Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
  • C21C5/00—Manufacture of carbon-steel, e.g. plain mild steel, medium carbon steel or cast steel or stainless steel
  • C21C5/52—Manufacture of steel in electric furnaces
  • C21C5/5252—Manufacture of steel in electric furnaces in an electrically heated multi-chamber furnace, a combination of electric furnaces or an electric furnace arranged for associated working with a non electric furnace
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21B—MANUFACTURE OF IRON OR STEEL
  • C21B11/00—Making pig-iron other than in blast furnaces
  • C21B11/10—Making pig-iron other than in blast furnaces in electric furnaces
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21B—MANUFACTURE OF IRON OR STEEL
  • C21B13/00—Making spongy iron or liquid steel, by direct processes
  • C21B13/0006—Making spongy iron or liquid steel, by direct processes obtaining iron or steel in a molten state
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21B—MANUFACTURE OF IRON OR STEEL
  • C21B13/00—Making spongy iron or liquid steel, by direct processes
  • C21B13/12—Making spongy iron or liquid steel, by direct processes in electric furnaces
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21B—MANUFACTURE OF IRON OR STEEL
  • C21B13/00—Making spongy iron or liquid steel, by direct processes
  • C21B13/14—Multi-stage processes processes carried out in different vessels or furnaces
  • C21B13/143—Injection of partially reduced ore into a molten bath
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
  • C21C5/00—Manufacture of carbon-steel, e.g. plain mild steel, medium carbon steel or cast steel or stainless steel
  • C21C5/52—Manufacture of steel in electric furnaces
  • C21C5/5211—Manufacture of steel in electric furnaces in an alternating current [AC] electric arc furnace
  • C21C5/5217—Manufacture of steel in electric furnaces in an alternating current [AC] electric arc furnace equipped with burners or devices for injecting gas, i.e. oxygen, or pulverulent materials into the furnace
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
  • C21C5/00—Manufacture of carbon-steel, e.g. plain mild steel, medium carbon steel or cast steel or stainless steel
  • C21C5/52—Manufacture of steel in electric furnaces
  • C21C5/527—Charging of the electric furnace
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
  • C21C5/00—Manufacture of carbon-steel, e.g. plain mild steel, medium carbon steel or cast steel or stainless steel
  • C21C5/56—Manufacture of steel by other methods
  • C21C5/562—Manufacture of steel by other methods starting from scrap
  • C21C5/565—Preheating of scrap
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
  • C21C2100/00—Exhaust gas
  • C21C2100/04—Recirculation of the exhaust gas
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
  • C21C2100/00—Exhaust gas
  • C21C2100/06—Energy from waste gas used in other processes

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a method for melting a cold iron source with high productivity and with reduced electric power unit consumption.
• molten pig iron is produced by reducing iron ore with carbon.
• a carbon source is required per ton of molten pig iron for processes including iron ore reduction.
• producing molten steel using a cold iron source such as iron scrap or solid reduced iron as the main raw material does not require a carbon source used for iron ore reduction, but only a sufficient amount of heat energy to melt the cold iron source. This can significantly reduce CO2 emissions.
• An operation using a high content of a cold iron source is often carried out using an electric furnace, such as an arc furnace or an induction melting furnace.
• an electric furnace such as an arc furnace or an induction melting furnace.
• most of the heat for melting the cold iron source is provided by electric power.
• An auxiliary burner is arranged on a furnace wall or in a slag removal port to promote the melting of a cold iron source at a cold spot, for example.
• a so-called oxygen-enriched operation for providing oxidization heat for iron is performed by supplying oxygen through an oxygen-gas supply lance.
• the oxygen-enriched operation has a problem of causing reduced yield due to the oxidation loss of iron.
• a burner flame is formed in the upper portion of the furnace body above the surface of molten iron. This results in low heat imparting efficiency to the molten iron in the furnace, with most of the heat supplied being discharged as sensible heat in an exhaust gas. Therefore, even if the electric power unit consumption can be reduced, the effect of reducing the total amount of energy input, including fuel, is small.
