to improve the yield of the crla. In addition, they are used mostly in the greenhouse and not in the open.

- Type IV: Iphiseius degenerans, whose production can be considered more experimental than commercial, and that takes place in greenhouses on castor plants: the plants produce the pollen from which the mites feed, which supplement their diet by feeding on the plant's plant tissue . Approximate cost of production: 3 euros / thousand individuals.

Various other species have been raised experimentally, but not massively. Thus, many species whose application could be interesting, because of the variety of pests they could fight or because of the environmental conditions in which

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they can survive, they remain without commercial utilization for lack of a mass production system that makes their use profitable. Even in cases where the cost of production allows its commercial application, the current breeding and / or release systems present problems that would be convenient to solve or mitigate, such as the yield obtained, the risk of fungal contamination or the release time of the applied phytosides.

It would be interesting to find a breeding system for phytoseid mites that, with few variants, would allow the mass production of mites with different nutritional requirements, especially those of type IV, for which live plants are needed that normally occur in greenhouses more or less technified, increasing the cost of production, but also making the breeding more complicated due to the need for planning of the crop plant. This system should have a cost that will facilitate the commercial application of the mites produced, especially since it is a high-performance system. Preferably also, the new system should reduce some of the problems presented by current systems, such as the risk of fungal contamination or the need to add agents that mitigate said risk. The present invention is a solution to said problems.

Summary of the invention

The present invention is based on the surprising finding of the breeding of predatory phytoseid mites with a mixed diet, which includes both live prey mites and a base nutritional source that contains a homogenate of arthropods, allows the mass production of predatory phytoseid mites of any of the groups of nutritional requirements (types I, II, III and IV), with an economic cost that makes their commercialization competitive to be used in the biological control of pests. In particular, the new breeding system allows mass production, at competitive cost, of phytoseid predatory mites of type IV without the need for live plants, which are normally produced so far in more or less technified greenhouses, increasing their production cost, but also making its breeding more complicated due to the need for planning the cultivation of the living plant. In addition, the system has the advantage that it reduces the risk of contamination associated with other previous systems, not requiring the additional application of antibiotics or fungicides that increase the cost of production and may leave residues in crops and products for human consumption prepared from them.

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Thus, in a first aspect, the present invention relates to a composition of the present invention, that is, a composition comprising:

a) a base nutritional source comprising a homogenate of arthropods;

b) a lively and reproductive population of mites prey.

In connection therewith, the present invention also relates, in a second aspect, to the method of crla or production of the present invention, that is to say a method for producing predatory phytoseid mites comprising the steps of:

a) provide a population of predatory phytoseid mites a live and reproductive population of prey mites;

b) make available to phytoseid mites a basic nutritional source comprising a homogenate of arthropods;

c) allow predatory phytoseid mites to feed on live prey mites and / or the base nutritional source.

Therefore, the method of crla or production of the present invention is a method for producing predatory phytoseid mites in which the population of starting predatory phytoseid mites is allowed to be fed with a composition of the present invention.

In a further aspect of the present invention, the invention relates to a composition of mites comprising a population of predatory phytoseid mites, a living and reproductive population of prey mites, a base nutritional source comprising a homogenate of arthropods and, optionally, A support for both populations. Said aspect of the invention can also be defined as a possible embodiment of the composition of the present invention, which additionally comprises a population of predatory phytoseid mites and, optionally, a support for both populations of mites. It is, therefore, the composition of prey mites and predatory mites in which the method of crla or production of the present invention takes place and which, in addition, can also constitute or be part of the composition used for the release of Phytoseid mites predators in a plant or crop that you want to protect and, therefore, the composition that is used as a pesticide.

Thus, in a further aspect, the present invention relates to the use of a population of predatory phytoseids produced by the method of crla or production of

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the present invention or the composition of prey and predatory mites to control pests, especially in a plant or in a crop of plants. Therefore, it can be said that the present invention also comprises a method to combat pests, in a plant or in a crop of plants, which comprises the use of the composition of previous mites, that is, a composition of mites comprising a population of predatory phytoseid mites, a lively and reproductive population of prey mites, a basic nutritional source comprising a homogenate of arthropods and, optionally, a support for both populations.

Detailed description of the invention

In the present application, a very new and revolutionary predatory mite crla system is disclosed. The system consists of the joint use of mites, preferably of the Astigmata order, as a source of live feed, in combination with a basic nutritional source for predatory mites.

As used in this application, it is called "mite crush system", "mite production system", "mite production method" or "mite crush method" to a method that gives rise to development and the sexual reproduction of mites, in this particular case phytoseid predatory mites. Thus, the application of the method should result in an increase in the number of phytidid predatory mites starting, that is, an increase in the population of predatory mites, which is also referred to below as multiplication of the predatory phytoseid mites .

In order to carry out the method of crla or production of phytoseid predatory mites of the present invention it is necessary to start from a living and reproductive population of phytoseid predatory mites. This population can include sexually mature adults of both sexes, and / or individuals of both sexes in other stages of development, such as eggs and / or nymphs, which can ripen to give rise to sexually mature adults. Alternatively, the living and reproductive population of predatory phytoseid mites may comprise one or more fertilized females. The condition is that the population of starting predatory mites should be able to increase the number of their individuals through sexual reproduction.

An important element of the crla system or method of the present invention is the diet that is supplied to predatory phytoseid mites. That is why one aspect of the present invention is the composition comprising the basic elements that are supplied to them, that is, a composition comprising:

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a) a base nutritional source comprising a homogenate of arthropods;

b) a lively and reproductive population of mites prey.

It is called "mite prey" from another to an mite that can serve as food for a predatory mite. Within this denomination, the mites that are the "base dam" or "natural dam" of other mites are included, that is, those mites that, in the natural habitats and normal living conditions of a predatory mite, serve as food for said predatory mite. Also included within this denomination are the mites that are "factitious prey" (also known as dummy) of a predatory mite, that is, those mites that, under natural conditions, are not food for said predatory mite, usually because they are not found in the same natural habitats as the predatory mite, but which, at least in a stage of its development, are a suitable prey for the predatory mite, which can use them as food at least in a state of its development. As used in the present invention, the term "factitious prey" includes both mites that serve as food for predators, although they do not result in an efficient development of the predator that feeds only on them until they reach the stage of sexually mature adult, like the mites that are not a natural prey of the predator but that do allow an efficient development of the predator that feeds only on them to give rise to a sexually mature adult.

In the method of crla and production of predatory phytoseid mites of the present invention, the predatory phytosid mites are made available, that is, the mites that are to be multiplied, a live and reproductive population of prey mites, together with one or several artificially prepared nutritional contributions, preferably in the form of microcapsules, from which phytoseids can be directly nourished. The live and reproductive population of prey mites, and artificially prepared nutritional contributions, which must include a homogenate of arthropods, are the basic components of the composition of the present invention. Therefore, the method of crushing phytoseid mites of the present invention can be defined as a method in which a composition of the present invention is provided to a population of phytoseid mites and allowed to feed on it.

It is preferred that at least a fraction of the live and reproductive population of prey mites be mites of the Astigmata order, which may be natural prey or factitious predator phytoseid prey to reproduce. However, and especially in the case of predatory phytosides of type I, which are very specialized in one type

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of prey, particularly tetranichid mites such as Tetranychus urticae, and do not lay eggs if they do not capture the aromas of their live prey, part or all of the live prey mites may belong to another order, preferably to the order and family of natural dams, to May they be present. Even so, the presence of the live natural prey is not essential, as shown below in Example 3 of the present application, since they can be replaced by dust or extracts of said natural prey.

Dam mites of the order Astigmata can be selected from any of those known to those skilled in the art, such as mites from the Acaridae (Acarus siro, Acarus farris ...), Carpoglyphidae (such as Carpoglyphus lactis), Suiidasidae or Chortoglyphidae families, or as those mentioned in patent documents EP1686819B1, WO207 / 075081, WO 2008/104807, WO2008 / 015393, WO 2013/043505 or WO 2013/103294. Mites can belong to the same species or can be supplied to predatory mites prey mites of different species. One possibility is the use of Acarus farris, as in the Examples shown later in the present application, which has shown good results for the breeding of predatory phytosides with different nutritional requirements.

In the methods described in the prior art, especially those commonly used for predatory phytoseid mites type III, the crla process was based on raising the prey previously and, when the population of the prey mite is adequate, add the predators to feed on prey. However, in the crla system described in the present invention, it is not necessary to raise the prey previously, since the predatory mite feeds on two nutritional sources at the same time (artificial diet and prey mite) not only depending on the prey mite; In addition, preferably, the dam mite is also allowed to feed on the artificial diet, improving its nutrition, and also improving the yield of the crla, so it maintains a great reproduction.

Thus, with this crla system, an increase in the reproduction speed of predatory mites is achieved, and a saving in space and time since the prey does not have to be raised beforehand, achieving a system that reduces the costs of manufacturing.

