EP4136056A2 - Non-aqueous topical formulations - Google Patents

Non-aqueous topical formulations

Info

Publication number
EP4136056A2
EP4136056A2 EP21788324.8A EP21788324A EP4136056A2 EP 4136056 A2 EP4136056 A2 EP 4136056A2 EP 21788324 A EP21788324 A EP 21788324A EP 4136056 A2 EP4136056 A2 EP 4136056A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
weight
composition
acid
urea
agent
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
EP21788324.8A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP4136056A4 (en
Inventor
Jihoon P. BAEK
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Baek Clinical Inc
Original Assignee
Baek Clinical Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Baek Clinical Inc filed Critical Baek Clinical Inc
Publication of EP4136056A2 publication Critical patent/EP4136056A2/en
Publication of EP4136056A4 publication Critical patent/EP4136056A4/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/02—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K8/04—Dispersions; Emulsions
    • A61K8/06—Emulsions
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
    • A61K31/365—Lactones
    • A61K31/375—Ascorbic acid, i.e. vitamin C; Salts thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/02—Inorganic compounds
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
    • A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
    • A61K8/33—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds containing oxygen
    • A61K8/34—Alcohols
    • A61K8/345—Alcohols containing more than one hydroxy group
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
    • A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
    • A61K8/33—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds containing oxygen
    • A61K8/36—Carboxylic acids; Salts or anhydrides thereof
    • A61K8/365—Hydroxycarboxylic acids; Ketocarboxylic acids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
    • A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
    • A61K8/33—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds containing oxygen
    • A61K8/36—Carboxylic acids; Salts or anhydrides thereof
    • A61K8/368—Carboxylic acids; Salts or anhydrides thereof with carboxyl groups directly bound to carbon atoms of aromatic rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
    • A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
    • A61K8/40—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds containing nitrogen
    • A61K8/42—Amides
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
    • A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
    • A61K8/67—Vitamins
    • A61K8/676—Ascorbic acid, i.e. vitamin C
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
    • A61K8/72—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic macromolecular compounds
    • A61K8/84—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions otherwise than those involving only carbon-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • A61K8/89—Polysiloxanes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0014—Skin, i.e. galenical aspects of topical compositions
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/10—Dispersions; Emulsions
    • A61K9/107—Emulsions ; Emulsion preconcentrates; Micelles
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
    • A61Q19/00—Preparations for care of the skin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
    • A61Q19/00—Preparations for care of the skin
    • A61Q19/08—Anti-ageing preparations
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K2800/00—Properties of cosmetic compositions or active ingredients thereof or formulation aids used therein and process related aspects
    • A61K2800/20—Chemical, physico-chemical or functional or structural properties of the composition as a whole
    • A61K2800/30—Characterized by the absence of a particular group of ingredients
    • A61K2800/31—Anhydrous

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to stable compositions and methods for treating, preventing, or improving dermatocosmetic conditions, including reducing the appearance of skin aging.
  • the present disclosure also relates to stable compositions and methods for accelerating and enhancing wound healing.
  • Ascorbic acid also commonly known as Vitamin C
  • Vitamin C is a potent antioxidant and is widely used in topical compositions to treat or prevent a range of cosmetic and/or dermatological conditions as well as to reduce the appearance of chronological and/or environmentally-caused skin aging, such as facial fine lines and wrinkles, dyschromia/uneven pigmentation, and dark circles under the eyes). Additionally, Vitamin C can help neutralize the damaging effects of free radicals and plays a role in stimulating the growth and bundling of collagen, important in maintaining skin elasticity.
  • Tyrosinase is a copper-containing enzyme that catalyzes the production of melanin and other pigments from tyrosine by oxidation.
  • the antioxidant activity of ascorbic acid is reported to mediate, and thereby reduce (inhibit) the rate of melanogenesis.
  • the “gold standard” in cosmetic dermatology for skin lightening/brightening is hydroquinone (HQ).
  • HQ can have side effects including mild burning, stinging, erythema (redness), and skin dryness.
  • Vitamin C is also used to lighten the appearance of the skin - including for example, dark circles under the eyes - but with a more favorable safety profile (i.e., fewer side effects). See, e.g., LE Espinal-Perez et al, Int J Dermatol. Vol. 43, pp. 604-7 (2004) (93% improvement from use of 4% HQ versus 62.5% improvement from use of 5% Vitamin C; but 68.7% side-effects from HQ versus 6.2% from Vitamin C).
  • Vitamin C topical products especially water-containing formulations, as “unstable”.
  • Research and development activities seeking more stable topical Vitamin C formulations have focused on creating esterified derivatives (e.g., magnesium ascorbyl phosphate (“MAP”) and ascorbyl-6-palmitate), using anhydrous carrier systems, adding antioxidants or other ingredients to Vitamin C formulations, and buffering Vitamin C formulations to a low pH.
  • esterified derivatives e.g., magnesium ascorbyl phosphate (“MAP”) and ascorbyl-6-palmitate
  • MAP magnesium ascorbyl phosphate
  • ascorbyl-6-palmitate anhydrous carrier systems
  • urea and substituted ureas
  • moisture retention as a humectant
  • keratolytic activity as well as for penetration enhancement, both for itself and other active ingredients.
  • concentrations of lower than about 10% urea acts as a moisturizer.
  • concentrations, from about 10% up to 40% urea can be used to treat dry/rough skin conditions, including ichthyosis and psoriasis.
  • Urea also commonly referred to as carbamide
  • carbamide is a potent humectant, emollient and keratolytic agent, and is widely used in topical compositions to treat or prevent a range of cosmetic and/or dermatological conditions associated with dry and scaly skin, such as dermatitis, psoriasis, xerosis, ichthyosis, eczema, keratosis, and keratosis pilaris.
  • dermatitis psoriasis, xerosis, ichthyosis, eczema, keratosis, and keratosis pilaris.
  • Azelaic acid also commonly known as nonanedioic acid
  • nonanedioic acid is a dicarboxylic acid that exists naturally in many whole grains and is widely used in topical compositions to treat or prevent a range of cosmetic and/or dermatological conditions (listed below) as well as reduce the appearance of dyschromia/uneven pigmentation.
  • Non-limiting examples of such conditions of dermatocosmetic conditions that may be improved by topical application of the compositions of the present invention include: melasma, inflammatory dermatoses (including acne, rosacea, melasma, psoriasis).
  • azelaic acid is difficult to solubilize. See, e.g., US Patent No. 5,925,679. While azelaic acid is somewhat soluble in water, cosmetic oils and alcohols, each of these solvents has serious limitations. Water only marginally dissolves azelaic acid so that a water and azelaic acid solution would contain a maximum of about 0.24% by weight (w/w) azelaic acid, not likely enough to be effective. Azelaic acid has little or no solubility in cosmetic oils.
  • Alcohols are good solvents but are unsatisfactory because large amounts of alcohol e.g., isopropyl alcohol, in a topical composition has the undesirable side effect of drying the skin, and reducing the stability of azelaic acid in the composition. Indeed, some alcohols e.g., ethyl alcohol, render azelaic acid unstable at normal temperatures resulting in a totally ineffective composition.
  • South Korean Patent KR100861978B1 confirms the challenges of solubilizing clinically effective amounts of azelaic acid.
  • This disclosure describes various non aqueous topical formulations, which can be adapted for use in a variety of forms (e.g., concentrates, serums, chemical peeling solutions, rinse-off masks, creams, emulsions, etc) for cosmetic use, for application to address dermatological conditions, and/or for use in reducing the appearance of chronological and/or environmentally-caused skin aging.
  • forms e.g., concentrates, serums, chemical peeling solutions, rinse-off masks, creams, emulsions, etc.
  • topical formulations of .-ascorbic acid dissolved in a combination of a urea agent and a non-aqueous skin-compatible solvent are provided.
  • the formulations are storage stable for an extended period of time without significant degradation of the .-ascorbic acid in the composition, are have desirable physical properties.
  • the topical formulations can include high concentrations of the .-ascorbic acid.
  • the topical formulations can include cinnamic acid or derivatives thereof as a penetration enhancer and stabilizing component of ascorbic acid.
  • Topical compositions of this disclosure find use in treating or preventing a variety of cosmetic and/or dermatological conditions as well as to reduce the appearance of chronological and/or environmentally-caused skin aging.
  • topical formulations of an anhydrous emulsion composed of a urea compound, non-aqueous skin-compatible solvents, and silicone compound are provided.
  • the formulations are storage stable in a non-aqueous solution for an extended period of time without significant degradation of the urea in the composition and have desirable physical properties.
  • the topical formulations can include concentrations of urea of 1 to 30% by weight. Topical compositions of this disclosure find use in treating or preventing a variety of cosmetic and/or dermatological conditions.
  • topical formulations of .-ascorbic acid dissolved in a combination of a urea agent and a non-aqueous skin-compatible solvent are provided.
  • the formulations are storage stable for an extended period of time without significant degradation of the .-ascorbic acid in the composition, are have desirable physical properties.
  • the topical formulations can include a chemical exfoliant and be used as a chemical peeling solution.
  • This disclosure provides topical compositions that include a combination of ascorbic acid, urea agent and a chemical exfoliant dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent.
  • the compositions of this disclosure are stable liquid compositions with respect to both the ascorbic acid component and the urea component.
  • Topical formulations can include high concentrations of the /.-ascorbic acid of 10 to 28% by weight.
  • Topical compositions of this disclosure find use in treating or preventing a variety of cosmetic and/or dermatological conditions as well as to reduce the appearance of chronological and/or environmentally-caused skin aging.
  • the topical composition finds use as a chemical peeling solution, e.g., to facilitate shedding of the top layers of skin cells after topical administration.
  • topical formulations of azelaic acid dissolved in a combination of a urea agent and a non-aqueous skin-compatible solvent are provided.
  • the topical formulations can include high concentrations of the azelaic acid of 1% to 20% by weight.
  • Topical compositions of this disclosure find use in treating or preventing a variety of cosmetic and/or dermatological conditions.
  • azelaic acid and urea composition can be added to a non-aqueous solvent to provide solubilized azelaic acid and urea at various desired concentration levels.
  • Solubilized azelaic acid is much less likely to irritate the skin because azelaic acid in a dissolved state is much more readily absorbed by the skin than in the undissolved states found in dispersions.
  • Better absorption means less azelaic acid need be present in the formulation to be effective thereby lowering the risk of irritation to the skin.
  • azelaic acid in low concentrations, and concentrations higher than 2-5% can be added to a non-aqueous solvent to provide solubilized azelaic acid that eliminates burning, itching, and/or numbing sensations upon topical application.
  • This disclosure describes various categories of non aqueous topical formulations, including: 1) stabilizing vitamin C formulations, 2) vitamin C chemical peeling formulations, 3) vitamin C and sugar alcohol formulations, 4) anhydrous urea emulsions, and 5) anhydrous azelaic acid formulations, which are described below in greater detail.
  • These topical formulations can be adapted for use in a variety of forms (e.g., concentrates, serums, chemical peeling solutions, rinse-off masks, creams, emulsions, etc) for cosmetic use, for application to address dermatological conditions, and/or for use in reducing the appearance of chronological and/or environmentally-caused skin aging.
  • This disclosure provides topical formulations of .-ascorbic acid dissolved in a combination of a urea agent and a non-aqueous skin-compatible solvent.
  • the formulations are storage stable for an extended period of time without undesirable discoloration or significant degradation of the .-ascorbic acid in the composition.
  • This disclosure provides particular topical formulations which have been developed and optimized to provide skin compatibility and desirable physical properties.
  • Topical compositions of this disclosure find use in treating or preventing a variety of cosmetic and/or dermatological conditions as well as to reduce the appearance of chronological and/or environmentally-caused skin aging, such as facial fine lines and wrinkles, dyschromia or uneven pigmentation, and dark circles under the eyes.
  • Non-limiting examples of dermatocosmetic conditions that may be improved by topical application of the compositions of the present disclosure include: keratoses, melasma, lentigines, liver spots, inflammatory dermatoses (including eczema, acne, psoriasis), and xeroses (also known in the art as dry skin or pruritus).
  • Topical application can be accomplished by use of a biocompatible gel, which may be provided in the form of a patch, or by use of a cream, foam, and the like.
  • a biocompatible gel which may be provided in the form of a patch, or by use of a cream, foam, and the like.
  • formulations of the present disclosure include the ingredients: (i) 5 to 28 % by weight of ascorbic acid; and (ii) urea agent; (iii) cinnamic acid, and (iv) one or more optional additional components, dissolved in (v) a non-aqueous skin- compatible solvent.
  • formulations of the present disclosure include the ingredients (i) (i) 1% to 20% by weight of azelaic acid; (ii) 1% to 20% by weight of a urea agent, (iii) one or more optional additional components, dissolved in (iv) a non-aqueous skin-compatible solvent.
  • azelaic acid and urea composition can be added to a non-aqueous solvent to provide solubilized azelaic acid and urea at various desired concentration levels.
  • Solubilized azelaic acid is much less likely to irritate the skin because azelaic acid in a dissolved state is much more readily absorbed by the skin than in the undissolved states found in dispersions.
  • Better absorption means less azelaic acid need be present in the formulation to be effective thereby lowering the risk of irritation to the skin.
  • azelaic acid in low concentrations, and concentrations higher than 2-5% can be added to a non-aqueous solvent to provide solubilized azelaic acid that eliminates burning, itching, and/or numbing sensations upon topical application.
  • formulations of the present disclosure include the ingredients (i) 5% to 28% of ascorbic acid, (ii) 1% to 20% by weight of a sugar alcohol agent, (iii) one or more optional additional components, dissolved in (iv) a non-aqueous skin-compatible solvent.
  • formulations of the present disclosure include the ingredients (i) 5% to 28% of ascorbic acid, (ii) 5% to 20% by weight of a urea agent, (iii) 2% to 20% by weight of a chemical exfoliant, (iv) one or more optional additional components, dissolved in (v) a non-aqueous skin-compatible solvent.