• a heat supply means that can impart heat to molten iron and a cold iron source in a furnace with high efficiency.
• Patent Literatures 1 and 2 respectively disclose a method of installing a lance for supplying powdery particulate ore, other than a top-blowing lance used for supplying an oxidizing gas, in an iron-bath-type smelting reduction furnace. This method involves equipping the distal end of the lance with a circulation hole for ore and also providing a burner that features an injection hole for introducing fuel and oxygen, allowing ore to be supplied in such a way that it can pass through the flame produced by the burner.
• Patent Literature 2 specifies that the powder-fuel ratio S/Q should be 0.3 or more during a smelting reduction process, provided that S (kg/min) represents a supply rate of a powdery material, and Q (MJ/min) represents a heat quantity from a burner fuel per unit time. That is, Patent Literature 2 specifies that it is necessary to supply powdery particulate material in a sufficient amount relative to burner combustion heat.
• the amounts of heat generated by the burner and heat that can be imparted to the molten iron in the furnace are limited by the amount of the powdery particulate material that can be supplied during the refining process.
• additional sensible heat is required to heat the excess powdery particulate material to the temperature of molten iron. This results in a heat loss that is greater than the amount of heat supplied by the burner.
• the present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and it is an object of the present invention to provide an electric furnace with a high-efficiency heat supply means, and a method for melting a cold iron source with high productivity and reduced electric power unit consumption.
• a method for producing molten iron according to the present invention that advantageously solves the above problems involves melting a cold iron source with electric energy using an electric furnace provided with a melting chamber and a preheating chamber, the method being characterized by
• the method for producing molten iron according to the present invention may include the following features, for example, which are considered to be more preferable solution means.
• a powdery particulate material is supplied via a burner flame, and the powdery particulate material is heated in the flame and converted into a heat transfer medium.
• This process enables the efficient utilization of burner combustion heat to heat a cold iron source and molten iron within a melting chamber of an electric furnace, thereby reducing the amount of electric power used.
• a high-temperature exhaust gas generated by burner combustion is introduced into a preheating chamber located at a different position from the melting chamber where the burner is arranged, and is used to heat a cold iron source filling the preheating chamber. Accordingly, the sensible heat of the exhaust gas can also be effectively used.
• the cold iron source preheated with the sensible heat of the exhaust gas By charging the cold iron source preheated with the sensible heat of the exhaust gas into the melting chamber, it is possible to melt a predetermined amount of a cold iron source with a lower unit consumption of electric power compared to when a non-preheated cold iron source is added. This can also reduce the tapping interval of the electric furnace, thus increasing productivity. As the sensible heat of the exhaust gas generated from the burner combustion heat can be utilized to preheat the cold iron source, the amount of heat released to the outside of the system can be reduced, which can increase the thermal efficiency.
• the supply rate of the fuel used for the burner or the auxiliary raw material is adjusted to preheat the cold iron source in the preheating chamber at a predetermined temperature. This prevents excessive use of the auxiliary raw material and can ensure proper allocation of the burner combustion heat for both imparting heat to the molten metal in the melting chamber and preheating the cold iron source in the preheating chamber. As a result, the burner combustion heat can be efficiently utilized to melt the cold iron source.
• Fig. 1 is a schematic longitudinal sectional view illustrating an overview of an AC arc furnace 101 as an electric furnace according to an embodiment of the present invention, and illustrates a configuration pattern of the operation of the AC electric arc furnace.
• the electric furnace 101 includes a melting chamber 1 for melting iron scrap, which is a cold iron source x, through arc heating, and a preheating chamber 2 for preheating the iron scrap x to be supplied to the melting chamber 1.
• the upper portion of the melting chamber 1 is covered with an openable/closable furnace lid 4 with a water-cooled structure.
