ES2348066T3 - Injerto metalico-esponjoso y procedimineto de fabricación del mismo. - Google Patents

Injerto metalico-esponjoso y procedimineto de fabricación del mismo. Download PDF

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Publication number
ES2348066T3
ES2348066T3 ES06775783T ES06775783T ES2348066T3 ES 2348066 T3 ES2348066 T3 ES 2348066T3 ES 06775783 T ES06775783 T ES 06775783T ES 06775783 T ES06775783 T ES 06775783T ES 2348066 T3 ES2348066 T3 ES 2348066T3
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Spain
Prior art keywords
bone
metallic
sponge
graft
modules
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ES06775783T
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English (en)
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Dieter Girlich
Karl-Klaus Dittel
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SYNTAN GbR
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SYNTAN GbR
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61LMETHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L27/00Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
    • A61L27/50Materials characterised by their function or physical properties, e.g. injectable or lubricating compositions, shape-memory materials, surface modified materials
    • A61L27/56Porous materials, e.g. foams or sponges
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/56Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor
    • A61B17/58Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor for osteosynthesis, e.g. bone plates, screws, setting implements or the like
    • A61B17/68Internal fixation devices, including fasteners and spinal fixators, even if a part thereof projects from the skin
    • A61B17/84Fasteners therefor or fasteners being internal fixation devices
    • A61B17/86Pins or screws or threaded wires; nuts therefor
    • A61B17/866Material or manufacture
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    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02Prostheses implantable into the body
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    • A61F2/3094Designing or manufacturing processes
    • A61F2/30942Designing or manufacturing processes for designing or making customized prostheses, e.g. using templates, CT or NMR scans, finite-element analysis or CAD-CAM techniques
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    • A61B17/68Internal fixation devices, including fasteners and spinal fixators, even if a part thereof projects from the skin
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    • A61F2002/30004Material related properties of the prosthesis or of a coating on the prosthesis the prosthesis being made from materials having different values of a given property at different locations within the same prosthesis
    • A61F2002/30011Material related properties of the prosthesis or of a coating on the prosthesis the prosthesis being made from materials having different values of a given property at different locations within the same prosthesis differing in porosity
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Abstract

Injerto metálico-esponjoso (3, 6) como sustituto óseo aloplástico a base de una esponja metálica de porosidad abierta altamente resistente, por ejemplo en titanio o una aleación de titanio, caracterizado porque la esponja presenta una porosidad del 75% al 94%, está graduada, aumentando continuamente el tamaño de los poros desde dentro hacia fuera, y la esponja está confeccionada de tal manera, que se compone de varios módulos conectados de un sistema modular o de un módulo conformado individualmente sobre la base de una tomografía computerizada.