  • ascorbic acid formulations of the present disclosure provides the basis for enhancement and acceleration of topical wound healing.
  • the formulations can be applied topically to facilitate wound healing.
  • a urea agent dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent provides for enhanced solubility and penetration of the ascorbic acid in the non- aqueous solvent.
  • cinnamic acids or derivatives thereof such as ferulic acid
  • ascorbic acid and urea in addition to ascorbic acid and urea in a non-aqueous solvent, provide for enhanced stabilizing effects in the formulations of the present disclosure.
  • incorporation of cinnamic acids and derivatives are penetration enhancers that provide for enhanced stability of ascorbic acid and a urea agent in a non-aqueous formulation.
  • formulations of the present disclosure include the ingredients (i) 1% to 30% by weight of a urea agent; (ii) one or more optional additional components, dissolved in (iii) a non-aqueous skin-compatible solvent.
  • a urea agent dissolved in (iii) a non-aqueous skin-compatible solvent.
  • This disclosure provides topical formulations of urea dissolved in a non-aqueous skin-compatible solvent, combined with a silicone agent as an emulsifying agent.
  • the formulations are storage stable in a non-aqueous solution for an extended period of time without undesirable change in odor or significant degradation of the urea in the composition.
  • This disclosure provides particular topical formulations which have been developed and optimized to provide skin compatibility and desirable physical properties.
  • formulations of the present disclosure include the ingredients: (i) 1 to 30 % by weight urea agent; dissolved in (ii) a non- aqueous skin-compatible solvent; combined with (iii) a silicone agent to form an emulsion.
  • Hydrolysis of urea in aqueous compositions can cause discoloration or other breakdown of the product, including phase separation.
  • the inventor of the present disclosure discovered that by incorporating a substantially anhydrous first phase (e.g., internal phase) containing urea and a non-aqueous solvent, the resulting first phase (e.g., internal phase) solubilizes urea by circumventing hydrolysis.
  • the inventor of the present disclosure discovered that by incorporating a homogenous non-aqueous solution of urea into an emulsion, the resulting compositions provide for exclusion of moisture, preventing urea degradation. Urea undergoes steady hydrolysis, producing ammonia and other amines, compounds that not only have an unpleasant odor but also tend to increase pH. The present inventor discovered that an emulsion containing a homogenous non-aqueous solution of urea prevents discoloration and unpleasant odor caused by degradation of urea; and stabilizes the pH of the composition. [0038] The inventor of the present disclosure discovered that particular amounts of a urea agent can be added to a non-aqueous solvent to provide stable solutions of urea at various desired concentration levels.
  • the inventor of the present disclosure discovered that by incorporating a homogenous non-aqueous solution of urea into an emulsion, the resulting compositions reduce the skin irritation. [0040] The inventor of the present disclosure discovered that by incorporating a homogenous non-aqueous solution of urea into an emulsion, the resulting compositions are storage stable in a non-aqueous solution.
  • Topical compositions of this disclosure find use in treating or preventing a variety of cosmetic and/or dermatological conditions.
  • dermatocosmetic conditions include: inflammatory dermatoses (including eczema, acne, psoriasis), and xeroses (also known in the art as dry skin or pruritus).
  • this disclosure provides formulations that include combination of particular amount of a urea agent in a non-aqueous skin-compatible solvent which together can provide for dissolution of particular amounts of ascorbic acid and which produce skin- compatible liquid compositions in which the ascorbic acid is substantially stable to decomposition.
  • the amounts of ascorbic acid stably dissolved in the composition are greater than would otherwise be possible without the particular combinations of ingredients provided by the disclosure.
  • ascorbic acid Ascorbic acid
  • Z-ascorbic acid Ascorbic acid
  • vitamin C Vitamin C
  • Any convenient form of ascorbic acid can be utilized in the subject formulations.
  • the ascorbic acid used in the high potency Vitamin C concentrate of the present disclosure is a powder.
  • the ascorbic acid material used in preparing the subject compositions is composed of granular particles.
  • a particulate powder has a particle size (e.g., mean particle size) of less than about 25 microns, such as less than about 20 microns, and more preferably less than about 12.5 microns, e.g., as measured by a Hagman gauge.
  • all of the ascorbic acid powder used in preparing the subject compositions is capable of passage through a No. 100 U.S. Standard Sieve, a standard testing procedure used by the US Pharmacopoeia.
  • 80% or more (such as 90% or more, or 100%) of ascorbic acid powder used in preparing the subject composition is capable of passage through a No. 325 U.S. Standard Sieve.
  • one powder meeting the above criterion is Ascorbic Acid Ultra-Fine Powder from DSM Nutritional Products LLC, Parsippany, NJ. Previously, this product was available as Product Code No. 6045653 from Roche Vitamins and Fine Chemicals.
  • the amount of ascorbic acid in the subject composition is at least about 5% by weight, such as at least about 10% by weight, at least about 12% by weight, at least about 15% by weight, at least about 20% by weight, or at least about 25% by weight.
  • the subject composition includes about 28% by weight or less of ascorbic acid in the non-aqueous solvent solution, such as about 25% by weight or less.
  • the non-aqueous solvent is 1,3 -propanediol.
  • the amount of ascorbic acid in the subject composition is between about 10% by weight and about 20% by weight, or between about 12% by weight and about 28% by weight, such as between about 15% by weight and about 28% by weight, or between about 20% by weight and about 28% by weight. In some embodiments, the amount of ascorbic acid in the subject composition is about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, or about 25% by weight.
  • the amount of ascorbic acid in the subject composition is between about 10% by weight and about 20% by weight (e.g., about 10%, about 15%, or about 20%) where the ratio of ascorbic acid to urea agent (% wt ratio) is 1.8 to 2.2, such as a ratio of 2 (i.e., 2:1).
  • the amount of ascorbic acid in the subject composition is between about 25% by weight and about 28% by weight (e.g., about 25%, about 26%, about 27% or about 28%) where the ratio of ascorbic acid to urea agent (% wt ratio) is 1.0 to 1.3, such as a ratio of 1.25 (i.e., 1.25:1) or a ratio of 1.0 (i.e., 1:1).
  • the amounts of ascorbic acid in a composition are calculated relative to the solution phase based on the non-aqueous solvent. See Formulations 1, 3, 4, 6 and 7 of Table 3. However, the amounts of ascorbic acid and other ingredients relative to the emulsion composition as a whole can readily be calculated by the skilled artisan.
  • Formulations 2 and 5 of Table 3 show exemplary emulsion compositions where the % by weight values shown are relative to the total emulsion composition. It is understood that, in some cases, these concentrate solutions having particular amounts of ascorbic acid can be combined with an immiscible ingredient (e.g., a oil component) and an emulsifying agent to produce an emulsion composition (e.g., as described below).
  • an immiscible ingredient e.g., a oil component
  • an emulsifying agent e.g., as described below.
  • the formulations of the present disclosure include a urea agent in an amount sufficient to enhance the solubility of ascorbic acid in the non-aqueous skin compatible solvent and to provide a stable solution.
  • a urea agent in an amount sufficient to enhance the solubility of ascorbic acid in the non-aqueous skin compatible solvent and to provide a stable solution.
  • particular amounts of urea agent can be added to a non-aqueous solvent to provide stable solutions of ascorbic acid at various desired concentration levels. These amounts of urea agent are selected based on observations regarding the maximum amount of ascorbic acid that can be stably dissolved in the particular non-aqueous solvent, and minimum amounts of urea agent that should be included to provide a stable ascorbic acid solution.
  • Urea agents of interest include, but are not limited to, urea and substituted urea, such as alkyl substituted urea, more particularly mono-substituted or di- substituted alkyl urea (e.g., hydroxyalkyl urea).
  • the urea agent is a hydroxyalkyl urea, such as hydroxy ethyl urea.
  • the urea agent ingredient used in the subject formulations can be a combination of urea and/or substituted urea.
  • the urea agent can be a combination of urea and hydroxyethyl urea.
  • the urea agent is urea.
  • the urea agent is hydroxyethyl urea.
  • the amount of urea in the high-potency vitamin C compositions of this disclosure is defined as a function of the concentration of L-Ascorbic Acid (“AA”).
  • AA L-Ascorbic Acid
  • Z% the maximum solubility of ascorbic acid in the neat non-aqueous solvent
  • the minimum amount (% wt) of urea agent to be included in the non-aqueous solvent based compositions can be calculated by the formula: (concentration of AA - Z ⁇ * 1.25.
  • the maximum solubility of ascorbic acid (AA) in neat 1,3 -propanediol was observed to be 12% by weight. Accordingly, for AA concentrations exceeding 12%, as a first step, subtract 12 from the desired amount of AA in the concentrate. As a second step, multiply the difference from the first step by 1.25.
  • the minimum amount (% wt) of urea agent to be included in the 1,3-propanediol based compositions can be calculated by the formula: (concentration of AA - 12 ⁇ * 1.25. See Table 1.
  • compositions including 15% by weight ascorbic acid at least about 4% urea is included in the 1,3 -propanediol solvent.
  • compositions including 20% by weight ascorbic acid at least about 10% urea is included in the 1,3-propanediol solvent.
  • compositions including 25% by weight ascorbic acid at least about 16% urea is included in the 1,3 -propanediol solvent.
  • additional amounts of urea agent can be included up to a maximum amount of 20% by weight, to provide desirable physical properties, in combination with additional optional minor ingredients.
  • the subject composition includes about 13 to 19% by weight ascorbic acid, about 2 to about 9% by weight urea agent and 1,3-propanediol. In some embodiments, the subject composition includes about 15% by weight ascorbic acid, about 2 to about 9% by weight urea agent (e.g., about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7% or about 8%) and 1,3-propanediol. In certain embodiments, the subject composition includes about 15% by weight ascorbic acid, about 8% by weight urea agent and 1,3-propanediol.
  • the subject composition includes about 20 to 24% by weight ascorbic acid, about 10 to about 15% by weight urea agent and 1,3-propanediol. In some embodiments, the subject composition includes about 20% by weight ascorbic acid, about 10 to about 15% by weight urea agent (e.g., about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14% or about 15%) and 1,3 -propanediol. In certain embodiments, the subject composition includes about 20% by weight ascorbic acid, about 10% by weight urea agent and 1,3 -propanediol.
  • the subject composition includes about 25 to 28% by weight ascorbic acid, about 16 to about 20% by weight urea agent and 1,3-propanediol. In some embodiments, the subject composition includes about 25% by weight ascorbic acid, about 16 to about 20% by weight urea agent (e.g., about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, or about 20%) and 1,3 -propanediol. In certain embodiments, the subject composition includes about 25% by weight ascorbic acid, about 20% by weight urea agent and 1,3- propanediol.
  • Urea agents of interest include, but are not limited to, urea and substituted urea, such as alkyl substituted urea, more particularly mono-substituted or di- substituted alkyl urea (e.g., hydroxyalkyl urea).
  • the urea agent is a hydroxyalkyl urea, such as hydroxy ethyl urea.
  • the urea agent ingredient used in the subject formulations can be a combination of urea and/or substituted ureas.
  • the urea agent can be a combination of urea and hydroxyethyl urea.
  • the urea agent is urea.
  • the urea agent is hydroxyethyl urea.
  • the urea agent used in preparing the subject compositions is in a crystalline form before solubilized in a solvent.
  • the crystalline form of urea has a particle size (e.g., mean particle size) of 100 microns or more, 125 microns or more, 150 microns or more, 175 microns or more, 200 microns or more, 225 microns or more, 250 microns or more, 275 microns or more, or 300 microns or more.
  • the amount of a urea agent in the subject composition is at least about 5% by weight, such as at least about 6% by weight, at least about 7% by weight, at least about 8% by weight, at least about 9% by weight, at least about 10% by weight, at least about 11% by weight, at least about 12% by weight, at least about 14% by weight, at least about 15% by weight, at least about 16% by weight, at least about 17% by weight, at least about 18% by weight, at least about 19% by weight, at least about 20% by weight, at least about 21% by weight, at least about 22% by weight, at least about 23% by weight, at least about 24% by weight, or at least about 25% by weight.
  • the subject composition includes about 28% by weight or less of a urea agent in the non-aqueous solvent solution, such as about 25% by weight or less.
  • the non-aqueous solvent is 1,3 -propanediol.
  • the amount of a urea agent in the subject composition is between about 10% by weight and about 20% by weight, or between about 12% by weight and about 28% by weight, such as between about 15% by weight and about 28% by weight, or between about 20% by weight and about 28% by weight. In some embodiments, the amount of a urea agent in the subject composition is about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, or about 25% by weight.
  • the amounts of urea agent in a composition are calculated relative to the solution phase based on the non-aqueous solvent.
  • the amounts of urea agent and other ingredients relative to the emulsion composition as a whole can readily be calculated by the skilled artisan. It is understood that, in some cases, these concentrate solutions having particular amounts of urea agent can be combined with an immiscible ingredient (e.g., an oil component) and an emulsifying agent to produce an emulsion composition (e.g., as described below).
  • compositions including 15% by weight of a urea agent at least about 4% urea is included in the 1,3 -propanediol solvent.
  • compositions including 20% by weight a of a urea agent at least about 10% urea is included in the 1,3 -propanediol solvent.
  • compositions including 25% by weight of a urea agent at least about 16% urea is included in the 1,3 -propanediol solvent.
  • the subject composition includes about 1 to 30% by weight of a urea agent (e.g., about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, or about 30%) and a non-aqueous solvent.
  • a urea agent e.g., about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 2
  • the subject composition includes between 5-10%, about 10-15%, or about 15-20% by weight of a urea agent, and a non- aqueous solvent. In certain embodiments, the subject composition includes about 5% by weight of a urea agent and a non-aqueous solvent. In certain embodiments, the subject composition includes about 15% by weight of a urea agent and a non-aqueous solvent. In certain embodiments, the subject composition includes about 20% by weight of a urea agent and a non-aqueous solvent.
