EP4399354A1 - Procédé de fabrication d'un lingot de silicium à partir de germes oxydés en surface - Google Patents
Procédé de fabrication d'un lingot de silicium à partir de germes oxydés en surfaceInfo
- Publication number
- EP4399354A1 EP4399354A1 EP22785943.6A EP22785943A EP4399354A1 EP 4399354 A1 EP4399354 A1 EP 4399354A1 EP 22785943 A EP22785943 A EP 22785943A EP 4399354 A1 EP4399354 A1 EP 4399354A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- silicon
- seed
- seeds
- crucible
- ingot
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 168
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 167
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 167
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 108
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 79
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 79
- 230000012010 growth Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 36
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 36
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 34
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 30
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 claims description 26
- 238000010301 surface-oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 26
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 22
- 229910021421 monocrystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000181 anti-adherent effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003911 antiadherent Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 43
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 20
- 239000011449 brick Substances 0.000 description 16
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 12
- 244000052616 bacterial pathogen Species 0.000 description 12
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 10
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 10
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000005424 photoluminescence Methods 0.000 description 8
- 235000012431 wafers Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000002050 diffraction method Methods 0.000 description 6
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- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 5
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- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000009966 trimming Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000002149 energy-dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000002231 Czochralski process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005188 flotation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000007847 structural defect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000004381 surface treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003698 anagen phase Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000572 ellipsometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000407 epitaxy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000014509 gene expression Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 230000002045 lasting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012768 molten material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021420 polycrystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000750 progressive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B29/00—Single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure characterised by the material or by their shape
- C30B29/02—Elements
- C30B29/06—Silicon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B11/00—Single-crystal growth by normal freezing or freezing under temperature gradient, e.g. Bridgman-Stockbarger method
- C30B11/14—Single-crystal growth by normal freezing or freezing under temperature gradient, e.g. Bridgman-Stockbarger method characterised by the seed, e.g. its crystallographic orientation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B15/00—Single-crystal growth by pulling from a melt, e.g. Czochralski method
- C30B15/20—Controlling or regulating
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B15/00—Single-crystal growth by pulling from a melt, e.g. Czochralski method
- C30B15/36—Single-crystal growth by pulling from a melt, e.g. Czochralski method characterised by the seed, e.g. its crystallographic orientation
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a new process for the manufacture of a silicon ingot, in particular by directed solidification by recovery on seeds.
- Such an ingot is advantageously dedicated to giving, by cutting, silicon wafers of excellent crystalline quality.
- Such wafers are particularly advantageous in the context of the development of photovoltaic cells and modules.
- Photovoltaic energy by capturing solar radiation can be produced by means of a photovoltaic cell made from a monocrystalline or polycrystalline silicon ingot.
- a silicon ingot is generally produced by solidification of molten silicon. It is then cut into the wafers needed to manufacture the photovoltaic cells.
- the methods of solidification by pulling comprise, in general, the bringing into contact of a seed with a bath containing molten silicon, then the solidification of the silicon out of the bath by moving the seed relative in the crucible which contains the bath.
- the ingot thus grows progressively along the direction of movement of the seed, the molten material being “pulled” out of the bath.
- Czochralski process also called the “Cz process” or the flotation zone process (or “float zone” in English), also called the “Fz process”.
- directed solidification methods by resumption on seeds typically comprise the solidification, in a crucible, of molten silicon in contact with a silicon seed, fixed with respect to the crucible.
- a directed solidification process by recovery on seeds called “mono-like” (ML)
- seeds of monocrystalline silicon in the form of a straight cobblestone are placed at the bottom of a crucible and form a paving.
- ML directed solidification process by recovery on seeds
- seeds of monocrystalline silicon in the form of a straight cobblestone are placed at the bottom of a crucible and form a paving.
- grains grow along a preferred direction of solidification, and have substantially the same crystallographic orientation as the seeds from which they originate.
- the silicon ingot obtained by this process generally has columnar grains which extend over the entire height of the ingot.
- the mechanisms at the origin of the degradation of the seeds are multiple and ultimately result in a mechanical deformation of the seeds [Krause] and/or by the introduction and multiplication of dislocations [Ekstrom] .
- the so-called “Dash necking” technique is generally implemented in order to eliminate the dislocations generated when the seed comes into contact with the molten mass of silicon, by carrying out an initial growth phase at high speed and with a small diameter.
- the “Dash necking” technique can thus be applied to the Cz and Fz pulling methods, subject to significant variations in the parameters used.
- the surface oxides of the seeds are preferentially removed to avoid poor epitaxy (microtwins and threading dislocations [Dash] at the periphery of the seeds.
- such conditions of "Dash necking” cannot however be implemented within the framework of the manufacture of an ingot by resumptions on seeds, in particular for a "mono-like” process, nor in terms of speed growth, nor in terms of ingot size.
- the "Dash necking" technique also proves to be unsuitable in cases where it is desired to optimize the productivity of the silicon ingots, to avoid a reduction in the diameter of the drawn ingot, to implement large seeds and to increase the dimensions of the silicon ingot.