In addition, the presence of prey mites has the advantage that it inhibits the development of fungi, which deteriorate the artificial diet, thus being available for longer periods of time. This is especially the case when mites are chosen that

they also have the ability to feed on fungi (funglvoros), as is the case with

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Acarus farris, one of the possible prey mites that is used in the Examples shown later in this application.

Therefore, another advantage of the crla system of the present invention, especially in the realization in which the prey mites are also allowed to feed on the artificial diet, is that it remains with a degree of contamination by null microorganisms or stably low inside, and only the outer part can begin to be contaminated due to germination of spores of microorganisms; However, prey mites feed from outside to inside, eliminating contaminants from outside, but also preventing them from feeding on diets that have oxidized and are less palatable, which contributes to improving their own feeding and improving performance. of the crla. In addition, in those diets in which the basic nutritional source is supplemented with vitamin, in particular with vitamin C, the presence of it also helps the artificial component of the diet that is provided to the mites not to rust, precisely because of the antioxidant properties of said vitamin, antioxidant properties that also presents the other form of ascorbic acid that is not usable as a vitamin in its metabolic processes, which is why in some of the compositions presented later in the Examples herein Invention, the mixture of vitamins does not specify the presence of vitamin C, but of ascorbic acid, without specifying the form thereof or the proportion of each that may be present, since both forms are of interest for the purposes of the present invention.

Therefore, a very important component of the diet of the crla method and the

Composition of the present invention is the so-called base nutritional source, which

provides predatory mites with the additional feed necessary, so that

can develop at high enough reproductive rates to ensure

profitable production of predatory mites. The basic nutritional source provides the

most of the nutrients that predatory mites need, and it complements

to adapt to the specific nutritional needs of each type of phytoseido. Be

called the nutritional source based on the composition provided to mites

Phytoseid predators for feeding and does not contain live mites, unlike

of the other main nutritional component of the diet of the method of the present invention,

which is a population of live prey mites from which mites can feed

Phytoseid predators that you want to multiply. The base nutritional source is based

in components widely accepted by predatory mites, especially in a

contribution of components of animal origin, mainly a homogenate of

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arthropods, and egg. The sum of these components of animal origin must be at least 10% of the fresh weight of the total of the base nutritional source, being able to be 99%.

The main element of the basic nutritional source, and of the whole of the diet supplied, is the homogenate of arthropods, which contributes much of the nutritional requirements that predatory phytoseids need for their growth and development. The presence of this component makes it unnecessary, for example, to add free amino acids to the diet, as if it occurs in the diet disclosed in US6291007, which is a more artificial diet that does not include arthropod components, so that diet needs to complement the proportion of some amino acids that are more abundant in arthropods. The presence of arthropod homogenate makes it unnecessary to supplement the proportions of amino acids less abundant in proteins of another origin. Despite their advantages, homogenates of arthropods in general, and homogenates of insects in particular, have not previously been used in the mass crushing of phytoseid predatory mites.

Unlike the diet of US6291007, it is preferred that the present source

Nutritional basis include whole egg (devoid of shell), that is, yolk and white,

not simply the dried yolk of it. In the base nutritional source of the

composition of the present invention, the egg really acts as an adjuvant,

which improves the solidification of the diet and makes it more uniform, as the element

Main nutritional is the homogenate of arthropods. In fact, if egg is mixed

with homogenate of arthropods, in different proportions, a proportion of 5% of

homogenate of arthropods with respect to the total egg + homogenized already gives rise to

an improvement in the development and fertility of predatory phytosides. Fertility is

increases as the proportion of homogenate increases with respect to the egg,

reaching a maximum with proportions of approximately 23%, no

fertility already increasing although the proportion of homogenate is increased.

In any case, the homogenate of arthropods can be 100% of the percentage in

weight of the "animal component" (the most homogenous egg sum of arthropods) of

the basic nutritional source and can even assume 99% of the weight percentage of the

Basic nutritional source of some diets, especially those for phytoseids

type III predators. Therefore, the weight ratio (weight / weight) of the homogenate

of arthropods with respect to the egg can vary between 5:95 and 100: 0. It is preferred, without

However, that the base nutritional source contains the same proportion of egg and

homogenate of arthropods, as in the Examples shown below

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later in the present application, because the egg is a less complex element to use.

For the preparation of the homogenate of arthropods, larvae, pupae or adults are used. depending on the formulation. These are pressed to extract their internal fluids, which are filtered and finally homogenized. The hemolymph of some insects oxidizes rapidly, deteriorating the quality of the homogenate: to avoid this oxidation process a thermal treatment can be given (for example, between 60 ° C-90 ° C, preferably 65 ° C-70 ° c) prior to homogenization, or add antioxidants to the homogenate as clic acid or ascorbic acid.

It is possible to use homogenates of very diverse arthropods, including mites in any of their developmental states, such as Acarus siro, Acarus gracilis, Carpoglyphus lactis, Suidasia medanensis, or Tyreophagus entomophagus. It is also possible to use different insects, such as: pupae and / or larvae of insect insects such as Hermetia illuscens, Musca domestica, Lucilia sericata; pupae and / or larvae of lepidopter insects such as Spodoptera exigua, Spodoptera littoralis, Trichoplusia ni, Ephestia Kuehniella, Sitotroga cerealea; larvae and / or pupae of coleoptero insects such as Tenebrio molitor, Zophobas morio; Orthopedic insect adults such as Acheta domesticus or Grillus bimaculatus. It is also possible to use a mixture of homogenate of mites (of the same or of different species) and homogenized of insects (also of the same or of different species).

There is preference for those arthropods that during the larval life feed and accumulate all nutrients, until they pupate and adults do not feed. For that reason, the last stage larvae and pupae concentrate many essential nutrients, since they have the nutrients that insects or adult mites will need to produce eggs, in addition to energy for metamorphosis. Examples of this type of arthropods are Dlpteros (insects of the order Diptera, such as flies) and Lepidoptera (insects of the order Lepidoptera, such as butterflies). Among the Dlpteros, Hermetia illuscens and Musca domestica are especially preferred, due to the simplicity of their crla and the very low production cost; Among the Lepidoptera, moths such as Spodoptera littoralis and Trichoplusia are preferred, as they are the easiest to breed in artificial diets, although they also have adequate nutritional characteristics Ephestia spp. and Sitotroga spp., despite being more difficult to handle in crla. In all of them, it is preferred that the homogenates be prepared from pupae or larvae in the last stage.

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The basic nutritional source, based on egg and homogenate of arthropods, is complemented to adapt to the specific needs of each type of phytoseido, for example with vitamins and / or minerals and any other component that is necessary so that they can perform their physiological functions correctly .

- Phytoseid predators of type I, are not nutritionally demanding. It is convenient to add one or several vitamins such as niacin, pyridoxine, vitamin C, vitamin A and folic acid. The most important thing is that they do not lay eggs if they do not capture the aromas of their natural base prey, Tetranychus urticae. Therefore, one option is that the population of live prey mites provided to predatory phytoseids includes a subpopulation of Tetranychus urticae or that all live prey mites belong to that species. Alternatively, it is possible that live prey mites all belong to the Astigmata order, as in Example 3 of this application, where Acarus farris is used as a live food source; in this second case, it is necessary to add Tetranychus urticae powder or an extract of said dam mite to the diet.

- Type II predatory phytoseids have requirements similar to those of type I. The diet of type I phytosides can be used for type II.

- Type III predatory phytosides do not need special supplements for the base nutritional source. It is convenient to supplement the diet with a mixture of minerals, containing, for example, calcium, iodine, magnesium, zinc, sodium, potassium, phosphorus.

- Phytidose predators of type IV, on the other hand, need to supplement their diet to achieve the contribution of certain compounds necessary for their metabolism and that they obtain from plants in their natural diet, compounds such as phytosterols or antioxidants such as citric acid and folic acid, abundant in vegetables. Thus, to overcome the need to use plants for the breeding of type IV predatory phytosides, it is convenient to include plant components that contribute those compounds. It is preferred that the vegetable component is a soy homogenate, in particular of bean sprouts, as in Example 1 of the present application, since soybean adequately provides the necessary components for the proper functioning of the physiological functions of Phytoseid type IV predators. In this example, the proportion of the sum of "animal components" (insect homogenate + egg) and "plant components" (leaf homogenate) is close to 50:50 (50:49 exactly), although other proportions could be also suitable.

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In order for the diet provided to actually provide the components that phytoseids type IV need, it is important that the compositions provided to the predatory mites do not undergo any treatment that may result in the degradation of said compounds. Therefore, as discussed below, the term treatment to solidify the composition of the base nutritional diet should be avoided, because heat destroys vitamins, preferring alternative methods to solidify, such as adding alginate. It is also advisable to provide supplementary vitamins (niacin, pyridoxine, vitamin C, vitamin A, folic acid, mainly) to prevent the vitamin intake of the diet from being insufficient.

Thus, it is worth noting that the new crla system allows the mass production, and economically competitive, of type IV predatory mites, overcoming the need that exists so far to use live plants for the crushing of these predators, as previously mentioned that happens currently for Iphiseius degenerans.