  • the subject composition includes about 5 to 7% by weight of a urea agent and a non-aqueous solvent. In some embodiments, the subject composition includes about 7 to 9% by weight of a urea agent and a non-aqueous solvent. In certain embodiments, the subject composition includes about 9 to 11% by weight of a urea agent and a non-aqueous solvent. In certain embodiments, the subject composition includes about 11 to 13% by weight of a urea agent and a non-aqueous solvent. In certain embodiments, the subject composition includes about 13 to 15% by weight of a urea agent and a non-aqueous solvent.
  • the subject composition includes about 15 to 17% by weight of a urea agent and a non-aqueous solvent. In certain embodiments, the subject composition includes about 17 to 19% by weight of a urea agent and a non-aqueous solvent. In certain embodiments, the subject composition includes about 19 to 21% by weight of a urea agent and a non-aqueous solvent. In certain embodiments, the subject composition includes about 21 to 23% by weight of a urea agent and a non-aqueous solvent. In certain embodiments, the subject composition includes about 23 to 25% by weight of a urea agent and a non-aqueous solvent.
  • a first phase (e.g., internal phase) of the subject composition includes about 5 to 50% by weight of a urea agent.
  • the first phase (e.g., internal phase) of the subject composition includes the first phase (e.g., internal phase) comprising about 5% or more, about 6% or more, about 7% or more, about 8% or more, about 9% or more, about 10% or more, about 11% or more, about 12% or more, about 13% or more, about 14% or more, about 15% or more, about 16% or more, about 17% or more, about 18% or more, about 19% or more, about 20% or more, about 21% or more, about 22% or more, about 23% or more, about 24% or more, about 25% or more, about 26% or more, about 27% or more, about 28% or more, about 29% or more, about 30% or more, about 31% or more, about 32% or more, about 33% or more, about 34% or more, about 35%
  • the formulations of the present disclosure also include a cinnamic acid and sources thereof, which are known to work synergistically with ascorbic acid to provide additional antioxidant protection to skin.
  • Cinnamic acids of interest and sources thereof include, but are not limited to, ferulic acid, caffeic acid and coumaric acid.
  • the cinnamic acid is ferulic acid.
  • the cinnamic acid ingredient used in the subject formulation can be a combination of ferulic acid and/or substituted cinnamic acids.
  • the cinnamic acid can be a combination of ferulic acid and caffeic acid.
  • the subject composition includes about .1% to 2% by weight of cinnamic acid (e.g., about .1%, about .5%, about 1%, about 1.5%, or about 2%).
  • cinnamic acid and derivatives thereof e.g., ferulic acid, caffeic acid, coumaric acid, sinapinic acid, and other phenolic cinnamic acids
  • cis and trans isomers thereof salts thereof, equivalents thereof.
  • the composition of the present disclosure includes 0.1% or more by weight of cinnamic acid or derivatives thereof. In some embodiments, the composition includes 0.1% to 5.0% by weight of cinnamic acid or derivatives thereof. In some embodiments, the composition includes 0.2% or more, 0.3% or more, 0.4% or more, 0.5% or more, 0.6% or more, 0.7% or more, 0.8% or more, 0.9% or more, 1.0% or more,
  • the composition includes about 0.1 to 5.0% by weight of cinnamic acid or derivatives thereof (e.g., 0.1% to 0.5%, 0.5% to 1.0%, 1.0% to 1.5%, 1.5% to 2.0%, 2.0% to 2.5%, 2.5% to 3.0%, 3.0% to 3.5%, 3.5 to 4.0%, 4.0 to 4.5%, or 4.5% to 5.0% by weight of cinnamic acid or derivatives thereof).
  • Suitable cinnamic acids or derivatives thereof that can be used in the composition of the present disclosure are found in U.S. Patent No. US6596761, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • the cinnamic acid derivative is a ferulic acid.
  • Ferulic acid is an antioxidant that increases AA’s photoprotective effect on skin. The present inventors found that ferulic acid can stabilize and solubilize AA in non-aqueous systems.
  • the composition of the present disclosure includes ferulic acid or derivatives thereof.
  • the ferulic acid is E-ferulic acid.
  • the ferulic acid is Z-ferulic acid.
  • the ferulic acid is a mixture of E- and Z- ferulic acid.
  • Ferulic acid when combined with Vitamin C and/or Vitamin A, can protect vitamin A and vitamin C thereby improving the photoprotective action of these vitamins.
  • ferulic acid can provide two to four times as much photoprotection against ultraviolet radiation thus helping to minimize the harmful effects (e.g., erythema or formation of sunburn cells) caused by ultraviolet radiation.
  • Ferulic acid can also improve the chemical stability of vitamin C and/or vitamin E to enhance a synergistic and longer lasting photoprotective effect.
  • ferulic acid is readily soluble in non-aqueous solvents.
  • the non-aqueous solvent is one or more of 1,3 propanediol, 1,2 propanediol, 1,3 butanediol, and dimethyl isosorbide.
  • isosorbide can increase the effectiveness of ferulic acid by enhancing skin penetration.
  • the composition of the present disclosure includes 0.1% or more by weight of ferulic acid or derivatives thereof.
  • the composition includes 0.2% or more, 0.3% or more, 0.4% or more, 0.5% or more, 0.6% or more, 0.7% or more, 0.8% or more, 0.9% or more, 1.0% or more, 1.1% or more, 1.2% or more, 1.3% or more, 1.4% or more, 1.5% or more, 1.6% or more, 1.7% or more, 1.8% or more, 1.9% or more, or 2.0% or more by weight of ferulic acid or derivatives thereof.
  • the composition includes about 0.1 to 5.0% by weight of ferulic acid or derivatives thereof (e.g., 0.1% to 0.5%, 0.5% to 1.0%, 1.0% to 1.5%, 1.5% to 2.0%, 2.0% to 2.5%, 2.5% to 3.0%, 3.0% to 3.5%, 3.5 to 4.0%, 4.0 to 4.5%, or 4.5% to 5.0% by weight of ferulic acid or derivatives thereof).
  • the composition includes 2% or less by weight of the ferulic acid, such as 1.5% or less, 1.0% or less (e.g., about 1% by weight), or 0.5 % or less (e.g., about 0.5% by weight) of the ferulic acid.
  • ferulic acid e.g., 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-cinnamic acid, caffeic acid 3-methyl ether
  • structural formula 1 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-cinnamic acid, caffeic acid 3-methyl ether
  • the cinnamic acid derivative is a caffeic acid.
  • Caffeic acid is an antioxidant that increases AA’s photoprotective effect on skin. It can also stabilize AA in aqueous systems.
  • the composition of the present disclosure includes caffeic acid or derivatives thereof.
  • caffeic acid is readily soluble in non-aqueous solvents.
  • the non-aqueous solvent is one or more of 1,3 propanediol, 1,2 propanediol, 1,3 butanediol, and dimethyl isosorbide.
  • isosorbide can increase the effectiveness of caffeic acid by enhancing skin penetration.
  • composition of the present disclosure includes 0.1% or more
  • the composition includes 0.2% or more, 0.3% or more, 0.4% or more, 0.5% or more, 0.6% or more, 0.7% or more, 0.8% or more, 0.9% or more, 1.0% or more, 1.1% or more, 1.2% or more, 1.3% or more, 1.4% or more, 1.5% or more, 1.6% or more, 1.7% or more, 1.8% or more, 1.9% or more, or 2.0% or more by weight of caffeic acid or derivatives thereof.
  • the composition includes about 0.1 to 5.0% by weight of caffeic acid or derivatives thereof (e.g., 0.1% to 0.5%, 0.5% to 1.0%, 1.0% to 1.5%, 1.5% to 2.0%, 2.0% to 2.5%, 2.5% to 3.0%, 3.0% to 3.5%, 3.5 to 4.0%, 4.0 to 4.5%, or 4.5% to 5.0% by weight of caffeic acid or derivatives thereof).
  • caffeic acid or derivatives thereof e.g. 0.1% to 0.5%, 0.5% to 1.0%, 1.0% to 1.5%, 1.5% to 2.0%, 2.0% to 2.5%, 2.5% to 3.0%, 3.0% to 3.5%, 3.5 to 4.0%, 4.0 to 4.5%, or 4.5% to 5.0% by weight of caffeic acid or derivatives thereof.
  • caffeic acid comprises the structure:
  • the cinnamic acid derivative is a combination of ferulic acid and caffeic acid. In some embodiments, the cinnamic acid derivative is trans-ferulic acid and caffeic acid.
  • the cinnamic acid derivative is a coumaric acid.
  • Coumaric acid is an antioxidant that increases AA’s photoprotective effect on skin. It can also stabilize AA in aqueous systems.
  • the composition of the present disclosure includes coumaric acid or derivatives thereof.
  • coumaric acid comprises p-coumaric acid.
  • coumaric acid is readily soluble in non-aqueous solvents.
  • the non-aqueous solvent is one or more of 1,3 propanediol, 1,2 propanediol, 1,3-butanediol, and dimethyl isosorbide.
  • isosorbide can increase the effectiveness of coumaric acid by enhancing skin penetration [0086]
  • the composition of the present disclosure includes 0.1% or more by weight of coumaric acid or derivatives thereof.
  • the composition includes 0.2% or more, 0.3% or more, 0.4% or more, 0.5% or more, 0.6% or more, 0.7% or more, 0.8% or more, 0.9% or more, 1.0% or more, 1.1% or more, 1.2% or more, 1.3% or more, 1.4% or more, 1.5% or more, 1.6% or more, 1.7% or more, 1.8% or more, 1.9% or more, or 2.0% or more by weight of coumaric acid or derivatives thereof.
  • the composition includes about 0.1 to 5.0% by weight of coumaric acid or derivatives thereof (e.g., 0.1% to 0.5%, 0.5% to 1.0%, 1.0% to 1.5%, 1.5% to 2.0%, 2.0% to 2.5%, 2.5% to 3.0%, 3.0% to 3.5%, 3.5 to 4.0%, 4.0 to 4.5%, or 4.5% to 5.0% by weight of coumaric acid or derivatives thereof).
  • Sinapinic acid e.g., hydroxycinnamic acids
  • the cinnamic acid derivative is sinapinic acid or derivatives thereof.
  • Sinapinic acid is an antioxidant that increases AA’s photoprotective effect on skin. It can also stabilize AA in aqueous systems.
  • the composition of the present disclosure includes sinapinic acid or derivatives thereof.
  • sinapinic acid or derivatives thereof is readily soluble in non-aqueous solvents.
  • the non-aqueous solvent is one or more of 1,3 propanediol, 1,2 propanediol, 1,3 butanediol, and dimethyl isosorbide.
  • isosorbide can increase the effectiveness of sinapinic acid or derivatives thereof by enhancing skin penetration.
  • the composition of the present disclosure includes 0.1% or more by weight of sinapinic acid or derivatives thereof.
  • the composition includes 0.2% or more, 0.3% or more, 0.4% or more, 0.5% or more, 0.6% or more, 0.7% or more, 0.8% or more, 0.9% or more, 1.0% or more, 1.1% or more, 1.2% or more, 1.3% or more, 1.4% or more, 1.5% or more, 1.6% or more, 1.7% or more, 1.8% or more, 1.9% or more, or 2.0% or more by weight of sinapinic acid or derivatives thereof.
  • the composition includes about 0.1 to 5.0% by weight of sinapinic acid or derivatives thereof (e.g., 0.1% to 0.5%, 0.5% to 1.0%, 1.0% to 1.5%, 1.5% to 2.0%, 2.0% to 2.5%, 2.5% to 3.0%, 3.0% to 3.5%, 3.5 to 4.0%, 4.0 to 4.5%, or 4.5% to 5.0% by weight of sinapinic acid or derivatives thereof).
  • sinapinic acid or derivatives thereof e.g. 0.1% to 0.5%, 0.5% to 1.0%, 1.0% to 1.5%, 1.5% to 2.0%, 2.0% to 2.5%, 2.5% to 3.0%, 3.0% to 3.5%, 3.5 to 4.0%, 4.0 to 4.5%, or 4.5% to 5.0% by weight of sinapinic acid or derivatives thereof.
  • the sinapinic acid includes the general formula: and/or active amounts of cinnamic acid derivatives of the formula: wherein the groups X, Y an R independently of one another can be chosen from the group consisting of H and branched and unbranched alkyl having 1-18 C atoms, for example 1-6 C atoms, can be used.
  • the formulations of the present disclosure include a chemical exfoliant.
  • a chemical exfoliant is an agent capable of facilitating the shed of top layers of skin cells.
  • the chemical exfoliant can be a small organic molecule that includes a carboxylic acid group and a hydroxy group.
  • This disclosure provides topical compositions that include a combination of ascorbic acid, urea agent and a chemical exfoliant dissolved in a non- aqueous solvent.
  • the compositions of this disclosure are stable liquid compositions with respect to both the ascorbic acid component and the urea component.
  • the chemical exfoliant is an alpha hydroxy acid or a beta hydroxy acid.
  • the acid may be an alkyl carboxylic acid or a benzoic acid (e.g., a hydroxy- substituted benzoic acid).
  • the hydroxy group can be a phenol or an alkyl alcohol.
  • the chemical exfoliant is an alpha-hydroxy carboxylic acid.
  • the chemical exfoliant contains 2-12 carbon atoms, such as 2-6 or 2-4 carbons.
  • Chemical exfoliants of interest include, but are not limited to, glycolic acid, lactic acid, mandelic acid, salicylic acid, capryloyl salicylic acid, salicyloyl phytosphingosine, phenol, gluconolactone, lactobionic acid, maltobionic acid, and combinations thereof.
  • the chemical exfoliant is salicylic acid.
  • the amount of the chemical exfoliant in the subject composition ranges from 2% to 50% by weight of a chemical exfoliant, such as 2% to 3%, 3% to 4%, 4% to 5%, 2% to 5%, 5% to 10%, 5% to 15%, 15% to 20%, 20% to 25%, 25% to 30%, 30% to 35%, 35% to 40%, 40% to 45%, or 45% to 50% by weight of a chemical exfoliant.