- the present invention aims to propose a new method for reducing the presence and multiplication of dislocations generated during the growth of a silicon ingot by directed solidification from one or more silicon seeds.
- the invention aims to develop a process for preparing a silicon ingot of excellent structural quality, in particular with a reduced rate of dislocations, in particular at the top of the solidified ingot, without however requiring the "Dash necking”.
- the inventors have shown, surprisingly, that it is possible to obtain a better quality silicon ingot, in particular having a reduced number of crystalline defects and dislocations, by work, for the growth of silicon by directed solidification, one or more seeds whose surface, intended to be brought into contact with the molten silicon, is oxidized beforehand.
- the invention relates, according to one of its aspects, to a process for manufacturing a silicon ingot by directional solidification from molten silicon, in which the growth of the silicon ingot is initiated by bringing the molten silicon into contact with at least one silicon seed, characterized in that at least the surface of the said seed brought into contact with the molten silicon is oxidized.
- said silicon seed is oxidized over its entire surface.
- the method of the invention may more particularly comprise the following steps:
- the term "surface oxidized seed” or more simply “oxidized seed” designates a silicon seed, at least part of its surface of which is intended to be brought into contact with the molten silicon during the growth of the ingot. of silicon by directional solidification, is oxidized, in particular a silicon seed having at least its surface intended to be brought into contact with the molten silicon, a layer, called “oxide layer” comprising, or even consisting by, a silicon oxide.
- the oxide layer may be a layer comprising, or even formed by, SiCE.
- the entire surface of said oxidized seed implemented according to the invention can be oxidized.
- the said surface oxidized seeds can be prepared, prior to their implementation in the directed solidification method, by a surface oxidation treatment of non-oxidized silicon seeds, in particular monocrystalline silicon seeds, as detailed in the continuation of the text.
- the process according to the invention can thus comprise, prior to the directed solidification of the silicon, a surface oxidation treatment of a silicon seed, in particular of a monocrystalline silicon seed.
- the surface oxidation treatment is more particularly a treatment by heat in an oxidizing atmosphere.
- the method of the invention can implement any method of directed solidification of silicon known to those skilled in the art, provided that it initiates the growth of the silicon ingot from the contacting of one or more seeds silicon with molten silicon.
- Directed solidification methods can be pulling methods, like the so-called Czochralski process or directed solidification methods by seed recovery.
- the said seed or seeds are brought to a temperature greater than or equal to 1200° C., preferably to a temperature which can go up to their temperature of melting, i.e. around 1415°C, when they come into contact with the molten silicon.
- the method of the invention does away with the implementation of the so-called “Dash Necking” technique. It thus authorizes the implementation of directed solidification methods incompatible with the Dash Necking technique.
- the process of the invention thus proves to be particularly advantageous for allowing the formation of large-sized ingots, for the implementation of a directed solidification from a large-sized seed or even from a paving of multiple germs.
- the method of the invention implements a solidification of the silicon ingot by recovery on seeds, in particular from seeds of monocrystalline silicon ("mono-like or ML).
- the implementation of oxidized seeds on the surface according to the invention makes it possible to significantly reduce the phenomenon of multiplication of crystalline defects and dislocations from bottom to top of the ingot, compared to an ingot obtained from non-oxidized seeds on the surface.
- the presence of an oxidized surface layer in particular of a layer of SiCL, makes it possible to reduce the structural degradation of said silicon seed(s) Cz when they are heated at high temperature, in particular up to the melting temperature of silicon, and come into contact with the molten silicon during the initiation of the crystallization of the silicon ingot.
- the silicon ingot at the end of the directed solidification according to the method of the invention has an improved quality, in particular a quantity of crystalline defects and dislocations at the top of the ingot reduced, compared to an ingot obtained from seeds of the same nature, but not oxidized on the surface.
- the process of the invention thus makes it possible to obtain a better overall homogeneity of the quality of the ingot over its entire height.
- an ingot of large dimensions in particular of height, measured according to the direction of growth of the ingot, between 100 and 400 mm, and of width, corresponding to the greatest large dimension measured in a plane orthogonal to the direction of growth of the ingot, between 400 and 2000 mm.
- the quality of the solidified ingot from a surface oxidized seed according to the invention is not affected when the gaseous atmosphere during the controlled solidification process is contaminated with nitrogen (via the presence of N2, SiaN4) or carbon (via the presence of CO or an organic binder of SiaN4).
