EP4307420A1 - Oxyde en couches et son procédé de préparation, plaque d'électrode positive, batterie secondaire, module de batterie, bloc-batterie et dispositif électrique - Google Patents

Oxyde en couches et son procédé de préparation, plaque d'électrode positive, batterie secondaire, module de batterie, bloc-batterie et dispositif électrique Download PDF

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EP4307420A1
EP4307420A1 EP22930175.9A EP22930175A EP4307420A1 EP 4307420 A1 EP4307420 A1 EP 4307420A1 EP 22930175 A EP22930175 A EP 22930175A EP 4307420 A1 EP4307420 A1 EP 4307420A1
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Prior art keywords
layered oxide
source
positive electrode
optionally
battery
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German (de)
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EP4307420A4 (fr
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Zibin LIANG
Yuhao WANG
Wenguang LIN
Xinxin Zhang
Jinhua He
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Contemporary Amperex Technology Hong Kong Ltd
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Contemporary Amperex Technology Co Ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/054—Accumulators with insertion or intercalation of metals other than lithium, e.g. with magnesium or aluminium
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • C01G53/44—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese
    • C01G53/50—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese of the type [MnO2]n-, e.g. Li(NixMn1-x)O2, Li(MyNixMn1-x-y)O2
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • the present application relates to the technical field of batteries, and more particularly relates to a layered oxide and a preparation method thereof, a positive electrode sheet, a secondary battery, a battery module, a battery pack and an electrical apparatus.
  • the secondary battery technology is widely applied to many aspects such as daily life of people, industrial production, military defense and aerospace.
  • lithium-ion batteries which are the fastest-growing and most mature in technology in a secondary battery system, have received widespread attention.
  • the secondary battery system represented by the lithium-ion batteries has become a power source for various portable electronic devices and all-electric vehicles, which has greatly promoted the development of electronic products and the electric vehicle industry.
  • lithium resources in the earth's crust are very limited. According to statistics, the current global lithium carbonate reserves are about 13 million tons, while the annual consumption of lithium carbonate is increasing at an annual growth rate of 16.5%. It is estimated that the global lithium resources are only available for people in next 28 years, which will severely restrict the further development of the lithium-ion batteries and energy storage technologies.
  • Sodium and lithium have similar physical and chemical properties, but the radius of sodium ions is larger than that of lithium ions, which causes the performance of sodium-ion batteries to be inferior to the performance of the lithium-ion batteries.
  • the reserves of sodium in the earth's crust are much larger than those of lithium, which makes the sodium-ion batteries have natural advantages in terms of cost and supply.
  • a positive electrode material of the sodium-ion battery is an important component of the sodium-ion battery, responsible for providing active sodium ions and requiring a high redox potential.
  • the activity of the positive electrode material will directly affect the capacity and operating voltage of the battery.
  • major layered materials that are currently studied can be mainly divided into an 03 type and a P2 type.
  • 03-type layered materials have the main advantages of a higher sodium content, resulting in high first-cycle discharge specific capacity and providing more active sodium during film forming of negative electrode hard carbon in a full battery.
  • the O3-NaNi 0.4 Mn 0.4 Fe 0.2 O 2 material is a transition metal-based layered oxide positive electrode material with a high sodium content.
  • the positive electrode material has good cycle stability when the charging voltage is between 2.0 V and 4.0 V. Therefore, only a relatively limited capacity can be provided.
  • oxygen in the layered oxide loses electrons at the high voltage, resulting in the formation of a hole, which is highly unstable and prone to side reactions, and then, structure damage and oxygen losses happen, causing reduction of the specific capacity and coulombic efficiency, and poor cycle stability.
  • the present application provides a layered oxide and a preparation method thereof, a positive electrode sheet, a secondary battery, a battery module, a battery pack and an electrical apparatus, so as to solve the problems that a layered transition metal oxide positive electrode material is likely to generate instable local holes in oxygen under a high voltage, which causes poor specific capacity and coulombic efficiency.
  • the first aspect of the present application provides a layered oxide, including an oxide with the general formula Na x Mn y A a Q b C c O 2 , where A is one or two of Fe and Ni; Q is one or more of transition metal elements containing 3d or 4d orbital electrons except Fe and Ni; C is one or two of Al and B, 0.66 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, 0.2 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.6, 0.3 ⁇ a ⁇ 0.6, 0 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.2, 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.1, and 1 ⁇ b/c ⁇ 100.
  • the values of x, y, a, b and c are within the above range so that the valence of an oxide with the general formula Na x Mny Aa Q b C c O 2 is zero.
  • the above-mentioned layered oxide may be used as a positive electrode material.
  • the A element undergoes valence changes to provide charge compensation in a charge and discharge process, thereby improving the specific capacity of the layered oxide;
  • Q is one or more of transition metal elements containing 3d or 4d orbital electrons except Fe and Ni, a d orbital of the Q element and a 2p orbital of oxygen in the oxide are hybridized to form a hybrid orbital, and a local hole in oxygen may be stabilized by the hybrid orbital, thereby inhibiting irreversible oxygen losses and structure collapse of oxygen under the high voltage;
  • the C element in an ionic state has a high ionic potential and highly interacts with oxygen, its bonding with oxygen has a high covalent bond component, which can effectively inhibit oxygen losses; and further, 1 ⁇ b/c ⁇ 100, and the Q element and the C element are matched so as to effectively inhibit oxygen and metal losses during sodium deinter
  • the Q is one or more of the group consisting of Cu, Zn, Y and Ti.
  • the hybrid orbital formed by the d orbital of the Q and the 2p orbital of oxygen may greatly stabilize the local hole in oxygen, and thus, the inhibition effect on the irreversible oxygen losses is better.
  • the A contains Fe and Ni, so as to utilize iron and nickel at the same time to provide stable charge compensation.
  • the phase state of the above-mentioned layered oxide is an 03 phase, and the space group is R 3 m.
  • the O3-phase layered oxide has a higher Na content, and thus has a higher initial charge specific capacity.
  • an interlayer distance does of a (003) crystal face of the above-mentioned layered oxide is 0.53 nm to 0.55 nm, such that the structure of the layered oxide is more stable.
  • the intensity of a (003) characteristic peak in an X-ray diffraction spectrum of the layered oxide before soaking is 10
  • the intensity of the (003) characteristic peak in the X-ray diffraction spectrum of the layered oxide after 24 h room-temperature soaking in water is I1, and I1/I0 ⁇ 0.2.
  • I1/I0 ⁇ 0.2 indicates good water stability of the layered oxide, which results in a high energy density and good cycle performance of a sodium-ion battery containing the layered oxide.
  • the pH value of a layered oxide aqueous solution with a mass concentration of 10% is between 11 and 13.
  • the pH value is low, sizing and coating are easy during positive electrode slurry preparation. For example, if the pH value is too high, gel formation and difficult coating are caused in the sizing process.
  • the volume average particle size D v50 of the layered oxide is 3 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m, optionally, 5 ⁇ m to 15 ⁇ m.
  • the specific surface area BET of the layered oxide is 0.1 m 2 /g to 5 m 2 /g, optionally, 0.3 m 2 /g to 3 m 2 /g.
  • the tap intensity of the layered oxide is 1 g/cm 3 to 3 g/cm 3 , optionally, 1.5 g/cm 3 to 2.5 g/cm 3 .
  • the powder compaction density of the above-mentioned layered oxide under the pressure of 300 MPa is 3.0 g/cm 3 to 4.0 g/cm 3 .
  • a second aspect of the present application provides a preparation method of a layered oxide.