  • the amount of the chemical exfoliant in the subject composition ranges from 2% to 30% by weight.
  • the amount of chemical exfoliant in the subject composition is at least about 2% by weight, such as at least about 3% by weight, at least about 4% by weight, at least about 5% by weight, at least about 10% by weight, at least about 12% by weight, at least about 15% by weight, at least about 20% by weight, at least about 25% by weight, at least about 30% by weight, at least about 35% by weight, at least about 40% by weight, at least about 45% by weight, or at least about 50% by weight.
  • the subject composition includes about 2% by weight or less of a chemical exfoliant in the non-aqueous solvent solution, such as about 25% by weight or less.
  • the non-aqueous solvent is 1,3 -propanediol.
  • the amount of chemical exfoliant in the subject composition is between about 10% by weight and about 20% by weight, or between about 12% by weight and about 28% by weight, such as between about 15% by weight and about 28% by weight, or between about 20% by weight and about 28% by weight.
  • the amount of chemical exfoliant in the subject composition is about 2%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, or about 50% by weight.
  • the chemical exfoliant is glycolic acid.
  • the amount of glycolic acid in the subject composition ranges from 2% to 50% by weight of glycolic acid, such as 2% to 3%, 3% to 4%, 4% to 5%, 2% to 5%, 5% to 10%, 5% to 15%, 15% to 20%, 20% to 25%, 25% to 30%, 30% to 35%, 35% to 40%, 40% to 45%, or 45% to 50% by weight of glycolic acid.
  • the amount of glycolic acid in the subject composition is at least about 2% by weight, such as at least about 3% by weight, at least about 4% by weight, at least about 5% by weight, at least about 10% by weight, at least about 12% by weight, at least about 15% by weight, at least about 20% by weight, at least about 25% by weight, at least about 30% by weight, at least about 35% by weight, at least about 40% by weight, at least about 45% by weight, or at least about 50% by weight.
  • the subject composition includes about 2% by weight or less of glycolic acid in the non-aqueous solvent solution, such as about 25% by weight or less.
  • the non- aqueous solvent is 1,3-propanediol.
  • the amount of glycolic acid in the subject composition is between about 10% by weight and about 20% by weight, or between about 12% by weight and about 28% by weight, such as between about 15% by weight and about 28% by weight, or between about 20% by weight and about 28% by weight. In some embodiments, the amount of glycolic acid in the subject composition is about 2%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, or about 50% by weight.
  • the chemical exfoliant is lactic acid.
  • the amount of lactic acid in the subject composition ranges from 2% to 50% by weight of lactic acid, such as 2% to 3%, 3% to 4%, 4% to 5%, 2% to 5%, 5% to 10%, 5% to 15%, 15% to 20%, 20% to 25%, 25% to 30%, 30% to 35%, 35% to 40%, 40% to 45%, or 45% to 50% by weight of lactic acid.
  • the amount of lactic acid in the subject composition is at least about 2% by weight, such as at least about 3% by weight, at least about 4% by weight, at least about 5% by weight, at least about 10% by weight, at least about 12% by weight, at least about 15% by weight, at least about 20% by weight, at least about 25% by weight, at least about 30% by weight, at least about 35% by weight, at least about 40% by weight, at least about 45% by weight, or at least about 50% by weight.
  • the subject composition includes about 2% by weight or less of lactic acid in the non-aqueous solvent solution, such as about 25% by weight or less.
  • the non- aqueous solvent is 1,3-propanediol.
  • the amount of lactic acid in the subject composition is between about 10% by weight and about 20% by weight, or between about 12% by weight and about 28% by weight, such as between about 15% by weight and about 28% by weight, or between about 20% by weight and about 28% by weight. In some embodiments, the amount of lactic acid in the subject composition is about 2%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, or about 50% by weight.
  • the chemical exfoliant is mandelic acid.
  • the amount of mandelic acid in the subject composition ranges from 2% to 50% by weight of mandelic acid, such as 2% to 3%, 3% to 4%, 4% to 5%, 2% to 5%, 5% to 10%, 5% to 15%, 15% to 20%, 20% to 25%, 25% to 30%, 30% to 35%, 35% to 40%, 40% to 45%, or 45% to 50% by weight of mandelic acid.
  • the amount of mandelic acid in the subject composition is at least about 2% by weight, such as at least about 3% by weight, at least about 4% by weight, at least about 5% by weight, at least about 10% by weight, at least about 12% by weight, at least about 15% by weight, at least about 20% by weight, at least about 25% by weight, at least about 30% by weight, at least about 35% by weight, at least about 40% by weight, at least about 45% by weight, or at least about 50% by weight.
  • the subject composition includes about 2% by weight or less of mandelic acid in the non-aqueous solvent solution, such as about 25% by weight or less.
  • the non-aqueous solvent is 1,3 -propanediol.
  • the amount of mandelic acid in the subject composition is between about 10% by weight and about 20% by weight, or between about 12% by weight and about 28% by weight, such as between about 15% by weight and about 28% by weight, or between about 20% by weight and about 28% by weight. In some embodiments, the amount of mandelic acid in the subject composition is about 2%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, or about 50% by weight.
  • the chemical exfoliant is salicylic acid.
  • the amount of salicylic acid in the subject composition ranges from 2% to 50% by weight of salicylic acid, such as 2% to 3%, 3% to 4%, 4% to 5%, 2% to 5%, 5% to 10%, 5% to 15%, 15% to 20%, 20% to 25%, 25% to 30%, 30% to 35%, 35% to 40%, 40% to 45%, or 45% to 50% by weight of salicylic acid.
  • the amount of salicylic acid in the subject composition is at least about 2% by weight, such as at least about 3% by weight, at least about 4% by weight, at least about 5% by weight, at least about 10% by weight, at least about 12% by weight, at least about 15% by weight, at least about 20% by weight, at least about 25% by weight, at least about 30% by weight, at least about 35% by weight, at least about 40% by weight, at least about 45% by weight, or at least about 50% by weight.
  • the subject composition includes about 2% by weight or less of salicylic acid in the non-aqueous solvent solution, such as about 25% by weight or less.
  • the non- aqueous solvent is 1,3-propanediol.
  • the amount of salicylic acid in the subject composition is between about 10% by weight and about 20% by weight, or between about 12% by weight and about 28% by weight, such as between about 15% by weight and about 28% by weight, or between about 20% by weight and about 28% by weight. In some embodiments, the amount of salicylic acid in the subject composition is about 2%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, or about 50% by weight.
  • the chemical exfoliant is capryloyl salicylic acid.
  • the amount of capryloyl salicylic acid in the subject composition ranges from 2% to 50% by weight of capryloyl salicylic acid, such as 2% to 3%, 3% to 4%, 4% to 5%,
  • capryloyl salicylic acid 2% to 5%, 5% to 10%, 5% to 15%, 15% to 20%, 20% to 25%, 25% to 30%, 30% to 35%, 35% to 40%, 40% to 45%, or 45% to 50% by weight of capryloyl salicylic acid.
  • the amount of capryloyl salicylic acid in the subject composition is at least about 2% by weight, such as at least about 3% by weight, at least about 4% by weight, at least about 5% by weight, at least about 10% by weight, at least about 12% by weight, at least about 15% by weight, at least about 20% by weight, at least about 25% by weight, at least about 30% by weight, at least about 35% by weight, at least about 40% by weight, at least about 45% by weight, or at least about 50% by weight.
  • the subject composition includes about 2% by weight or less of capryloyl salicylic acid in the non-aqueous solvent solution, such as about 25% by weight or less.
  • the non-aqueous solvent is 1,3 -propanediol.
  • the amount of capryloyl salicylic acid in the subject composition is between about 10% by weight and about 20% by weight, or between about 12% by weight and about 28% by weight, such as between about 15% by weight and about 28% by weight, or between about 20% by weight and about 28% by weight. In some embodiments, the amount of capryloyl salicylic acid in the subject composition is about 2%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, or about 50% by weight.
  • the chemical exfoliant is salicyloyl phytosphingosine.
  • the amount of salicyloyl phytosphingosine in the subject composition ranges from 2% to 50% by weight of salicyloyl phytosphingosine, such as 2% to 3%, 3% to 4%, 4% to 5%, 2% to 5%, 5% to 10%, 5% to 15%, 15% to 20%, 20% to 25%, 25% to 30%, 30% to 35%, 35% to 40%, 40% to 45%, or 45% to 50% by weight of salicyloyl phytosphingosine.
  • the amount of salicyloyl phytosphingosine in the subject composition is at least about 2% by weight, such as at least about 3% by weight, at least about 4% by weight, at least about 5% by weight, at least about 10% by weight, at least about 12% by weight, at least about 15% by weight, at least about 20% by weight, at least about 25% by weight, at least about 30% by weight, at least about 35% by weight, at least about 40% by weight, at least about 45% by weight, or at least about 50% by weight.
  • the subject composition includes about 2% by weight or less of salicyloyl phytosphingosine in the non-aqueous solvent solution, such as about 25% by weight or less.
  • the non-aqueous solvent is 1,3 -propanediol.
  • the amount of salicyloyl phytosphingosine in the subject composition is between about 10% by weight and about 20% by weight, or between about 12% by weight and about 28% by weight, such as between about 15% by weight and about 28% by weight, or between about 20% by weight and about 28% by weight.
  • the amount of salicyloyl phytosphingosine in the subject composition is about 2%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, or about 50% by weight.
  • the chemical exfoliant is phenol.
  • the amount of phenol in the subject composition ranges from 2% to 50% by weight of phenol, such as 2% to 3%, 3% to 4%, 4% to 5%, 2% to 5%, 5% to 10%, 5% to 15%, 15% to 20%, 20% to 25%, 25% to 30%, 30% to 35%, 35% to 40%, 40% to 45%, or 45% to 50% by weight of phenol.
  • the amount of phenol in the subject composition is at least about 2% by weight, such as at least about 3% by weight, at least about 4% by weight, at least about 5% by weight, at least about 10% by weight, at least about 12% by weight, at least about 15% by weight, at least about 20% by weight, at least about 25% by weight, at least about 30% by weight, at least about 35% by weight, at least about 40% by weight, at least about 45% by weight, or at least about 50% by weight.
  • the subject composition includes about 2% by weight or less of phenol in the non-aqueous solvent solution, such as about 25% by weight or less.
  • the non- aqueous solvent is 1,3 -propanediol.
  • the amount of phenol in the subject composition is between about 10% by weight and about 20% by weight, or between about 12% by weight and about 28% by weight, such as between about 15% by weight and about 28% by weight, or between about 20% by weight and about 28% by weight. In some embodiments, the amount of phenol in the subject composition is about 2%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, or about 50% by weight.
  • the chemical exfoliant is gluconolactone.
  • the amount of gluconolactone in the subject composition ranges from 2% to 50% by weight of gluconolactone, such as 2% to 3%, 3% to 4%, 4% to 5%, 2% to 5%, 5% to 10%, 5% to 15%, 15% to 20%, 20% to 25%, 25% to 30%, 30% to 35%, 35% to 40%, 40% to 45%, or 45% to 50% by weight of gluconolactone.
  • the amount of gluconolactone in the subject composition is at least about 2% by weight, such as at least about 3% by weight, at least about 4% by weight, at least about 5% by weight, at least about 10% by weight, at least about 12% by weight, at least about 15% by weight, at least about 20% by weight, at least about 25% by weight, at least about 30% by weight, at least about 35% by weight, at least about 40% by weight, at least about 45% by weight, or at least about 50% by weight.
  • the subject composition includes about 2% by weight or less of gluconolactone in the non-aqueous solvent solution, such as about 25% by weight or less.
  • the non-aqueous solvent is 1,3-propanediol.
  • the amount of gluconolactone in the subject composition is between about 10% by weight and about 20% by weight, or between about 12% by weight and about 28% by weight, such as between about 15% by weight and about 28% by weight, or between about 20% by weight and about 28% by weight. In some embodiments, the amount of gluconolactone in the subject composition is about 2%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, or about 50% by weight.
  • the chemical exfoliant is lactobionic acid.
  • the amount of lactobionic acid in the subject composition ranges from 2% to 50% by weight of lactobionic acid, such as 2% to 3%, 3% to 4%, 4% to 5%, 2% to 5%, 5% to 10%, 5% to 15%, 15% to 20%, 20% to 25%, 25% to 30%, 30% to 35%, 35% to 40%, 40% to 45%, or 45% to 50% by weight of lactobionic acid.
  • the amount of lactobionic acid in the subject composition is at least about 2% by weight, such as at least about 3% by weight, at least about 4% by weight, at least about 5% by weight, at least about 10% by weight, at least about 12% by weight, at least about 15% by weight, at least about 20% by weight, at least about 25% by weight, at least about 30% by weight, at least about 35% by weight, at least about 40% by weight, at least about 45% by weight, or at least about 50% by weight.
  • the subject composition includes about 2% by weight or less of lactobionic acid in the non-aqueous solvent solution, such as about 25% by weight or less.
  • the non-aqueous solvent is 1,3 -propanediol.
  • the amount of lactobionic acid in the subject composition is between about 10% by weight and about 20% by weight, or between about 12% by weight and about 28% by weight, such as between about 15% by weight and about 28% by weight, or between about 20% by weight and about 28% by weight.
  • the amount of lactobionic acid in the subject composition is about 2%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, or about 50% by weight.
  • the chemical exfoliant is maltobionic acid.
  • the amount of maltobionic acid in the subject composition ranges from 2% to 50% by weight of maltobionic acid, such as 2% to 3%, 3% to 4%, 4% to 5%, 2% to 5%, 5% to 10%, 5% to 15%, 15% to 20%, 20% to 25%, 25% to 30%, 30% to 35%, 35% to 40%, 40% to 45%, or 45% to 50% by weight of maltobionic acid.