- FIG 1 shows, schematically and in top view, the paving at the bottom of the crucible implemented according to Example 1;
- FIG 2 shows, schematically and in cross section, the crucible comprising the paving of oxidized seeds implemented according to example 1;
- FIG 3 presents a photoluminescence imaging photograph on the 4 trimmings carried out at the top of the ingot, for the reference ingot (a) and for an ingot obtained according to test A in accordance with the invention (b) and the contours of surfaces counted as percentage of “defective” surface;
- FIG 4 is a histogram showing the percentage of area affected by electrically active structural defects at the bottom (right) and top of the ingot (left) for the 4 bricks of the reference ingot and the ingot produced according to the test A according to the invention;
- FIG 5 shows, schematically and in top view, the paving at the bottom of the crucible implemented according to Example 2;
- FIG 6 shows a photoluminescence imaging snapshot on the 4 top-assembled trims of the ingot for ingot B obtained according to example 2 and counting of defective surfaces;
- FIG 7 is a histogram showing the percentage of surface affected by electrically active structural defects for the four trimmings at the top of ingot B obtained according to example 2;
- FIG 8 shows the superposition image of the EDS maps carried out for ingot B obtained in example 2 (in plain text, identification of the oxygen element);
- FIG 9 presents the graph of horizontal profile measurements of the Si and oxygen elements obtained by EDS mapping for ingot B obtained in example 2.
- the process for producing a silicon ingot according to the invention uses one or more surface oxidized seeds.
- the surface oxidized seed implemented according to the invention has, at least at its surface dedicated to being brought into contact with the molten silicon during the initiation of the solidification of the silicon ingot, a layer comprising, or even consisting of, a silicon oxide, hereinafter referred to as an “oxide layer”.
- the surface oxide layer of said oxidized seed(s) may be a layer of silicon oxide of SiOx type, with x less than or equal to 2, preferably a layer of SiO2.
- said silicon seed is oxidized over its entire surface dedicated to being brought into contact with the molten silicon.
- the oxide layer extends over at least the entire surface of said seed dedicated to coming into contact with the molten silicon.
- the entire surface of said silicon seed(s) is oxidized.
- the surface oxidized seed has an oxide layer over its entire surface.
- the said surface oxidized silicon nuclei(s), implemented according to the invention can be prepared, prior to their implementation in the directed solidification method, by subjecting one or more silicon nuclei, in particular monocrystalline silicon, to a surface oxidation treatment.
- the method of the invention may more particularly comprise at least the steps consisting of:
- the said silicon nuclei(s), subjected to a prior surface oxidation treatment may more particularly be nuclei from a silicon ingot produced using a Czochralski pulling technique (also called Cz ingot), or even nuclei "Fz", in other words seeds from an ingot produced using a flotation zone process (or "float zone” in English), also called ingot "Fz”.
- Czochralski pulling technique also called Cz ingot
- Fz nuclei "Fz”
- one or more surface-oxidized silicon seeds can be used for the production of the silicon ingot.
- the method of the invention then involves bringing a single germ (monogerm) oxidized on the surface into contact with a bath of molten silicon .
- the method of the invention implements a tiling consisting of a single nucleus or several monocrystalline silicon nuclei, placed at the bottom of a crucible in which a silicon charge will be heated.
- the single seed or, in the case of a paving formed of several seeds, at least one of the seeds of said paving, or even preferably all of the seeds of said paving, is then a surface oxidized seed.
- the said seed(s) arranged at the bottom of the crucible to form the tiling are more particularly of right prism shape.
- the term "right prism shape” means a shape approximately of the right prism type.
- the seeds have vertical or substantially vertical side walls (deviation of ⁇ 5°).
- the seeds of the paving at the bottom of the crucible have approximately flat surfaces, with almost surface irregularities.
- the "base of the seed” will be designated as the generally flat face of the seed opposite the bottom of the crucible, and by the “upper face” the face of the seed opposite to the base of the seed, i.e. the side that will come into contact with the molten silicon filler.
- the base of the seeds (respectively the upper face of the seeds) can be of various shapes, in particular of square or rectangular shape or even a parallelogram. Preferably, it is square or rectangular in shape, the seeds then being approximately in the shape of a straight block.
- the entire surface of the upper face of said oxidized seeds or seeds arranged at the bottom of the crucible suitable for directed solidification is oxidized.
- the said oxidized seed(s), placed at the bottom of the crucible present at least at their upper face a layer of oxide, in particular of silicon oxide, and more particularly of SiO2.
- all of the seeds forming the paving at the bottom of the crucible are oxidized at the surface.
- a layer of oxide, in particular of silicon oxide then extends at the level of the entire surface at the bottom of the crucible defined by all of the upper faces of the seeds forming the paving at the bottom of the crucible, in other words at the level of the entire surface of the seed paving dedicated to coming into contact with the molten silicon bath.
- the said oxidized seed(s) used according to the invention can be prepared beforehand via a surface oxidation treatment.
- the surface oxidation treatment is capable of generating, at at least part of the surface of the silicon seed, in particular at the level of the entire surface of the silicon seed, a surface layer comprising, or even consisting of , a silicon oxide, in particular SiCE, of desired thickness.
- the oxidized surface layer must be thick enough not to be degraded before bringing said silicon seed into contact with the molten silicon during the initiation of the directed growth of the silicon ingot.
- the oxide layer must thus resist the heating of the seed, prior to its bringing into contact with the molten silicon, and more precisely to heating for several hours and possibly reaching a temperature close to the melting temperature of the silicon. silicon, i.e. up to a temperature strictly below 1415°C.