  • the preparation method includes: step S1: mixing layered oxides of a Na source, a Mn source, an A source, a Q source and a C source to obtain a precursor powder, where the Na source, the Mn source, the A source, the Q source and the C source are mixed according to the molar ratio of Na:Mn:A:Q:C being (0.85-1.2):(0.2-0.6):(0.3-0.6): (0-0.2): (0-0.1), the mole number of Q and C is not 0, an A element in the A source is one or two of Fe and Ni, an A element in the Q source is one or more of transition metal elements containing 3d or 4d orbital electrons except Fe and Ni, and a C element in the C source is one or two of Al and B; and step S2: calcining the precursor powder in an oxidizing atmosphere and crushing the resulting material to obtain the layered oxide.
  • the preparation method is implemented by a solid-phase method, and the operation is simple and easy to implement.
  • part of the Na source is burnt, and therefore, there is a moderate excess of Na source during batching, so as to ensure that the obtained layered oxide contains more sodium elements as many as possible on the basis that the transition metal elements and the C element in the above ratio are contained.
  • the layered oxide with the general formula Na x Mny Aa Q b C c O 2 can be obtained, where 0.66 ⁇ x ⁇ l, 0.2 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.6, 0.3 ⁇ a ⁇ 0.6, 0 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.2, 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.1, and 1 ⁇ b/c ⁇ 100.
  • the A element undergoes valence changes to provide charge compensation in a charge and discharge process, thereby improving the specific capacity of the layered oxide;
  • Q is one or more of transition metal elements containing 3d or 4d orbital electrons except Fe and Ni, a d orbital of the Q element and a 2p orbital of oxygen in the oxide are hybridized to form a hybrid orbital, and a local hole in oxygen may be stabilized by the hybrid orbital, thereby inhibiting irreversible oxygen losses and structure collapse of oxygen under the high voltage;
  • the C element in an ionic state has a high ionic potential and highly interacts with oxygen, and its bonding with oxygen has a high covalent bond component, which can effectively inhibit oxygen losses; and further, 1 ⁇ b/c ⁇ 100, and the Q element and the C element are matched so as to effectively inhibit oxygen and metal losses during sodium deintercalation under the high voltage, thereby further improving structural stability of
  • step S1 implements mixing by a ball milling or mechanical stirring method.
  • Ball milling and mechanical stirring both can realize sufficient mixing of various substances, and particularly, ball milling, under a certain ball milling condition, may realize more sufficient mixing.
  • the Na source is selected from one or more of the group consisting of Na 2 CO 3 , NaHC03, NaOH and Na 2 O 2 ;
  • the Mn source is selected from one or more of the group consisting of Mn 2 O 3 , Mn 3 O 4 , MnO and MnO 2 ;
  • the A source is selected from one or more of the group consisting of A oxides and salts containing the A element, and optionally, the A element contains Fe and Ni;
  • the Q source is one or more of the group consisting of Q oxides and salts containing the Q element, and optionally, the Q element is selected from one or more of the group consisting of Cu, Zn, Y and Ti;
  • the C source is one or more of the group consisting of C oxides and salts containing the C element.
  • the above oxidizing atmosphere is selected from air, oxygen, mixed gas of air and oxygen, and mixed gas of oxygen and inert gas.
  • the oxidizing atmosphere is used to fully oxidize the Mn element, the A element, the Q element, and the C in the calcination process, so as to achieve a more excellent coordination between ion orbitals.
  • step S2 includes a first calcination stage and a second calcination stage sequentially performed, the calcination temperature in the first calcination stage is 400°C to 900°C, and the heat preservation time in the first calcination stage is 2 h to 20 h; and the calcination temperature in the second calcination stage is 700°C to 1000°C, and the heat preservation time in the second calcination stage is 10 h to 30 h.
  • the raw materials may be made to react preliminarily at a low temperature to form the layered oxide, elements in the layered oxide are diffused uniformly in advance, while the temperature in the second calcination stage is high, which can further improve the crystallinity of the layered oxide, and further promote the diffusion of different elements.
  • a product obtained by two-stage calcination is more uniform in element distribution and better in crystallinity.
  • a third aspect of the present application provides a positive electrode sheet, including a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode film layer arranged on at least one surface of the positive electrode current collector.
  • the positive electrode film layer includes a positive electrode active material.
  • the positive electrode active material includes any layered oxide in the first aspect or the layered oxide prepared by any preparation method in the second aspect.
  • the content of the layered oxide in the positive electrode film layer is 60 wt% or above, optionally, 80 wt% to 98 wt%.
  • the layered oxide is used as the positive electrode active material in the positive electrode film layer. Due to the stable structure of the layered oxide of the present application, irreversible oxygen and metal losses are not likely to occur even in the process of sodium deintercalation under the high voltage, thereby providing high specific capacity and coulombic efficiency for the positive electrode sheet.
  • a fourth aspect of the present application provides a secondary battery, including any layered oxide in the first aspect, or the layered oxide prepared by any preparation method in the second aspect, or the positive electrode sheet in the third aspect.
  • a fifth aspect of the present application provides a battery module, including the secondary battery which is the secondary battery in the fourth aspect.
  • a sixth aspect of the present application provides a battery pack, including the battery module which is the battery module in the fifth aspect.
  • a seventh aspect of the present application provides an electrical apparatus, including the secondary battery or the battery module or the battery pack, where the secondary battery is selected from the secondary battery in the fourth aspect, the battery module is the battery module in the fifth aspect, or the battery pack is the battery pack in the sixth aspect.
  • the characteristics of the layered oxide of the present application make the secondary battery, the battery module, and the battery pack with the layered oxide have high cycle performance, first-cycle coulombic efficiency and specific capacity, so as to provide high power cycle stability for the electrical apparatus with the secondary battery, the battery module or the battery pack of the present application.
  • 1-battery pack 2-upper box; 3-lower box; 4-battery module; 5-secondary battery; 51-case; 52-electrode assembly; and 53-top cover assembly.
  • ranges disclosed in the present application is defined in terms of lower and upper limits, and a given range is defined by selecting a lower limit and an upper limit, which define the boundaries of a particular range.
  • a range defined in this manner may be inclusive or exclusive of end values, and may be arbitrarily combined, that is, any lower limit may be combined with any upper limit to form a range. For example, if ranges of 60 to 120 and 80 to 110 are listed for a particular parameter, it is understood that ranges of 60 to 110 and 80 to 120 are also contemplated. Additionally, if minimum range values 1 and 2, and maximum range values 3, 4 and 5 are listed, all the following ranges may be contemplated: 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 2-3, 2-4 and 2-5.
  • the numerical range “a-b” represents an abbreviated representation of any combination of real numbers between a and b, where both a and b are real numbers.
  • the numerical range "0-5" means that all real numbers in the range of "0-5" have been listed herein, and "0-5" is just an abbreviated representation of the combination of these numerical values.
  • a certain parameter is an integer of ⁇ 2, it is equivalent to disclosing that the parameter is, for example, an integer of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, etc.
  • the method comprises steps (a) and (b), meaning that the method may comprise steps (a) and (b) performed sequentially, or may comprise steps (b) and (a) performed sequentially.
  • the reference to the method may further comprise step (c), meaning that step (c) may be added to the method in any order, for example, the method may comprise steps (a), (b) and (c), or may comprise steps (a), (c) and (b), or may comprise steps (c), (a) and (b), and so on.
  • the terms “include/including” and “comprise/comprising” mentioned in the present application may be open-ended or closed-ended.
  • the “including” and “comprising” may indicate that it is possible to include or comprise other components not listed, and it is also possible to include or comprise only the listed components.
  • the term "or” is inclusive in the present application.