Description

El invento se refiere al uso modular de esponjas metálicas de porosidad abierta como sustituto óseo aloplástico en cirugía traumatológica y ortopedia, cuya aplicación resulta particularmente adecuada para el relleno permanente de defectos óseos postraumáticos y defectos óseos de origen osteoporótico o tumoral en pacientes ancianos.
Más de 100.000 transplantes óseos al año en Alemania implican una considerable importancia económica. El relleno de defectos óseos de origen postraumático o tu-moral representa de este modo, sobre todo si se tiene además en cuenta la estructura de edades de la población, un problema clínico de trascendencia cada vez mayor. Las desventajas del transplante autólogo residen en las intervenciones secundarias necesarias y en la disponibilidad limitada de material autólogo. Por otro lado, existen sustitutos metálicos, en especial a base de aleaciones de cobalto-cromo, titanio o aleaciones de titanio, cuya utilidad ha quedado demostrada para numerosas aplicaciones clínicas. Sin embargo, los implantes disponibles en la actualidad no solucionan, o solucionan tan sólo en parte, el problema de la intervención secundaria, cuyas consecuencias físicas y psíquicas negativas afectan en particular a los pacientes ancianos.
La osteoporosis implica para el organismo del paciente una reducción de la masa ósea unida a una rarefacción de la estructura trabecular. En pacientes de 65 años de edad suele ser habitual una disminución de la densidad ósea de un 30% en consecuencia del proceso de envejecimiento. Por ello no resulta sorprendente constatar un incremento exponencial de las fracturas patológicas de origen osteoporótico con el aumento de la edad, cuyo cuidado se complica con frecuencia justamente porque los defectos remanentes sólo pueden reconstruirse o rellenarse de forma insatisfactoria después de la reposición.
Fracturas derivadas de un trauma inadecuado suelen ser consecuencia de una osteoporosis no detectada ni tratada previamente, una condición que afecta más o menos a la mitad de la población femenina así como a un tercio de la población masculina de más de 50 años de edad. De importancia primordial es aquí que las personas con osteoporosis que han sufrido ya una fractura están expuestas a un riesgo relevantemente mayor de padecer más fracturas, quedando así incluidas en
el grupo crítico de pacientes que requieren atención.
Las fracturas osteoporóticas pueden producirse en todas las zonas del esqueleto
5 troncal y periférico, pero suelen ser aparecer con la mayor asiduidad en las proximidades de la articulación coxofemoral y a nivel de la columna vertebral, la muñeca y el húmero proximal .
Más allá de las consecuencias individuales y sanitarias, las fracturas osteoporóticas
10 representan además, tanto en forma directa como a través de los gastos derivados, una enorme carga socioeconómica para la sociedad. Según las estimaciones económicas se gastan en Alemania un mínimo de tres mil millones de euros para el tratamiento de la osteoporosis, la mayor parte de los cuales recae en el cuidado de las fracturas patológicas.
15 En los injertos desarrollados, el problema principal era desde el principio el prendimiento y/o la integración a nivel óseo. Al contrario de los implantes provistos de superficies rugosas y radiadas que permiten solamente un prendimiento del hueso, y de los implantes provistos de superficies microporosas, generadas en su mayor par
20 te por spray de plasma, que permiten una integración ósea limitada, los injertos de superficie metálico-esponjosa conocidos desde los años 80 del siglo pasado tienen como objetivo una integración ósea integral en el sentido de una fusión ósea. Semejantes injertos sustitutivos de huesos esponjosos se dieron a conocer principalmente a través de los documentos DE 31 06 917 C2, DE 32 24 265 C2, DE 39 17 033 C1 y
25 DE 41 06 971 C1.
Primero se propuso una estructura superficial esponjosa y bidimensional con poros de 0,5 a 1,5 mm de tamaño, pero sin unión espacial en la profundidad metálica, produciéndose en consecuencia tan sólo un prendimiento y una integración en el hueso,
30 pero no una fusión ósea. En DE 32 24 265 C2 se presentó un injerto tridimensional, cuya estructura superficial metálico-esponjosa forma una unidad con un núcleo metálico macizo. El implante correspondiente tiene una porosidad superficial de aproximadamente un 60%, poros de entre 0,3 y 2,5 mm de tamaño y una estructura de aproximadamente 3 mm de altura. Los experimentos realizados ya en 1981 con cubos metálico-esponjosos sobre animales confirmaron la existencia de una fusión
ósea con el injerto, y justificaron en 1982 la aplicación humana del método.
Para atender mejor a los esfuerzos mecánicos se propuso en DE 39 17 033 C1 un
5 procedimiento que permite la fabricación de una estructura con poros de 0,9 a 4,3 mm de tamaño y una porosidad incrementada de aproximadamente un 70%. Sin embargo, el procedimiento no permitía influenciar parámetros técnicos como la altura y el espesor de los espacios entre huecos (puentes) de la estructura, por lo que esta solución se reveló finalmente insatisfactoria en la práctica, tanto más cuando los
10 parámetros no eran reproducibles en la aplicación práctica (publicación corporativa “ESKA Aktuell” E-10/05). DE 41 06 971 C1 ofrece finalmente un procedimiento de fabricación de un implante provisto de una estructura metálica de células abiertas que cubre al menos parte de su superficie y se distingue por la disposición simétrica de los puentes. Las prótesis de cadera y rodilla equipadas con esta solución permi
15 ten la integración ósea a través de estas trabéculas, que sujetan en cierto modo al igual que una hamaca el injerto.
El estado de la tecnología se encuentra caracterizado además en especial por los documentos DE 41 33 877 C1, DE 42 08 247 C1, DE 42 14 357 C2, DE 43 36 819
20 C1, DE 195 43 530 C1, DE 196 14 949 A1 y DE 199 07 489 C1, los cuales describen procedimientos de fabricación, implantes especiales y endoprótesis huecas.
Para el presente invento se plantea la tarea de desarrollar un injerto de estructura
esponjosa de características rígidas y biocompatibles y fabricación al mismo tiempo
25 económica, capaz de rellenar de manera permeable defectos en huesos osteoporóticos o defectos tumorales. El implante tiene que estar modificado aquí de tal modo, que el cirujano pueda recurrir intraoperatoriamente a una posibilidad de solución especial para las características óseas respectivas.