The basic nutritional source or the whole of the artificial diet, for convenience is presented in solid form, preferably in the form of microcapsules. This is a great advantage over previous liquid artificial diets, such as that described in US Pat. US6129935, because it avoids that the diet is out of the disposition of the predators quickly and, especially, diminishes the risk of development of fungi and bacteria. This also reduces the need to include antibiotics and / or fungicidal compounds in the diet, as suggested as a possible alternative in the application WO 2013/103294, reducing the risk of the remains of them reaching the harvested products and, even to products made from them intended for human consumption.

As previously discussed, microcapsules must meet certain conditions to be suitable for feeding predatory mites. Thus, microcapsules suitable for the purposes of the present invention:

- they have covers of thickness equal to or less than 15 pm (preferably, from 3-5 pm), so that the mites can easily pierce them, without spilling their contents, which is solid, by simple rubbing;

- preferably, its size ranges between 1 and 3 mm in diameter (both values included), which can be, for example, 2 mm in diameter, with which the risk of clogging the nozzles and the speed of dehydration are decreased

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of them, maintaining an adequate size so that the predatory phytoseids can eat from them.

Many types of microcapsules have been tested and have been shown to be extremely useful in nutritional intake. Microcapsules of solid and semi-solid content, mononucleated and with a polyurethane cover, surface of acrylic resins and silicones, with the polymerized surface through UV activators as well as through other types of catalysts have been tested mainly. Polyurethane ones are more resistant to abrasion, and thinner walls can be formed; those of polyester resins are hard and brittle and those of highly breathable silicone very interesting when the microcapsules contain aromas.

To solidify the diet, many mechanisms can be used, such as causing the gelation of one or more gelling agents (such as alginate, carrageenan, agar, gelatin) present in the formulation of the basic nutritional source; adding one or more thickeners such as garrofina gum or arabic gum, cellulose, etc. In the present invention, it is also possible to use heat coagulation, taking advantage of the ability of the egg and the homogenates to coagulate when subjected to a certain temperature to generate the microcapsules. For this, the mixture of the ingredients of the nutritional base is made in liquid and the mixture is dripped on boiling water. The drops of diet, when falling into the boiling water, coagulate and form spheres almost instantaneously. The size of the drop should be regulated because, depending on it, this will be the size and time of formation of the microsphere. From time to time, the microspheres are removed from the water by means of a filter of the appropriate size. Subsequently they are allowed to cool and dry in the environment for the formation of microcapsules, until they are used in the crla system.

In the particular case of diets for type IV predatory phytosides, where it is particularly important to avoid the degradation of compounds necessary for the metabolism and development of predatory mites, such as vitamins or phytosterols, it is preferred to avoid heat treatment using other methods. alternatives for solidification, such as gelation mediated by the presence of gelling agents such as alginate, as described in Example 1 of the present application.

The microcapsules can be stored in closed containers and kept at low temperature for conservation until the moment of use. To prevent dehydration, the capsules can be coated with a water repellent polymer, such as poly-

(L-lactide), poly- (DL-lactide), 50:50 poly- (DL-lactide-co-glycolide), 85:15 poly- (DL-lactide-co-

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glycolide), poly (hydroxybutyl) acid, poly (methyl) methacrylate, ethyl cellulose, cellulose bi-ketophthalate, cellulose triacetate, silicones, polyurethanes and acrylates.

As previously mentioned, the method of the present invention allows to breed very diverse predatory phytoseid mites, with costs that, in all cases, make them competitive for commercialization as biological pesticides. The method of the present invention is compatible with simultaneous crla, in the same container, of phytoseid predatory mites of one or more species, with one or more nutritional contributions in the form of microcapsules, of which the phytoseids can be directly nourished, and a live and reproductive population of mites, preferably of the Astigmata order, as a living food source.

Thus, it can also be considered that an aspect of the invention is also a composition of mites comprising a population of live prey mites of the Astigmata order, a basic nutritional source comprising a homogenate of arthropods and, optionally, a support for mites. Said mite composition may also comprise a population of predatory phytoseid mites. Clearly, all possible embodiments and variants thereof are included within the scope of this aspect of the invention, especially those cited previously in relation to the crla method of the present invention and the composition provided to the mites for feeding. as part of said crla method, such as:

- preference for the presence of egg in the basic nutritional source, especially in a weight / weight ratio of the homogenate of arthropods with respect to the egg that can vary from 5:95 to 100: 0 (with special preference because they are present in the same proportion), or so that the sum of the weight of the homogenate of arthropods and the weight of the egg supposes a percentage of between 10% and 99% of the fresh weight of the total of the basic nutritional source;

- the homogenate of arthropods is a homogenate of insects, a homogenate of mites or a mixture thereof, and may have been prepared from pupae or larvae of the last stage of dlpter or lepidopter insects, and / or from any of the species of mites and / or insects previously mentioned for the application of the method;

- presence of one or more additional vitamins and / or minerals in the base nutritional source;

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- presence of a component of plant origin in the basic nutritional source, preferably by a homogenate of plants or an organ or structure of a plant, and especially by a homogenate of bean sprouts;

- possible presence of powders or an extract of the natural prey of the population of phytoseid mites, such as Tetranychus urticae in the case of phytoseids of type I, especially if the extract or powders is present as part of the nutritional source base

- solid nutritional base source, preferably in the form of microcapsules, especially those whose diameter ranges between 1 and 3 mm and that have a cover with a thickness equal to or less than 15 pm

- a population of predatory phytoseid mites of one or more species of any of types I, II, III and IV, or combinations thereof, in particular those selected from the group of Amblyseius swirskii, Amblyseius andersony, Amblyseius largoensis, Euseius scutalis, Euseius stipulatus, Euseius finlandicus, Euseius hibisci, Euseius tularensis, Euseius ovalis, Iphiseius degenerans, Neoseiulus barkeri, Neoseiulus californicus, Neoseiulus cucumeris, Neoseiulus fallacis, Neoseiulus womersleyi, Typhlodromalus lailae, Typhlodromalus limonicus, Typhlodromips montdorensis, Typhlodromus occidentalis, Typhlodromus spp., Phytoseiulus persimilis

- a population of prey mites, a fraction of which are preferably mites of the order Astigmata (such as those of the Acaridae, Carpoglyphidae, Suiidasidae or Chortoglyphidae families), especially if they are a predatory prey of phytoseid predators, although they may be mites of other orders are also present, especially for the crushing of predatory phytoseid type I, where there will be special preference for the mites of other orders that are natural prey to predatory phytosides, preferably also being present (or as single live prey mites) a population of factitious dams of the order Astigmata.

The support can be any solid material suitable to provide a support surface for individuals in mite populations. As used in the present application, the term "support" includes both the possible container containing the mites and the artificial diet supplied to them, as well as what is known as the "dispersion medium", a three-dimensional arrangement of solid material , which may or may not

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Being inside a container, which makes it easier for mites to infest a greater volume, they also fall within the term. The dispersion medium must be a porous medium, which allows the exchange of metabolic gases and the heat produced by the mite populations. Said dispersion medium can be mixed with the artificial diet supplied. It is common to use dispersion media of which finely divided elements are part, because they facilitate converting the mite culture into a three-dimensional crop. Examples of suitable materials for the dispersion medium are bran (usually wheat), wheat husks (usually buckwheat), rice husks, sawdust, the mineral known as vermiculite, and several others known to those skilled in the art , as well as mixtures thereof.

Thus, a composition comprising a "support" for the mites will be considered, both those in which a dispersion medium is present and those in which a container is present inside which the mites are housed (the live and reproductive population of prey mites), the population of predatory mites and the artificial component of the diet (which includes the basic nutritional source comprising a homogenate of mites) that are provided and, if any, the means of dispersion.

The crushing container in which the prey mites, the predatory mites and the artificial diet are introduced can be any of those known to those skilled in the art, such as a plastic, glass or other material container, which has holes that They allow gas exchange. The holes or holes are covered with a fine mesh, for example 40 microns, that is, a mesh whose openings have a size that allows the exchange of gases without allowing the escape of the mites, for being smaller than the same.

In the production method of the present invention, which does not require prior crushing of prey mites and subsequent introduction of predatory mites into the container, the crush can be initiated by mixing the dispersion medium with the microcapsules and introducing said mixture into the crla container; The population of prey mites and the population of predatory phytoseid mites are added to this. The contents of the container are gently agitated, to allow homogenization of the content without damaging the population of individuals and is deposited in the appropriate environment, keeping it in the proper crla conditions.

In general, suitable conditions of crla for the reproduction of phytoseid mites can be considered a temperature of 15 ° C-35 ° C and a relative humidity of 70-95%,

values that are usually also adequate to keep the population of mites prey.

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Obviously, in each particular realization, it is convenient to adjust the conditions depending on the characteristics and needs of the phytoseid mites that one wishes to produce and the population of mites chosen to contribute to their nutrition.