  • the amount of maltobionic acid in the subject composition is at least about 2% by weight, such as at least about 3% by weight, at least about 4% by weight, at least about 5% by weight, at least about 10% by weight, at least about 12% by weight, at least about 15% by weight, at least about 20% by weight, at least about 25% by weight, at least about 30% by weight, at least about 35% by weight, at least about 40% by weight, at least about 45% by weight, or at least about 50% by weight.
  • the subject composition includes about 2% by weight or less of maltobionic acid in the non-aqueous solvent solution, such as about 25% by weight or less.
  • the non-aqueous solvent is 1,3 -propanediol.
  • the amount of maltobionic acid in the subject composition is between about 10% by weight and about 20% by weight, or between about 12% by weight and about 28% by weight, such as between about 15% by weight and about 28% by weight, or between about 20% by weight and about 28% by weight. In some embodiments, the amount of maltobionic acid in the subject composition is about 2%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, or about 50% by weight.
  • the chemical exfoliant is a combination of two or more of glycolic acid, lactic acid, mandelic acid, salicylic acid, capryloyl salicylic acid, salicyloyl phytosphingosine, phenol, gluconolactone, lactobionic acid, and maltobionic acid.
  • the amount of two or more of glycolic acid, lactic acid, mandelic acid, salicylic acid, capryloyl salicylic acid, salicyloyl phytosphingosine, phenol, gluconolactone, lactobionic acid, and maltobionic acid in the subject composition ranges from 2% to 50% by weight of two or more of glycolic acid, lactic acid, mandelic acid, salicylic acid, capryloyl salicylic acid, salicyloyl phytosphingosine, phenol, gluconolactone, lactobionic acid, and maltobionic acid, such as 2% to 3%, 3% to 4%, 4% to 5%, 2% to 5%, 5% to 10%, 5% to 15%, 15% to 20%, 20% to 25%, 25% to 30%, 30% to 35%, 35% to 40%, 40% to 45%, or 45% to 50% by weight of two or more of glycolic acid, lactic acid, mandelic acid, salicylic acid, capryloyl
  • the amount of two or more of glycolic acid, lactic acid, mandelic acid, salicylic acid, capryloyl salicylic acid, salicyloyl phytosphingosine, phenol, gluconolactone, lactobionic acid, and maltobionic acid in the subject composition is at least about 2% by weight, such as at least about 3% by weight, at least about 4% by weight, at least about 5% by weight, at least about 10% by weight, at least about 12% by weight, at least about 15% by weight, at least about 20% by weight, at least about 25% by weight, at least about 30% by weight, at least about 35% by weight, at least about 40% by weight, at least about 45% by weight, or at least about 50% by weight.
  • the subject composition includes about 2% by weight or less of two or more of glycolic acid, lactic acid, mandelic acid, salicylic acid, capryloyl salicylic acid, salicyloyl phytosphingosine, phenol, gluconolactone, lactobionic acid, and maltobionic acid in the non- aqueous solvent solution, such as about 25% by weight or less.
  • the non-aqueous solvent is 1,3 -propanediol.
  • the amount of two or more of glycolic acid, lactic acid, mandelic acid, salicylic acid, capryloyl salicylic acid, salicyloyl phytosphingosine, phenol, gluconolactone, lactobionic acid, and maltobionic acid in the subject composition is between about 10% by weight and about 20% by weight, or between about 12% by weight and about 28% by weight, such as between about 15% by weight and about 28% by weight, or between about 20% by weight and about 28% by weight.
  • the amount of two or more of glycolic acid, lactic acid, mandelic acid, salicylic acid, capryloyl salicylic acid, salicyloyl phytosphingosine, phenol, gluconolactone, lactobionic acid, and maltobionic acid in the subject composition is about 2%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, or about 50% by weight.
  • This disclosure provides formulations that include combination of particular amount of a urea agent in a non-aqueous skin-compatible solvent which together can provide for dissolution of particular amounts of azelaic acid and which produce skin-compatible liquid compositions in which the azelaic acid is substantially stable to decomposition.
  • the amounts of azelaic acid stably dissolved in the composition are greater than would otherwise be possible without the particular combinations of ingredients provided by the disclosure.
  • azelaic acid and “nonanedioic acid” refer to the naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid of CAS Registry Number: 123-99-9. Any convenient form of azelaic acid can be utilized in the subject formulations. In some embodiments, the azelaic acid used in the formulations of the present disclosure is a powder.
  • the azelaic acid material used in preparing the subject compositions is composed of granular particles.
  • a particulate powder has a particle size (e.g., mean particle size) of less than about 25 microns, such as less than about 20 microns, and more preferably less than about 12.5 microns, e.g., as measured by a Hagman gauge.
  • all of the azelaic acid powder used in preparing the subject compositions is capable of passage through a No. 100 U.S. Standard Sieve, a standard testing procedure used by the US Pharmacopoeia.
  • 80% or more (such as 90% or more, or 100%) of azelaic acid powder used in preparing the subject composition is capable of passage through a No. 325 U.S. Standard Sieve.
  • the amount of azelaic acid in the subject composition is at least 1% by weight, at least 2% by weight, at least 4% by weight, or about 5% by weight, such as at least about 10% by weight, at least about 12% by weight, at least about 15% by weight, at least about 20% by weight, or at least about 25% by weight.
  • the subject composition includes about 28% by weight or less of azelaic acid in the non-aqueous solvent solution, such as about 25% by weight or less.
  • the non-aqueous solvent is 1,3 -propanediol.
  • the amount of azelaic acid in the subject composition is between about 1% by weight and about 12% by weight, or between about 4% by weight and 8% by weight, or between about 8% by weight and about 12% by weight. In some embodiments, the amount of azelaic acid in the subject composition is about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, or about 25% by weight.
  • the amount of azelaic acid in the subject composition is between about 1% by weight and about 20% by weight (e.g., about 1%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, or about 20%) where the ratio of azelaic acid to urea agent (% wt ratio) is 0.8 to 9, such as a ratio of 2 (i.e., 2: 1).
  • the ratio of azelaic acid to urea agent is 0.5 to 9.5, such as 0.5 to 4.5, 0.8 to 1.2, 1.2 to 1.6, 1.4 to 2.0, 2.0 to 2.4, 2.4 to 2.8, 2.8 to 3.2, 3.2 to 3.6, 3.6 to 4.0, 4.0 to 4.4, 4.4 to 4.8, 4.8 to 5.2, 5.2 to 5.6, 5.6 to 6.0, 6.0 to 6.4, 6.4 to 6.8, 6.8 to 7.2, 7.2 to 7.6, 7.6 to 8.0, 8.0 to 8.4, 8.4 to 8.8, 8.8 to 9.2, or 9.2 to 9.5.
  • the amount of azelaic acid in the subject composition is about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, or about 20% by weight, where the ratio (% wt ratio)of azelaic acid to urea agent (% wt ratio) is 1.0 (i.e., 1:1) or more, 1.25 or more, 1.50 or more, 1.75 or more, 2.0 or more, 2.5 or more, 3.0 or more, 3.25 or more, 3.50 or more, 3.75 or more, 4.0 or more, 4.25 or more, 4.50 or more, 4.75 or more, 5 or more, 6 or more, 7 or more, 8 or more, or 9 or more.
  • azelaic acid in a composition are calculated relative to the solution phase based on the non-aqueous solvent. See Formulations of Tables 11-16. However, the amounts of azelaic acid and other ingredients relative to the emulsion composition as a whole can readily be calculated by the skilled artisan. Formulations of Tables 11-16 show exemplary emulsion compositions where the % by weight values shown are relative to the total emulsion composition. It is understood that, in some cases, these concentrate solutions having particular amounts of azelaic acid can be combined with an immiscible ingredient (e.g., a oil component) and an emulsifying agent to produce an emulsion composition (e.g., as described below).
  • an immiscible ingredient e.g., a oil component
  • an emulsifying agent e.g., as described below.
  • the amount of azelaic acid in the subject composition is at least about 1% by weight, about 2% by weight, about 3% by weight, or about 4% by weight, such as at least about 6% by weight, at least about 8% by weight, at least about 10% by weight, at least about 12% by weight.
  • the non-aqueous solvent is 1,3-propanediol.
  • the formulations of the present disclosure include a sugar alcohol agent in an amount sufficient to enhance the solubility of ascorbic acid in the non-aqueous skin compatible solvent and to provide a stable solution.
  • a sugar alcohol agent in an amount sufficient to enhance the solubility of ascorbic acid in the non-aqueous skin compatible solvent and to provide a stable solution.
  • particular amounts of sugar alcohol agent can be added to a non-aqueous solvent to increase the maximum amount of ascorbic acid that can be solubilized without recrystallization. Additionally, these formulations provide stable solutions of ascorbic acid at various desired concentration levels.
  • a sugar alcohol agent refers to a sugar alcohol or a sugar alcohol derivative, i.e., an agent that includes a sugar alcohol linked (e.g., via an ether linkage) to a saccharide via one of its alcohol groups.
  • the sugar alcohol is an acyclic C4-C6 polyalcohol compound, e.g., of formula H0CH2(CH0H) n CH20H, where n is 2-4.
  • the sugar alcohol agent includes a C4-C6 sugar alcohol, e.g., a C5-C6 sugar alcohol.
  • the sugar alcohol agent is a C4-C6 sugar alcohol, e.g., a C5- C6 sugar alcohol.
  • a sugar alcohol derivative refers to a compound that includes a sugar alcohol linked to a second moiety.
  • the sugar alcohol derivative includes a sugar alcohol linked (e.g., via an ether linkage) to a saccharide (e.g., a monosaccharide or disaccharide) via one of its alcohol groups.
  • Sugar alcohol derivatives of interest include, but are not limited to, xylitylglucoside, anhydroxylitol, lactitol, and the like.
  • Sugar alcohol agents of interest include, but are not limited to, xylitol and xylitol derivatives such as xylitylglucoside and anhydroxylitol; sorbitol; lactitol; maltitol; erythritol; and mannitol.
  • the sugar alcohol agent is xylitol.
  • the sugar alcohol agent ingredient used in the subject formulations can be a combination of sugar alcohols.
  • the sugar alcohol agent can be a combination of xylitol and erythritol.
  • Xylitol in non-skincare industries, can be used for reducing or eliminating bacterial growth, such as Staphylococcus.
  • Staphylococcus for example, xylitol has been shown to prevent demineralization of teeth and bones, otitis media infection, respiratory tract infections, inflammation and cancer progression.
  • the culprits that effect microbiome growth on the skin include pH, moisture, pores, and nutrients such as sweat in the skin that promote bacterial growth.
  • xylitol can be used in the topical compositions of this disclosure for controlling the skin-microflora balance due to its selective effects and inhibition of pathogenic bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus found on the skin, while maintaining the integrity of healthy skin microflora such as Staphylococcus epidermidis (SE) that provides protection against the growth of pathogenic bacteria.
  • SE Staphylococcus epidermidis
  • the combination of ascorbic acid and xylitol controls the pH and increases hydration of the skin, thereby reducing the amount of harmful pathogenic microbes present on the skin’s surface.
  • the percent by weight amount of sugar alcohol agent in the composition of the present disclosure is an amount that is sufficient to solubilize ascorbic acid in the non-aqueous solvent.
  • the amount of sugar alcohol agent in the compositions of this disclosure is defined as a function of the concentration of ascorbic acid ([AA]). For AA concentrations exceeding the maximum solubility of ascorbic acid in the neat non-aqueous solvent alone ([Xs]), as a first step, subtract [Xs] from the desired concentration of AA in the concentrate solution. Thus, ([Xs]) is the maximum concentration of ascorbic acid that can be dissolved in the neat non-aqueous solvent. As a second step, multiply the difference from the first step by (Y).
  • the minimum amount (% wt) of a sugar alcohol agent (S) to be included in the non-aqueous solvent based compositions can be calculated by the formula:
  • (Y) is 0.5 ⁇ 0.2. In some embodiments, (Y) is 1.0 ⁇ 0.5. In some embodiments, (Y) is 1.5 ⁇ 0.5. In some embodiments, (Y) is 2.0 ⁇ 0.5. In some embodiments, (Y) is 2.5 ⁇ 0.5. In some embodiments, (Y) is 3.0 ⁇ 0.5. In some embodiments, (Y) is 4.0 ⁇ 0.5. In some embodiments, (Y) is 4.5 ⁇ 0.5. In some embodiments, (Y) is 5.0 ⁇ 0.5. In some embodiments, (Y) is 5.5 ⁇ 0.5. In some embodiments, (Y) is 5.5 ⁇ 0.5. In some embodiments, (Y) is 6.0 ⁇ 0.5.
  • (Y) is 6.5 ⁇ 0.5. In some embodiments, (Y) is 7 ⁇ 0.5. In some embodiments, (Y) is 7.5 ⁇ 0.5. In some embodiments, (Y) is 8.0 ⁇ 0.5. In some embodiments, (Y) is 8.5 ⁇ 0.5. In some embodiments, (Y) is 9.0 ⁇ 0.5. In some embodiments, (Y) is 9.5 ⁇ 0.5. In some embodiments, (Y) is 10.0 ⁇ 0.5. In some embodiments, (Y) is 1.0 or more, such as 1.5 or more, 2.0 or more, 2.5 or more, 3.0 or more, 3.5 or more, 4.0 or more, 4.5 or more, 5.0 or more. 5.5 or more, 6.0 or more, 6.5 or more, 7.0 or more, 7.5 or more, 8.0 or more, 8.5 or more, 9.0 or more, 9.5 or more, or 10.0 or more.
  • the sugar alcohol agent is dissolved at a concentration that is at least ([AA]-[Xs])*(1.25) or greater, where [AA] is the concentration of ascorbic acid (% wt) and [Xs] is the maximum solubility (%wt) of ascorbic acid in the neat non-aqueous solvent.
  • the sugar alcohol agent is dissolved at a concentration that is at least ([AA]-[Xs])*(1.50) or greater, where [AA] is the concentration of ascorbic acid (% wt) and [Xs] is the maximum solubility (%wt) of ascorbic acid in the neat non-aqueous solvent.
