ES1294926U - PREFABRICATED INTERIOR ENCLOSURE ELEMENTS AND BUILDING THAT INCLUDES THESE ELEMENTS (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding) - Google Patents

Abstract

Prefabricated interior enclosure element (1, E, TD), comprising a structural frame (11) and an insulation layer (12) provided with a first face (121) and a second face (122), the first comprising face (121) and/or the second face (122) some grooves and/or recesses (121S, 122S) for housing installations (IN), characterized in that the first face (121) and/or the second face (122) they comprise some grooves and/or recesses (121E) for housing the structural frame (11), and because the element (1) comprises a first closing layer (C1) attached to the first face (121) and a second closing layer (C2) attached to the second face (122). (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)

Description

DESCRIPTION

PREFABRICATED INTERIOR ENCLOSURE ELEMENTS AND BUILDING THAT INCLUDES THESE ELEMENTS

TECHNICAL SECTOR

The present invention relates to prefabricated interior cladding elements and to buildings that include these elements. In particular, it focuses on flexible manufacturing procedures that aim to build different construction elements, in the same manufacturing line, according to variable manufacturing orders, for the subsequent construction of custom-made buildings. These elements also have, as a differential fact, that they are subsequently movable, relocatable and displaceable, during the life cycle of the building.

BACKGROUND

Most of the construction of residential buildings continues to be carried out today in a very similar way to how it has been carried out throughout the last century, so that industrialization, which has reached other sectors, has not arrived in a usual way to the construction sector.

There are intrinsic factors that condition the sector, such as:

- Training deficit: the supply of skilled labor in construction is shrinking.

- Legislation and regulations: the laws and regulations that govern the sector are increasingly strict and require greater professionalization.

- Sustainable materials and processes: the need to search for more sustainable materials and processes, prioritizing full-cycle production chains to enhance the durability and recycling of the materials that make up the construction process.

- Construction costs: due to the above, among other conditions, the cost of construction is increasingly higher.

It is evident that some processes have improved, due to the greater demand for regulations of the sector and the optimization and improvement in the control of some of them.

But even today, most of the construction processes are expensive and deficient and it is customary to continue building by hand and with a high degree of improvisation. Current constructions are far from the behavior of everyday industrial products, such as cars, appliances, telephones, computers, etc.

To overcome these shortcomings, initiatives are already known to transfer many manufacturing stages to the factory, as described, for example, in the duplicate document WO2011003143A1, where a building erected with prefabricated panels is described, as well as the structure of these panels. The document also describes a procedure that goes from the introduction of data related to the details of the panels, to their installation on site for the construction of a building. The procedure is designed to transfer the maximum number of operations to the factory, where manufacturing is less expensive and panels can be built with higher quality and in better conditions. The data includes the dimensions of the panels, as well as the location of the openings that will serve as accommodation for the services, that is, cables. From the data, as described in this document, panels obtained by injection of expanded polystyrene are manufactured in a mold, the mold being partially formed by a structural frame that will be surrounding the polystyrene, which will form an insulation layer. To give stability to the polystyrene, a retaining layer made of a mesh, such as fiberglass, is attached, and then the mesh is covered with a cover layer. The panels obtained are destined to constitute by themselves the external enclosures of the building, as well as the internal partitions.

Although the procedure used and the panel obtained allow several stages of the manufacturing procedure to be carried out in the factory, they have drawbacks that do not make them optimal.

First of all, the manufacturing process involves wet steps, specifically foam injection, which means a lot of dirt, and additional cleaning needs. In addition, as the inventors of the present application have been able to verify in practice, the drying time increases the process times, and what is even more serious, the change of state from liquid to solid, until the final drying, causes changes of volumetry, which are difficult to control, and the final quality of the panel suffers.

These major drawbacks do not make the manufacturing process described in the document optimal, and even less so with the degree of regulatory requirement in Spain, or in Europe in general, at the level of tolerances, deviations and dimensions.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

To overcome the drawbacks of the state of the art, a first aspect of the present invention proposes a prefabricated interior enclosure element, comprising a structural frame and an insulation layer provided with a first face and a second face, comprising the first face and /or the second face has grooves for housing installations and/or the structural frame, and because the element comprises a first closing layer attached to the first face and a second closing layer attached to the second face.