- the layer of oxide, in particular of silicon oxide, of an oxidized silicon seed implemented according to the invention has a thickness strictly greater than 4 nm, in particular greater than or equal to 10 nm, in particular greater than or equal to 100 nm.
- the layer of oxide, in particular of silicon oxide, of an oxidized silicon seed implemented according to the invention has a thickness greater than 100 nm, meaning a thickness strictly greater than 100 n.
- the layer of oxide, in particular silicon oxide, of an oxidized seed according to the invention not be too thick so that it can dissolve in the silicon bath. molten, undersaturated with oxygen, at the start of the growth of the silicon ingot, once the growth has been initiated by bringing said oxidized seed into contact with the molten silicon.
- the thickness of the layer of oxide, in particular of silicon oxide is thus less than or equal to 2 ⁇ m, in particular less than or equal to 1 ⁇ m and more particularly less than or equal to 600 nm.
- the thickness of the layer of oxide, in particular of silicon oxide is less than 1 ⁇ m, meaning a thickness strictly less than 1 ⁇ m.
- the oxide layer of said oxidized seed(s) used in the method of the invention has a thickness of between 10 nm and 2 ⁇ m, in particular between 50 nm and 1 ⁇ m, in particular between 100 nm and 600nm.
- the oxide layer of said oxidized seed(s) used in the method of the invention is thicker than 100 nm and less than 1 ⁇ m, ie a thickness strictly greater than 100 nm and strictly less than 1 ⁇ m.
- said oxidized seed(s) have an oxide layer of substantially constant thickness at the level of the entire oxidized surface.
- substantially constant thickness it is meant that the thickness of the oxide layer varies by less than 20%, in particular by less than 10%, over the entire oxidized surface of the seed.
- the thickness of the oxide layer can be measured by techniques known to those skilled in the art, for example by ellipsometry.
- the surface of the silicon seed to be oxidized for example of the monocrystalline silicon seed Cz
- the surface oxidation of said germ(s) can be more particularly carried out by thermal means in an oxidizing atmosphere.
- This oxidation heat treatment allows the growth of an oxide layer, in particular silicon oxide, directly at the level of the silicon seed. More precisely, the oxide is formed both by the silicon of the seed and by the oxygen supplied by the oxidizing atmosphere.
- the surface oxidation treatment of said seed(s) according to the invention differs in particular from the deposition of a film of silicon oxide above the outer surface of a substrate.
- the surface thermal oxidation of said silicon seed(s) can be carried out by a dry process, in particular under an oxidizing atmosphere formed by a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen or argon and oxygen, or by a wet process. , in particular under an atmosphere of hydrogen and oxygen or in air.
- the oxidation is carried out by a dry route.
- the oxidation is generally carried out by bringing the surface of said seed to be oxidized into contact with a dry oxidizing gas, for example oxygen.
- a dry oxidizing gas for example oxygen.
- the oxidizing atmosphere can be a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen, argon and oxygen, etc.
- the oxidation can also be carried out wet, that is to say by bringing the surface of said seed to be oxidized into contact with a gas containing or generating water vapour, such as a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen; air.
- the thermal oxidation treatment in an oxidizing atmosphere can be carried out at a temperature between 700 and 1200°C, in particular between 800 and 1100°C.
- the oxidation treatment under an oxidizing atmosphere can be carried out for a period ranging from 1 minute to 400 hours, in particular from 10 minutes to 15 hours.
- the oxidation heat treatment can be carried out in a suitable oxidation furnace.
- the surface oxidation treatment of a seed can be more particularly carried out by subjecting the surface of said seed to be oxidized to one or more oxidation sequences (or cycles), in particular between 1 and 5 oxidation sequences.
- An oxidation sequence typically includes a temperature rise, followed by holding at high temperature in an oxidizing atmosphere, then cooling.
- the surface oxidation treatment of a seed according to the invention may comprise one or more oxidation sequences, an oxidation sequence comprising the following steps:
- Step (a) of raising the temperature can be carried out at a speed and under a controlled atmosphere, such that it does not impact the surface of the seeds, preferably under an inert atmosphere.
- the rise in temperature to reach an oxidation temperature of 800°C can be carried out with a speed of 3 to 5°C/minute under a mixture of air and nitrogen, up to a temperature of 700 °C, then under an inert atmosphere, for example under N2, from 700°C to 800°C.
- Step (b) of oxidation at high temperature under an oxidizing atmosphere proper can be carried out under the aforementioned conditions.
- it can be carried out at a temperature of between 800 and 1100°C, for example at a temperature of 800°C.
- There duration of the oxidation step in an oxidizing atmosphere can be between 1 minute and 400 hours, in particular between 10 minutes and 15 hours.
- the seed can be cooled in step (c) under atmosphere and controlled speed.
- it can be cooled under an inert atmosphere, for example under a nitrogen atmosphere, from the oxidation temperature to a temperature of approximately 700° C., then cooled to ambient temperature under a mixture of air and nitrogen.
- Steps (a) to (c) can be repeated until the desired thickness of the surface oxide layer is obtained.
