ES2092267T3 - Dispositivo para la desalinizacion electroquimica continua de soluciones acuosas. - Google Patents
Dispositivo para la desalinizacion electroquimica continua de soluciones acuosas.Info
- Publication number
- ES2092267T3 ES2092267T3 ES93810340T ES93810340T ES2092267T3 ES 2092267 T3 ES2092267 T3 ES 2092267T3 ES 93810340 T ES93810340 T ES 93810340T ES 93810340 T ES93810340 T ES 93810340T ES 2092267 T3 ES2092267 T3 ES 2092267T3
- Authority
- ES
- Spain
- Prior art keywords
- aqueous solutions
- continuous electrochemical
- electrochemical desalination
- asi
- chamber
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 title abstract 2
- 238000010612 desalination reaction Methods 0.000 title abstract 2
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- NWUYHJFMYQTDRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-bis(ethenyl)benzene;1-ethenyl-2-ethylbenzene;styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1.CCC1=CC=CC=C1C=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C NWUYHJFMYQTDRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000004308 accommodation Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000003011 anion exchange membrane Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000003456 ion exchange resin Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 229920003303 ion-exchange polymer Polymers 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000088 plastic resin Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000057 synthetic resin Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 229920003002 synthetic resin Polymers 0.000 abstract 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/42—Electrodialysis; Electro-osmosis ; Electro-ultrafiltration; Membrane capacitive deionization
- B01D61/44—Ion-selective electrodialysis
- B01D61/46—Apparatus therefor
- B01D61/48—Apparatus therefor having one or more compartments filled with ion-exchange material, e.g. electrodeionisation
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/42—Electrodialysis; Electro-osmosis ; Electro-ultrafiltration; Membrane capacitive deionization
- B01D61/44—Ion-selective electrodialysis
- B01D61/46—Apparatus therefor
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/42—Electrodialysis; Electro-osmosis ; Electro-ultrafiltration; Membrane capacitive deionization
- B01D61/44—Ion-selective electrodialysis
- B01D61/46—Apparatus therefor
- B01D61/461—Apparatus therefor comprising only a single cell, only one anion or cation exchange membrane or one pair of anion and cation membranes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D63/00—Apparatus in general for separation processes using semi-permeable membranes
- B01D63/10—Spiral-wound membrane modules
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D63/00—Apparatus in general for separation processes using semi-permeable membranes
- B01D63/10—Spiral-wound membrane modules
- B01D63/101—Spiral winding
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2313/00—Details relating to membrane modules or apparatus
- B01D2313/04—Specific sealing means
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2313/00—Details relating to membrane modules or apparatus
- B01D2313/28—Specific concentration chambers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2313/00—Details relating to membrane modules or apparatus
- B01D2313/30—Specific dilution or de-ionizing chambers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
- C02F1/4604—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods for desalination of seawater or brackish water
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
- C02F1/469—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrochemical separation, e.g. by electro-osmosis, electrodialysis, electrophoresis
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
- C02F2201/46—Apparatus for electrochemical processes
- C02F2201/461—Electrolysis apparatus
- C02F2201/46105—Details relating to the electrolytic devices
- C02F2201/46115—Electrolytic cell with membranes or diaphragms
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
- Y02A20/124—Water desalination
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