The element of the invention makes it possible to solve the drawbacks mentioned in the background. In the element each component, including the layers, the slots, as well as the installations are perfectly dimensioned, and can be manufactured with the required tolerances. Nothing is left to chance in the operations to be carried out, and in particular any uncertainty due to manufacturing steps by molding is eliminated. All parts have the correct dimensions. Furthermore, as will be discussed below, it can be industrialized, and all of the manufacturing steps can be automated. In addition, quality control is also carried out more optimally.

In addition, the element of the invention is very versatile and can constitute both a lining and a partition, as will be seen later. These elements, when they constitute a partition, also have, as a differential fact, that they are subsequently movable, relocatable and displaceable, during the life cycle of the building. In some embodiments, the first cap layer is a finish coat, preferably plasterboard.

In some embodiments, in combination with the first closing layer, which is a finishing coating, the second closing layer is for the absorption of irregularities, intended to be attached to an external enclosure or to a dividing wall. So that the element constitutes a cladding, the second closing layer being preferably a polyurethane foam, or similar material that meets the requirements of its functionality.

In other embodiments, in combination with the first cap layer being a finish coat, the second cap layer is also a finish coat, preferably plasterboard. Therefore, in this variant the element constitutes a dividing wall.

In some embodiments, the edges of the insulation layer comprise fitting shapes intended to fit with another adjacent element, these fitting shapes being machined tongue-and-groove shapes, preferably in L and/or inverted L.

In some embodiments, the insulation layer is made up of two or more layer sections provided with complementary fitting shapes intended for mutual coupling. These socket shapes are machined tongue-and-groove shapes, preferably in L and/or inverted L.

In some embodiments, the insulation layer acts as a vapor barrier.

In some embodiments, the insulation layer is extruded polystyrene, rock wool, cork, chipboard, or a composite material.

In some embodiments, the insulation layer is a machinable material.

In some embodiments, the structural frame is metal, plastic, composite, wood, carbon fiber, or a combination of these.

In some embodiments, all the layers comprise coincident openings intended to constitute windows, doors, balconies or panes.

In some embodiments, the upper and lower edges of the structural frame comprise support plates, hooks or rings that protrude from the envelope of the element, so that they allow the element to be handled by cranes, the support plates, hooks or rings being preferably galvanized steel.

In some embodiments, the lower edges of the structural frame comprise at least two height-adjustable legs, the legs being preferably made of galvanized steel, preferably with a non-slip and pivoting base.

In some embodiments, the element has a maximum length of 12.5 m and a maximum height of 3.40 m.

In some embodiments, the element has a maximum length of 1.2m and a height of 3.40m.

In some embodiments, the edges of the joints of the first closure layer are arranged in different planes perpendicular to the general plane of the element. In this way, the transition between the joints of the layers is staggered, and thus by arranging the elements consecutively, the joints between joints are not arranged in the same plane. In this way, the closing layers act as aligners and transverse retentions between elements at the level of the joint, which prevents the appearance of cracks.

The invention also refers to a building consisting of a construction system provided with:

- Foundation profiles;

- Vertical support enclosures;

- Simple vertical enclosures;

- Hollow core slabs; and elements according to any of the variants set out above.

Preferably, the vertical support enclosures are made up of a rectangular reinforced concrete plate from which corbels integral with the plate, continuous or discontinuous, protrude, parallel to a smaller side of the plate. For this enclosure, the number of brackets is not restrictive, and it may contain one or several brackets both on one face and on the other of the panel.

A method for manufacturing the element according to any of the variants set out above is also described herein, comprising the steps of:

a. Join the bars that will constitute the structural frame;

b. Machine the insulation layer to obtain the grooves and/or recesses for the accommodation of the structural frame and the slots for the accommodation of facilities; c. Assemble the structural frame to the slots and/or recesses for the accommodation of the structural frame;

d. Introduce the pipes and wiring in the slots for housing installations.

and. Join the first closing layer, preferably by applying an adhesive f. Flip the set obtained in step e)

g. Adhere the second closure layer to the insulation layer and to the element assembly.