- the said seed or seeds are thus provided with an oxidized surface layer.
- the silicon seed(s) can be subjected to the surface oxidation treatment, prior to their implementation in the device used to perform the directed growth of the silicon ingot.
- the said seeds may be subjected to the surface oxidation treatment, prior to their positioning at the bottom of the crucible suitable for solidification directed.
- the said seeds forming the paving at the bottom of the crucible can be subjected to the surface oxidation treatment, subsequently to their positioning at the bottom of the crucible.
- said surface oxidized seed or seeds are obtained by surface oxidation treatment of one or more silicon seeds positioned at the bottom of the crucible, said oxidizing treatment of said seeds being advantageously carried out simultaneously an oxidizing treatment of the internal surface of the crucible, for example to form an anti-adherent coating.
- it can be carried out simultaneously with the oxidizing heat treatment, for example carried out in air, of the internal surface of the crucible, within the framework of the formation of a non-stick coating as described in application WO 2010/026342, or even to form a barrier layer as described in application WO 2015/036974 formed of grains of one or more materials chosen from SiC, Si, SiaN4, covered at least partially by a silica shell.
- the surface oxidized seed(s), as described previously, are used according to the process of the invention for the growth of a silicon ingot by directed solidification.
- the process of the invention proves to be particularly advantageous in the case where it is not desired to implement the “Dash Necking” technique, for example in the case where no dimensional limitation of the seed and of the ingot is desired. .
- the process of the invention can implement any method of directional solidification of silicon known to those skilled in the art.
- the methods of directional solidification call upon either a pulling process or a process by gradual cooling of the liquid bath, contained in a crucible, below its melting point, from the one of its ends, until solidification.
- the growth of a silicon ingot by directed solidification is more particularly initiated by bringing into contact with at least one oxidized seed on the surface and brought to a higher temperature. or equal to 1200° C., in particular at a temperature ranging up to the melting temperature of said seed, in particular possibly reaching 1415° C., with a bath of molten silicon.
- the method of the invention implements the directed solidification of a silicon ingot by recovery on seeds.
- directed solidification method by recovery on seeds mention may be made of the method of directed solidification of a monocrystalline silicon ingot by recovery on “mono-like” or “ML-Si” germs, or even the so-called “NeoGrowth” method, described for example in US 2016/230307 Al.
- the directed solidification of a silicon ingot by resumption on seeds conventionally implements one or more monocrystalline silicon seeds positioned at the bottom of a crucible.
- the process of the invention implementing the directed solidification of the silicon ingot by recovery on a seed, can thus comprise more particularly the steps consisting of:
- the entire surface of said single seed or of at least one of said seeds forming the bottom paving of the crucible is oxidized.
- the said surface oxidized seed(s) can be more particularly obtained by a surface oxidation treatment, prior to their positioning at the bottom of the crucible; or subsequently to their positioning at the bottom of the crucible, the surface oxidation treatment of said seed(s) being for example carried out simultaneously with an oxidizing treatment of the internal surface of the crucible, for example to form an anti-adherent coating on the internal surface of the crucible .
- the invention also relates to a crucible, useful for the directed solidification by recovery on seeds of a silicon ingot, the bottom of said crucible being covered in whole or in part with a single seed or with a paving of several seeds of monocrystalline silicon.
- said single seed or at least one of said seeds forming the paving having, at least the surface of its upper face, opposite to the face facing the bottom of the crucible, in particular at the level of its entire surface, a layer comprising, or even consisting of, a silicon oxide, in particular a layer of silicon oxide.
- the invention relates to a crucible provided with one or more seeds as defined above.
- the oxide layer is in particular as defined above.
- said surface oxidized seed or seeds are obtained by a surface oxidation treatment of one or more monocrystalline silicon seeds as described above.
- the crucible is suitable for the directed solidification of a silicon ingot.
- the longitudinal axis (Z) of the crucible designates the line joining all the barycentres of the cross sections of the said crucible (walls of the crucible included).
- the longitudinal axis can more particularly be an axis of symmetry for the crucible.
- a seed and/or ingot and/or wafer are characterized for the orthogonal frame of reference of axes (x), (y) and (z), corresponding to the three main directions , respectively of the seed, the ingot or the wafer.
- the axis (z) of a seed and/or an ingot is collinear with the longitudinal axis (Z) of the crucible.
- the directions (x) and (y) also correspond to the directions parallel to the lines of the grid, also called later “tiling directions”.
- the seed(s) implemented to form the paving at the bottom of the crucible for the directional solidification are preferably in the form of a right prism, in particular a right paving stone, with a square or rectangular base.
- They may have dimensions, along the directions (x) and (y) orthogonal to the longitudinal axis (Z) of the crucible, of between 20 mm and 1500 mm, in particular between 50 mm and 1300 mm. They may have a thickness 6G, along the Z axis, greater than or equal to 5 mm, in particular between 10 mm and 40 mm, in particular between 15 mm and 25 mm.
- the seeds have similar or even identical thicknesses.