The Examples shown below in the present application describe tests with phytoseids of types I (Phytoseiulus persimilis), III (Amblyseius swirskii) and IV (Euseius scutalis), which demonstrates the validity of the method of the invention, in its various embodiments for very diverse phytoseid mites. All cases can be considered successful and commercially viable, as the population increases more than 50% weekly.

In the specific case of Euseius scutalis, a population increase of 78% weekly, at 25 ° C and 75% relative humidity (RH) has been achieved. Among the possible embodiments of the cha method of the present invention and of the composition of the invention with which it is carried out, for the test in which said results were observed, carried out for 14 days, a composition was chosen whose basic nutritional source comprises egg, so that the ratio of the homogenate of arthropods to the egg is 50:50, resulting in the sum of the weight of the homogenate of arthropods and the weight of the egg assuming a percentage of 50% weight / weight with respect to the total weight of the base nutritional source, a homogenate of Hermetia illuscens as a homogenate of arthropods, a homogenate of bean sprouts, a mixture of vitamins containing niacin, pyridoxine, ascorbic acid, vitamin A and folic acid, a mixture of minerals containing calcium, iodine, magnesium, zinc, sodium, potassium and phosphorus, as well as alginate as additional components of the base nutritional source, base nutritional source provided in f form of microcapsules, formed by alginate gelation, live prey mites of the species Acarus farris, and complementation of the diet with bee pollen. These data are still improvable with some modifications in the breeding method, always within the scope of the present invention.

Good results were also obtained with other phytosid mites type IV, such as Iphiseius degenerans, Euseius stipulatus, Euseius finlandicus, Euseius hibisci, Euseius tularensis, or Euseius ovalis.

This is especially significant with respect to the usefulness and advantages of the method of the present invention, as it demonstrates that it is useful for the massive type IV predatory phytoseid cha, regardless of the need to raise them on plants, which

facilitates the commercial application of this type of phytoseid, which has great interest as

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Biological pesticides because they are very polyphagous and have a great capacity to control many pests. In addition, as they supplement their diet with plant tissue, they can remain in the crop for a long time in the absence of a pest, which allows reducing the number of applications necessary for effective pest control and even favors their preventive use. The success obtained with Euseius scutalis in particular is of special interest, since it is a mite that has a high tolerance for low relative humidity, which is a feature of special interest for its possible use in the open field, especially in arid and semi-arid areas which are very frequent in the Mediterranean basin.

But the use of this new crla system in which a basic nutrient source is combined, with a live nutritional source (reproductive population of mites of the Astigmata order), from which a reproductive population of predatory mites is fed, has shown to be Very useful in general for the production of predatory mites. And not only for the crushing of type IV predatory mites, but it has also shown a potential in its use to improve the crushing of type III (generalist) predatory mites, as evidenced by the test shown in Example 2, made with Amblyseius swirskii.

For the test with Amblyseius swirskii a composition was chosen whose basic nutritional source includes egg, so that the ratio of the homogenate of arthropods to the egg is 50:50, resulting in the sum of the weight of the homogenate of arthropods and the weight of the egg suppose a percentage equal to or greater than 99% weight / weight with respect to the total weight of the base nutritional source, using a homogenate of Hermetia illuscens as a homogenate of arthropods, and completing the base nutritional source with a mixture of minerals containing calcium, iodine , magnesium, zinc, sodium, potassium and phosphorus, base nutritional source that was also provided in the form of microcapsules, formed in this case by heat coagulation of the base nutritional source caused by dropping drops of it from a microneedle on boiling water ; Live prey mites of the Acarus farris species were chosen, and all this was maintained for 3 weeks, at 24 ° C and 75% relative humidity. This system, which is the contribution of two nutritional sources (artificial diet and live prey mites, specifically Acarus farris), resulted in a faster and more efficient development of the predatory mite than the standard one, raised with Carphoglyphus lactis, and using a method of simpler production, since the method of the present invention does not require raising and multiplying the prey before adding the predators, but can be added simultaneously. By

both, as discussed below, the current crla system achieves, with respect to

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previous systems, especially those of phytoseid type III predators, an increase in the reproduction speed of predatory mites and a saving in space and time, since the prey does not have to be raised beforehand, achieving a system of reduce manufacturing costs.

Similar results were obtained with other type III predatory phytosid mites such as Amblyseius andersoni and Ambliseius largoensis, using similar conditions.

Example 3 demonstrates how the method of the present invention can be used for the production of Phytoseiulus persimilis, multiplying by three its population in one week, without using its live natural prey. Specifically, a composition whose basic nutritional source includes egg was chosen, so that the ratio of the homogenate of arthropods to the egg is close to or equal to 50:50 (more specifically, 49:48), resulting in the sum of the weight of the homogenate of arthropods and the weight of the egg suppose a percentage equal to or greater than 97% weight / weight with respect to the total weight of the base nutritional source, using a homogenate of Hermetia illuscens as homogenate of arthropods, and completing the base nutritional source with a mixture of vitamins containing niacin, pyridoxine, ascorbic acid, vitamin A and folic acid, with alginate and with Tetranychus urticae powder, a basic nutritional source that was also provided in the form of microcapsules, formed in this case by alginate gelation; Live prey mites of the Acarus farris species were chosen, and all this was maintained at 25 ° C and 75% relative humidity. In addition to the good results obtained in the production, the Example demonstrates that predatory phytosides of type I or II can be raised without the need to add the live natural base dam, a fact that not only simplifies the procedure but also represents an advantage to the When preparing the release devices, it is not necessary to remove the live natural base dam from the crla composition to prepare them, being able to prepare release devices of predatory phytoseids type I or II from the composition itself or device in those that have produced the crla, simply practicing or discovering an opening in the same that allows the exit of the predatory phytoseids at the moment in which their release is desired, and also facilitating that the compositions, devices or packages prepared for their commercialization can stay in storage for longer, as they can be stored next to a power supply, which can be the same The basic nutritional source used for its crla or the combination thereof and of mites prey living factitious which is the characteristic composition of the present invention.

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Similar results were obtained in the crla of other phytoseid mite predators of type I or II subject to the same conditions: Neoseiulus barkeri, Neoseiulus californicus, Neoseiulus cucumeris, Neoseiulus fallacis, Neoseiulus womersleyi, Typhlodromalus lailae, Typhlodromalis typhromusus typhusus typhusus typhusus typhusus typhusus typhusus Typhlodromus

The tests presented below in the Examples of the present application are only representative cases of the results obtained by raising predatory mites with the crla system of the present invention, but it is understood that modifications in the basic nutritional source (both composition as a form of preparation) or the dam mite used gives a number of combinations, which allows the crushing of many species of predatory mites, many of them even without a successful production method, in an efficient way, which facilitates their commercialization. For the moment, as already mentioned, the following species of phytosid predatory mites have been successfully tested: of the species: Amblyseius swirskii, Amblyseius andersony, Amblyseius largoensis, Euseius scutalis, Euseius stipulatus, Euseius finlandicus, Euseius hibisci, Euseius tulare , Euseius ovalis, Iphiseius degenerans, Neoseiulus barkeri, Neoseiulus californicus, Neoseiulus cucumeris, Neoseiulus fallacis, Neoseiulus womersleyi, Typhlodromalus lailae, Typhlodromalus limonicus, Typhlodromips montdorensis, Tyislophromus, Typhlodromus, Typhlodromus, Typhlodromus, Typhlodromulus, Typhlodromus, Typhlodromus, Typhlodromus, Typhlodromus, Typhlodromus, Typhlodromus, Typhlodromus, Typhlodromus, Typhlodromus, Typhlodromus, Typhlodromus, Typhlodromus, Typhlodromus, Typhlodromus, Typhlodromus, Typhlodromulus

Thus, the method of crushing predatory phytoseids of the present invention has the advantages, compared to previous known methods, of making possible the crushing of very diverse predatory phytosides, in an efficient and economically cost-effective manner, with variations that take into account the peculiarities of each species but that are covered within the scope of the present invention. Within this broad spectrum of applicability of the method, it is worth highlighting the fact that it allows to efficiently produce species of phytoseid mites that until now were not marketed for use as pesticides because they do not have a sufficiently effective method for mass crushing.

In fact, the diet design is so effective that phytoseid mites deplete the supplied diet more rapidly than fungal spores germinate, which makes the use of fungicidal compounds unnecessary. It is this other unexpected effect of the method of production of predatory phytosides of the present invention, which is an advantage both with respect to the method of patent document US6291007 (based on a liquid diet, easily contaminated) and with respect to the method of international application WO2013 / 103294, which is linked to the application of higher risk diets

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of contamination and that implies the use of techniques to combat the growth of fungi, either by adding fungicidal compounds (natural or artificial) and / or by selecting the prey mite to be funglourous. By decreasing the risk of fungal contamination, the method of the present invention does not require the addition of fungicidal compounds nor does it necessarily imply that the prey mite is chosen based on its ability to nourish fungi, and can be selected giving preference to other characteristics, such its interest from the point of view of the adaptation for the nutrition of predators, its cost or its reproduction rate. In any case, choosing a funglourous mite as a prey, such as Acarus farris, further reduces the risk of fungal growth, as previously discussed.