The different aspects and embodiments of the invention defined above may be combined with each other, as long as they are mutually compatible.

Additional features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description and will be pointed out with particularity in the appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

To complement the description and in order to help a better understanding of the characteristics of the invention, according to some examples of practical embodiment of the invention, a set of figures is attached as an integral part of the description, in which, with illustrative and non-limiting character, the following has been represented:

Figure 1 shows an element according to the invention, in the variant corresponding to a lining intended to be attached to a structural enclosure.

Figure 2 shows an element according to the invention, in the variant corresponding to a partition, ie provided with finishing coatings on both sides.

Figure 3 schematically shows a section in elevation of a building according to the invention, and erected with elements according to the invention.

Figure 3bis is an enlargement of figure 3 in the area of the foundation.

Figure 4 shows a perspective view of a building according to the invention.

Figure 5 shows a perspective view of a manufacturing line, highlighting the successive stations that make it up.

Figure 5bis shows a plan view of the manufacturing line of figure 5.

Figure 6 is a photograph of the insulation layer corresponding to an element, in which the slots that will be machined for housing the installations and structural frame have been marked.

Figure 7 is a perspective drawing of a section of insulation layer intended to constitute the insulation layer of an element, already machined to receive installations and a structural frame.

Figure 8 shows an element according to the invention in the variant corresponding to a lining.

Figure 9 shows elements according to the invention, in a variant corresponding to a partition.

Figure 10 shows a manufacturing stage of the element according to the invention, where the metal frame has already been fitted and part of the installations have been arranged.

Figure 11 shows a detail of the arrangement of installations, in this case pipes, in the insulation layer.

Figure 12 shows the manufacturing stage corresponding to fitting the installations.

Figures 13 and 14 show the placement stage of the first closing layer, which is adhered by means of an adhesive.

Figure 15 shows a lining element ready for transfer to the work.

Figure 16 shows, in a pilot installation, the placement of a cladding element attached to a structural enclosure.

DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION

In the description of the possible preferred embodiments of the invention, it is necessary to give numerous details to promote a better understanding of the invention. Even so, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the invention can be implemented without these specific details. On the other hand, well-known features have not been described in detail to avoid unnecessarily complicating the description.

As can be seen in figures 1 and 2, the invention relates to a prefabricated interior enclosure element 1, E, TD, comprising a structural frame 11 and an insulation layer 12, provided with a first face 121 and a second face 122. The first face 121 and/or the second face 122 comprising some grooves and/or recesses 121S, 122S for housing IN installations.

According to the invention, the first face 121 and/or the second face 122, comprises grooves and/or recesses 121E for housing the structural frame 11, and because the element 1 comprises a first closing layer C1 attached to the first face 121 and a second closing layer C2 attached to the second face 122.

The insulation layer therefore has the functions of thermal insulation, acoustic insulation, vapor barrier, location of the installation ducts IN and accommodation of the structural frame 11. It is the structural frame itself, which will be joined to the enclosure, preferably fixed, as will be seen later, and also supported on the floor by means of legs 11P that will be described later. In other words, the structure will be in charge of transmitting all the weight to the floors and enclosures, and the insulation 12 will only support its own weight and that of all the elements it houses.

As can be seen in figures 1 or 2, the first closing layer C1 is a finishing coating, preferably plasterboard.

As shown in figure 1, the second closing layer C2 is for the absorption of irregularities, intended to be attached to an external enclosure or to a dividing wall. So element 1, TD constitutes a lining, the closing layer C2 being preferably a polyurethane foam, or similar material that meets the requirements of its functionality.

As shown in Figure 2, the second closing layer C2 is also a finishing coating, preferably plasterboard. Therefore, the elements will be able to perform the function of distribution panels, forming the separations and distributions of the different spaces that make up the buildings according to their use. Thanks to the invention, these are pieces that are adaptable to different uses and can be removed or replaced by others during the life cycle of the building, in order to modify its uses.