- the method of the invention implements the directed solidification of the silicon by resumption on seeds, from a single seed, in particular in the form of a straight block, placed at the bottom of the crucible, at least the surface of the upper face of said seed, opposite the face facing the bottom of the crucible and intended to be brought into contact with the bath of molten silicon, being oxidized.
- the single seed is oxidized over its entire surface.
- the single seed placed at the bottom of the crucible can be of dimensions to cover almost the entire surface of the bottom of the crucible.
- the method of the invention implements the directed solidification of silicon by recovery on seeds from a paving formed of several seeds of monocrystalline silicon, arranged at the bottom of the crucible, at least one germs, preferably all of the germs constituting the paving, being oxidized at the surface.
- a paving formed of several seeds of monocrystalline silicon arranged at the bottom of the crucible, at least one germs, preferably all of the germs constituting the paving, being oxidized at the surface.
- at least the surface of the upper face, in particular the entire surface, of at least one of the seeds forming the paving at the bottom of the crucible is oxidized.
- all the seeds constituting the paving at the bottom of the crucible can be surface oxidized seeds.
- the surface oxide layer of said oxidized seed(s) has an almost constant thickness over the entire oxidized surface.
- all of the oxidized seeds used to form the paving at the bottom of the crucible are prepared beforehand under identical surface oxidation treatment conditions, in order to ensure the formation of an oxide layer of substantially constant thickness on the surface of all the oxidized seeds.
- the layer of oxide, in particular of silicon oxide, present at the level of at least the upper face of said oxidized seed(s), may have a thickness e of between 10 nm and 2 ⁇ m, in particular between 50 nm and 1 ⁇ m and more particularly between 100 nm and 600 nm.
- the silicon seeds constituting the paving at the bottom of the crucible are more particularly arranged contiguous.
- the paving crystallography of the seeds, integrating at least one oxidized seed on the surface according to the invention, can be arbitrary.
- the tiling of monocrystalline silicon seeds can be formed from one or more central seeds Gc and from one or more peripheral seeds Gp, contiguous to the seed(s). (s) Gc. Said seeds Gc and Gp are in particular arranged and sized as described in application WO 2014/191899.
- the tiling of seeds may comprise, or even be formed of seeds having crystal lattices symmetrical to one another.
- each seed has a crystal lattice symmetrical to the crystal lattice of the seed which is contiguous to it, with respect to the plane defined by the boundary between the two contiguous seeds.
- Such a tiling of seeds is for example described in application WO 2014/191900.
- the tiling of the seeds can thus be formed of central seeds Gc and of peripheral seeds Gp, each seed Gc having a crystal lattice symmetrical to the crystal lattice of the seed Gc which is contiguous to it, with respect to the plane defined by the border between the two contiguous Gc germs.
- all of the seeds Gc forming the central paving are oxidized at the surface.
- the seeds arranged at the bottom of the crucible, in the form of a straight block, with a square or rectangular base can form a paving in the form of a regular grid of orthogonal directions (x) and (y) parallel to the edges of the seeds.
- it may be a tiling comprising or even being formed of a tiling in the form of a square formed by four seeds in the form of a straight square with a square base.
- a person skilled in the art is able to adjust the operating conditions for producing the silicon ingot by directed solidification by seed recovery, from the crucible provided with the seed paving according to the invention.
- the directional growth of silicon by seed recovery can be carried out in a crystallization furnace adapted to crystallization by seed recovery.
- Directed solidification can be carried out in a conventional directed solidification furnace, such as for example in a crystallization furnace of the HEM type (coming from the English name “Heat Exchange Method”) or of the Bridgman type with fixed heating from the top and the sides. , which makes it possible to crystallize the silicon charge with a controlled temperature gradient.
- a crystallization furnace of the HEM type coming from the English name “Heat Exchange Method”
- Bridgman type with fixed heating from the top and the sides.
- directional solidification is carried out by first melting a silicon charge in the crucible. When the silicon is completely molten, and the seeds begin to melt, the molten silicon is solidified, in a directed manner, at low speed (typically 5 to 30 mm/h).
- Directed solidification can be carried out by moving the heating system and/or by controlled cooling, allowing progressive movement of the solidification front (separation front between the solid phase and the liquid phase) towards the top of the crucible.
- the ingot, obtained at the end of the directional solidification, can then be cooled, in particular to room temperature (20°C ⁇ 5°C).
- the method of the invention can be implemented to produce a large size silicon ingot.
- the silicon ingot advantageously has a constant diameter over the entire height of the ingot.
- it may have a diameter greater than or equal to 400 mm, in particular between 400 mm and 2000 mm, in particular between 400 mm and 1500 mm.
- the height of the silicon ingot may be greater than or equal to 100 nm, in particular greater than or equal to 200 mm, in particular comprised between 300 mm and 500 mm.
- the latter can be cut into bricks according to techniques known to those skilled in the art.
- Silicon wafers for a PV application can then be produced from these bricks, according to conventional techniques known to those skilled in the art, in particular by cutting the bricks, grinding the faces, trimming the top and bottom ends, to adjust the insert dimensions, etc.