In the present invention, not only the production process of predatory mites is improved, but also their release in the field. Predators bred with the method of the present invention retained their reproductive abilities after more than 10 generations. When they were released in the field they presented the same reproductive abilities as their wild counterparts or bred with other methods. Showing as! the utility for the production and industrial exploitation of various species of predatory mites, with use in integrated pest control.

The choice of the release system of the predatory mites produced will also depend on their nutritional requirements. In principle, it is possible to prepare predatory mites for sale separately from the prey mite, although in that case it will preferably also be included, in the package in which they must remain until their release, a basic nutritional source from which to nourish until the moment of their release liberation The possibility that the form of commercialization of predatory mites does not include prey mites may be appropriate in some cases, such as that of type III predators, especially if it is planned to release them in plants that produce a lot of pollen, from which they can Maintain a breeding population for a long time. In other cases, as in the case of predatory phytosid mites type I, the natural dam should not be part of the composition designed for release, as this dam is a pest, but a population of factitious mites may be present that has been used during crla, in particular if they are not harmful to the plants in which they want to be used.

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Thus, the predatory phytoseid mites produced can be released or supplied to plants or crops that are to be protected by any suitable system of release, including simple devices such as ceramic containers, bottles, boxes, cartons, tubes, envelopes , devices linked to air currents that deliver the product to the cultivation sites or to the plants in particular by means of an air current, or rotary devices that distribute the product mechanically through the cultivation sites. Preferably, the release device includes means for the release of phytoseid predatory mites, means that can be one or more holes or outlet openings. Said release devices can be suspended from hooks or from the branches of the plants to be protected.

The composition of mites comprising a population of predatory phytoseid mites, a population of live prey mites (preferably of the Astigmata order, living mites of other orders may be present), a basic nutritional source comprising a homogenate of arthropods and, optionally, a support for the mites, can not only constitute the system in which the mites are crushed but also the form used for their release. In fact, the composition of mites in which the crla takes place can be used for the release of predatory phytoseid mites. For the latter to be possible, it must fulfill a condition common to any loose container: the container must be suitable to allow the release of phytoseid mites mobile predators, at least during the stage in which their release is desired. In the case of the crusher containers, this can be achieved by opening a hole in the container itself that until then remains closed, or creating it when it is desired that the container serve as a loose container. The size of the hole or holes can be controlled to allow only the simultaneous passage of a single individual or a few individuals, so that the number of predatory phytoseids that can leave the loose container in a given time interval is restricted, which facilitates a controlled or prolonged release such as that described in patent document GB2393890, referring to release or release devices comprising a population of predatory mites, a population of prey mites, and food for said prey mites.

The system of the present invention is also compatible with the use of envelopes of

controlled (and prolonged) release widely known to experts in the

matter, such as those described in application GB2393890, although the

presence of a specific power supply for the mites prey. The

composition of the present invention, comprising live prey mites and a source

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Nutritional basis, of artificial preparation, allows live prey mites to feed on the artificial component of the diet of the method of the present invention, the base nutritional source, optionally supplemented with some suitable specific supplement according to the nutritional requirements of the phytoseid mite population predators that you want to release.

The tests carried out have shown that, when loose envelopes are prepared comprising a population of predatory phytoseid mites, a population of live prey mites and an artificial feed source comprising the basic nutritional source of the composition of the present invention, it is possible get a quick release at the beginning (thanks to the artificial component of the diet), followed by a prolonged production over time, thanks to the feeding from the population of live prey mites that feed on the remains of the artificial component of the diet . Thus, the present invention allows the same release device, which can be considered a composition of mites of the present invention, resulting in a rapid and slow release in the same cut, compared to previous applications that only enabled or prepared release devices fast or sustained or slow release devices.

Therefore, the present invention encompasses the use of predatory phytoseid mites for pest control not only because it facilitates (and, in many cases, makes it possible for the first time) the massive crla, but also because it is also compatible with Release of predators with particularities in their application, such as rapid release when one or more pests are detected and prolonged maintenance of predatory phytosides in plants to facilitate total elimination of the pest or prevent possible reinfestations. The prologanda release allows the use also for preventive purposes.

Therefore, it can be considered that the present invention also comprises a method of releasing predatory phytoseid mites for the control of pests from any of the devices described above, in particular those comprising a population of predatory phytoseid mites, a living population and reproductive mites prey, a basic nutritional source comprising a homogenate of arthropods and a support for both populations. It can also be considered that, within the scope of the production method of predatory phytoseid mites of the present invention, the method is also included which also includes a stage in which the release of the phytoseid mites produced occurs, especially when that release occurs in a plant, next to a plant or where they are grown

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plants, and especially when the objective is the control and / or prevention of pests in them and, therefore, when the release is allowed when the plant or plants that are part of the crop are infested by one or more pests that they can serve as food for part or all of the population of predatory phytoseid mites that are released, or also, when the release takes place in a plant, next to a plant or in a place where plants are grown that are likely to be infested for one or more pests that can serve as food for part or all of the population of predatory phytoseid mites that are released.

It can also be said that the present invention also relates to the use of a population of predatory phytoseid mites produced by the method of crla or production of the present invention and / or the composition of prey mites and predatory mites of the present invention (i.e. , the composition that also includes the basic nutritional source that includes in its formulation a homogenate of arthropods and, preferably, a support for the populations of mites, prey and predators), to prevent or combat pests. Since the natural live prey from which predatory phytoseids feed are mites and phytophagous insects, it is especially preferred that the use be to prevent and / or combat pests in plants and plant crops. Plant crops include, among others, those that take place in greenhouses (including those designed in the form of poly tunnels or multi-tunnels), gardens, orchards or fields. Pests to combat include thysanoptera insects (also known as thrips or washers), whiteflies and mites (from which phytoseid mites can be fed). The plant or plants can be any plant that can be affected (infested) by one or more of such pests, such as horticultural, fruit or ornamental plants such as peppers, tomatoes, eggplants, cucumbers, strawberries or raspberries. The fact that the crla method of the present invention allows the mass production of predatory phytoseid mites at competitive prices with the chemical pesticides makes it also possible to apply them to plants that are grown in large areas of cultivation or of less commercial value, as you can Be the evil. In either case, it is convenient that the population of predatory phytoseid mites and / or the composition be selected so that at least one or more of the individuals in the population of predatory phytoseid mites is a predator of individuals of the pest or At least one of the pests to fight and / or prevent.

Among the possible embodiments of the use as a biological pesticide of the compositions

of the present invention highlights the use of phytoseid mites type IV predators that,

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As previously mentioned, they present several interesting characteristics such as the ability to control many different pests or the possibility of remaining in the crops for a long time in the absence of pests, advantages that were difficult to take advantage of with the production methods of the prior art . Among said type IV predatory phytosid mites, highlight the possible use of predatory mite compositions and prey of the present invention comprising individuals of the species Iphiseius degenerans and / or Euseilus scutalis, and very particularly, in the case of the latter, in areas of cultivation of low relative humidity, where it is generally difficult for other predatory mites to survive and the biological control of certain pests is difficult.

The release devices may be any of those mentioned above, compatible with the invention, with special preference for those comprising a population of predatory phytoseid mites, a population of live prey mites (preferably of the Astigmata order, mites may be present live prey of other orders, but avoiding the presence of live prey mites that can be considered a pest that could affect the plant or plants to be protected), a basic nutritional source comprising a homogenate of arthropods and, optionally, a support for mites, support that can be a container that contains the rest of the composition and / or also, a dispersion medium, that is, a device that can be considered what was previously defined as a composition of predatory phytoseid mites and living mites of the present invention. In this particular case, as previously discussed, if a container exists, it will have to have means for the release of predatory phytoseid mites, such as holes, openings or holes of adequate size. As previously mentioned, the container can be the crushing container of predatory phytoseid mites, provided that one or more holes or openings are opened, uncovered or practiced or created in said container whose size allows the passage of at least one mite phytoseid predator of the population to be used against pests, the size of the hole or holes may be greater, so as to allow the simultaneous passage of more than one phytoseid predatory mite.

The present invention will now be explained in more detail by the following Examples.

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Examples

The Examples described below were carried out with the following products and materials:

- Commercial products: whole egg (yolk and white): prepared from fresh eggs of normal commercial distribution, which were simply beaten); mineral mixture: WESSON SALT MIXTURE Powder 02902851, from MP Biomedicals; Vitamin Blend: Vanderzant Modification Vitamin Mixture for Insects Powdered 02903244 from MP Biomedicals; alginate: 21054 calcium alginate from Sigma Aldrich;

- Tetranychus urticae powder: it is prepared in the laboratory. For this, colonies of Tetranychus urticae were produced on soybean plants Mongo or cucumber. The leaves infested with colonies of Tetranichus urticae were washed with water and said water was passed through a 45 micron sieve. In the sieve are the bodies of Tetranychus urticae, which were collected and lyophilized. The resulting powder was homogenized with a polytron homogenizer. Then, the powder was stored in sealed jars in the freezer until use.