As can be seen, for example, in Figure 8, the edges 123 of the insulation layer 12 comprise latching shapes 124 intended for latching an element 1 with another adjacent element 1, these latching shapes being machined tongue-and-groove shapes, preferably in L and/or inverted L.

It is also envisaged, as can be seen in Figure 8, that the insulation layer 12 is made up of two or more sections of layer provided with complementary latching shapes 125 intended for mutual coupling, these latching shapes being machined tongue-and-groove shapes, preferably in L and/or inverted L.

As can be seen in figure 8, all the layers of some elements according to the invention can include coincident openings A intended to form windows, doors, balconies or glass panes.

As shown in Figure 15, the upper and lower edges of the structural frame 11 comprise U support plates, hooks or rings that protrude from the envelope of the element 1, so that they allow the element to be handled by cranes, the plates, hooks or support rings preferably made of galvanized steel.

In the same figure 15, or also in figures 14 or 10, it can be seen that the lower edges of the structural frame 11 can comprise at least two legs 11P for height adjustment, the legs 11P preferably being made of galvanized steel, and preferably with a base. non-slip and pivoting.

It is preferred that the maximum length of the element, when it is intended to constitute a lining, is 12.5 m and a maximum height of 3.40 m.

In the case of an element intended to constitute a partition, a maximum length of 1.2 m and a height of 3.40 m is foreseen.

As shown in figures 3 and 4, the invention also refers to a building B consisting of a construction system provided with:

- CIM foundation profiles;

- PE support vertical enclosures;

- PC simple vertical enclosures;

- PA hollow core slabs; and elements according to any of the embodiments set forth above.

It should be noted that both the PE and PC elements are configured to be stackable and for this purpose they are provided with joining means on their upper and lower edges, and also on the sides, intended to guarantee stacking stability.

In Figure 4 it can be seen that the PE support vertical enclosures are made up of a rectangular reinforced concrete plate. Continuous or discontinuous brackets PE1, PE2 integral with the PE plate protrude from this plate, parallel to a smaller side of the plate, one of the brackets PE1 being arranged close to a smaller side, and the other PE2 arranged in a central portion of the PE plate.

As can be seen in figure 4, for this enclosure the number of brackets is not restrictive, and it may contain one or more brackets on both sides of the panel.

Detailed description of PE support vertical enclosures

These PE enclosures have structural and enclosure functions. They can be used as part of the building envelope or skin, as structural elements in dividing walls, or forming the rigid cores in higher structures. They are the ones that support the hollow core slabs PA and are linked to the simple vertical enclosure elements, which will be described later.

They are conceived and designed to receive the TD pieces, with whom they form a single enclosure element, which meets the acoustic, thermal, comfort, sustainability and efficiency requirements, to guarantee the highest qualities of structural behavior, use, functionality, and energy savings.

Preferably, its measurements are limited to a maximum of 12.50 meters in length by 3.40 meters in width, the maximum thickness according to a preferred embodiment being about 0.16 meters, without these 0.16 meters being restrictive to an increase in thickness derived from different structural needs.

The PE support vertical enclosures can be stacked and assembled, during assembly, one on top of the other, thus generating tall buildings. Whether for single-family homes, multi-family homes or another type that is considered a high-rise building.

The first PEs that are assembled on site have the necessary roughness to guarantee the bond between the PE and the CIM foundation piece, which is described later.

In these PE the necessary openings of windows, balcony doors and doors can be made, as well as other holes necessary for ventilation or the passage of installations.

As can be seen in Figures 3 or 4, the brackets PE1, PE2, PE3 are located in the PEs, which will serve as support for the pieces of alveolar plates PA, which are described later.

Depending on their function, PE support vertical enclosures are made up of:

- metal reinforcement, concrete, metal pre-frames, neoprene, aluminum profiles. - glass (air conditioning and/or security) in windows, balcony doors and doors; aluminum shutters, shutter motors, installation wiring; asphalt sheets, folded sheets, ventilation grilles, and all the accessory and auxiliary elements that have been defined for the PE itself

Likewise, the (PE) can have different finishes: stone, ceramic, wood, laminate, textured concrete or paint.