- the silicon ingot obtained at the end of a solidification process according to the invention has good crystalline quality.
- a monocrystalline ingot obtained by directed solidification by recovery on seeds according to the invention has a small variation in the quantity of crystalline defects and dislocations between the bottom and the top of the ingot.
- the paving of seeds consists of: - four central seeds G c of dimensions width x length x thickness of (156-157) x (156-157) x (20-25) mm 3 , oriented (100) normal to the largest surface, with lateral faces disoriented by approximately 15° ( ⁇ 3°) from the crystallographic orientation ⁇ 100> and whose surfaces deformed by the operations cutouts were scoured with a hot chemical solution using KOH; - eight peripheral germs G p dimensioned as indicated in application WO 2014/191900; of dimensions (7-15) x (156-157) x (20-25) mm 3 .
- each seed is prepared via the following steps:
- the SiCL layer formed has a thickness strictly less than 1 ⁇ m.
- Each oxidation sequence includes:
- a heating ramp (3 to 5°C/min under a mixture of air and N2, from room temperature to 700°C, then under N2 from 700°C to 800°C); oxidation (800°C in a mixture of H2 and O2); . cooling under N2 up to 700°C, then under air + N2 below 700°C.
- the seeds thus prepared, for the reference test and the test according to the invention, are assembled and dimensioned as described above, in a crucible with an internal section of 380 ⁇ 380 ⁇ 400 mm 3 .
- the directed solidification of a silicon charge is then carried out by recovery on seeds.
- the load consists of a mass of silicon (65 kg) of electronic grade (9N), with a quantity of boron adapted to obtain a resistivity of 1-2 Ohm.cm after solidification.
- the crystallization furnace used for the tests is a "Gen 2" size furnace (60 to 90 kg load) with three heating zones controlled in temperature or power: an upper heating zone, a lower heating zone and a side heating zone.
- a silicon ingot is produced using a thermal recipe adapted to obtaining quasi-monocrystalline ingots.
- the recipe includes directed melting of the charge then of the surface of the seeds, directed solidification and cooling. It makes it possible to obtain a silicon ingot that meets the quality criteria of standard bricks.
- the crystalline quality of the ML-Si ingots is evaluated, by photoluminescence imaging (LIS-R2 equipment from BTImaging), at the bottom (corresponding to the bottom position of the ingot, at the height of the ingot of 30 mm) and at the top (corresponding to the high position of the ingot, at the height of the ingot of 175 mm, for a total height of the ingot of approximately 205 mm) of the bricks resulting from the cutting of each ingot.
- LIS-R2 equipment from BTImaging
- Photoluminescence imaging makes it possible to identify the surface covered with crystalline defects, the photoluminescence signal being, under the measurement conditions [Trupke], proportional to the local lifetime of the carriers.
- the surface affected by the crystalline defects is counted by image processing using the Image J software.
- a raw photoluminescence image and the contours of the surfaces counted as "defective" surfaces are presented in figure 3, for a trimming in high position of a brick of the reference ingot (a) and of a brick of the ingot A produced according to the method of the invention (b).
- FIG. 4 The surface count measurements affected by electrically active structural defects by this method are summarized in FIG. 4, for the four bricks of the reference ingot and of the ingot A obtained according to the method of the invention, in the bottom position of the ingot (columns from left) and top of ingot (right columns).
- test A For ingot A obtained from surface oxidized seeds according to the invention (test A), defects remain present at the bottom of the ingot, but the defective surface at the top of the ingot is significantly reduced compared to the defective surface obtained for the ingot implementing seeds without prior oxidation treatment.
- the defective surface is more homogeneous (very similar on each brick at the top of the ingot) and the spatial distribution is drastically different from that observed for the bricks from the reference ingot.
- results obtained for the bricks from the reference ingot are representative of the phenomenon of multiplication of defects from bottom to top of an ingot obtained by directed solidification by recovery on seeds.
- the defects multiply strongly at the top of the ingot on the ingot periphery, with a low defect density at the center of the ingot including above the tessellation junctions.
- the spatial distribution of the zones with defects/zones without defects observed for the ingot A obtained according to the process of the invention is unusual with this crystallography of seeds; it testifies to the differences in the mechanisms of formation of crystalline defects during the growth of the mono-like ingot above oxidized seeds on the surface.
- the implementation of oxidized seeds on the surface makes it possible to significantly reduce the multiplication of defects from bottom to top of the ingot.
- a silicon ingot B is prepared according to the process of the invention from oxidized seeds by directed solidification on recovery on seeds using Cz seeds (7 kg) placed at the bottom of a crucible with an internal section of 380 x 380 x 400 mm 3 .
- the seed tiling as shown in Figure 5, includes:
- Oxl and 0x2 two oxidized seeds according to the invention, denoted Oxl and 0x2, of dimensions (156-157) x (156-
- the crystallography of the two sets of seeds is different; and several types of seed junctions result.