  • the phrase “A or B” means “A, B, or both A and B”. More particularly, the condition “A or B” is satisfied by any one of the following conditions: A is true (or present) and B is false (or absent); A is false (or absent) and B is true (or present); or both A and B are true (or present).
  • Secondary batteries also known as rechargeable batteries or storage batteries, refer to batteries that, after being discharged, can activate active materials by charging for continuous use.
  • the secondary battery includes a positive electrode sheet, a negative electrode sheet, a separator and an electrolyte solution.
  • active ions e.g., lithium ions or sodium ions
  • the separator is arranged between the positive electrode sheet and the negative electrode sheet, and mainly has functions of preventing a short circuit between a positive electrode and a negative electrode while allowing active ions to pass through.
  • the electrolyte solution mainly has a function of conducting the active ions between the positive electrode sheet and the negative electrode sheet.
  • An embodiment of the present application provides a layered oxide, which includes an oxide with the general formula Na x Mn y A a Q b C c O 2 , where A is one or two of Fe and Ni ; Q is one or more of transition metal elements containing 3d or 4d orbital electrons except Fe and Ni; C is one or two of Al and B, 0.66 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, for example, x is 0.67, 0.70, 0.75, 0.80, 0.85, 0.90, 0.95 or 1; 0.2 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.6, for example, a is 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 or 0.6; 0.3 ⁇ a ⁇ 0.6, for example, a is 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 or 0.6; 0 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.2, for example, b is 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15 or 0.2; 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.1, for example, c is 0.01, 00.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09 or 0.1; and 1 ⁇ b
  • the above-mentioned layered oxide may be used as a positive electrode material.
  • the A element undergoes valence changes to provide charge compensation in a charge and discharge process, thereby improving the specific capacity of the layered oxide;
  • Q is one or more of transition metal elements containing 3d or 4d orbital electrons except Fe and Ni, a d orbital and a 2p orbital of oxygen in the layered oxide structure are hybridized, and when oxygen is oxidized under a high voltage and loses electrons to form a hole, the hole can be stabilized by a hybrid orbital formed by the hybridization of the d orbital and the 2p orbital of oxygen in the structure, thereby inhibiting irreversible oxygen losses and structure collapse under the high voltage; and elements without d orbitals, such as Li and Mg cannot be effectively hybridized with the 2p orbital of oxygen in the structure, resulting in the existence of a 2p non-bonding orbital of oxygen, thus, even if Li or Mg is doped, the Li and Mg cannot prevent the loss
  • the Q element is not enough to effectively inhibit the irreversible oxygen losses and the structural collapse of oxygen under the high voltage. It can be found through the present application that Al 3+ or B 3+ with high ionic potential and transition metal elements containing d orbital electrons can work together to greatly inhibit oxygen losses, because Al 3+ or B 3+ with high ionic potential has a strong interaction with oxygen, their bonding with oxygen have a high covalent bond composition, which can effectively inhibit oxygen losses.
  • Al 3+ or B 3+ with high ionic potential and the transition metal elements containing the d orbital electrons are ensured to be within the range of 1 ⁇ b/c ⁇ 100. If b/c ⁇ 1, the local ionic potential of the layered oxide is too high, the d orbital of the transition metal is less hybridized with the 2p orbital of oxygen in the structure, a metal-oxygen octahedron is greatly distorted, a layered structure is locally unstable, mixed arrangement of metal ions and sodium ions is likely to happen, resulting in forming a local spinel/rock salt phase, and hindering diffusion and deintercalation of the sodium ions; and if 100 ⁇ b/c, the content of Al 3+ or B 3+ with high ionic potential is too small, which is insufficient to synergistically inhibit oxygen losses together with the transition metal elements containing the d orbital electrons. Only when 1 ⁇ b/c ⁇ 100 is satisfied, the obtained layered oxide has a relatively stable layered structure, and the losses of oxygen and
  • the Q element and the C element cooperate with each other to effectively inhibit the losses of oxygen and the metal during sodium deintercalation under the high voltage, thereby further improving structural stability of the Na x Mn y A a Q b C c O 2 oxide, and improving the specific capacity and coulombic efficiency of the layered oxide.
  • the above 0.7 ⁇ x ⁇ 1 may be optionally replaced with 0.8 ⁇ x ⁇ 1 or 0.9 ⁇ x ⁇ 1; optionally, 0.01 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.2 or 0.05 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.15; optionally, 0.01 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.1 or 0.01 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.05 or 0.01 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.02; and optionally, 1 ⁇ b/c ⁇ 100 or 1 ⁇ b/c ⁇ 50 or 1 ⁇ b/c ⁇ 10 or 4 ⁇ b/c ⁇ 50.
  • the above Q is selected from one or more of the group consisting of Cu, Zn, Y and Ti.
  • the Q is selected from the above transition metal, the hybrid orbital formed by the d orbital of the Q and the 2p orbital of oxygen has a stronger stabilizing effect on the local hole in oxygen, and thus, the inhibition effect on the irreversible oxygen losses is better.
  • the A contains Fe and Ni, so as to utilize iron and nickel at the same time to provide stable charge compensation, and the presence of iron and nickel is also beneficial to maintain a more stable layered structure.
  • the phase state of the above-mentioned layered oxide is an 03 phase, and the space group is R 3 m.
  • the O3-phase layered oxide has a higher Na content, and thus has a higher initial charge specific capacity.
  • an interlayer distance does of a (003) crystal face of the above-mentioned layered oxide is 0.53 nm to 0.55 nm, such that the structure of the layered oxide is more stable.
  • the intensity of a (003) characteristic peak in an X-ray diffraction spectrum of the layered oxide before soaking is 10
  • the intensity of the (003) characteristic peak in the X-ray diffraction spectrum of the layered oxide after 24 h room-temperature soaking in water is I1, and I1/I0 ⁇ 0.2.
  • I1/I0 may represent water stability of a layered oxide positive electrode active material, and the smaller the I1/I0, the poorer the water stability of the layered oxide positive electrode active material, and the more sensitive to water. Studies have found that I1/I0 ⁇ 0.2 indicates good water stability of the layered oxide, which results in a high energy density and good cycle performance of a sodium-ion battery containing the layered oxide.
  • An X-ray powder diffractometer may be used to observe the intensity change of the (003) characteristic peak in the X-ray diffraction spectrum of the layered oxide positive electrode active material before and after soaking in water for 24 h.
  • the surface of the layered oxide has residual alkali, such that the layered oxide is alkaline.
  • the surface residual alkali is reduced, in any of manners of the first aspect, the pH value of a layered oxide aqueous solution with a mass concentration of 10% is between 11 and 13.
  • the pH value is low, sizing and coating are easy during positive electrode slurry preparation. For example, if the pH value is too high, gel formation and difficult coating are caused in the sizing process.
  • the volume average particle size D v50 refers to a corresponding particle size when the cumulative volume distribution percentage of the layered oxide reaches 50%.
  • the volume average particle size D v50 of the layered oxide may be measured by a laser diffraction particle size analysis method. For example, measurement is performed by a laser particle size analyzer (e.g., Malvern Master Size 3000) with reference to the standard GB/T 19077-2016.
  • the D v50 of the layered oxide is 3 ⁇ m ⁇ 30 ⁇ m, optionally, 5 ⁇ m ⁇ 15 ⁇ m.
  • the specific surface area BET of the layered oxide is 0.1 m 2 /g ⁇ 5 m 2 /g, optionally, 0.3 m 2 /g ⁇ 3 m 2 /g, and further optionally, 0.3 m 2 /g ⁇ 0.7 m 2 /g.
  • the specific surface area is smaller than the above range, the conductivity of the layered oxide is relatively reduced, and the rate performance of the secondary battery is affected; and when the specific surface area is larger than the above range, the contact area between the layered oxide and a non-aqueous electrolyte solution will be increased, and interfacial side reactions are more likely to be sent, which will affect the cycle performance and storage performance of the secondary battery.