Detailed description of PC simple vertical enclosures

These PC enclosures have enclosure and bracing functions for the PE elements, so that they confer the necessary degree of monolithism to the building, and make up an indivisible structural whole. One cannot function without the other.

These pieces are usually the ones used to form large windows and their arrangement is always usually on facades.

Like the PE pieces, these are preferably accompanied by the TD elements and together they make up a single enclosure element that meets the acoustic, thermal, comfort, sustainability and efficiency requirements, to guarantee the highest qualities of structural behaviour, of use, functionality, and energy saving.

The materials, the dimensions, the way of stacking and assembling, the roughness, the incorporated enclosure elements, the incorporated construction elements, and the finishes of the PC enclosures are the same and/or similar to the PE, being the difference with the PE that, the PCs do not have support brackets.

PA hollow core slabs

These are intended to be supported and/or fixed on the brackets of the vertical enclosures to form the different horizontal levels (inhabitable, walkable, non-walkable or roof and zenith closure) of the building. They are made up of metallic armor (preferably using prestressed cable) and concrete.

In a preferred embodiment of the building, its measurements are limited to a maximum of 12.50 meters in length, by 1.20 meters in width, and a maximum thickness of 0.40 meters.

CIM foundation profiles

These are continuous capitals that serve to support and hold the PE panels and the PC panels. They have the function of foundations, and are complemented on site according to loads and geotechnical report. They are preferably made of metal reinforcement and concrete. Its inner surface has the necessary roughness to guarantee its bond with PE and PC.

Detailed description of the method of manufacturing elements according to the invention and installation to carry it out

The invention also relates to a method for manufacturing the element according to any of the variants set out above, and which can be carried out in the installation shown in figures 5 or 5bis. The stages have been referenced indicating the stations of the installation where they are carried out.

Specifically, the procedure comprises the steps of:

a. Join I1 the bars that will constitute the structural frame 11;

b. Machining I2 the insulation layer 12 to obtain the grooves and/or recesses 121E for the accommodation of the structural frame 11, the grooves 121S and 122S for the accommodation of installations and the recesses 124 and 125;

c. Assemble I2bis the structural frame 11 to the slots and/or recesses 121E for housing the structural frame 11;

d. Insert I7 the ducts and wiring IN in the slots 121S, 122S for the accommodation of installations;

and. Apply I8, preferably by means of an AD adhesive to the first closing layer C1. F. Flip I6 the set obtained in step e);

g. Adhere the second closing layer I3 to the insulation layer 12 and to the element as a whole, this second layer C2 being able to absorb irregularities, or a finishing coating.

Next, the manufacturing procedures of elements 1 in its variants such as partition E and cladding TD will be described in detail:

Element 1 according to the invention E: interior partition or wall

All the operations described below are carried out in the installation, which according to a preferred embodiment is illustrated in figures 5 and 5bis, and following the plans previously made by an engineering department.

I1. Firstly, next to the line, the bars that will make up the structural frame 11, previously cut according to exploded view, are received and stored;

11. The bars are joined (and optionally the metal accessories such as the fixings of the legs 11P or the upper and inner handling hooks U);

12. Next to the line, the insulation plates 12 are received and stacked according to thickness. The insulation 12 is machined, by means of an automated robot, according to the specific orders for the element in question, that is to say the cuts, slots, perforations, etc. made on the two faces 121 and 122 of the insulation panel 12; This step is carried out to be able to incorporate the insulation 12 into the structural frame 11 and also to later be able to house the installations 11 that are going to go into element E.

I2bis. It is assembled, each piece of insulation 12 in its position, with the structural frame 11.

Note: At this time and for element E, the process continues, without stopping at the adhesion station of the closing layer of the second face, stage I3, which will be applicable in the case of cladding elements.

14. On the line, the adhesive AD is applied, which is going to join the assembly of the structural frame 11 and insulation 12 to the subsequent plate of the closing layer, preferably of laminated plaster C1.