30 Esta tarea es resuelta por medio de las características de la reivindicación 1, convenientemente ampliadas por las características de las reivindicaciones 2 a 8.
Conforme al invento está previsto que el injerto se componga exclusivamente de una
o varias estructuras metálicas de porosidad abierta y disposición modular semejante a la de un sistema modular estandarizado. La esponja metálica tiene a este efecto una forma cuneiforme, cúbica, cilíndrica, anular, disciforme y/o rómbica. Los módulos, diferentemente combinables entre sí, están disponibles respectivamente en diversos tamaños, de manera que los implantes así conformados pueden ajustarse en
5 función del diagnóstico para rellenar los defectos mencionados arriba. La posibilidad de conectar las diferentes formas prefabricadas en función de la situación respectiva constituye una de las ventajas esenciales del invento. Pero también existe la posibilidad de personalizar los citados módulos o el injerto entero en función de los resultados de una tomografía computerizada (custom made). Conforme a la naturaleza
10 del invento está previsto intercombinar los módulos y/o partes de los mismos en unión positiva y/o unión no positiva. Los módulos pueden estar conectados a este efecto ventajosamente mediante cierres de enganche, cierres adherentes o tornillos compuestos asimismo de una esponja metálica de porosidad abierta de las mismas características.
15 La esponja metálica, de la cual se compone el injerto, está fabricada preferiblemente en titanio o una aleación de titanio y se distingue por una porosidad sumamente elevada. Así ha quedado sorprendentemente demostrado que el titanio, un material tan biocompatible como no inductor de tumores y osteoconductor, sí permite fabricar
20 implantes rígidos con una porosidad superior al 90%. Se puede suponer fundada-mente que la fabricación de injertos compuestos exclusivamente de una estructura esponjosa es asimismo posible en aleaciones de cobalto, un material de idoneidad fundamentalmente similar. Aunque el uso de un injerto esponjoso de titanio no requiere en realidad una biofuncionalización, sí puede resultar en ciertos casos útil
25 recubrir la estructura con hidroxilapatita o tantalio, siendo aquí suficiente un espesor de 5 µm, como máximo 8 µm.
La ventaja principal del presente invento es la disponibilidad de un implante plenamente permeable capaz de asegurar, en función de la estabilidad requerida, el grado
30 de integración individualmente necesario en el hueso esponjoso. La plena porosidad abierta y la rigidez del injerto ofrecen la posibilidad de una integración ósea integral en el hueso solicitado. Determinante para la utilización práctica del injerto es – además de la muy alta porosidad – que la estabilidad necesaria es reproducible en alto grado y al mismo fabricable a bajo coste, siendo al efecto indispensable que los
puentes de la estructura sean relativamente gruesos.
Teniendo en cuenta estos aspectos, está previsto fabricar el injerto a base de una
5 estructura reticular, preferiblemente una estructura esponjosa reticular, estabilizando los canales de fundición generados por estas estructuras con materiales orgánicos antes de llenar el metal y espesando los puentes de las estructuras reticulares mediante uno o varios recubrimientos. El material orgánico empleado para recubrir los puentes puede ser cera líquida, cera en polvo, polvo de poliestireno o polvo de po
10 liamida, necesitando el poliestireno / la poliamida una ligera concentración, preferiblemente de un 5%, de cola. En caso de múltiple recubrimiento de los puentes, las capas individuales se aplican a distintas temperaturas en el rango de 40°C a 80°C.
Con el invento existe por primera vez un implante capaz de posibilitar una integra
15 ción ósea integral. Además de contar con las ventajas citadas, la integración ósea a largo plazo del injerto permite evitar eficazmente la generación de deformaciones secundarias residuales en huesos osteoporóticos. Posibilidades concretas de uso conforme del injerto propuesto son por ejemplo:
20 -Fractura proximal patológica de la tibia con osteoporosis grave (incapacidad de carga) -Fractura distal patológica del fémur con enclavamiento intramedular
• Terapia practicada: Doble relleno del defecto con esponja metálica de porosidad abierta en titanio y osteosíntesis con placa aditiva
25 -Defecto fibular con carcinoma metastásico de mama e inestabilidad (fuerte limitación de la capacidad de deambulación y la capacidad de carga)
• Terapia practicada: Resección de metástasis y relleno del defecto con es
ponja metálica de porosidad abierta en titanio y osteosíntesis con placa 30 aditiva
-Defecto acetabular con endoprótesis de cadera cementada (incapacidad de deambulación)
• Terapia practicada: Cambio de endoprótesis. Relleno del defecto con esponja metálica de porosidad abierta en titanio y reconstrucción acetabular mediante acetábulo metálico
5 La aplicación del invento se detalla además a través de representaciones esquemáticas. A este efecto,
-la Fig. 1 muestra el principio de reparación de un defecto óseo 1 con un injerto 3 consistente únicamente en un sistema de módulos en la aleación de titanio 10 Ti6Al4V y una férula 4, que estabiliza la posición del hueso 2 y el injerto 3.
-la Fig. 2 muestra un ejemplo, en el que el hueso 2 está estabilizado por un clavo 5 y una parte del hueso está sustituido íntegramente por la estructura esponjosa
3.
15
-la Fig. 3 muestra un ejemplo, en el que el hueso 2 es rellenado con módulos de injerto 6, los cuales son fijados por su parte mediante tornillos 7 compuestos igualmente de esponja de titanio.
20 -la Fig. 4 muestra un injerto 8 en unión material consistente en la esponja de titanio 3 y la férula de titanio 4, fabricadas por medio del procedimiento de fundición descrito.
-la Fig. 5 muestra un acetábulo 9 para una articulación coxofemoral artificial 10 25 estabilizado por un injerto en esponja de titanio 3.
Lista de las marcas de referencia empleadas
1
Defecto óseo
2
Hueso
5
3 Injerto en estructura esponjosa de Ti6Al4V
4
Férula
5
Clavo
6
Módulos del injerto
7
Tornillo en esponja de titanio
10
8 Injerto en unión material esponja metálica/férula
9
Acetábulo
10
Articulación coxofemoral artificial
15