  • the specific surface area of the layered oxide is a well-known meaning in the art, and can be measured with instruments and methods known in the art. For example, according to GB/T 19587-2017, testing may be performed by a nitrogen adsorption specific surface area analysis method, and calculated by a BET (Brunauer Emmett Teller) method.
  • BET Brunauer Emmett Teller
  • the tap intensity of the layered oxide is 1 g/cm 3 ⁇ 3 g/cm 3 , optionally, 1.5 g/cm 3 ⁇ 2.5 g/cm 3 .
  • the tap density may be measured by instruments and methods known in the art, for example, the tap density may be measured according to GB/T5162-2006. When the tap density is within the above range, material stack is more densely, which is conducive to improving the tap density of the electrode sheet and the volumetric energy density of a battery cell.
  • the powder compaction intensity of the layered oxide under the pressure of 300MPa is 3.0 g/cm 3 ⁇ 4.0 g/cm 3 .
  • the compaction density may be measured according to GB/T 24533-2009.
  • the layered oxide of the present application may be prepared by a conventional solid-phase method or co-precipitation method in the art.
  • the preparation method includes: step S1, layered oxides of a Na source, a Mn source, an A source, a Q source and a C source were mixed to obtain a precursor powder, where the Na source, the Mn source, the A source, the Q source and the C source were mixed according to the molar ratio of Na:Mn:A:Q:C being (0.85-1.2):(0.2-0.6):(0.3-0.6): (0-0.2): (0-0.1), the mole number of Q and C was not 0, an A element in the A source was one or two of Fe and Ni, an A element in the Q source was one or more of transition metal elements containing 3d or 4d orbital electrons except Fe and Ni, and a C element in the C source was one or two of Al and B; and step S2, the precursor powder was calcined in an oxidizing atmosphere and crushed to obtain the layered oxide.
  • the preparation method is implemented by a solid-phase method, and the operation is simple and easy to implement.
  • part of the Na source was burnt, and therefore, there was a moderate excess of Na source during the batching, so as to ensure that the obtained layered oxide contained more sodium elements as many as possible on the basis that the transition metal elements and the C element in the above ratio were contained.
  • the layered oxide with the general formula Na x MnyA a Q b C c O 2 can be obtained, where 0.66 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, 0.2 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.6, 0.3 ⁇ a ⁇ 0.6, 0 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.2, 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.1 and 1 ⁇ b/c ⁇ 100.
  • the A element undergone valence changes to provide charge compensation in a charge and discharge process, thereby improving the specific capacity of the layered oxide;
  • Q was one or more of transition metal elements containing 3d or 4d orbital electrons except Fe and Ni, a d orbital of the Q element and a 2p orbital of oxygen in the oxide were hybridized to form a hybrid orbital, and a local hole in oxygen may be stabilized by the hybrid orbital, thereby inhibiting irreversible oxygen losses and structure collapse of oxygen under the high voltage;
  • the C element in an ionic state had a high ionic potential and highly interacted with oxygen, and its bonding with oxygen had a high covalent bond component, which can effectively inhibit oxygen losses; and further, 1 ⁇ b/c ⁇ 100, and the Q element and the C element were matched so as to effectively inhibit oxygen and metal losses during sodium deintercalation under the high voltage, thereby further improving structural stability of the
  • step S1 implemented mixing by a ball milling or mechanical stirring method.
  • Ball milling and mechanical stirring both can realize sufficient mixing of various substances, and particularly, ball milling, under a certain ball milling condition, may realize more sufficient mixing.
  • ball milling was dry ball milling, and zirconium balls were used as grinding balls.
  • the specific operating conditions of the above-mentioned ball milling and mechanical stirring, such as a diameter of the grinding balls and a rotating speed, may refer to conventional means, which will not be repeated here.
  • the Na source, the Mn source, the A source, the Q source, and the C source used in the above preparation method of the present application may be corresponding salts, oxides, hydroxides, etc. commonly used in the art.
  • the Na source is selected from one or more of the group consisting of Na 2 CO 3 , NaHC03, NaOH and Na 2 O 2 ;
  • the Mn source is selected from one or more of the group consisting of Mn 2 O 3 , Mn 3 O 4 , MnO and MnO 2 ;
  • the A source is selected from one or more of the group consisting of A oxides and salts containing the A element, and optionally, the A element contains Fe and Ni;
  • the Q source is one or more of the group consisting of Q oxides and salts containing the Q element, and optionally, the Q element is selected from one or more of the group consisting of Cu, Zn, Y and Ti; and optionally, the C source is one or more of the group consisting of
  • the above oxidizing atmosphere is selected from air, oxygen, mixed gas of air and oxygen, and mixed gas of oxygen and inert gas.
  • the above oxidizing atmosphere is used to provide sufficient active oxygen in the calcination process to obtain the layered oxide with better crystallinity.
  • the volume ratio of oxygen to air in the above mixed gas of oxygen and air may be 1:99 to 99:1, and the volume ratio of oxygen to inert gas in the above mixed gas of oxygen and inert gas may be 10:90 to 90: 10, and the inert gas is argon, helium or nitrogen well known to those skilled in the art.
  • step S2 includes a first calcination stage and a second calcination stage sequentially performed, the calcination temperature in the first calcination stage is 400°C to 900°C, and the heat preservation time in the first calcination stage is 2 h to 20 h; and the calcination temperature in the second calcination stage is 700°C to 1000°C, and the heat preservation time in the second calcination stage is 10 h to 30 h.
  • the raw materials may be made to react preliminarily at a low temperature to form the layered oxide, elements in the layered oxide are diffused uniformly in advance, while the temperature in the second calcination stage is high, which can further improve the crystallinity of the layered oxide, and further promote the diffusion of different elements.
  • a product obtained by two-stage calcination is more uniform in element distribution and better in crystallinity.
  • the positive electrode sheet generally includes a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode film layer arranged on at least one surface of the positive electrode current collector, and the positive electrode film layer includes a positive electrode active material, and the positive electrode active material includes any layered oxide of the present application or the layered oxide obtained by any preparation method in the second aspect.
  • the positive electrode current collector has two opposite surfaces in its own thickness direction, and the positive electrode film layer is arranged on either or both of the two opposite surfaces of the positive electrode current collector.
  • the positive electrode current collector can be a metal foil or a composite current collector.
  • an aluminum foil can be used as the metal foil.
  • the composite current collector may include a high molecular material substrate layer and a metal layer formed on at least one surface of the high molecular material substrate layer.
  • the composite current collector may be formed by forming a metal material (aluminum, an aluminum alloy, nickel, a nickel alloy, titanium, a titanium alloy, silver, a silver alloy, etc.) on a high molecular material substrate (e.g., polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polystyrene (PS), and polyethylene (PE)).
  • PP polypropylene
  • PET polyethylene terephthalate
  • PBT polybutylene terephthalate
  • PS polystyrene
  • PE polyethylene
  • the content of the layered oxide in the positive electrode film layer is 60 wt% or above, optionally, 80 wt% to 98 wt%.
  • the positive electrode active material may be a positive electrode active material for batteries well known in the art.
  • the positive electrode active material may include at least one of the following materials: sodium-containing phosphate, and sodium-containing Prussian white cyanide.
  • the present application is not limited to these materials, and other conventional materials capable of being used as the positive electrode active material for the batteries may also be used. These positive electrode active materials may be used either alone with just one type or in combination with two or more types.