- Y02A20/124—Water desalination
- Y02A20/131—Reverse-osmosis
Abstract
DISPOSITIVO PARA LA DESALINIZACION ELECTROQUIMICA CONTINUA DE SOLUCIONES ACUOSAS EN FORMA DE UN MODULO WIKKEL CON UN ELECTRODO CENTRAL 1, ALREDEDOR DEL CUAL ESTAN ENROLLADAS UNA MEMBRANA INTERCAMBIADORA DE ANIONES Y UNA MEMBRANA INTERCAMBIADORA DE CATIONES 6, ASI COMO UN ELECTRODO OPUESTO EXTERIOR 1. LAS MEMBRANAS 6 ESTAN CERRADAS EN SU BORDE INTERIOR Y EN SU BORDE EXTERIOR CON UN DISPOSITIVO DE APRIETE EN CADA BORDE DE TAL MODO, O ANCLADAS EN UN MOLDE RESINA DE PLASTICO 2 DE TAL MODO, QUE SE DEFINE UN CAMARA DE DILUCION 7 Y UNA CAMARA DE CONCENTRACION. LA CAMARA DE DILUCION Y/O LA CAMARA DE CONCENTRACION PUEDEN CONTENER EN CASO DE QUE SE DESEE UNA RESINA INTERCAMBIADORA DE IONES. EL ELECTRODO CENTRAL Y EL CONTRAELECTRODO EXTERIOR 1, PUEDEN PRESENTAR, ADEMAS, UN REBAJE PARA EL ALOJAMIENTO DEL DISPOSITIVO DE APRIETE INTERNO O DEL BLOQUE DE RESINA SINTETICA INTERNA 2, CON EL FIN DE ALCANZAR UN ENROLLADO DE SECCION A SER POSIBLE EN FORMA DE ESPIRAL.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CH156992 | 1992-05-15 | ||
CH362792 | 1992-11-26 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
ES2092267T3 true ES2092267T3 (es) | 1996-11-16 |
Family
ID=25688023
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
ES93810340T Expired - Lifetime ES2092267T3 (es) | 1992-05-15 | 1993-05-11 | Dispositivo para la desalinizacion electroquimica continua de soluciones acuosas. |
Country Status (9)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5376253A (es) |
EP (1) | EP0570341B1 (es) |
JP (1) | JP3323580B2 (es) |
AT (1) | ATE142900T1 (es) |
CA (1) | CA2095969C (es) |
DE (1) | DE59303817D1 (es) |
DK (1) | DK0570341T3 (es) |
ES (1) | ES2092267T3 (es) |
GR (1) | GR3021279T3 (es) |
Families Citing this family (65)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE4447249C2 (de) * | 1994-12-30 | 1997-02-20 | Fraunhofer Ges Forschung | Elektrodialysemodul in Wickelmodulform sowie Verfahren zum Dialysieren von Flüssigkeiten |
JP3532032B2 (ja) * | 1996-04-19 | 2004-05-31 | オルガノ株式会社 | 電気式脱イオン水製造装置 |
US5868915A (en) * | 1996-09-23 | 1999-02-09 | United States Filter Corporation | Electrodeionization apparatus and method |
US6190528B1 (en) * | 1998-03-19 | 2001-02-20 | Xiang Li | Helical electrodeionization apparatus |
EP1069079B1 (en) * | 1998-03-24 | 2008-11-05 | Ebara Corporation | Electric deionization apparatus |
US6284124B1 (en) | 1999-01-29 | 2001-09-04 | United States Filter Corporation | Electrodeionization apparatus and method |
US6068771A (en) * | 1999-02-11 | 2000-05-30 | Koch Membrane Systems, Inc. | Method for sealing spiral wound filtration modules |
US6187162B1 (en) | 1999-09-13 | 2001-02-13 | Leon Mir | Electrodeionization apparatus with scaling control |
US6241867B1 (en) | 1999-09-13 | 2001-06-05 | Leon Mir | Electrodeionization apparatus and packing therefor |
US6296751B1 (en) | 1999-09-13 | 2001-10-02 | Leon Mir | Electrodeionization apparatus with scaling control |
US6254753B1 (en) | 1999-09-13 | 2001-07-03 | Leon Mir | High purity electrodeionization |
US6241866B1 (en) | 1999-09-13 | 2001-06-05 | Leon Mir | Electrodeionization apparatus with fixed ion exchange materials |
KR100356235B1 (ko) * | 2000-03-27 | 2002-10-12 | 한국정수공업 주식회사 | 원통형 전기이온제거장치 모듈 |
JP4778664B2 (ja) * | 2000-08-11 | 2011-09-21 | ジーイー・アイオニクス・インコーポレイテッド | 電気透析用の装置および方法 |
US6607647B2 (en) | 2001-04-25 | 2003-08-19 | United States Filter Corporation | Electrodeionization apparatus with expanded conductive mesh electrode and method |
US6649037B2 (en) | 2001-05-29 | 2003-11-18 | United States Filter Corporation | Electrodeionization apparatus and method |
ITTO20010835A1 (it) * | 2001-08-28 | 2003-02-28 | Olpidurr Spa | Cella tubolare di elettrodeposizione ed elettrodialisi. |
US7572359B2 (en) | 2001-10-15 | 2009-08-11 | Siemens Water Technologies Holding Corp. | Apparatus for fluid purification and methods of manufacture and use thereof |
US7094325B2 (en) * | 2002-02-02 | 2006-08-22 | Ionics, Incorporated | EDI and related stacks and method and apparatus for preparing such |
US7029563B2 (en) * | 2002-07-30 | 2006-04-18 | Zhejiang Omex Environmental Engineering Ltd. | EDI device with composite electrode |