- Example 1: Phytoseid predatory mite breeding type IV.-

In this new crla system, microcapsules were formulated as follows:

A diet was prepared from a mixture of nutrients, with the following

ingredients:

- Full egg (yolk and white): 25 g

- Homogenized pupae of Hermetia illuscens: 25 g

- Homogenized bean sprouts: 49 g

- Alginate 0.75 g

- Mineral mixture, containing:

Calcium, Iodine, Magnesium, Zinc, Sodium, Potassium, Phosphorus 270 mg - Vitamin Blend:

Niacin, pyridoxine, Ac. Ascorbic, Vitamin A, Folic acid 3 mg

The mixture described above was dripped into a 0.1 molar solution of moving CaCl2. Drops falling into the solution formed microcapsules instantaneously. They were allowed to stand for an hour in the solution, rinsed in water

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pure for 30 minutes and then allowed to drain and dry for long enough for excess water to be removed.

The prepared microcapsules can be stored in closed containers and kept at a low temperature for conservation until use. To prevent dehydration, the capsules can be coated with a hydrophobic polymer.

A live and reproductive population of Euseius scutalis, along with the artificial diet offered in the form of microcapsules, prepared as a base nutrient source, in an adequate proportion of 50 grams per liter of dispersion medium (a mixture) of vermiculite and wheat bran), 25 gr of bee pollen as a supplementary source of nutrition, and a lively and reproductive population of Acarus farris, as a living source of nutrition, with a predatory ratio: prey of 1: 5. The composition thus made was allowed to stand for a suitable time (14 days), at a temperature of 28 ° C and relative humidity of 75%.

With this new production system, Euseius scutalis has been produced without using fresh plants, achieving the industrialization of the crush of predatory mites of type IV, which cannot be industrially reared at a competitive cost before.

- Example 2: Fitoseid predatory mite crla type III.-

Microcapsules containing an egg-based diet with a nutritional composition were prepared as follows:

- Complete egg (yolk and white) 49.5 g

- Homogenized puffs of Hermetia illuscens: 49.5 g

- Mineral mixture, containing:

Calcium, Iodine, Magnesium, Zinc, Sodium, Potassium, Phosphorus 120 mg

The diet was dripped by a micro-needle, on boiling water. The drops upon falling into the mixture solidified immediately and formed 1 mm diameter microspheres.

A breeding population of the predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii was introduced in the crla containers and the artificial diet in microcapsules with the aforementioned composition and a reproductive population of

Acarus farris, with a predatory proportion: 1: 5 dam. The crush containers containing said mixture were allowed to develop for the necessary time (in this case, three weeks) in air-conditioned rooms with adequate humidity and temperature (relative humidity of 75%, temperature: 24 ° C).

5 An experiment with three repetitions was prepared to compare the crla standard (control) with that explained in the present example (which is called "Diet Mix"). In the control, 1 liter bran of wheat enriched with yeast and a mixture of Carpoglyphus lactis and Amblyseius swirskii with a predator / prey ratio of 1:12 were introduced into 1 liter jars. In both cases, an initial density of 10 predators of 25,000 individuals / l began. Samples were taken over a period of 3 weeks and the number of predators per liter was counted. The results are shown below in Table 1:

Table 1: Development of A. swirskii under control and "Mix Diet" conditions

 Repetition

 Week Predators / l (Control) Predators / l (Diet Mix)

 one

 one

 14000 15000

 2

 32800 35300

 3

 77400 79200

 2

 1 13000 16000

 2

 31200 41400

 3

 68300 86100

 3

 1 13000 14000

 2

 34500 36400

 3

 71000 78800

 Half week 3 72233 81366

 % increase 12.64%

15 With this novel crla method it has been possible to produce the predatory mites

of the spice Amblyseius swirskii at a higher speed (13% more) compared to its

standard homolog raised with Carpoglyphus lactis. When it was offered to the mites

predators microcapsules with the diet described above only, the

reproduction was slower compared to the standard Carpoglyphus lactis, even

20 fungi appeared within a few days deteriorating the quality and quantity of the crla.

When Amblyseius swirskii was raised in Acarus farris as described in the literature, the

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Predator population developed more slowly than with Carpoglyphus lactis, in addition to tending to be overwhelmed when the predator / prey ratio was too low. However, when the contribution of the two nutritional sources was used in the system; artificial diet and Acarus farris, the development of the predatory mite was faster and more efficient than the standard. Even more, production is greatly simplified.

As previously mentioned, in previous methodologies the crla process is based on raising the prey beforehand and when the population of this is adequate, add the predators to feed on the prey. However, in the crla system described in this invention it is not necessary to raise the prey previously, since the predatory mite feeds on two nutritional sources at the same time (artificial diet and prey mite) not only depending on the prey mite, besides the mite Dam also feeds on the artificial diet so it maintains a great reproduction. The presence of prey mites inhibits the development of fungi, which deteriorate the artificial diet, leaving it available for longer periods of time. In summary with this crla system, an increase in the reproduction speed of predatory mites is achieved, and a saving in space and time since the prey does not have to be raised beforehand, achieving a system that reduces the costs of fabrication

Even more when you prepare envelopes for the release in the field of predators, you can get a quick release at the beginning (thanks to artificial feeding) followed by a prolonged production in time (thanks to the population of prey mite that feeds on the remains of artificial diet). Allowing so! in the same about the fast and slow release in the crop, compared to previous applications that only enabled or made envelopes of fast release or sustained or slow release. This could be verified in the complementary test described below:

Heat-sealable paper envelopes (with a polyethylene face) with an initial population of approximately 250 predators per envelope were prepared. Two treatments were made, one of them containing a standard mixture of Amblyseus swirskii / Carpoglyphus lactis in a 1:10 ratio. On the other hand, envelopes were prepared containing the mixture of microcapsules described at the beginning of this Example (which was again called the Diet Mix) and with a specific predator ratio: prey 1: 4. Three repetitions were done per treatment. all at 25 ° C and 78% RH. Each envelope was placed on the upper end of a vertical stick whose base was inserted on a sticky plastic plate; Periodically the sticky plate was checked to count the predatory mites that came out of the envelope and remained attached to it. In

Table 2 reflects the accumulated population of predators that were counted in each treatment. The figures represent the average of the three repetitions for each treatment.

Table 2: Average accumulation of A.swirskii according to the weeks of the trial

 Week

 Mix Diet Control

 one

 525 631

 2

 892 962

 3

 1517 1679

 4

 1860 2120

 5

 2430 2670

 6

 3213 4671

 7

 3719 5198

 8

 4001 6291

 9

 4050 8003

 10

 4127 8954

 eleven

 4143 9225

 12

 4164 10016

 13

   10204

 14

   10352

 fifteen

   10445

 16

   10534

 17

   10569

5 As can be seen, the two types of treatment maintained a rapid release in the first weeks, but the "Diet Mix" treatment maintained production for a longer period.

The same assembly was tested, in field conditions, checking the results obtained in the laboratory. It should be noted that during the trial, the temporary low humidity 10 in week 3 had a very negative impact on the control but not so much on the "Mix Diet", probably due to the humidity that the diet brought during this period.

- Example 3: Crush of phytoseid predatory mites type I and II.-

Microspheres were prepared according to the process described in Example 1, with the

following composition:

- Complete egg (yolk and white): 49 g

5 - Homogenized pupae from Hermetia illuscens: 48 g

- Tetranychus urticae powder 1 g

- Vitamin mix:

Niacin, pyridoxine, Ac. AscPrbico, Vitamin A, Public acid 3 mg

- Alginate 0.75 g

10 A reproductive population of Phytoseiulus persimilis was introduced in crla containers, and as a source of food the artificial diet described and Acarus farris as a living source of food. The containers were kept in air-conditioned rooms in conditions of humidity and temperature suitable for the crla (75% RH, 25 ° C).

With this method the reproduction of Phytoseiulus persimilis is achieved, multiplying 15 its population approximately by 3 in a week, without the need of live prey. Individuals of the species Phytoseiulus persimilis were observed feeding on Acarus farris, possibly promoted by the aromas that they acquire when feeding on the natural Tetranychus urticae dam. A similar result was also achieved when the artificial diet was prepared with Tetranychus urticae extract instead of powder. The presence of Acarus farris prevented the proliferation of fungi around the diet.

These are just a few examples of the results obtained by raising predatory mites. As mentioned above, similar results have been achieved with other species, of any type I, II, III P IV, so it can be said that the method of the present invention has a broad spectrum of application and results economically. Competitive for the massive crla of very diverse species.

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References

Adar, E., M. Inbar, S. Gal, N. Doron, Z. Q. Zhang, and E. Palevsky. 2012. Plant-feeding and non-plant feeding phytoseiids: differences in behavior and cheliceral morphology. Experimental and Applied Acarology 58: 341-357.