15. The plates of the closing layer are received and stored, preferably of laminated plaster (preferably 15 mm thick, anti-humidity and fire-resistant types)

I5bis. Next to the line, the plates of the closing layer, preferably of laminated plaster, are machined by means of an automated robot, and according to the previously programmed cutting. That is, the cuts, perforations, etc. are made. With this step it is possible to carry out the connection tasks of the installations inserted in the element, to their final mechanisms.

I4bis. On the line, preferably by means of an automated robot, each of the plates of the closing layer, preferably of laminated plaster C1, is placed in its position, on top of the applied adhesive AD.

I4pr. On the line, by means of rollers or the like, the closing layer plates are pressed, preferably of laminated plaster C1 on the AD adhesive to guarantee its correct adherence.

16. It is a turning station that receives the entire structural frame assembly 11, the insulation 12, the AD adhesive, the closing layer plates, preferably of laminated plaster C1, and turns it. In this way, the face 121 is oriented upwards, seen, and therefore the insulation layer 12 with the channels to locate the installations are seen and accessible.

17. All the elements (ducts, tubes, cables, accessories, etc.) that make up the facilities are received and stored here, according to the manufacturing orders. Next to the line, the hot and cold water, electricity, data, sanitation, air conditioning, etc. installations are pre-assembled. On the line, all the IN installations that go in the element are inserted into the channels made in insulation 12. Then the installations are fixed to ensure that they do not come out of the channel made in insulation 12.

18. In this station, the adhesive AD is applied, which is going to join the structural frame 11 and the insulation 12 to the subsequent closing layer, preferably of laminated plaster C2.

19. Next to the line, the plates of the closing layer, preferably of laminated plaster, are received and stored. These plates are preferably 15 mm thick, have anti-humidity characteristics and/or are fire resistant.

I9bis. Next to the line, the plates of the closing layer, preferably of laminated plaster, are machined, by means of an automated robot, according to the manufacturing orders, that is, the cuts, the perforations, etc. With this step it is possible to carry out the connection tasks of the installations inserted in the element, to their final mechanisms.

I8bis. On the line, an automated robot places each of the capping layer plates, preferably plasterboard, into position on top of the applied adhesive.

I8pr. On the line, by means of rollers or similar, the plates of the closing layer, preferably of laminated plaster C2, are pressed on the Ad adhesive to guarantee their correct adherence.

110. Next to the line, all the elements (built-in mechanisms, accessories, etc.) that make up the surface finish of the installations are received and stored. In the line, the mechanisms and final accessories are inserted and connected between the perforations made in the closing layer plates, preferably of laminated plaster, and the installations inserted in the insulation 12.

111. Next to the line, all the films are received and stored. On the line, the first packaging is carried out with film that will serve as protection for the finished "elements 1".

112. Next to the line, all the plastic bags or other protective materials are received and stored, which will serve as protection for the finished "elements 1". The final packing, packaging and labeling of each "item 1" finished, preferably by automated robot. Finally, the finished packaged, protected and labeled "elements 1" are received and stored.

Once palletized, the package of elements 1 is transported to the location of the final stock in the factory, and ready to be transported to the construction site to proceed to the next process.

Element 1 according to the invention TD: lining

The manufacturing procedure for type TD elements 1 (with internal cladding like those in figure 1) includes the same stages as for type E elements, only varying in the following stages:

I3. Next to the line, the material that will form the absorption of irregularities is received, preferably in the form of panels or coils of polyurethane foam. On the line, the polyurethane foam panel is placed on the structural frame assembly 11 and insulation layer 12.

That is, unlike element E, for element TD there is no stop at the Adhesive stations and the closing layer plates, preferably plasterboard, that is, at stations I4, I4bis, I4PR, I5, I5bis.

In view of this description and figures, the person skilled in the art will be able to understand that the invention has been described according to some preferred embodiments thereof, but that multiple variations can be introduced in said preferred embodiments, without departing from the object of the invention as such. and how it has been claimed.

In this text, the term "comprise" and its derivations (such as "comprising", etc.) should not be understood in an exclusive sense. That is, these terms should not be interpreted as excluding the possibility that what is described and defined may include more elements, stages, etc.