Claims (6)

  1. Reivindicaciones
    1. Injerto metálico-esponjoso (3, 6) como sustituto óseo aloplástico a base de una esponja metálica de porosidad abierta altamente resistente, por ejemplo en tita
    5 nio o una aleación de titanio, caracterizado porque la esponja presenta una porosidad del 75% al 94%, está graduada, aumentando continuamente el tamaño de los poros desde dentro hacia fuera, y la esponja está confeccionada de tal manera, que se compone de varios módulos conectados de un sistema modular o de un módulo conformado individualmente sobre la base de una tomografía computerizada.
    10
  2. 2. Injerto según la reivindicación 1 y una de las reivindicaciones precedentes, caracterizado porque los módulos y/o partes de los mismos pueden combinarse entre sí en unión positiva y/o unión no positiva.
    15 3. Injerto según la reivindicación 2, caracterizado porque los módulos están unidos por un cierre de enganche o un cierre adherente.
  3. 4. Injerto según la reivindicación 3, caracterizado porque los módulos están uni
    dos por tornillos de una estructura metálica de porosidad abierta y características 20 similares.
  4. 5. Injerto según la reivindicación 1 y una de las reivindicaciones precedentes, caracterizado porque los módulos del sistema modular estandarizado son de forma cuneiforme, cúbica, cilíndrica, anular, disciforme, esférica y/o rómbica y están res
    25 pectivamente disponibles en diferentes tamaños.
  5. 6. Injerto según las reivindicaciones 1 a 5, caracterizado porque la estructura de esponja metálica está recubierta con hidroxilapatita.
    30 7. Injerto según las reivindicaciones 1 a 5, caracterizado porque la estructura de esponja metálica está recubierta con tantalio.
  6. 8. Injerto según las reivindicaciones 1 a 5, caracterizado porque la estructura de esponja metálica está recubierta con fosfato de calcio.
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WO2007016902A3 (de) 2007-05-18
EP1917051A2 (de) 2008-05-07
ATE471728T1 (de) 2010-07-15
EP1917051B1 (de) 2010-06-23
DE102005037141A1 (de) 2007-02-08
WO2007016902A2 (de) 2007-02-15

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