  • sodium-containing phosphate examples include but not limited to sodium vanadium phosphate (e.g., Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 ), composite materials of sodium vanadium phosphate and carbon, Na 4 Fe 3 (PO 4 ) 2 (P 2 O 7 ), composite materials of Na 4 Fe 3 (PO 4 ) 2 (P 2 O 7 ) and carbon, Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 2 O 2 F, and composite materials of Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 2 O 2 F and carbon.
  • sodium vanadium phosphate e.g., Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3
  • composite materials of sodium vanadium phosphate and carbon e.g., Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3
  • composite materials of sodium vanadium phosphate and carbon e.g., Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3
  • composite materials of sodium vanadium phosphate and carbon e.g., Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3
  • composite materials of sodium vanadium phosphate and carbon
  • Examples of the sodium-containing Prussian white cyanide may include but not limited to Na 2 Mn[Fe(CN) 6 ], composite materials of Na 2 Mn[Fe(CN) 6 ] and carbon, Na 2 Fe[Fe(CN) 6 ], and composite materials of Na 2 Fe[Fe(CN) 6 ] and carbon.
  • the positive electrode film layer further optionally includes a binder.
  • the binder may include at least one of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), a vinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene-propylene terpolymer, a vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene-tetrafluoroethylene terpolymer, a tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer and a fluorine-containing acrylate resin.
  • PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
  • PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
  • PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
  • the positive electrode film layer further optionally comprises a conductive agent.
  • the conductive agent may include at least one of superconducting carbon, acetylene black, carbon black, Ketjen black, carbon dot, carbon nanotube, graphene, and carbon nanofiber.
  • the positive electrode sheet may be prepared by following manners: the components for preparing the positive electrode sheet, such as the positive electrode active material, the conductive agent, the binder and any other component were dispersed in a solvent (e.g., N-methyl pyrrolidone) to form a positive electrode slurry; and the positive electrode current collector was coated with the positive electrode slurry, and followed by oven drying, cold pressing and other procedures, the positive electrode sheet was obtained.
  • a solvent e.g., N-methyl pyrrolidone
  • the negative electrode sheet includes a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode film layer arranged on at least one surface of the negative electrode current collector, where the negative electrode film layer includes a negative electrode active material.
  • the negative electrode current collector has two opposite surfaces in its own thickness direction, and the negative electrode film layer is arranged on either or both of the two opposite surfaces of the negative electrode current collector.
  • the negative electrode current collector may be a metal foil or a composite current collector.
  • an aluminum foil may be used as the metal foil.
  • the composite current collector may include a high molecular material substrate layer and a metal layer formed on at least one surface of a high molecular material substrate.
  • the composite current collector may be formed by forming a metal material (aluminum, an aluminum alloy, nickel, a nickel alloy, titanium, a titanium alloy, silver, a silver alloy, etc.) on the high molecular material substrate (e.g., polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polystyrene (PS), and polyethylene (PE)).
  • PP polypropylene
  • PET polyethylene terephthalate
  • PBT polybutylene terephthalate
  • PS polystyrene
  • PE polyethylene
  • a negative electrode active material for batteries well known in the art may be used as the negative electrode active material.
  • the negative electrode active material may include at least one of the following materials: soft carbon, hard carbon, a silicon-based material, a tin-based material, sodium titanate, etc.
  • the silicon-based material may be selected from at least one of elemental silicon, a silicon-oxygen compound, a silicon-carbon composite, a silicon-nitrogen composite, and a silicon alloy.
  • the tin-based material may be selected from at least one of elemental tin, a tin-oxygen compound, and a tin alloy.
  • the present application is not limited to these materials, and other conventional materials useful as negative electrode active materials for batteries can also be used. These negative electrode active materials may be used alone or in combination of two or more thereof.
  • the negative electrode film layer further optionally includes a binder.
  • the binder may be selected from at least one of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), polyacrylic acid (PAA), sodium polyacrylate (PAAS), polyacrylamide (PAM), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), sodium alginate (SA), polymethacrylic acid (PMAA) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS).
  • the negative electrode film layer further optionally comprises a conductive agent.
  • the conductive agent may be selected from at least one of superconducting carbon, acetylene black, carbon black, Ketjen black, carbon dot, carbon nanotube, graphene, and carbon nanofiber.
  • the negative electrode film layer may further optionally include other auxiliaries, such as a thickener (e. g., sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na)).
  • a thickener e. g., sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na)
  • the negative electrode sheet may be prepared by following manners: the components for preparing the negative electrode sheet, such as the negative electrode active material, the conductive agent, the binder and any other component were dispersed in a solvent (e.g., deionized water) to form a negative electrode slurry; and the negative electrode current collector was coated with the negative electrode slurry, and followed by oven drying, cold pressing and other procedures, the negative electrode sheet was obtained.
  • a solvent e.g., deionized water
  • the electrolyte plays the role of conducting ions between the positive electrode sheet and the negative electrode sheet.
  • the type of the electrolyte is not particularly limited in the present application, and can be selected according to requirements.
  • the electrolyte may be in a liquid state, a gel state, or an all-solid state.
  • the electrolyte is in a liquid state, and includes an electrolyte salt and a solvent.
  • the electrolyte salt may be selected from at least one of NaPF 6 , NaClO 4 , NaBF 4 , NaNO 3 , NaPOFA, NaSCN, NaCN, NaAsF 6 , NaCF 3 CO 2 , NaSbF 6 , NaC 6 HsCO 2 , Na(CH 3 )C 6 H 4 SO 3 , NaHSO 4 , and NaB(C 6 Hs) 4 .
  • the solvent may be selected from at least one of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, ethyl propyl carbonate, butylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate, methyl formate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, propyl propionate, methyl butyrate, ethyl butyrate, 1,4-butyrolactone, sulfolane, dimethyl sulfone, methyl ethyl sulfone and diethyl sulfone.
  • the electrolyte solution further optionally comprises an additive.
  • the additive may include a negative electrode film-forming additive and a positive electrode film-forming additive, and may also include additives that can improve certain battery properties, such as additives that improve battery overcharge performance, and additives that improve battery high or low temperature performance.
  • the secondary battery also includes a separator.
  • the type of the separator is not particularly limited in the present application, and any well-known separator with a porous structure having good chemical stability and mechanical stability may be selected.
  • the material of the separator may be selected from at least one of glass fiber, non-woven cloth, polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyvinylidene fluoride.
  • the separator may be a single-layer film or a multi-layer composite film, and is not particularly limited. When the separator is a multi-layer composite film, the material of each layer may be the same or different, which is not particularly limited.
  • the positive electrode sheet, the negative electrode sheet, and the separator may be made into an electrode assembly by a winding process or a lamination process.
  • the secondary battery may include an outer package.
  • the outer package may be used to encapsulate the above electrode assembly and the above electrolyte.
  • the outer package of the secondary battery may be a hard shell, such as a hard plastic shell, an aluminum shell and a steel shell.
  • the outer package of the secondary battery may also be a soft pack, such as a bag-type soft pack.
  • the material of the soft pack may be plastic, and as plastic, polypropylene, polybutylene terephthalate, and polybutylene succinate may be enumerated.
  • the present application has no particular limitation on the shape of the secondary battery, which may be cylindrical, square or any other shape.
  • Fig. 6 is an example of secondary battery 5 having a square structure.
  • the outer package can include a case 51 and a cover plate 53.
  • the case 51 can include a bottom plate and a side plate connected to the bottom plate, with the bottom plate and the side plate enclosing to form an accommodating cavity.
  • the case 51 has an opening communicating with the accommodating cavity, and the cover plate 53 may cover the opening to close the accommodating cavity.
  • a positive electrode sheet, a negative electrode sheet, and a separator may form an electrode assembly 52 by a winding process or a lamination process.