Baptiste, S. J. J., K. Bloem, S. Reitz, and R. Mizell. 2003. Use of radiation to sterilize two-spotted spider mite (acari: tetranychidae) eggs used as a food source for predatory mites. Florida Entomologist 86: 389-394.

Bolckmans K. J. F., van Houten, Y. M. 2006. Mite composition, use thereof, method for rearing the Phytoseiid predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii, rearing system for rearing said phytoseid mite and methods for biological pest control on a crop. WO Patent WO / 2006/057552.

Bolckmans K. J. F., van Houten, Y. M., van Baal, A. E., Castagnoli, M., Nannelli, R., Simoni, S., (2007). Mite composition comprising Glycyphagidae and phytoseid mite, use thereof, method for rearing a phytoseid predatory mite, rearing system for rearing said phytoseid predatory mites and method for biological pest control on a crop. WO paten WO2007075081

Fidgett, M. J. and C. S. A. Stinson. 2008. Method for rearing predatory mites. WO Patent WO / 2008/015393.

Kennett, C. E., Hamai, J. (1980) Oviposition and development in predaceus mites fed with artificial and natural diets (ACARI: PHYTOSEIIDAE) Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata Vol 28, Iss, 2: 116-122

McMurtry, J. A. and B. A. Croft. 1997. Life-styles of phytoseiid mites and their role in biological control. Annual Review of Entomology 42: 291-321.

Messelink, G. J., S. E. F. Van Steenpaal, and P. M. J. Ramakers. 2006. Evaluation of phytoseiid predators for control of western flower thrips on greenhouse cucumber. BioControl 51: 753-768.

Messelink, G. J., P. M. J. Ramakers, J. A. Cortez, and A. Janssen. 2009. How to enhance pest control by generalist predatory mites in greenhouse crops. Pages 309-318 in 3rd International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods, Christchurch, New Zealand.

Messelink, G. J., M. W. Sabelis, and A. Janssen. 2012. Generalist predators, food web complexities and biological pest control in greenhouse crops. Pages 191-214 in M. L. Larramendy and S. Soloneski, editors. Integrated pest management and pest control - current and future tactics. InTech, Rijeka.

5 Nguyen, D., D. Vangansbeke, X. Lu, and P. De Clercq. 2013. Development and reproduction of the predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii on artificial diets. Biological Control Doi 10.1007 / s10526-012-9502-y.

Ogawa Y., Osakabe, M. 2008. Development, long-term survival, and the maintenance of fertility in Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) reared on an artificial diet. Exp 10 Appl Acarol 45 (3-4): 123-136.

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Ramakers, P. M. J. and M. J. van Lieburg. 1982. Start of commercial production and introduction of Amblyseius mckenziei Sch. & Pr. (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) for the control of Thrips tabaci Lind. (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in glasshouses. . Mededelingen range from 15 Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit Gent 47: 541-545.

Raffle, V. E. and Griffiths, D. (2011) Mite composition, method for rearing a phytoseiid predatory mites species, and use of the composition for controling crop pest. WO patent WO / 2011/131791

Rojas, M. G. and J. A. Morales-Ramos. 2010. Tri-Trophic Level Impact of Host Plant 20 Linamarin and Lotaustralin on Tetranychus urticae and Its Predator Phytoseiulus persimilis. Journal of Chemical Ecology 36: 1354-1362.

Toreki, W. Manukian, A. Strohschein, R. (2003) Hydrocapsules and method for preparation. WO patent WO 03/059503

Claims (72)