US7097753B2 (en) * | 2002-07-30 | 2006-08-29 | Zhejiang Omex Environmental Engineering Ltd. | Dilute support frame for an EDI device |
US7097752B2 (en) * | 2002-07-30 | 2006-08-29 | Zhejiang Omex Environmental Engineering, Ltd. | EDI device with resin seepage-proof inserts |
WO2004085042A1 (en) * | 2003-02-06 | 2004-10-07 | Zhejiang Omex Environmental Engineering Ltd. | Serviceable electrodeionization apparatus and method for resin refill |
JP2007533425A (ja) * | 2003-05-17 | 2007-11-22 | クリスト・アクチエンゲゼルシャフト | 希薄液が軸方向に流れる螺旋型モジュール |
EP1652200B1 (en) * | 2003-08-06 | 2013-03-06 | Biosource, Inc. | Power efficient flow through capacitor system |
EP1682699B1 (en) * | 2003-10-20 | 2013-04-03 | Ionics, Incorporated | Spiral electrodeionization device and components thereof |
US7083733B2 (en) | 2003-11-13 | 2006-08-01 | Usfilter Corporation | Water treatment system and method |
US7563351B2 (en) | 2003-11-13 | 2009-07-21 | Siemens Water Technologies Holding Corp. | Water treatment system and method |
US7862700B2 (en) | 2003-11-13 | 2011-01-04 | Siemens Water Technologies Holding Corp. | Water treatment system and method |
US20050103717A1 (en) | 2003-11-13 | 2005-05-19 | United States Filter Corporation | Water treatment system and method |
US7846340B2 (en) | 2003-11-13 | 2010-12-07 | Siemens Water Technologies Corp. | Water treatment system and method |
US8377279B2 (en) | 2003-11-13 | 2013-02-19 | Siemens Industry, Inc. | Water treatment system and method |
US7306709B2 (en) * | 2004-10-20 | 2007-12-11 | Ge Osmonics, Inc. | Spiral electrodeionization device with flow distribution profiling |
CN100518905C (zh) * | 2004-11-02 | 2009-07-29 | 浙江欧美环境工程有限公司 | 折返式电除盐器 |
WO2006089460A1 (fr) * | 2005-02-28 | 2006-08-31 | Zhejiang Omex Environmental Enginering Ltd. | Procede de desalinisation electrique et dispositif de desalinisation electrique a enroulement en spirale |
US7658828B2 (en) | 2005-04-13 | 2010-02-09 | Siemens Water Technologies Holding Corp. | Regeneration of adsorption media within electrical purification apparatuses |
EP1885655B1 (en) | 2005-06-01 | 2014-12-17 | Evoqua Water Technologies LLC | Water treatment process by intermittent sanitization |
WO2007025104A2 (en) * | 2005-08-24 | 2007-03-01 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Membranes for nanometer-scale mass fast transport |
NO20071748L (no) * | 2006-04-06 | 2007-10-08 | Christ Water Technology Ag | Anordning for kontinuerlig elektrokjemisk avsalting med integrert membranintervall. |
US8277627B2 (en) | 2006-06-13 | 2012-10-02 | Siemens Industry, Inc. | Method and system for irrigation |
US10252923B2 (en) | 2006-06-13 | 2019-04-09 | Evoqua Water Technologies Llc | Method and system for water treatment |
US10213744B2 (en) | 2006-06-13 | 2019-02-26 | Evoqua Water Technologies Llc | Method and system for water treatment |
US20080067069A1 (en) | 2006-06-22 | 2008-03-20 | Siemens Water Technologies Corp. | Low scale potential water treatment |
US7820024B2 (en) | 2006-06-23 | 2010-10-26 | Siemens Water Technologies Corp. | Electrically-driven separation apparatus |
US7744760B2 (en) | 2006-09-20 | 2010-06-29 | Siemens Water Technologies Corp. | Method and apparatus for desalination |
US8585882B2 (en) | 2007-11-30 | 2013-11-19 | Siemens Water Technologies Llc | Systems and methods for water treatment |
WO2009148959A2 (en) * | 2008-05-29 | 2009-12-10 | Lawrence Livermore National Security, Llc | Membranes with functionalized carbon nanotube pores for selective transport |
KR20110034006A (ko) * | 2008-06-24 | 2011-04-04 | 솔트워크스 테크놀로지스 인코포레이티드 | 농도차 에너지를 이용하여 염수를 탈염하는 방법, 장치 및 플랜트 |
CA2853027C (en) | 2010-10-22 | 2023-03-14 | Ionic Solutions Ltd. | Apparatus and process for separation and selective recomposition of ions |
EP2638188A1 (en) * | 2010-11-12 | 2013-09-18 | Siemens Pte Ltd. | Method of providing a source of potable water |
US8834663B2 (en) | 2011-06-10 | 2014-09-16 | Dow Global Technologies Llc | Electrodeionization device including ion exchange spacer and method of assembly |
US8882972B2 (en) * | 2011-07-19 | 2014-11-11 | Ecolab Usa Inc | Support of ion exchange membranes |
RU2603772C2 (ru) | 2012-06-12 | 2016-11-27 | Монаш Юниверсити | Воздухопроницаемый электрод и способ применения в расщеплении воды |