  • the amount of a sugar alcohol agent in the subject composition is at least about 5% by weight, such as at least about 6% by weight, at least about 7% by weight, at least about 8% by weight, at least about 9% by weight, at least about 10% by weight, at least about 11% by weight, at least about 12% by weight, at least about
  • the subject composition includes about 28% by weight or less of a sugar alcohol agent in the non-aqueous solvent solution, such as about 25% by weight or less.
  • the non-aqueous solvent is 1,3 -propanediol.
  • the amount of a sugar alcohol agent in the subject composition is between about 10% by weight and about 20% by weight, or between about 12% by weight and about 28% by weight, such as between about 15% by weight and about 28% by weight, or between about 20% by weight and about 28% by weight.
  • the amount of a sugar alcohol agent in the subject composition is about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, or about 25% by weight.
  • the subject composition includes about 1 to 30% by weight of a sugar alcohol agent (e.g., about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, or about 30%) and a non-aqueous solvent.
  • a sugar alcohol agent e.g., about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about
  • the subject composition includes between 5-10%, about 10-15%, or about 15-20% by weight of a sugar alcohol agent, and a non-aqueous solvent. In certain embodiments, the subject composition includes about 5% by weight of a sugar alcohol agent and a non-aqueous solvent. In certain embodiments, the subject composition includes about 15% by weight of a sugar alcohol agent and a non-aqueous solvent. In certain embodiments, the subject composition includes about 20% by weight of a sugar alcohol agent and a non-aqueous solvent.
  • the subject composition includes about 5 to 7% by weight of a sugar alcohol agent and a non-aqueous solvent. In some embodiments, the subject composition includes about 7 to 9% by weight of a sugar alcohol agent and a non-aqueous solvent. In certain embodiments, the subject composition includes about 9 to 11% by weight of a sugar alcohol agent and a non-aqueous solvent. In certain embodiments, the subject composition includes about 11 to 13% by weight of a sugar alcohol agent and a non-aqueous solvent. In certain embodiments, the subject composition includes about 13 to 15% by weight of a sugar alcohol agent and a non-aqueous solvent.
  • the subject composition includes about 15 to 17% by weight of a sugar alcohol agent and a non- aqueous solvent. In certain embodiments, the subject composition includes about 17 to 19% by weight of a sugar alcohol agent and a non-aqueous solvent. In certain embodiments, the subject composition includes about 19 to 21% by weight of a sugar alcohol agent and a non- aqueous solvent. In certain embodiments, the subject composition includes about 21 to 23% by weight of a sugar alcohol agent and a non-aqueous solvent. In certain embodiments, the subject composition includes about 23 to 25% by weight of a sugar alcohol agent and a non- aqueous solvent.
  • the sugar alcohol is xylitylglucoside.
  • the amount of xylitylglucoside in the subject composition is at least about 5% by weight, such as at least about 6% by weight, at least about 7% by weight, at least about 8% by weight, at least about 9% by weight, at least about 10% by weight, at least about 11% by weight, at least about 12% by weight, at least about 14% by weight, at least about 15% by weight, at least about 16% by weight, at least about 17% by weight, at least about 18% by weight, at least about 19% by weight, at least about 20% by weight, at least about 21% by weight, at least about 22% by weight, at least about 23% by weight, at least about 24% by weight, or at least about 25% by weight.
  • the subject composition includes about 28% by weight or less of xylitylglucoside in the non-aqueous solvent solution, such as about 25% by weight or less.
  • the sugar alcohol is anhydroxylitol.
  • the amount of anhydroxylitol in the subject composition is at least about 5% by weight, such as at least about 6% by weight, at least about 7% by weight, at least about 8% by weight, at least about 9% by weight, at least about 10% by weight, at least about 11% by weight, at least about 12% by weight, at least about 14% by weight, at least about 15% by weight, at least about 16% by weight, at least about 17% by weight, at least about 18% by weight, at least about 19% by weight, at least about 20% by weight, at least about 21% by weight, at least about 22% by weight, at least about 23% by weight, at least about 24% by weight, or at least about 25% by weight.
  • the subject composition includes about 28% by weight or less of anhydroxylitol in the non-aqueous solvent solution, such as about 25% by weight or less.
  • the sugar alcohol is sorbitol.
  • the amount of sorbitol in the subject composition is at least about 5% by weight, such as at least about 6% by weight, at least about 7% by weight, at least about 8% by weight, at least about 9% by weight, at least about 10% by weight, at least about 11% by weight, at least about 12% by weight, at least about 14% by weight, at least about 15% by weight, at least about
  • the subject composition includes about 28% by weight or less of sorbitol in the non-aqueous solvent solution, such as about 25% by weight or less.
  • the sugar alcohol is lactitol.
  • the amount of lactitol in the subject composition is at least about 5% by weight, such as at least about 6% by weight, at least about 7% by weight, at least about 8% by weight, at least about 9% by weight, at least about 10% by weight, at least about 11% by weight, at least about 12% by weight, at least about 14% by weight, at least about 15% by weight, at least about
  • the subject composition includes about 28% by weight or less of lactitol in the non-aqueous solvent solution, such as about 25% by weight or less.
  • the sugar alcohol is maltitol.
  • the amount of maltitol in the subject composition is at least about 5% by weight, such as at least about 6% by weight, at least about 7% by weight, at least about 8% by weight, at least about 9% by weight, at least about 10% by weight, at least about 11% by weight, at least about 12% by weight, at least about 14% by weight, at least about 15% by weight, at least about
  • the subject composition includes about 28% by weight or less of maltitol in the non-aqueous solvent solution, such as about 25% by weight or less.
  • the sugar alcohol is erythritol.
  • the amount of erythritol in the subject composition is at least about 5% by weight, such as at least about 6% by weight, at least about 7% by weight, at least about 8% by weight, at least about 9% by weight, at least about 10% by weight, at least about 11% by weight, at least about 12% by weight, at least about 14% by weight, at least about 15% by weight, at least about 16% by weight, at least about 17% by weight, at least about 18% by weight, at least about 19% by weight, at least about 20% by weight, at least about 21% by weight, at least about 22% by weight, at least about 23% by weight, at least about 24% by weight, or at least about 25% by weight.
  • the subject composition includes about 28% by weight or less of erythritol in the non-aqueous solvent solution, such as about 25% by weight or less.
  • the sugar alcohol is mannitol.
  • the amount of mannitol in the subject composition is at least about 5% by weight, such as at least about 6% by weight, at least about 7% by weight, at least about 8% by weight, at least about 9% by weight, at least about 10% by weight, at least about 11% by weight, at least about 12% by weight, at least about 14% by weight, at least about 15% by weight, at least about
  • the subject composition includes about 28% by weight or less of mannitol in the non-aqueous solvent solution, such as about 25% by weight or less.
  • the sugar alcohol is a combination of xylitol and erythritol.
  • the amount of the combination of xylitol and erythritol in the subject composition is at least about 5% by weight, such as at least about 6% by weight, at least about 7% by weight, at least about 8% by weight, at least about 9% by weight, at least about 10% by weight, at least about 11% by weight, at least about 12% by weight, at least about
  • the subject composition includes about 28% by weight or less of the combination of xylitol and erythritol in the non-aqueous solvent solution, such as about 25% by weight or less.
  • the high-potency Vitamin C formulations of the present disclosure contain, as an essential ingredient, at least one non-aqueous skin-compatible solvent.
  • a skin compatible solvent is a solvent that does not cause irritation or sensitization when applied topically to the skin.
  • Non- aqueous skin-compatible solvents of interest include polyols, C(l-6) alkanediols, glycol ethers, dimethyl ethers, and combinations thereof.
  • the solvent is a skin compatible polyol.
  • a polyol is an organic alcohol solvent having two or more hydroxy groups.
  • the polyol solvent is a C(3-6)polyol.
  • the polyol solvent is a polyether polyol.
  • the polyol solvent is a polyester polyol.
  • Skin compatible polyols of interest include, but are not limited to, glycerol (1,2,3-propanetriol); diglycerol; propylene glycol (1,2-propanediol); dipropylene glycol; 1,3-propanediol; butylene glycol (1,3-butanediol); 1,2-butanediol; pentylene glycol (1,2-pentanediol); 1,5-pentanediol; 1,2- hexanediol; 1,6-hexanediol; 1,2,3-hexanetriol, 1,2,6-hexanetriol; ethoxy diglycol; and dimethyl isosorbide.
  • the solvent is a glycol ether, a dimethyl ether, or a combination thereof.
  • a preferred skin-compatible solvent is 1,3-propanediol, commercially available from DuPont Tate & Lyle BioProducts LLC under the tradename ZEMEA®.
  • the solvent is a mixture of 1,3 propanediol and 1,2 hexanediol.
  • the solvent is a skin compatible polyol.
  • a polyol is an organic alcohol solvent having two or more hydroxy groups.
  • the polyol solvent is a C(3-612)polyol, such as a C(3-6)polyol.
  • the polyol solvent is a C(2-6) alkanediol.
  • the polyol solvent is a polyether polyol.
  • the polyol solvent is a polyester polyol.
  • Skin compatible polyols of interest include, but are not limited to, glycerol (1,2,3-propanetriol); diglycerol; propylene glycol (1,2-propanediol); dipropylene glycol; 1,3-propanediol; butylene glycol (1,3-butanediol); 1,2-butanediol; pentylene glycol (1,2-pentanediol); 1,5-pentanediol; 1,2- hexanediol; 1,6-hexanediol; 1,2,3-hexanetriol, 1,2,6-hexanetriol; ethoxy diglycol; and dimethyl isosorbide.
  • the solvent is a glycol ether, a dimethyl ether, or a combination thereof.
  • a preferred skin-compatible solvent is 1,3-propanediol, commercially available from DuPont Tate & Lyle BioProducts LLC under the tradename ZEMEA®.
  • the solvent is a mixture of 1,3 propanediol and 1,2 hexanediol.
  • the subject composition includes about 1 to 20% by weight of a urea agent, about 1 to 20% by weight of azelaic acid, and 1,3-propanediol. [00150] In some embodiments, the subject composition includes about 10 to 80% by weight (e.g.
  • the subject composition includes about 1 to 25% by weight of a azelaic acid (e.g., about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, or about 30%); about 1 to 25% of a urea agent (about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, or about 25%);
  • the subject composition includes between 5-10%, about 10-15%, about 15-20%, about 20-25%, or about 25-30% by weight of a azelaic acid (e.g., about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, or about 30%); between about 1-5%, about 5-10%, about 10-15%, or about 15-20% by weight of a urea agent (e.g., about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%
  • the subject composition includes about 5 to 30% by weight of azelaic acid (e.g., about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, or about 30%); about 5 to 30% by weight of a urea agent (e.g., about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, or about 30%); and/or about azelaic acid (e
  • the skin-compatible non-aqueous solvent is a combination of propanediol and dimethyl ethers. In some embodiments, the skin-compatible non-aqueous solvent is a combination of propanediol and hexanediol.
  • the ratio of azelaic acid to urea in the liquid composition is 1.5 to 3.0. In some embodiments, the ratio of azelaic acid to urea in the liquid composition is 2.0 to 3.0. In some embodiments, the ratio of azelaic acid to urea in the liquid composition is 2.0 to 2.5. In some embodiments, the ratio of azelaic acid to urea in the liquid composition is 2.0 to 2.5, where the weight percent of azelaic acid is 8% or more, such as 10% or more (e.g., 10% to 15%, or 10% to 12% azelaic acid), dissolved in a solvent component that is composed of one or more C(2-6) alkanediols.
  • the solvent component is composed of 1,3-propanediol, or a mixture of 1,3-propanediol and 1,2-hexanediol.
  • the ratio of azelaic acid to urea in the liquid composition is 2 0 [00153] In some embodiments, the ratio of ascorbic acid to urea in the liquid composition is 1.5 to 3.0. In some embodiments, the ratio of asorbic acid to urea in the liquid composition is 2.0 to 3.0. In some embodiments, the ratio of asorbic acid to urea in the liquid composition is 2.0 to 2.5.
  • the ratio of asorbic acid to urea in the liquid composition is 2.0 to 2.5, where the weight percent of asorbic acid is 8% or more, such as 10% or more (e.g., 10% to 15%, or 10% to 12% azelaic acid), dissolved in a solvent component that is composed of one or more C(2-6) alkanediols.
  • the solvent component is composed of 1,3 -propanediol, or a mixture of 1,3 -propanediol and 1,2- hexanediol.
  • the ratio of azelaic acid to urea in the liquid composition is 2 0
  • a formulation may contain one or more (optional) additional ingredients.
  • Any convenient ingredient known to the skilled artisan to provide cosmetic/aesthetic benefits can be utilized in the subject formulations.
  • Such cosmetic/aesthetic benefits include, but are not limited to, reducing the appearance of fine lines/wrinkles, improving skin barrier function (by reducing the rate/extent of trans-epidermal water loss), making the skin feel smoother/more supple/softer, creating the appearance of more even skin tone (reducing dyschromia) and/or “glow’Vradiance (also described in the art as “brightness”).
  • the composition further includes one or more optional additional components (e.g., as described herein).
  • the one or more optional additional components are selected from tocopherols, tocotrienols (e.g., alpha, beta, delta and gamma tocopherols or alpha, beta, delta and gamma tocotrienols), azelaic acid, hydroxy acids (e.g., salicylic acid), panthenol, pinus pinaster bark extract, emulsifying agent, hyaluronic acid complex, madecassoside, acetyl zingerone, bakuchiol, and bis-ethylhexyl hydroxydimethoxy benzylmalonate.
  • tocopherols e.g., tocotrienols
  • tocotrienols e.g., alpha, beta, delta and gamma tocopherols or alpha, beta, delta and gamma tocotrienols
  • the optional additional component is salicylic acid.
  • the amount of salicylic acid in the subject composition ranges from 0.1% to 5% by weight of salicylic acid, such as 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 2% to 3%, 3% to 4%, 4% to 5%, 2% to 5%, by weight of salicylic acid.