1. A composition comprising: a) a base nutritional source comprising a homogenate of arthropods; 5 b) a live and reproductive population of prey mites. 2. Composition according to claim 1, wherein the base nutritional source comprises egg. 3. Composition according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the sum of the weight of the arthropod homogenate and the weight of the egg represents a percentage of 10% 10 to 99% of the fresh weight of the total base nutritional source. 4. Composition according to claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein the weight / weight ratio of the arthropod homogenate to the egg ranges from 5:95 to 100: 0. 5. Composition according to any one of claims 2 to 4, wherein the base nutritional source comprises egg and a homogenate of arthropods in the 15 same proportion. 6. Composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the arthropod homogenate is an insect homogenate or a mite homogenate, or a mixture thereof. 7. Composition according to claim 6, wherein the homogenate of arthropods 20 has been prepared from: a) mites in any of its developmental states, such as Acarus siro, Acarus gracilis, Carpoglyphus lactis, Suidasia medanensis, or Tyreophagus entomophagus; I b) pupae and / or larvae of insect insects such as Hermetia illuscens, Musca 25 domestic, Lucilia sericata; pupae and / or larvae of lepidopter insects such as Spodoptera exigua, Spodoptera littoralis, Trichoplusia ni, Ephestia Kuehniella, Sitotroga cerealea; larvae and / or pupae of coleoptero insects such as Tenebrio molitor, Zophobas morio; Orthopedic insect adults such as Acheta domesticus or Grillus bimaculatus 5 10 fifteen twenty 25 8. Composition according to revindication 6, in which the homogenate of arthropods has been prepared from pupae or larvae of the last stage of diphtheria or lepidopteros insects. 9. Composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the base nutritional source additionally comprises one or more vitamins and / or one or more compounds that serves as a source of minerals. 10. Composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the base nutritional source additionally comprises a component of plant origin. 11. Composition according to revindication 10, in which the component of plant origin is a homogenate of plants or of an organ or structure of a plant. 12. Composition according to revindication 11, in which the component of plant origin is a homogenate of bean sprouts. 13. Composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the basic nutritional source is offered in solid form. 14. Composition according to revindication 13, in which the base nutritional source is in the form of microcapsules. 15. Composition according to revindication 14, in which the covers of the microcapsules are of a thickness equal to or less than 15 pm, and their diameter ranges between 1 and 3 mm. 16. Composition according to any one of claims 13 to 15, wherein the basic nutritional source comprises a gelling agent or a thickener. 17. Composition according to any one of the claims, wherein the population of live prey mites comprises mites of the Astigmata order. 18. Composition of revindication 17, in which the mites of the Astigmata order are selected from the families Acaridae, Carpoglyphidae, Suiidasidae or Chortoglyphidae. 19. Composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the base nutritional source additionally comprises compounds that are a source of calcium, iodine, magnesium, zinc, sodium, potassium and phosphorus. 42 10 fifteen twenty 25 20. Composition according to claims 17, 18 or 19, wherein the population of live prey mites comprises mites that are natural prey to predatory phytosid mites type I and / or type II. 21. Composition according to revindication 20 in which the population of live mites comprises tetranichid mites. 22. Composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the basic nutritional source additionally comprises an extract or powder of a natural prey of predatory phytosid mites type I and / or type II. 23. Composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the base nutritional source additionally comprises niacin, pyridoxine, vitamin C, vitamin A and folic acid. 24. Composition according to any one of the preceding claims, which additionally comprises pollen. 25. Composition according to any one of the preceding claims, which additionally it comprises a population of predatory phytoseid mites. 26. Composition according to revindication 25, in which the population of predatory phytoseid mites comprises mites of one or more species of any one of types I, II, III and IV, or combinations thereof. 27. Composition according to revindication 25 or 26, in which one or more species of the population of predatory phytoseid mites is selected from the group of Amblyseius swirskii, Amblyseius andersony, Amblyseius largoensis, Euseius scutalis, Euseius stipulatus, Euseius finlandicus, Euseius hibisci, Euseius hibisci, Euseius tularensis, Euseius ovalis, Iphiseius degenerans, Neoseiulus barkeri, Neoseiulus californicus, Neoseiulus cucumeris, Neoseiulus fallacis, Neoseiulus womersleyi, Typhlodromalus lailae, Typhlodromalus limonicus, Typhlodromips montdorensis, Typhlodromus occidentalis, Typhlodromus spp., Phytoseiulus. 28. Composition according to any one of the preceding claims, which additionally comprises a support for the mites. 29. Composition according to revindication 28, in which the mite holder comprises a dispersion medium. 5 10 fifteen twenty 25 30 30. Composition according to revindication 29, wherein the dispersion medium comprises bran, wheat husks, rice husks, sawdust, vermiculite, or mixtures thereof. 31. Composition according to any one of the revindication 28 to 30 in which the support for mites comprises a vessel in which the live and reproductive population of mites is housed, the basic nutritional source comprising a homogenate of arthropods, and the population of phytoseid mites predators. 32. Composition according to revindication 31, in which the container has holes that are covered with a mesh whose openings have a size that allows the exchange of gases but is smaller than the mites, preventing them from escaping. 33. Composition according to revindication 31 or 32, in which the container has at least one opening whose size allows the passage of at least one of the predatory phytoseid mites of the population present inside. 34. Composition according to revindication 33, in which the container is a loose envelope. 35. A method for producing predatory phytoseid mites comprising the steps of: a) providing a composition of predatory phytoseid mites a composition of any one of claims 1 to 28; b) allow predatory phytoseid mites to feed on said composition. 36. The method according to revindication 35, in which the basic nutritional source that is part of the composition provided to the predatory phytoseid mites is provided in the form of microcapsules. 37. The method according to revindication 36, in which the microcapsules are formed by solidification of a liquid formulation of the base nutritional source, by means of a technique selected from: a) heat coagulation of microdroplets; 5 10 fifteen twenty 25 30 b) the gelation of a gelling agent present in the formulation of the base nutritional source; c) the addition of one or more thickeners. 38. The method according to any one of claims 35 to 37, wherein the live and reproductive population of mites is allowed to fall prey to the composition provided to the predatory phytoseid mites also feed on the base nutritional source that is part of said composition. 39. The method according to any one of claims 35 to 38, wherein the prey mites are of the species Acarus farris. 40. The method according to any one of claims 35 to 39, wherein the homogenate of arthropods of the composition provided to the mites is a homogenate of Hermetia illuscens. 41. The method according to any one of claims 35 to 40, wherein the predatory phytoseid mites are maintained at a temperature of 15 ° C-35 ° C and a relative humidity of 70-95%. 42. The method according to claim 41, which is carried out in a composition according to any one of claims 28 to 32. 43. The method according to any one of claims 35 to 42, wherein the population of predatory phytoseid mites is any one of those defined in claims 25 to 27. 44. The method according to any one of claims 35 to 43, wherein the predatory phytoseid mites are type IV. 45. The method according to claim 44, wherein the composition provided to the mites is a composition of any one of claims 9 to 19. 46. The method according to claim 44 or 45, wherein the predatory phytoseid mites are of the species Iphiseius degenerans, Euseius scutalis, Euseius stipulatus, Euseius finlandicus, Euseius hibisci, Euseius tularensis, or Euseius ovalis. 47. The method according to claim 46, wherein: a) predatory phytoseid mites are of the species Euseius scutalis; 5 10 fifteen twenty 25 30 b) the basic nutritional source of the composition provided to the mites comprises eggs; c) at the base nutritional source, the ratio of the homogenate of arthropods to the egg is 50:50; d) at the base nutritional source, the sum of the weight of the homogenate of arthropods and the weight of the egg represents a percentage of 50% weight / weight, e) the arthropod homogenate is a homogenate of Hermetia illuscens; f) the base nutritional source additionally comprises i) a homogenate of bean sprouts, ii) a mixture of vitamins containing niacin, pyridoxine, ascorbic acid, vitamin A and folic acid, iii) a mixture of minerals containing calcium, iodine, magnesium, zinc, sodium, potassium and phosphorus, iv) alginate g) the base nutritional source is provided in the form of microcapsules; h) the microcapsules have been formed by alginate gelation; i) live prey mites are of the species Acarus farris, j) the diet is complemented with bee pollen k) predatory phytosid mites are maintained for 14 days, at 28 ° C and 75% relative humidity. 48. The method according to any one of claims 35 to 43, wherein the predatory phytoseid mites are type I and / or type II. 49. The method according to claim 48, wherein the composition provided to the mites is a composition of any one of claims 20 to 23. 50. The method according to claim 48 or 49, wherein the predatory phytoseid mites are of the species Phytoseiulus persimilis, Neoseiulus barkeri, Neoseiulus californicus, Neoseiulus cucumeris, Neoseiulus fallacis, Neoseiulus womersleyi, Typhlodromalus typhonicus tylaeromalus typhonicus tyloephromusus tyilaephromusus tylaeromalus tylaeromalus tyilaephromusus tylaeromalus tylaeromalus tylaeromalus tylaeromalus tyilaephromusus tylaeromalus tylaeromalus tyilae, typhlodromalus tylaeromalus tyilae, typhlodromalus tyilae, typhlousromyroidus montdorensis, Typhlodromus occidentalis, Typhlodromus spp. 46 5 10 fifteen twenty 51. The method according to claim 50, wherein: a) predatory phytoseid mites are of the species Phytoseiulus persimilis; b) the basic nutritional source of the composition provided to the mites comprises eggs; c) at the base nutritional source, the ratio of the homogenate of arthropods to the egg is 50:50 or 49:48; d) at the base nutritional source, the sum of the weight of the homogenate of arthropods and the weight of the egg represents a percentage of 97%, e) the arthropod homogenate is a homogenate of Hermetia illuscens; f) the base nutritional source additionally comprises i) Tetranychus urticae powder, ii) a mixture of vitamins containing niacin, pyridoxine, ascorbic acid, vitamin A and folic acid, iii) alginate g) the base nutritional source is provided in the form of microcapsules; h) the microcapsules have been formed by alginate gelation; i) live prey mites are of the species Acarus farris, j) predatory phytoseid mites are maintained for at least one week, at 25 ° C and 75% relative humidity. 52. The method according to any one of claims 35 to 43, wherein the predatory phytoseid mites are type III. 53. The method according to claim 52, wherein the composition provided to the mites is a composition of claim 19. 54. The method according to claim 52 or 53, wherein the predatory phytoseid mites are one or more of the species Amblyseius swirskii, Amblyseius andersony, Amblyseius largoensis. 55. The method according to claim 54, wherein: a) predatory phytoseid mites are of the Amblyseius swirskii species; 5 10 fifteen twenty 25 30 b) the basic nutritional source of the composition provided to the mites comprises eggs; c) at the base nutritional source, the ratio of the homogenate of arthropods to the egg is 50:50; d) at the base nutritional source, the sum of the weight of the homogenate of arthropods and the weight of the egg represents a percentage equal to or greater than 99%, e) the arthropod homogenate is a homogenate of Hermetia illuscens; f) the base nutritional source additionally comprises a mixture of minerals containing calcium, iodine, magnesium, zinc, sodium, potassium and phosphorus, g) the base nutritional source is provided in the form of microcapsules; h) the microcapsules have been formed by heat coagulation of the base nutritional source by dropping drops thereof from a microneedle onto boiling water; i) live prey mites are of the species Acarus farris, j) predatory phytosid mites are maintained for three weeks, at 24 ° C and 75% relative humidity. 56. The method according to any one of claims 35 to 55, which additionally comprises a stage in which the release of the predatory phytoseid mites produced occurs. 57. The method according to claim 56, wherein the predatory phytoseid mites produced are part of a composition according to any one of claims 33 or 34 and in which the release outside of the predatory phytoseid mites produced takes place because it is allowed its exit from inside a container as defined in one of said claims 33 or 34. 58. The method according to claim 56 or 57, wherein the release of predatory phytoseid mites occurs in a plant, next to a plant or in a place where plants are grown. 59. The method according to claim 58, wherein the release of predatory phytoseid mites occurs in a plant, next to a plant or a place 5 10 fifteen twenty 25 where plants are grown that are infested by one or more pests that can serve as food for part or all of the predatory phytosid mites that are released. 60. The method according to claim 58, wherein the release of predatory phytoseid mites occurs in a plant, next to a plant or in a place where plants are grown that are infested by one or more pests that can serve as food. part or all of the predatory phytoseid mites that are released. 61. Use of a population of predatory phytoseid mites produced by the method of one of claims 35 to 55, or of a composition comprising a population of predatory phytoseid mites of any one of claims 28 to 34, to prevent and / or fight pests 62. Use according to claim 61, wherein the composition comprising a population of predatory phytoseid mites is a composition of claim 33 or 34. 63. Use according to claim 62, wherein the container of the composition is a loose envelope. 64. Use according to claim 61, wherein the container of the composition is the crushing container of predatory phytoseid mites, in which one or more holes have been opened, uncovered or made whose size allows the passage of at least one phytoseid mite predator of the population to use. 65. Use according to any one of claims 61 to 64, to prevent and / or combat pests in plants or in plant crops. 66. Use according to claim 65, wherein the cultivation of plants takes place in a greenhouse, a garden, an orchard or a crop field. 67. Use according to any one of claims 61 to 66, wherein the pest or pests to be prevented and / or combat are selected from the groups of the thysanoptera insects, whiteflies and mites. 68. Use according to claim 67, wherein the plant or plants is a plant that can be infested by one or more of the pests of the group of thysoptera insects, whiteflies and mites. 69. Use according to any one of claims 61 to 68, wherein at least one or more individuals of the population of predatory phytoseid mites is a predator of individuals of the pest or at least one of the pests to be fought and / or to prevent. 5 70. Use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the population of predatory phytoseid mites comprises predatory phytosid mites of group IV. 71. Use according to claim 70, wherein the population of predatory phytoseid mites comprises individuals of the species Iphiseius degenerans and / or 10 Euseilus scutalis. 72. Use according to claim 71, in which the use is to combat pests in cultivation areas of low relative humidity and in which the population of predatory phytoseid mites comprises individuals of the species Euseilus scutalis. 73. Use according to any one of claims 65 to 72, wherein they are 15 absent from the composition to use live prey mites that can be considered a pest likely to affect the plant or plants to be protected.