• a plurality of electrodes 5 are inserted into substantially the central portion of the melting chamber 1 from above through the furnace lid 4. Iron scrap is melted by striking arcs between the electrodes 5 in an arc heating portion A.
• the electrodes 5 are typically made of graphite, for example, and are configured to be movable up and down. Agitation may be performed by blowing gas from the bottom of the furnace.
• the shaft-type (vertical) preheating chamber 2 is provided on and connected to the melting chamber 1 at a position distant from the arc heating portion A.
• the preheating chamber 2 is in vertical communication with the melting chamber 1.
• the upper portion of the preheating chamber 2 is provided with an openable/closable scrap charging port 20.
• the upper side portion of the preheating chamber 2 is provided with an exhaust port 21, and an exhaust duct 6 is connected to the exhaust port 2.
• the exhaust duct 6 is connected to a suction blower (not shown). Through suction by the suction blower, a high-temperature exhaust gas generated in the melting chamber 1 flows into the preheating chamber 2, passes through the preheating chamber 2, and is then discharged through the exhaust duct 6.
• a dust collector (not shown) is installed at the position of the exhaust duct 6.
• a bottom-opening type supply bucket 13 suspended from a traveling carriage 16 is provided to be movable above the preheating chamber 2, and the iron scrap x is charged into the preheating chamber 2 from the supply bucket 13 via the scrap charging port 20.
• a gate 22 is installed at the lower portion of the preheating chamber and separates the melting chamber 1 and the preheating chamber 2.
• the gate 22 is provided with a through-hole to allow a high-temperature exhaust gas in the melting chamber 1 to be introduced into the preheating chamber.
• the gate is opened as necessary to charge the iron scrap x in the preheating chamber 2 into the melting chamber.
• the iron scrap x within a space portion 1a is spontaneously pushed toward the arc heating portion A under the weight of the iron scrap x filling the preheating chamber 2 and the space portion 1a.
• An extruder (pusher) that pushes the iron scrap x filling the space portion 1a toward the arc heating portion A of the electrodes 5 may be installed in the melting chamber 1 so as to face the space portion 1a below the preheating chamber 2.
• the extruder 3 is provided so as to be movable back and forth in the direction of the arc heating portion A (the direction of the furnace center in the present embodiment) through a sidewall of the melting chamber 1, and is driven by a driving device (not shown) to push, with its a distal end, the iron scrap x in the space portion 1a toward the arc heating portion A.
• a burner lance 9 is ascendably and descendably inserted into the melting chamber 1 through a burner lance insertion hole provided in the furnace lid 4.
• Fig. 1 illustrates an example in which the burner lance 9 is ascendably and descendably inserted perpendicularly through the furnace lid, the present invention is not limited thereto.
• the burner lance 9 may be inserted obliquely into the furnace from above a furnace wall.
• the form of the burner is not limited to the ascendable and descendable lance, and the burner may be configured such that its nozzle portion is fixed to the furnace lid or the furnace wall.
• the burner may be provided with an oxygen blowing function for blowing oxygen from the burner.
• the burner lance 9 emits a burner flame 9a toward the surface of the furnace content, such as the cold iron source x and molten iron m, contained in the melting chamber 1.
• an oxygen blowing lance and a carbonaceous material blowing lance may be inserted into the melting chamber 1 from above through the furnace lid 4.
• a carbonaceous material containing, for example, one or more of coke, char, coal, charcoal, and graphite may be blown into molten slag s through the carbonaceous material blowing lance, using air, nitrogen, or the like as a carrier gas.
• oxygen may be supplied (injected) through the oxygen blowing lance so that the oxygen can be blown into the molten iron m by pushing aside the molten slag.
• an oxygen-containing gas e.g., a mixed gas of pure oxygen and air
• a mixed gas of pure oxygen and air may be blown in through the oxygen blowing lance.