  • Each optional additional component may be present in an amount of 10% or less by weight of the composition, such as 9% or less, 8% or less, 7% or less, 6% or less, 5% or less, 4% or less, 3% or less, 2% or less, 1% or less by weight.
  • the total amount of the one or more optional additional components (e.g., as described herein) in the composition 10% or less by weight, such as 9% or less, 8% or less, 7% or less, 6% or less, 5% or less, 4% or less, 3% or less, 2% or less, 1% or less by weight.
  • the composition further includes 10% or less by weight in total of one or more optional additional components selected from an antioxidant, a skin lightening agent, and a moisturizing agent.
  • the composition further includes optional additional component that is a tocopherol or tocotrienol agent.
  • the tocopherol or tocotrienol agent is a form of Vitamin E selected from alpha, beta, delta and gamma tocopherols and alpha, beta, delta and gamma tocotrienols, and combinations thereof.
  • the tocopherol or tocotrienol is alpha-tocopherol.
  • the tocopherol or tocotrienol agent is present in the composition in an amount of 2% or less by weight, such as 1.5% or less, 1% or less, or 0.5% or less by weight.
  • the formulation excludes tocopherol or tocotrienol agents, e.g., or precursors thereof having vitamin E activity. In certain embodiments of any one of the formulations described herein, the formulation excludes vitamin E acetate.
  • the one or more additional components is an antioxidant.
  • the formulation contains a secondary antioxidant (i.e., in addition to the optional additive Vitamin C or the optional additive tocopherol or tocotrienol agent), or a primary antioxidant (i.e., without the optional vitamin C or optional additive tocopherol or tocotrienol agent).
  • Preferred secondary antioxidants include cinnamic acid derivatives (e.g., ferulic acid, caffeic acid, or coumaric acid), terpenoid antioxidants, and benzoic acid derivatives (e.g., p-hydroxy benzoic acid, gallic acid, or protocatechuic acid).
  • Pinus Pinaster Bark/Bud Extract (available under the tradename Pycnogenol® from DKSH North America, Inc., or from Res Pharma Industriale under the tradename Pantrofma® Skin360) contains these cinnamic acid derivatives and benzoic acid derivatives, and is, therefore, a preferred primary or secondary secondary antioxidant.
  • the secondary antioxidant is zingerone or acetyl zingerone. In some embodiments, the secondary antioxidant is bakuchiol (10309-37-2) a natural terpenoid antioxidant. In some embodiments, the secondary antioxidant is bis-ethylhexyl hydroxy dimethoxy benzylmalonate (HDBM).
  • HDBM bis-ethylhexyl hydroxy dimethoxy benzylmalonate
  • the secondary antioxidant when included, is preferably present in an amount in the range of 0.1 to 3%, more preferably 0.1 to 2% by weight of the composition, such as 0.1 to 1% by weight, 0.1 to 0.5% by weight, e.g., about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4% or about 0.5% by weight.
  • the secondary antioxidant is acetyl zingerone.
  • the secondary primary or secondary antioxidant is zingerone or acetyl zingerone.
  • the primary or secondary antioxidant is bakuchiol (10309-37-2) a natural terpenoid antioxidant.
  • the secondary antioxidant is bis-ethylhexyl hydroxy dimethoxy benzylmalonate (HDBM).
  • the primary or secondary antioxidant is an antioxidant blend comprising Vitis Vinifera (Grape) Seed Extract, Camellia Sinensis Leaf Extract, Quercus Robur Wood Extract, Pinus Pinaster Bark Extract.
  • the secondary antioxidant when included, is preferably present in an amount in the range of 0.1 to 3%, more preferably 0.1 to 2% by weight of the composition, such as 0.1 to 1% by weight, 0.1 to 0.5% by weight, e.g., about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4% or about 0.5% by weight.
  • the primary or secondary antioxidant is acetyl zingerone.
  • the primary or secondary antioxidant when included, is preferably present in an amount in the range of 0.1 to 5%, 0.1 to 3%, more preferably 0.1 to 2% by weight of the composition, such as 0.1 to 1% by weight, 0.1 to 0.5% by weight, e.g., about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4% or about 0.5% by weight.
  • the antioxidant is suitable for boosting photoprotection from UVA radiation. Additional non-limiting examples of antioxidants include polydatin, phloretin, resveratrol, ferulic acid, and a mixture thereof.
  • the antioxidant can be combined with one or more UV filters, for example organic UV filters, in a cosmetically acceptable carrier.
  • the UV filter(s) may be UVB filters, UVA filters (UVA1 and/or UVA2 filters), and/or inorganic UV filters (UVA and/or UVB filters).
  • the formulation contains a secondary skin lightening agent (e.g., as defined herein) (i.e., in addition to Vitamin C).
  • Skin lightening agents which may be included in compositions of the present disclosure include, but are not limited to: hydroquinone and its derivatives, including, for example, its monomethyl and monobenzyl ethers; licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra) extract; azelaic acid; kojic acid; arbutin; retinoids (including all-trans-retinoic acid, adapalene and tazarotene); alpha hydroxy acids, in particular citric acid, lactic acid, and glycolic acid; ellagic acid; gluconic acid; gentisic acid (2,5-dihydrobenzoic acid); 4-hydroxy benzoic acid; salts and esters of the above-mentioned acids, including ammonium lactate and sodium lactate; N-acetyl glucosamine; alpha hydroxy acids, in
  • Epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate EGCG
  • other catechin constituents of tea extracts in particular green tea
  • extract of soybean oil Glycine soja
  • isoflavones hydroxystilbene
  • butyl hydroxy anisole butyl hydroxy toluene
  • the additional skin lightening agent is azelaic acid or arbutin.
  • the skin lightening agent when included, is preferably present in an amount in the range of 0.1 to 10%, more preferably 0.2 to 5% by weight of the composition, such as 0.2 to 4% by weight, 0.2 to 3% by weight, or 0.2 to 2% by weight.
  • the secondary skin lightening agent is soluble and may be added directly to the high Vitamin C (>15%) concentrate of the present invention.
  • the secondary skin lightening agent may also be encapsulated using techniques known to the person having ordinary skill in the art. Hydroxy Acids
  • formulation contains a hydroxy acid, e.g., a small molecule compound including a carboxylic acid and a hydroxy group.
  • the acid may be an alkyl carboxylic acid or a benzoic acid.
  • the hydroxy group can be a phenol or an alkyl alcohol.
  • the hydroxy acid is an alpha-hydroxy carboxylic acid.
  • the hydroxy acid contains 2-12 carbon atoms, such as 2-6 or 2-4 carbons.
  • Hydroxy acids of interest include, but are not limited to, glycolic acid, lactic acid, mandelic acid, salicylic acid, capryloyl salicylic acid, salicyloyl phytosphingosine, gluconolactone, lactobionic acid, maltobionic acid, and combinations thereof.
  • formulation contains an anti-inflammatory agent as an additional ingredient.
  • the anti-inflammatory agent is madecassoside, or madecassic acid.
  • the anti-inflammatory agent when included, is preferably present in an amount in the range of 0.1 to 2%, more preferably 0.1 to 1% by weight of the composition, such as 0.1 to 0.5% by weight, or 0.1 to 0.2% by weight.
  • madecassoside is included in an amount in the range of 0.1 to 0.5%, such as about 0.1% or about 0.2% by weight.
  • the topical composition includes: a) 5% to 28% by weight ascorbic acid; and b) 5% to 20% by weight of a urea agent, wherein the ratio of ascorbic acid to urea agent is between about 1.0 and about 3.5; dissolved in a non-aqueous skin-compatible solvent selected from polyol, C(l-6) alkanediol, glycol ether, dimethyl ether, or a combination thereof.
  • a non-aqueous skin-compatible solvent selected from polyol, C(l-6) alkanediol, glycol ether, dimethyl ether, or a combination thereof.
  • the ascorbic acid is dissolved at a concentration (AA) that is above its maximum concentration in the solvent alone (X), and the urea is dissolved at a concentration that is at least about (AA-X)*1.25.
  • the urea is dissolved at a concentration that is about (AA-X)*1.25. In some embodiments, the urea is dissolved at a concentration that is (AA-X)*1.25 ⁇ 1% by weight, such as (AA-X)*1.25 ⁇ 0.5% by weight.
  • the ratio of ascorbic acid to urea agent in the composition is 1.8 to 2.2.
  • the topical composition includes about 15% by weight ascorbic acid; about 8% by weight urea agent; a solvent that includes 1,3-propanediol and/or 1,2-hexanediol; and one or more optional additional components.
  • the one or more optional additional component includes acetyl zingerone. In certain embodiments, the one or more optional additional component is a tocopherol or tocotrienol (e.g., as described herein).
  • the ratio of ascorbic acid to urea agent in the composition is 1.8 to 2.2.
  • the topical composition includes about 20% by weight ascorbic acid; about 10% by weight urea agent; a solvent that is 1,3-propanediol; and one or more optional additional components.
  • the ratio of ascorbic acid to urea agent in the composition is 1.8 to 2.2.
  • the topical composition includes about 10% by weight ascorbic acid; about 5% by weight urea agent; a solvent that is 1,3-propanediol; and one or more optional additional components.
  • the one or more optional additional components include pinus pinaster bark extract.
  • the composition includes 2% or less by weight of the pinus pinaster bark extract, such as 1.5% or less, 1 % or less, or 0.5 % or less (e.g., about 0.5% by weight) of the pinus pinaster bark extract.
  • the ratio of ascorbic acid to urea agent in the composition is a ratio from 1.0 to 1.3, such as 1.25.
  • the topical composition includes about 25% by weight ascorbic acid; about 20% by weight urea agent; a solvent that is 1,3 -propanediol; and one or more optional additional components.
  • the one or more optional additional components include a hydroxy acid, such as glycolic acid, lactic acid, mandelic acid, salicylic acid, capryloyl salicylic acid, salicyloyl phytosphingosine, gluconolactone, lactobionic acid, maltobionic acid, or combinations thereof.
  • the hydroxy acid is salicylic acid.
  • the composition includes 3% or less by weight of the hydroxy acid, such as 2% or less, or 1 % or less (e.g., about 2% by weight) of the hydroxy acid.
  • the ratio of ascorbic acid to urea agent in the composition is about 1 (e.g., 1:1).
  • the topical composition includes about 5% by weight ascorbic acid; about 5% by weight urea agent; a solvent that is 1,3 -propanediol; and one or more optional additional components.
  • the one or more optional additional components include panthenol.
  • the composition includes 10% or less by weight of the panthenol, such as 5% or less, 4% or less, 3% or less, 2% or less, or 1 % or less (e.g., about 4% by weight) of panthenol.
  • the composition includes about 1% to about 6% by weight of the panthenol, such as about 6%, about 5%, about 4%, about 3%, about 2%, or about 1 % by weight of panthenol.
  • the one or more optional additional components include hyaluronic acid complex.
  • the composition includes 2% or less by weight of the hyaluronic acid complex, such as 1.5 % or less, 1% or less, or 0.5 % or less (e.g., about 1% by weight) of the hyaluronic acid complex.
  • the formulations of the present disclosure are concentrates which are generally: free of silicones, and “substantially free” of water.
  • substantially free of water is meant that (i) water is not intentionally added to the concentrate, and (ii) the amount of water in the concentrate is less than about 2% by weight of the concentrate, preferably less than 1% by weight, more preferably less than about 0.5%, and still more preferably less than about 0.1%.
  • the concentrate is also free of oils or lipids.
  • any of the non-aqueous liquid compositions having particular amounts of ascorbic acid can be combined with an immiscible phase or ingredient (e.g., an oilcomponent) to produce an emulsion composition.
  • an immiscible phase or ingredient e.g., an oilcomponent
  • the non-aqueous liquid composition that makes up the first phase of an emulsion composition is referred to as a concentrate.
  • the liquid concentrate can be mixed with one or more additional components (e.g., an immiscible oil phase or component and an optional emulsifying agent) to produce an emulsion.
  • additional components e.g., an immiscible oil phase or component and an optional emulsifying agent
  • an emulsion composition of this disclosure is referred to as a gel.
  • Any convenient oils and lipids can be utilized in the oil component of the subject emulsions.
  • An oil component or oil phase refers to any phase that is immiscible with the non-aqueous liquid composition.
  • the oil component is silicone-based, e.g., includes a silicone polymer.
  • the oil component includes a silicone oil or silicone elastomer, such as a polyorganosiloxane.
  • the silicone polymers have dual characteristics, and can be used as emulsifiers and/or act as the continuous/dispersed phase of the emulsion composition.
  • Oils and lipids of interest include, but are not limited to, silicone oils, linseed oil, tsubaki oil, macadamia nut oil, com oil, mink oil, olive oil, avocado oil, sasanqua oil, castor oil, safflower oil, apricot oil, cinnamon oil, jojoba oil, grape oil, sunflower oil, almond oil, rapeseed oil, sesame oil, wheat germ oil, rice germ oil, rice bran oil, cottonseed oil, soybean oil, peanut oil, teaseed oil, evening primrose oil, eggyoke oil, neetsfoot oil, liver oil, triglycerine, glycerine trioctanate, pentaerythritol tetraoctanate, glycerine triisopalmitate, cholesterol, free fatty acids, and combinations thereof.
  • any convenient emulsifying agents or emulsifiers can be utilized in the preparation of the subject emulsions to stabilize the composition and prevent separation of the oil component from the solvent solution (e.g., the non-aqueous liquid composition).
  • exemplary emulsifying agents include but are not limited to polysorbates, laureth-4, potassium cetyl sulfate, and silicone and silicone-elastomer-based emulsifiers and emulsifying blends.
  • a surfactant such as a monoglyceride, sorbitan fatty acid ester, or polyglycerine fatty acid ester, polyoxyethylene hardened castor oil, polyoxyethylene fatty acid ether, is added thereto in a small amount, and the stability is further improved.