  • the electrode assembly 52 is encapsulated within the accommodating cavity.
  • the electrolyte solution impregnates the electrode assembly 52.
  • the secondary battery 5 may include one or more electrode assemblies 52, which can be selected by those skilled in the art according to specific actual requirements.
  • the secondary batteries may be assembled into a battery module, and the number of the secondary batteries included in the battery module may be one or more, and the specific number may be selected by those skilled in the art according to the application and capacity of the battery module.
  • Fig. 8 is an example of a battery module 4.
  • a plurality of secondary batteries 5 may be sequentially arranged in a length direction of the battery module 4.
  • the plurality of secondary batteries 5 may further be fixed by fasteners.
  • the battery module 4 may further include a shell with an accommodating space, and the plurality of secondary batteries 5 are accommodated in the accommodating cavity.
  • the battery module may be further assembled into a battery pack, there may be one or more battery modules contained in the battery pack, and the specific number may be selected by those skilled in the art according to the use and capacity of the battery pack.
  • the battery pack 1 may comprise a battery box and a plurality of battery modules 4 arranged in the battery box.
  • the battery box includes an upper box 2 and a lower box 3, where the upper box 2 can cover the lower box 3 and forms an enclosed space for accommodating the battery module 4.
  • the plurality of battery modules 4 may be arranged in the battery box in any manner.
  • the present application further provides an electrical apparatus, and the electrical apparatus includes at least one of the secondary battery, the battery module, or the battery pack provided in the present application.
  • the secondary battery, battery module, or battery pack can be used as a power source for the electrical apparatus, and can also be used as an energy storage unit for the electrical apparatus.
  • the electrical apparatus may include but not limited to a mobile device (e.g., a mobile phone and a laptop), an electric vehicle (e.g., an all-electric vehicle, a hybrid electric vehicle, a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, an electric bicycle, an electric scooter, an electric golf cart and an electric truck), an electric train, a ship, a satellite, an energy storage system, etc.
  • the secondary battery, the battery module, or the battery pack may be selected according to the requirements during use.
  • Fig. 11 is an example of an electrical apparatus.
  • the electrical apparatus is an all-electric vehicle, a hybrid electric vehicle or a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, etc.
  • a battery pack or a battery module may be used.
  • Na 2 CO 3 , Mn 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , NiO, Al 2 O 3 and Cu0 were mixed according to the molar ratio of Na:Mn:Fe:Ni:Al:Cu being 1:0.49:0.2:0.2:0.01:0.1 to weigh a sample with a total weight of 30 g.
  • the obtained sample was pre-ground in an agate mortar and then added to a planetary ball mill to be subject to ball milling for 1 h, where the ball-to-material ratio was 8:1, grinding balls were zirconia grinding balls, the rotational speed of ball milling was 500 rpm, and then a precursor mixture was obtained.
  • the obtained precursor mixture was uniformly placed in an open crucible, then heated from a room temperature to 950°C in a muffle furnace at a heating rate of 5°C/min, and kept at a constant temperature of 950°C for 15 h, and after natural cooling, the layered oxide Na 0.81 Mn 0.49 Fe 0.2 Ni 0.2 Al 0.01 Cu 0.1 O 2 was obtained.
  • Example 1 Na 2 CO 3 , Mn 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , NiO, B 2 O 3 and Cu0 were mixed according to the molar ratio of Na:Mn:Fe:Ni:B:Cu being 1:0.49:0.2:0.2:0.01:0.1 to weigh a sample with a total weight of 30 g. All the other operations were the same as in Example 1.
  • Example 1 Na 2 CO 3 , Mn 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , NiO, Al 2 O 3 and Y 2 O 3 were mixed according to the molar ratio of Na:Mn:Fe:Ni:Al:Y being 1:0.49:0.2:0.2:0.01:0.1 to weigh a sample with a total weight of 30 g. All the other operations were the same as in Example 1.
  • Example 1 Na 2 CO 3 , Mn 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , NiO, B 2 O 3 and ZnO were mixed according to the molar ratio of Na:Mn:Fe:Ni:B:Zn being 1:0.48:0.2:0.2:0.02:0.1 to weigh a sample with a total weight of 30 g. All the other operations were the same as in Example 1.
  • Example 1 Na 2 CO 3 , Mn 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , NiO, B 2 O 3 and TiO 2 were mixed according to the molar ratio of Na:Mn:Fe:Ni:B:Ti being 1:0.48:0.2:0.2:0.02:0.1 to weigh a sample with a total weight of 30 g. All the other operations were the same as in Example 1.
  • Example 1 Na 2 CO 3 , Mn 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , NiO, B 2 O 3 and Y 2 O 3 were mixed according to the molar ratio of Na:Mn:Fe:Ni:B:Y being 1:0.49:0.2:0.2:0.01:0.1 to weigh a sample with a total weight of 30 g. All the other operations were the same as in Example 1.
  • Example 1 Na 2 CO 3 , Mn 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , NiO, Al 2 O 3 and TiO 2 were mixed according to the molar ratio of Na:Mn:Fe:Ni:Al:Ti being 1:0.398:0.2:0.2:0.002:0.2 to weigh a sample with a total weight of 30 g. All the other operations were the same as in Example 1.
  • Example 1 Na 2 CO 3 , Mn 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , NiO, B 2 O 3 and Cu0 were mixed according to the molar ratio of Na:Mn:Fe:Ni:B:Cu being 1:0.49:0.2:0.1:0.01:0.2 to weigh a sample with a total weight of 30 g. All the other operations were the same as in Example 1.
  • Example 1 Na 2 CO 3 , Mn 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , NiO, B 2 O 3 and Cu0 were mixed according to the molar ratio of Na:Mn:Fe:Ni:B:Cu being 1:0.29:0.3:0.3:0.01:0.1 to weigh a sample with a total weight of 30 g. All the other operations were the same as in Example 1.
  • Example 1 Na 2 CO 3 , Mn 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , NiO, B 2 O 3 and Cu0 were mixed according to the molar ratio of Na:Mn:Fe:Ni:B:Cu being 1:0.4:0.2:0.2:0.1:0.1 to weigh a sample with a total weight of 30 g. All the other operations were the same as in Example 1.
  • Example 1 Na 2 CO 3 , Mn 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , NiO, A 2 O 3 and Cu0 were mixed according to the molar ratio of Na:Mn:Fe:Ni:Al:Cu being 1:0.49:0.2:0.2:0.055:0.055 to weigh a sample with a total weight of 30 g. All the other operations were the same as in Example 1.
  • Example 1 Na 2 CO 3 , Mn 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , NiO, Al 2 O 3 and Cu0 were mixed according to the molar ratio of Na:Mn:Fe:Ni:Al:Cu being 1:0.49:0.2:0.2:0.02:0.09 to weigh a sample with a total weight of 30 g. All the other operations were the same as in Example 1.
  • Example 1 Na 2 CO 3 , Mn 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , NiO, Al 2 O 3 and Cu0 were mixed according to the molar ratio of Na:Mn:Fe:Ni:Al:Cu being 1:0.49:0.2:0.2:0.005:0.105 to weigh a sample with a total weight of 30 g. All the other operations were the same as in Example 1.
  • Example 1 Na 2 CO 3 , Mn 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , NiO, Al 2 O 3 and Cu0 were mixed according to the molar ratio of Na:Mn:Fe:Ni:Al:Cu being 1:0.49:0.2:0.2:0.002:0.108 to weigh a sample with a total weight of 30 g. All the other operations were the same as in Example 1.