• the melting chamber 1 has a taphole 11 at the furnace bottom on the side opposite to the side where the preheating chamber 2 is provided.
• a slag outlet 12 is provided in a sidewall above the taphole 11.
• the taphole 11 and the slag outlet 12 are closed by a taphole door 14 and a slag outlet door 15, respectively, to prevent the plugging sand or a mud agent filled therein from leaking out.
• Fig. 1 illustrates a state in which iron scrap is charged as the cold iron source x, and the supply of electric current is started to melt the cold iron source x.
• a powdery auxiliary raw material 9b is blown from the burner lance 9 through the burner flame 9a to promote the melting of the cold iron source x.
• This operation is preferably performed with fuel composed mainly of a hydrogen gas produced with renewable energy, such as sunlight, wind power, or water power.
• the fuel mainly composed of a hydrogen gas refers to a hydrogen gas or a hydrogen-rich gaseous fuel.
• the hydrogen-rich gaseous fuel can be a mixed gas of a hydrogen gas and a methane gas, a natural gas, or a petroleum gas. From the perspective of reducing CO 2 emissions, the mixed gas preferably contains 50 vol% or more of a hydrogen gas.
• the electric furnace may be a DC arc furnace including an upper electrode and a lower electrode.
• the electrodes 5 and arcs are present in the central portion of the furnace body, so that the arrangement position of the burner lance 9 is limited.
• the burner of the present embodiment it is possible to reduce the temperature of the burner flame 9a by appropriately blowing in the powdery auxiliary raw material 9b even when fuel mainly composed of a hydrogen gas is used as described below.
• the operation can be performed without causing wear of the water-cooled panel of the furnace wall, refractories of the hearth, or the like.
• Fig. 2 illustrates a schematic view of a distal end portion 30 of the burner lance 9 as one configuration example of the burner lance 9 used in the above embodiment.
• a powder supply pipe 31 with an injection hole is arranged in the center, and a fuel supply pipe 32 and a combustion-supporting gas supply pipe 33 each having an injection hole are arranged in this order around the powder supply pipe 31.
• An outer shell 35 with a cooling water passage 34 is provided on the outer side thereof.
• a fuel gas 36 and a combustion-supporting gas 37 are supplied through the injection hole provided in the outer peripheral portion of the powder supply pipe 31, so that the burner flame 9a is formed. Then, the powdery auxiliary raw material 9b injected through the powder supply pipe 31 is heated in the burner flame 9a.
• the powdery auxiliary raw material 9b becomes a heat transfer medium, which can increase the heat imparting efficiency of the flame to the furnace content, such as the cold iron source x and the molten iron m. Consequently, the amount of electric power can be reduced.
• the combustion-supporting gas 37 not only pure oxygen, but also a mixed gas of oxygen and CO 2 or an inert gas; air; or oxygen-rich air is applicable. Further, an inert gas or a combustion-supporting gas can be used as a gas for carrying the powdery auxiliary raw material 9b as a powdery material.
• the cold iron source x such as iron scrap
• the cold iron source x is first charged as a main raw material into the melting chamber 1 and the preheating chamber 2 in the AC arc furnace 101 illustrated in Fig. 1 from the supply bucket 13.
• the supply of an electric current is started.
• the burner lance 9 installed in the upper portion within the furnace is inserted into the melting chamber 1 so that the cold iron source x is heated with electric power and with the combustion heat of the burner flame 9a.
• An exhaust gas flows into the preheating chamber 2 and is used to preheat the cold iron source x in the preheating chamber 2.
• a flat bath state a state in which the cold iron source x is immersed in the molten iron m even if the cold iron source x has unmelted portions
• slag is removed through the slag outlet 12 as appropriate.
• the gate 22 is then opened to charge the cold iron source x in the preheating chamber 2 into the melting chamber 1.
• an additional cold iron source x is charged into the preheating chamber 2 from above the preheating chamber 2.