- the type of junction differs by the nature of the facing surfaces (non-oxidized seed/oxidized seed or non-oxidized seed/non-oxidized seed or oxidized seed/oxidized seed) and by the crystallography, in particular the approximate angle ( ⁇ 3°) of disorientation of the side faces of the opposite seeds (070°) (15715°) (0715°).
- peripheral seeds Gp of approximate dimensions (330-335) x (15-17) x (20 mm) are arranged on two opposite faces as shown in Figure 5.
- the oxidized seeds (Oxl and 0x2) are prepared by stripping the surface of the Cz seeds with a KOH solution, then subjecting them to wet thermal oxidation for 15 hours in three 5-hour sequences, resulting in a layer of SiO 2 with a thickness greater than 500 nm.
- the layer of SiO 2 formed has a thickness strictly less than 1 ⁇ m.
- Each oxidation sequence includes:
- heating ramp (3 to 5° C./min under a mixture of air and N 2 , from ambient temperature to 700° C., then under N 2 from 700° C. to 800° C.); oxidation (800° C. in a mixture of H 2 and O 2 ); . cooling under N 2 to 700° C. then under air+N 2 to room temperature.
- the seeds thus prepared for the reference test and the test according to the invention are assembled and dimensioned as described above, in a crucible with an internal section of 380 ⁇ 380 ⁇ 400 mm 3 .
- the directed solidification of a silicon charge is then carried out by recovery on seeds, in a furnace as described in example 1.
- the charge consists of 63 kg of electronic grade silicon (9-12N), with a quantity of boron adapted to obtain a resistivity of 1-2 Ohm.cm after solidification.
- the crystalline quality of the silicon ingot obtained is evaluated by photoluminescence imaging, as described in example 1, at the top of the ingot (at a height of 175 mm for a total ingot height of approximately 205 mm).
- the defective surface at the top of the ingot, at the level of the zones of the ingot located above the initial oxidized seeds (Oxl and 0x2) is lower than that observed at the level of the zones of the ingot located above. above the initial non-oxidized germs 1 and 2.
- the presence of the oxide at the level of the ingot is studied by mapping by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and establishment of the corresponding chemical profile (Si and O elements) at the level of an unmelted but infiltrated junction non-oxidized seed/oxidized seed after growth of the ML-Si ingot (FIGS. 8 and 9).
- EDS energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2109505A FR3126999B1 (fr) | 2021-09-10 | 2021-09-10 | Procédé de fabrication d’un lingot de silicium à partir de germes oxydés en surface |
| PCT/EP2022/075166 WO2023036958A1 (fr) | 2021-09-10 | 2022-09-09 | Procédé de fabrication d'un lingot de silicium à partir de germes oxydés en surface |
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| EP4399354A1 true EP4399354A1 (fr) | 2024-07-17 |
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| EP22785943.6A Pending EP4399354A1 (fr) | 2021-09-10 | 2022-09-09 | Procédé de fabrication d'un lingot de silicium à partir de germes oxydés en surface |
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| US (1) | US20240368805A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP4399354A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3126999B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2023036958A1 (fr) |
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| JP3016432B2 (ja) * | 1989-09-21 | 2000-03-06 | 沖電気工業株式会社 | 半導体基板の製造方法 |
| JP2001158688A (ja) * | 1999-11-29 | 2001-06-12 | Nippon Steel Corp | シリコン種結晶とその製造方法並びにシリコン単結晶の製造方法 |
| JP4508922B2 (ja) * | 2005-03-28 | 2010-07-21 | 京セラ株式会社 | 半導体インゴットの製造方法 |
| FR2935618B1 (fr) | 2008-09-05 | 2011-04-01 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Procede pour former un revetement anti-adherent a base de carbure de silicium |
| CN102586856B (zh) * | 2012-02-01 | 2015-03-11 | 江西赛维Ldk太阳能高科技有限公司 | 一种提高硅锭利用率和籽晶使用次数的坩埚及其制备方法 |
| CN102586857B (zh) * | 2012-02-28 | 2014-11-26 | 常州天合光能有限公司 | 非接触式控制铸锭单晶硅籽晶熔化剩余高度的方法 |
| FR3005967B1 (fr) | 2013-05-27 | 2017-06-02 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Procede de fabrication d'un lingot de silicium dote de joints de grains symetriques |
| FR3005966B1 (fr) | 2013-05-27 | 2016-12-30 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Procede de fabrication d'un lingot de silicium par reprise sur germes en four de solidification dirigee |
| FR3010715B1 (fr) | 2013-09-16 | 2017-03-10 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Substrat a revetement peu permeable pour solidification de silicium |
| US20160230307A1 (en) | 2015-02-05 | 2016-08-11 | Solarworld Industries America Inc. | Apparatus and methods for producing silicon-ingots |
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- 2022-09-09 US US18/690,194 patent/US20240368805A1/en active Pending
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| FR3126999B1 (fr) | 2024-04-26 |
| WO2023036958A1 (fr) | 2023-03-16 |
| FR3126999A1 (fr) | 2023-03-17 |
| US20240368805A1 (en) | 2024-11-07 |
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