  • Example 1 Na 2 CO 3 , Mn 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , NiO, Al 2 O 3 and Cu0 were mixed according to the molar ratio of Na:Mn:Fe:Ni:Al:Cu being 1:0.49:0.2:0.2:0.0012:0.1088 to weigh a sample with a total weight of 30 g. All the other operations were the same as in Example 1.
  • Example 1 Na 2 CO 3 , Mn 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , NiO, Al 2 O 3 and Cu0 were mixed according to the molar ratio of Na:Mn:Fe:Ni:Al:Cu being 0.85:0.49:0.2:0.2:0.01:0.1 to weigh a sample with a total weight of 30 g. All the other operations were the same as in Example 1.
  • Example 1 Na 2 CO 3 , Mn 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , NiO, Al 2 O 3 and Cu0 were mixed according to the molar ratio of Na:Mn:Fe:Ni:Al:Cu being 1.2:0.49:0.2:0.2:0.01:0.1 to weigh a sample with a total weight of 30 g. All the other operations were the same as in Example 1.
  • Example 1 Na 2 CO 3 , Mn 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , NiO, Al 2 O 3 and Cu0 were mixed according to the molar ratio of Na:Mn:Fe:Ni:Al:Cu being 1:0.2:0.25:0.25:0.1:0.2 to weigh a sample with a total weight of 30 g. All the other operations were the same as in Example 1.
  • Layered oxide Na 2 CO 3 , Mn 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , NiO, Al 2 O 3 and Cu0 were mixed according to the molar ratio of Na:Mn:Fe:Ni:Al:Cu being 1:0.2:0.25:0.25:0.1:0.2 to weigh a sample with a total weight of 30 g. All the other operations were the same as in Example 1.
  • Example 1 The only difference from Example 1 is that the calcination conditions of the sodium source and the precursor mixture were different, as follows: the adopted sodium source was NaOH, the obtained precursor and NaOH mixture was uniformly placed in an open crucible, then heated from a room temperature to 700°C in a muffle furnace at a heating rate of 5°C/min, and kept at a constant temperature of 700°C for 30 h, and after natural cooling, the layered oxide Na 0.81 Mn 0.49 Fe 0.2 Ni 0.2 Al 0.01 Cu 0.1 O 2 was obtained.
  • the adopted sodium source was NaOH
  • the obtained precursor and NaOH mixture was uniformly placed in an open crucible, then heated from a room temperature to 700°C in a muffle furnace at a heating rate of 5°C/min, and kept at a constant temperature of 700°C for 30 h, and after natural cooling, the layered oxide Na 0.81 Mn 0.49 Fe 0.2 Ni 0.2 Al 0.01 Cu 0.1 O 2 was obtained.
  • Example 1 The only difference from Example 1 is that the calcination conditions of the precursor mixture were different, as follows: the obtained precursor mixture was uniformly placed in an open crucible, then heated from a room temperature to 1000°C in a muffle furnace at a heating rate of 5°C/min, and kept at a constant temperature of 1000°C for 10 h, and after natural cooling, the layered oxide Na 0.81 Mn 0.49 Fe 0.2 Ni 0.2 Al 0.01 Cu 0.1 O 2 was obtained.
  • Example 1 The only difference from Example 1 is that the calcination conditions of the precursor mixture were different, as follows: the obtained precursor mixture was uniformly placed in an open crucible, then heated from a room temperature to 1 100°C in a muffle furnace at a heating rate of 5°C/min, and kept at a constant temperature of 1 100°C for 8 h, and after natural cooling, the layered oxide Na 0.72 Mn 0.49 Fe 0.2 Ni 0.2 Al 0.01 Cu 0.1 O 2 was obtained.
  • Example 1 The only difference from Example 1 is that the calcination conditions of the sodium source and the precursor mixture were different, as follows: the adopted sodium source was NaOH, the obtained precursor and NaOH mixture was uniformly placed in an open crucible, then heated from a room temperature to 400°C in a muffle furnace at a heating rate of 5°C/min, and kept at a constant temperature of 400°C for 20 h; and then the obtained precursor and NaOH mixture was continuously heated from 400°C to 700°C at a heating rate of 5°C/min, and kept at a constant temperature of 700°C for 30 h, and after natural cooling, the layered oxide Na 0.86 Mn 0.49 Fe 0.2 Ni 0.2 Al 0.01 Cu 0.1 O 2 was obtained.
  • the adopted sodium source was NaOH
  • the obtained precursor and NaOH mixture was uniformly placed in an open crucible, then heated from a room temperature to 400°C in a muffle furnace at a heating rate of 5°C/min, and kept at a constant temperature of 400°C for 20
  • Example 1 The only difference from Example 1 is that the calcination conditions of the precursor mixture were different, as follows: the obtained precursor mixture was uniformly placed in an open crucible, then heated from a room temperature to 400°C in a muffle furnace at a heating rate of 5°C/min, and kept at a constant temperature of 400°C for 20 h; and then the obtained precursor mixture was continuously heated from 400°C to 1000°C at a heating rate of 5°C/min, and kept at a constant temperature of 1000°C for 10 h, and after natural cooling, the layered oxide Na 0.78 Mn 0.49 Fe 0.2 Ni 0.2 Al 0.01 Cu 0.1 O 2 was obtained.
  • Example 1 The only difference from Example 1 is that the calcination conditions of the precursor mixture were different, as follows: the obtained precursor mixture was uniformly placed in an open crucible, then heated from a room temperature to 900°C in a muffle furnace at a heating rate of 5°C/min, and kept at a constant temperature of 900°C for 2 h; and then the obtained precursor mixture was continuously heated from 900°C to 1000°C at a heating rate of 5°C/min, and kept at a constant temperature of 1000°C for 10 h, and after natural cooling, the layered oxide Na 0.79 Mn 0.49 Fe 0.2 Ni 0.2 Al 0.01 Cu 0.1 O 2 was obtained.
  • Example 1 Na 2 CO 3 , Mn 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , NiO and Cu0 were mixed according to the molar ratio of Na:Mn:Fe:Ni:Cu being 1:0.5:0.2:0.2:0.1 to weigh a sample with a total weight of 30 g. All the other operations were the same as in Example 1.
  • Example 1 Na 2 CO 3 , Mn 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , NiO, Al 2 O 3 and Cu0 were mixed according to the molar ratio of Na:Mn:Fe:Ni:Al:Cu being 1:0.4991:0.2:0.2:0.0009:0.1 to weigh a sample with a total weight of 30 g. All the other operations were the same as in Example 1.
  • Example 1 Na 2 CO 3 , Mn 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , NiO, B 2 O 3 and Cu0 were mixed according to the molar ratio of Na:Mn:Fe:Ni:B:Cu being 1:0.4981:0.3:0.2:0.01:0.009 to weigh a sample with a total weight of 30 g. All the other operations were the same as in Example 1.
  • Example 1 Na 2 CO 3 , Mn 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , NiO, Al 2 O 3 and Cu0 were mixed according to the molar ratio of Na:Mn:Fe:Ni:Al:Cu being 1:0.69:0.1:0.1:0.01:0.1 to weigh a sample with a total weight of 30 g. All the other operations were the same as in Example 1.
  • Example 1 Na 2 CO 3 , Mn 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , NiO, Al 2 O 3 and Cu0 were mixed according to the molar ratio of Na:Mn:Fe:Ni:Al:Cu being 1:0.34:0.2:0.2:0.01:0.25 to weigh a sample with a total weight of 30 g. All the other operations were the same as in Example 1.
  • Example 1 Na 2 CO 3 , Mn 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , NiO, Al 2 O 3 and Cu0 were mixed according to the molar ratio of Na:Mn:Fe:Ni:Al:Cu being 1:0.36:0.2:0.2:0.12:0.12 to weigh a sample with a total weight of 30 g. All the other operations were the same as in Example 1.