• the number of additional charges may be three or more.
• the inventors examined the heat imparting efficiency to the furnace content using the AC arc furnace including the melting chamber or the preheating chamber illustrated in Fig. 1 and a typical AC arc furnace without a preheating chamber, by varying the flow rate of a fuel gas and the supply rate of a powdery material.
• the preheated temperature of the cold iron source was also examined.
• the ratio of the supply rate S (kg/min) of the powdery auxiliary raw material 9b to the heat quantity Q (MJ/min) per unit time from the fuel 36 used for the burner lance 9 is represented by a powder-fuel ratio S/Q.
• the cold iron source in the preheating chamber can be preheated. This can reduce the sensible heat of the exhaust gas discharged to the outside of the furnace. That is, it was confirmed that the burner combustion heat can be utilized with high efficiency without restricting the supply of the powdery particulate material required for a refining process.
• the preheated temperature of the cold iron source in the preheating chamber increased.
• the upper limit of the preheated temperature of the cold iron source in the preheating chamber is preferably set to 1200°C.
• the powder-fuel ratio S/Q of 0.10 (kg/MJ) or more can achieve the preheated temperature of the cold iron source in the preheating chamber of 1200°C or lower.
• the lower limit of the preheated temperature of the cold iron source in the preheating chamber is not limited, from the perspective of increasing thermal efficiency, the preheated temperature should exceed the temperature of the cold iron source at the time when it is charged into the preheating chamber.
• It is preferably 300°C or higher and further preferably over 500°C.
• it is preferable to adjust the flow rate of air entrained from the surroundings. This can be achieved, for example, by controlling the flow rate of an air-exhaust ventilator or by adjusting the size of the opening of the electric furnace on the side of the furnace body.
• a slag forming material which is the powdery or powdered auxiliary raw material 9b, dust, etc., may be used as the powdery material.
• the particle size thereof is preferably approximately 100 ⁇ m or less.
• the particle size of the auxiliary raw material is larger, it is preferable to reduce the particle size to approximately 100 ⁇ m or less, for example, by grinding.
• the particle size is expressed by the 50% passing rate in terms of volume.
• the cold iron source x it is preferable to use iron scrap or solid reduced iron.
• the solid reduced iron is produced through a reduction process that uses a reducing agent with reduced CO 2 emissions and contains approximately 10 to 20 mass% of gangue derived from iron ore, such as SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 , depending on the grade. When the solid reduced iron is melted, these components are found on the surface of the molten iron m as slag s. Slag s has a composition with a high melting temperature as it is and is likely to solidify and adhere to the furnace wall, which may cause operational problems.
• lime as the powdery auxiliary raw material 9b to be supplied after burner heating, as it can control the basicity, i.e., the CaO/SiO 2 ratio in mass of the slag s, to approximately 1.0.
• This can achieve a lower melting temperature of the slag s and thus suppress the solidification of the slag s.
• heat is provided to the slag s from the heated powdery material, an effect of promoting slag formation can be obtained.
• the slag removal port may be opened to remove the slag during melting or before tapping.
• any electric furnace is applicable as long as it can melt the cold iron source with electric energy to obtain molten iron.
• an arc furnace such as a submerged arc furnace may be used, in which heating is performed by submerging a Söderberg self-baking electrode or the like in the slag.
• an indirect resistance furnace may be used, in which an object to be heated is heated with radiation from a heating element provided in the furnace, convection in the furnace, and conductive heat transfer.
• a plasma arc melting furnace may be also used.
• the molten iron m melted in the present embodiment has a composition corresponding to the metal composition of the iron scrap or solid reduced iron used as the main raw material, and is typically molten steel with a relatively low C content.
• additional processes may be performed in the same electric furnace where the melting was performed, including the addition of alloy, and finishing decarburization and dephosphorization by oxygen refining.
• secondary refining such as molten steel desulfurization and vacuum degassing, may be performed after tapping.