ES2769544T3 (es) * | 2012-11-19 | 2020-06-26 | Evoqua Water Tech Llc | Dispositivo de separación electroquímica |
WO2015013765A1 (en) | 2013-07-31 | 2015-02-05 | Aquahydrex Pty Ltd | Composite three-dimensional electrodes and methods of fabrication |
WO2015085364A1 (en) * | 2013-12-10 | 2015-06-18 | Aquahydrex Pty Ltd | Electrochemical cell for water treatment |
CN106030875A (zh) * | 2013-12-10 | 2016-10-12 | 奥克海德莱克斯控股有限公司 | 电化学电池及其组件 |
JP6455775B2 (ja) * | 2014-04-24 | 2019-01-23 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | イオン交換膜、前記イオン交換膜を備えるイオン交換膜積層体、前記イオン交換膜積層体を備える電気化学セル、及び前記電気化学セルを備える水処理装置 |
CN104192956B (zh) * | 2014-08-15 | 2015-10-28 | 浙江中凯瑞普环境工程股份有限公司 | 一种卷式电除盐器 |
US11439708B2 (en) | 2014-10-06 | 2022-09-13 | Lawrence Livermore National Security, Llc | Nanotube trans-membrane channels mimicking biological porins |
SG11201703920XA (en) * | 2014-11-26 | 2017-06-29 | Evoqua Water Tech Llc | Methods and systems for providing inlets and outlets to cell pairs in an electrochemical separation device |
US10513449B2 (en) | 2016-08-21 | 2019-12-24 | Prerna Kundalgurki | Water treatment system |
US20200070093A1 (en) * | 2017-03-01 | 2020-03-05 | General Electric Company | Spiral wound bipolar electrodialysis cell |
EP3672916A4 (en) | 2017-08-21 | 2021-05-19 | Evoqua Water Technologies LLC | SALT WATER TREATMENT FOR AGRICULTURAL AND DRINKING WATER USE |
EP3918112A4 (en) | 2019-02-01 | 2022-10-26 | Aquahydrex, Inc. | CONTAINED ELECTROLYTE ELECTROCHEMICAL SYSTEM |
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US2650709A (en) * | 1948-08-06 | 1953-09-01 | Stephan S Rosenak | Continuous extracorporeal dialyzer |
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GB1192531A (en) * | 1968-05-14 | 1970-05-20 | Carrier Engineering Co Ltd | Cathode Structure for Use when Coating Articles with Paint by an Electro-Deposition Process |
US3585131A (en) * | 1969-04-24 | 1971-06-15 | Becton Dickinson Co | Pleated memberane exchange device |
IT1009804B (it) * | 1974-04-10 | 1976-12-20 | Bellco Spa | Cartuccia dializzatrice a rotolo particolarmente per reni artificia li extracorporei |
US4227295A (en) * | 1978-07-27 | 1980-10-14 | Baxter Travenol Laboratories, Inc. | Method of potting the ends of a bundle of hollow fibers positioned in a casing |
US4225413A (en) * | 1979-05-24 | 1980-09-30 | Karn William S | Spiral wound electrodialysis cell |
WO1983003984A1 (en) * | 1982-05-13 | 1983-11-24 | Gerhard Kunz | Method for the treatment of a liquid phase, particularly method for desalting aqueous solutions, as well as device for its implementation |
US4931160A (en) * | 1987-05-11 | 1990-06-05 | Millipore Corporation | Electrodeionization method and apparatus |
US4956071A (en) * | 1984-07-09 | 1990-09-11 | Millipore Corporation | Electrodeionization apparatus and module |
US4964970A (en) * | 1988-10-05 | 1990-10-23 | Hoh Water Technology Corp. | Compact low volume water purification apparatus |
-
1993
- 1993-05-11 EP EP93810340A patent/EP0570341B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-05-11 DK DK93810340.5T patent/DK0570341T3/da active
- 1993-05-11 DE DE59303817T patent/DE59303817D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-05-11 CA CA002095969A patent/CA2095969C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-05-11 AT AT93810340T patent/ATE142900T1/de active
- 1993-05-11 ES ES93810340T patent/ES2092267T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-05-12 US US08/059,761 patent/US5376253A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-05-14 JP JP11279493A patent/JP3323580B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1996
- 1996-10-09 GR GR960402314T patent/GR3021279T3/el unknown
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
GR3021279T3 (en) | 1997-01-31 |
DK0570341T3 (da) | 1996-10-07 |
JP3323580B2 (ja) | 2002-09-09 |
CA2095969A1 (en) | 1993-11-16 |
EP0570341A1 (de) | 1993-11-18 |
ATE142900T1 (de) | 1996-10-15 |
DE59303817D1 (de) | 1996-10-24 |
CA2095969C (en) | 2002-03-12 |
EP0570341B1 (de) | 1996-09-18 |
US5376253A (en) | 1994-12-27 |
JPH067645A (ja) | 1994-01-18 |
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