  • Example 1 Na 2 CO 3 , Mn 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , NiO, B 2 O 3 and Li 2 CO 3 were mixed according to the molar ratio of Na:Mn:Fe:Ni:B:Li being 1:0.49:0.2:0.2:0.01:0.1 to weigh a sample with a total weight of 30 g. All the other operations were the same as in Example 1.
  • Example 1 Na 2 CO 3 , Mn 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , NiO, B 2 O 3 and MgO were mixed according to the molar ratio of Na:Mn:Fe:Ni:B:Mg being 1:0.49:0.2:0.2:0.01:0.1 to weigh a sample with a total weight of 30 g. All the other operations were the same as in Example 1.
  • a sample-to-be-tested was ground in an agate mortar to pass through a 350-mesh sieve.
  • An appropriate amount of the sieved sample was taken and put into a middle of a sample holder groove, so that the loose sample powder was slightly higher than a plane of a sample holder; and a glass slide was taken to lightly press a surface of the sample, so that the surface of the sample was flattened to be consistent with a plane of the holder, and the excess powder was scraped off.
  • the instrument standard refers to EPA6010D-2014 "Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry”.
  • the sample was chemically processed and digested into a solution, atomized into a plasma to excite characteristic spectral lines of elements, and the element content was qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed according to the wavelength and intensity of the spectral lines (in direct proportion to the concentration).
  • Equipment model Melvin 2000 (MasterSizer 2000) laser particle sizer, a reference standard process: GB/T19077-2016/ISO 13320:2009, a specific test process: taking an appropriate amount of the sample-to-be tested (the sample concentration should guarantee a shading degree of 8% to 12% ), adding 20 ml of deionized water, at the same time, performing ultrasonic treatment for 5 min (53 KHz/120 W) to ensure that the sample was completely dispersed, and then testing the sample according to the standard GB/T19077-2016/ISO 13320:2009.
  • the button battery was charged to 4.3 V at a constant current density of 10 mA/g to obtain the discharge capacity CO of the button battery, and then discharged at a constant current density of 10 mA/g to 1.5V to obtain the discharge capacity Cl of the button battery.
  • First-cycle coulombic efficiency of the layered oxide discharge capacity Cl of button battery / charge capacity CO of button battery.
  • the button battery was prepared according to the steps shown below.
  • Positive electrode sheet preparation the layered oxide, the conductive agent carbon black (Super P) and the binder polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) were mixed in an appropriate amount of solvent NMP to be sufficiently stirred in the mass ratio of 80:15:5 to form a uniform positive electrode slurry; and a surface of a positive electrode current collector aluminum foil was evenly coated with the positive electrode slurry, and after drying and cold pressing, a wafer with the diameter of 14 mm was obtained through punching, namely the positive electrode sheet.
  • solvent NMP solvent
  • PVDF binder polyvinylidene fluoride
  • a negative electrode sheet adopts a metal sodium sheet.
  • Electrolyte preparation ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) were mixed in equal volumes to obtain an organic solvent, and then NaClO 4 was dissolved in the above organic solvent to prepare an electrolyte solution with the concentration of Imol/L.
  • a separator adopts a porous polyethylene (PE) film.
  • button battery preparation the positive electrode sheet, the separator and the negative electrode sheet were stacked in sequence, so that the separator was positioned between the positive electrode sheet and the negative electrode sheet to play an isolation role, and then the above prepared electrolyte solution was added to finish preparation of the button battery.
  • the discharge capacity Cl of the button battery and the charge capacity CO of the button battery obtained through the test in Example 1 and Comparative example 1 are sequentially recorded in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2
  • the cyclic 50-cycle capacity retention rates of the button battery obtained through the test in Example 1 and Comparative example 1 are recorded in Fig. 3 .
  • SEM images of the SEM-tested positive electrode materials for the layered oxide containing batteries disassembled after 50 cycles in Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 are sequentially shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 .
  • the X-ray powder diffractometer in the above test (1) was used to detect the intensity change of the (003) characteristic peak in the X-ray diffraction spectrum of the layered oxide positive electrode active material before and after soaking in water for 24 h.
  • 11 represents the intensity of the (003) characteristic peak in the X-ray diffraction spectrum of the layered oxide positive electrode active material soaked in water for 24 h
  • 10 represents the intensity of the (003) characteristic peak in the X-ray diffraction spectrum of the layered oxide positive electrode active material before soaking.
  • 11/10 may represent water stability of the layered oxide positive electrode active material, and the smaller the 11/10, the poorer the water stability of the layered oxide positive electrode active material, and the more sensitive to water.
  • testing was performed on a Quadrasorb EVO specific surface area and hole diameter analyzer according to a nitrogen adsorption specific surface area analysis method, and the specific surface area was calculated by BET (Brunauer Emmett Teller) method.
  • Table 1 Serial Number Layered oxide D v50 ( ⁇ m) Tap density (g/cm 3 ) pH Specific surface area (m 2 /g) Tap density (g/cm 3 )
  • Example 1 Na 0.81 Mn 0.49 Fe 0.2 Ni 0.2 Al 0.01 Cu 0.1 O 2 8 3.46 12.53 0.4 2.1
  • Example 2 Na 0.82 Mn 0.49 Fe 0.2 Ni 0.2 B 0.01 Cu 0.1 O 2 9 3.53 12.31 0.5 2.1
  • Example 3 Na 0.79 Mn 0.49 Fe 0.2 Ni 0.2 Al 0.01 Y 0.1 O 2 11 3.44 12.41 0.5 2.0
  • Example 4 Na 0.80 Mn 0.48 Fe 0.2 Ni 0.2 B 0.02 Zn 0.1 O 2 9 3.56 12.32 0.5 1.9
  • Example 5 Na 0.81 Mn 0.48 Fe 0.2 Ni 0.2 B 0.02 Ti 0.1 O 2 12 3.54 12.55 0.5 1.9
  • Example 6 Na 0.83 Mn 0.49 Fe 0.2 Ni 0.2 B 0.01 Y 0.1 O 2 11 3.45 12.52 0.6 2.0
  • Example 18 Na 0.79 Mn 0.2 Fe 0.25 Ni 0.25 Al 0.1 Cu 0. 2 O 2 9 3.42 12.65 0.6 2.1
  • Example 19 Na 0.81 Mn 0.49 Fe 0.2 Ni 0.2 Al 0.01 Cu 0. 1 O 2 8 3.42 12.89 0.6 2.2
  • Example 20 Na 0.81 Mn 0.49 Fe 0.2 Ni 0.2 Al 0.01 Cu 0. 1 O 2 12 3.43 12.91 0.6 2.3
  • Example 21 Na 0.72 Mn 0.49 Fe 0.2 Ni 0.2 Al 0.01 Cu 0. 1 O 2 30 3.42 12.68 0.3 1.8
  • Example 22 Na 0.86 Mn 0.49 Fe 0.2 Ni 0.2 Al 0.01 Cu 0. 1 O 2 6 3.46 12.69 0.7 2.1
  • Example 23 Na 0.78 Mn 0.49 Fe 0.2 Ni 0.2 Al 0.01 Cu 0.
  • the first-cycle coulombic efficiency of Example 1 is relatively high, and the co-doping of the Q element containing d orbital electrons and the C element with a high ionic potential can enable the hole generated due to the loss of electrons of oxygen under a high voltage to be relatively stable, thereby inhibiting oxygen losses; and in Comparative example 1 of the C element with a high ionic potential, the hole generated due to the loss of electrons of oxygen under the high voltage cannot be effectively stabilized, resulting in an irreversible oxygen evolution reaction, and low first-cycle coulombic efficiency.

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