Claims (18)

1. - Prefabricated interior enclosure element (1, E, TD), comprising a structural frame (11) and an insulation layer (12) provided with a first face (121) and a second face (122), comprising the first face (121) and/or the second face (122) have grooves and/or recesses (121S, 122S) for housing installations (IN), characterized in that the first face (121) and/or the second face (122 ) comprise grooves and/or recesses (121E) for housing the structural frame (11), and because the element (1) comprises a first closure layer (C1) attached to the first face (121) and a second layer of closure (C2) attached to the second face (122). 2. - Element (1, E) according to claim 1, are elements that, a posteriori, are movable, relocatable and movable, during the life cycle of the building. 3. - Element (1) according to claim 1, wherein the first closing layer (C1) is a finishing coating, preferably plasterboard. 4. - Element (1, TD) according to claim 1, in which the second closing layer (C2) is for the absorption of irregularities, and is intended to be attached to an external enclosure or a party wall, so that the element (1, TD) constitutes a lining, the closing layer (C2) being preferably a polyurethane foam, or similar material that meets the requirements of its functionality. 5. - Element (1, E) according to claim 1, wherein the second closing layer (C2) is a finishing coating, preferably plasterboard. 6. - Element (1, TD) according to claim 1, in which the edges (123) of the insulation layer (12) comprise lace forms (124) intended to fit an element (1) with another element ( 1) adjacent, these forms of engagement being mechanized tongue-and-groove forms, preferably in L and/or inverted L. 7. - Element (1, TD) according to claim 1, wherein the insulation layer (12) is made up of two or more sections of layer provided with complementary lace forms (125) intended for mutual coupling, these forms being lace mechanized tongue-and-groove shapes, preferably in L and/or inverted L. 8. - Element (1) according to any of the preceding claims in which the insulation layer (12) is extruded polystyrene, rock wool, cork, chipboard or a composite material. 9. - Element (1) according to any of the preceding claims, in which the insulation layer (12) is a machinable material. 10. - Element (1) according to any of the preceding claims, in which the structural frame (11) is metallic, plastic, composite material, wood, carbon fiber or a combination of these. 11. - Element (1) according to any of the preceding claims, in which all the layers comprise coincident openings (A) intended to constitute windows, doors, balconies or glass windows. 12. - Element (1) according to any of the preceding claims, in which the upper and lower edges of the structural frame (11) comprise plates, hooks or support rings (U) that protrude from the envelope of the element (1) , so that they allow the element to be handled by cranes, the support plates, hooks or rings being preferably made of galvanized steel. 13. - Element (1, TD) according to any of the preceding claims, in which the lower edges of the structural frame (11) comprise at least two legs (11P) for height adjustment, the legs (11P) preferably being made of steel galvanized, preferably with a non-slip and pivoting base. 14. - Element (1, TD) according to claim 4, whose maximum length is 12.5 m and whose maximum height is 3.40 m. 15. - Element (1, E) according to claim 5, whose maximum length is 1.20 m and whose height is 3.40 m. 16. - Element (1) according to any of the preceding claims, in which the edges of the joints of the plates of the first closing layer (C1) are arranged in different planes perpendicular to the general plane of the element. In this way the transition between the joints of these plates that can form the first closing layer (C1), is staggered, and thus by arranging the elements consecutively, the joints between joints are not arranged in the same plane 17.- Building (B) consisting of a construction system provided with: - Foundation profiles (CIM); - Vertical support enclosures (PE); - Simple vertical enclosures (PC); - Hollow core slabs (PA); and elements according to any of claims 1 to 16. 18. Building (B) according to claim 17, in which the vertical support enclosures (PE) are made up of a rectangular reinforced concrete plate. From this plate protrude, parallel to a smaller side of the plate, brackets (PE1, PE2) integral with the plate (PE), continuous or discontinuous, one of the brackets (PE1) being arranged near a smaller side, and the another (PE2) arranged in a central portion of the plate (PE). For this enclosure (PE) the number of brackets (PE1, PE2) is not restrictive. In the same way, it is not restrictive either that the brackets (PE1, PE2) be on a single face of the enclosure (PE), the brackets (PE1, PE2) being able to be arranged on both sides of the enclosure (PE).