• a semi-finished product such as a cast slab, is produced through a casting step such as continuous casting.
• Cold iron source melting tests were performed using an AC arc furnace (A) without a preheating chamber, and an AC arc furnace (B) including a melting chamber and a preheating chamber with a configuration similar to that illustrated in Fig. 1 .
• Scrap was used as the cold iron source, with a total charge amount set at 100 tons.
• Each electric furnace had a furnace lid provided with a burner lance including a fuel supply line and an oxygen supply line, and the distal end portion of the burner lance was formed to have a multiple-pipe structure similar to that illustrated in Fig. 2 .
• a propane gas was used as a burner fuel. Comparisons were made between the following three cases: a case where no burner was used, a case where the furnace content was heated by a burner flame alone with a burner fuel supplied but without a powdery material supplied, and a case where powdery lime was blown into a burner flame.
• the tapping temperature was set at 1650°C.
• an oxygen gas was supplied as a combustion-supporting gas to burn propane as the fuel gas in each heating process.
• a flat bath state a state in which the cold iron source is immersed in the molten iron even if the cold iron source has unmelted portions
• slag was removed through the slag removal port.
• the electric current supply and burner operation were then stopped, and the furnace lid was opened to charge the cold iron source for the second time and beyond. After the second charge of the cold iron source, the electric current supply was resumed to perform a similar operation as after the first charge.
• molten steel at 1650°C was obtained and tapped into a ladle.
• the electric power unit consumption is an index value obtained by dividing the amount of electric power used for each process condition by the amount of electric power used for process No. 1.
• the processing time of the electric furnace corresponds to the time (minutes) from the start of the electric current supply to the start of tapping.
• the efficiency of imparting burner combustion heat is the ratio of the amount of heat imparted to the furnace content to the total heat quantity from burner fuel.
• Table 1 shows the results. Table 1 also shows the types of electric furnaces and the features of the burners.
• No. Electric furnace type Burner Electric power unit consumption index Processing time of electric furnace Efficiency of imparting burner combustion heat Preheated temperature of cold iron source Remarks Use Supply rate S of powdery material Supply rate of propane Powder-fuel ratio S/Q Used/Not used kg/min Nm 3 /min kg/MJ - min % °C 1 A Not used - - - 1.00 80 - - Conventional Example 2 A Used - 2.2 - 1.00 80 15 - Comparative Example 3 A Used 100 2.2 0.51 0.95 76 70 - Comparative Example 4 A Used 100 2.8 0.40 0.90 72 70 - Comparative Example 5 A Used 100 3.2 0.35 0.85 68 70 - Comparative Example 6 A Used 100 3.7 0.30 0.80 64 70 - Comparative Example 7 A Used 100 4.0 0.28 0.79 63 55 - Comparative Example 8 A Used 100 4.4 0.25 0.79 63 40 - Comparative Example 9 A Used 100
• the preheated temperature of the scrap in the preheating chamber is preferably set to 1200°C or lower.
• the unit "t” of mass used in this specification represents 10 3 kg.
• Symbol “N” added to the unit of the volume of a gas represents the volume in the standard state, that is, at a temperature of 0°C and a pressure of 101325 Pa.
• the method for producing molten iron of the present invention it is possible to melt a cold iron source using a heat source with increased heat imparting efficiency and reduced CO 2 emissions, and thus reduce the electric power unit consumption as well as environmental burdens, which is industrially advantageous.
• This method can be suitably applied to a process of a refining furnace or the like that needs a heat source with reduced CO 2 emissions and also needs the addition of a powdery auxiliary raw material.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
• Materials Engineering (AREA)
• Metallurgy (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Vertical, Hearth, Or Arc Furnaces (AREA)
• Refinement Of Pig-Iron, Manufacture Of Cast Iron, And Steel Manufacture Other Than In Revolving Furnaces (AREA)

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• 2023
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