  • any convenient emulsifying agents or emulsifiers can be utilized in the preparation of the subject emulsions to stabilize the composition and prevent separation of the oil component from the solvent solution (e.g., the non-aqueous liquid composition of the first phase (e.g., internal phase) solution).
  • the solvent solution e.g., the non-aqueous liquid composition of the first phase (e.g., internal phase) solution.
  • the formulations of the present disclosure contain about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, or about 25% by weight of an emulsifying agent.
  • the formulations of the present disclosure contain an emulsifying agent ranging from about 4% to about 6%, about 6% to about 8%, about 8% to about 10%, about 10% to about 12% about 14%, about 14% to about 16%, about 16% to about 18%, about 18% to about 20%, about 20% to about 22%, about 22% to about 24%, about 24% to about 26%, about 26% to about 28%, or about 28% to about 30% by weight.
  • the emulsifying agent is a silicone-compatible agent.
  • emulsifying agents include, but are not limited to, polysorbates, laureth-4, potassium cetyl sulfate, and silicone and silicone-elastomer-based emulsifiers and emulsifying blends.
  • a surfactant such as a monoglyceride, sorbitan fatty acid ester, or polyglycerine fatty acid ester, polyoxyethylene hardened castor oil, polyoxyethylene fatty acid ether, or combinations thereof, is added thereto in a small amount, and the stability is further improved.
  • the emulsifying agent is added to the formulation in an effective amount to improve the stability of the formulation.
  • the emulsifying agents include, but are not limited to: sorbitan laurate, sorbitan palmitate, sorbitan sesquiisostearate, sorbitan sesquioleate, sorbitan sesquistearate, sorbitan stearate, sorbitan oleate, sorbitan monoisostearate, sorbitan trisostearate, sorbitan trioleate, sorbitan tristearate; glyceryl behenate, glyceryl caprate, glyceryl caprylate, glyceryl caprylate/caprate, glyceryl cocoate, glyceryl erucate, glyceryl hydroxystearate, glyceryl isostearate, glyceryl lanolate, glyceryl laurate, glyceryl linoleate, glyceryl myristate, glyceryl oleate, gly
  • the emulsifying agent of the formulations of the present disclosure contains one or more silicone emulsifiers (e.g. silicone agents).
  • a first phase e.g., internal phase
  • a non- aqueous solvent e.g. the non-aqueous liquid composition
  • a second phase e.g., external phase
  • the emulsion prevents degradation of the urea agent.
  • the emulsion prevents precipitation of the urea agent.
  • the emulsion prevents oxygen or air from degrading the urea agent within the emulsion. In some embodiments, the emulsion prevents moisture from degrading the urea agent within the emulsion. In some embodiments, the emulsion prevents absorption of water from degrading the urea agent within the emulsion.
  • the emulsion increases the shelf life of the emulsion containing the urea agent.
  • the shelf life of the emulsion ranges from 6 weeks to 8 weeks, 2 months 4 months, 4 months to 6 months, 6 months to 1 year, 1 to 1.5 years, 1.5 to 2 years, 2 to 2.5 years, 2.5 to 3 years, 3 to 3.5 years, or 3.5 to 4 years.
  • the shelf life is about 1 month or more, about 2 months or more, about 3 months or more, about 4 months or more, about 5 months or more, about 6 months or more, about 1 year or more, about 1.5 years or more, about 2 years or more , or about 2.5 years or more.
  • Silicone agents of interest include, but are not limited to, dimethicone, adimethicone, cyclopentasiloxane, dimethicone/PEG-10/15 crosspolymer, lauryl PEG-9 polydimethylsiloxyethyl dimethicone, PEG-3 dimethicone, PEG-10 dimethicone, PEG-9 methyl ether dimethicone, polyglyceryl-3 polydimethylsiloxyethyl dimethicone, PEG/PPG- 18/18 dimethicone, PEG-15/lauryl dimethicone crosspolymer, PEG-15/lauryl polydimethylsiloxyethyl dimethicone crosspolymer, dimethicone/polyglycerin-3 crosspolymer, and dimethicone/vinyl eimethicone crosspolymer.
  • the formulations of the present disclosure contain about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, or about 30% by weight of one or more silicone agents.
  • the formulations of the present disclosure contain an amount of one or more silicone agents ranging from about 1 to 5%, 5 to 10%, 10 to 15%, 15 to 20%, 20 to 25%, or 25 to 30% by weight.
  • the composition of the present disclosure includes second phase (e.g., external phase) comprising a silicone agent.
  • the second phase e.g., external phase
  • the second phase (e.g., external phase) contains an amount of one or more silicone agents ranging from about 1 to 10%, 10 to 20%, 20 to 30%, 30 to 40%, 40 to 50%, 50 to 60%, 60 to 70%, 70 to 80%, 80 to 90%, or 90 to 100% by weight.
  • the second phase (e.g., external phase) contains an amount of one or more silicone agents ranging from about 1 to 5%, 5 to 10%, 10 to 15%, 15 to 20%, 20 to 25%, 25 to 30%, 30 to 35%, 35 to 40%, 40 to 45%, 45 to 50%, 50 to 55%, 55 to 60%, 60 to 65%, 65 to 70%, 70 to 75%, 75 to 80%, 80 to 85%, 85 to 90%, 90 to 95%, or 95 to 100% by weight.
  • silicone agents ranging from about 1 to 5%, 5 to 10%, 10 to 15%, 15 to 20%, 20 to 25%, 25 to 30%, 30 to 35%, 35 to 40%, 40 to 45%, 45 to 50%, 50 to 55%, 55 to 60%, 60 to 65%, 65 to 70%, 70 to 75%, 75 to 80%, 80 to 85%, 85 to 90%, 90 to 95%, or 95 to 100% by weight.
  • the second phase (e.g., external phase) comprises, in addition to one or more silicone agents, a non-silicone oil agent.
  • the second phase (e.g., external phase) comprises, in addition to one or more silicone agents, 0.5 to 1%, 1 to 1.5%, 1.5 to 2%, 2 to 2.5%, 2.5 to 3%, 3 to 3.5%, 3.5 to 4%, 4 to 4.5%, 4.5 to 5%, 5 to 5.5%, 6 to 6.5%, 6.5 to 7%, 7 to 7.5%, 8 to 8.5%, 8.5% to 9%, 9 to 9.5%, or 9.5 to 10% by weight of a non-silicone oil agent.
  • the second phase (e.g., external phase) contains an amount of one or more silicone agents ranging from about 1 to 5%, 5 to 10%, 10 to 15%, 15 to 20%, 20 to 25%, 25 to 30%, 30 to 35%, 35 to 40%, 40 to 45%, 45 to 50%, 50 to 55%, 55 to 60%, 60 to 65%, 65 to 70%, 70 to 75%, 75 to 80%, 80 to 85%, 85 to 90%, 90 to 95%, or 95 to 100% by weight; and 0.5 to 1%, 1 to 1.5%, 1.5 to 2%, 2 to 2.5%, 2.5 to 3%, 3 to 3.5%, 3.5 to 4%, 4 to 4.5%, 4.5 to 5%, 5 to 5.5%, 6 to 6.5%, 6.5 to 7%, 7 to 7.5%, 8 to 8.5%, 8.5% to 9%, 9 to 9.5%, or 9.5 to 10% by weight of a non-silicone oil agent.
  • silicone agents ranging from about 1 to 5%, 5 to 10%, 10 to 15%, 15 to 20%, 20 to 25%, 25 to 30%,
  • the silicone agent is dimethicone. In some embodiments, the silicone agent contains dimethicone in combination with a dimethicone/PEG-10/15 crosspolymer. In some embodiments, the silicone agent contains dimethicone in combination with a dimethicone/PEG-10/15 crosspolymer and lauryl PEG-9 polydimethylsiloxy ethyl [00202] dimethicone.
  • the silicone agent contains about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, or about 30% dimethicone alone or in combination with a dimethicone/PEG-10/15 crosspolymer and/or lauryl PEG-9 polydimethylsiloxyethyl.
  • the silicone agent contains about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, or about 30% dimethicone; about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, or about 30% dimethicone/PEG-10/15 crosspolymer; and/or about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about
  • the subject composition includes a ratio of the first phase (e.g., internal phase) to the second phase (e.g., external phase).
  • the ratio of the first phase (e.g., internal phase) to the second phase (e.g., external phase) ranges from 1 to 5, such as a ratio of l.0 (i.e., 1:1), 1.25, 1.50, 1.75, 2.0 (i.e. 2:1), 2.25, 2.50, 2.75, 3.0, 3.25, 3.50, 3.75, 4.0, 4.25, 4.50, 4.75, 5.
  • the ratio of the first phase (e.g., internal phase) to the second phase (e.g., external phase) ranges from 1 to 20, such as a ratio of l (i.e., 1:1), 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20.
  • the ratio of the first phase (e.g., internal phase) to the second phase (e.g., external phase) is 1.8 to 2.2, such as a ratio of 2.
  • the ratio of the first phase (e.g., internal phase) to the second phase (e.g., external phase) is 1.0 to 1.3, such as a ratio of 1.25 or a ratio of 1.0.
  • the ratio of the first phase (e.g., internal phase) to the second phase (e.g., external phase) is up to 19 (e.g., 19:1). In some embodiments, the ratio of the first phase (e.g., internal phase) to the second phase (e.g., external phase) ranges from 1 to 19. In some embodiments, the ratio of the first phase (e.g., internal phase) to the second phase (e.g., external phase) is 9 (i.e., 9:1). In some embodiments, the ratio of the first phase (e.g., internal phase) to the second phase (e.g., external phase) is 19 (i.e., 19:1).
  • the first phase is an internal phase and the second phase is an external phase.
  • droplets of the internal phase e.g., solvent phase
  • the external phase e.g., silicone phase
  • High-potency Vitamin C formulations of the present disclosure are capable of maintaining at least 90% of the starting ascorbic acid content when the concentrate is stored at room temperature for 12 months or longer.
  • the amount of ascorbic acid content in a composition can be determined using a wide range of techniques including, but not limited to: titrimetric, spectrophotometric, electrochemical, fluorimetric, enzymatic and chromatographic. Methods for determining ascorbic acid content in a topical formulation can be complicated/confounded by the presence of excipients or other antioxidant agents (e.g., agents for stabilizing Vitamin C), as well as degradation products. Of the above-listed methods, high performance liquid chromatography is preferred. See, AM Maia et al., “Validation of HPLC stability-indicating method for Vitamin C in semisolid pharmaceutical/ cosmetic preparations .. Talanta Vol. 71, pp. 639-643 (2007).
  • the storage stable composition of this disclosure demonstrates less than 10 mol % degradation of the ascorbic acid after storage for 6 weeks or longer (e.g., 8 weeks or longer, 10 weeks or longer, 12 weeks or longer, 18 weeks or longer, 24 weeks or longer, or even longer) at 40° C ⁇ 2° C in a sealed container, such as less than 9 mol %, less than 8 mol %, less than 7 mol %, less than 6 mol %, less than 5 mol %, less than 4 mol %, less than 3 mol %, less than 2 mol % degradation of the ascorbic acid initially present in the composition prior to storage.
  • 6 weeks or longer e.g., 8 weeks or longer, 10 weeks or longer, 12 weeks or longer, 18 weeks or longer, 24 weeks or longer, or even longer
  • the storage stable composition of this disclosure demonstrates less than 10 mol % degradation of the ascorbic acid after storage for 6 weeks or longer (e.g., 8 weeks or longer, 10 weeks or longer, 12 weeks or longer,
  • the storage stable composition of this disclosure demonstrates less than 10 mol % degradation of the ascorbic acid after storage for 4 weeks or longer (e.g., 6 weeks or longer, 8 weeks or longer, 10 weeks or longer, 12 weeks or longer,
  • the storage stable composition of this disclosure demonstrates less than 10 mol % degradation of the ascorbic acid after storage for 6 months or longer (e.g., 8 months or longer, 10 months or longer, 12 months or longer, 18 months or longer, or even longer) at 25° C ⁇ 2° C in a sealed container or a multi-use container, such as less than 9 mol %, less than 8 mol %, less than 7 mol %, less than 6 mol %, less than 5 mol %, less than 4 mol %, less than 3 mol %, less than 2 mol % degradation of the ascorbic acid initially present in the composition prior to storage.
  • the composition is stored in a sealed container.
  • the composition is stored in a multi use container.
  • the storage stable composition of this disclosure demonstrates less than 20 mol % degradation of the ascorbic acid after storage for 12 months or longer (e.g., 18 months or longer, 24 months or longer, or even longer) at 25° C ⁇ 2° C in a sealed container or a multi-use container, such as less than 15 mol %, less than 12 mol %, less than 10 mol %, less than 8 mol %, less than 6 mol %, less than 6 mol %, less than 4 mol %, less than 3 mol %, less than 2 mol % degradation of the ascorbic acid initially present in the composition prior to storage.
  • the composition is stored in a sealed container.
  • the composition is stored in a multi-use container.
  • Formulations of the present disclosure are capable of maintaining at least 90% of the starting urea content when the concentrate is stored at room temperature for 12 months or longer, in a non-aqueous solution.
  • the amount of urea content in a composition can be determined using a wide range of known techniques including, but not limited to: enzymatic methods, colorimetric assays, and diacetyl monoxime (DAM) techniques.
  • the storage stable composition of this disclosure demonstrates less than 10 mol % degradation of the urea after storage for 6 weeks or longer (e.g., 8 weeks or longer, 10 weeks or longer, 12 weeks or longer, 18 weeks or longer, 24 weeks or longer, or even longer) at 40° C ⁇ 2° C in a sealed container, such as less than 9 mol %, less than 8 mol %, less than 7 mol %, less than 6 mol %, less than 5 mol %, less than 4 mol %, less than 3 mol %, less than 2 mol % degradation of the urea initially present in the composition prior to storage.
  • the storage stable composition of this disclosure demonstrates less than 20 mol % degradation of the urea after storage for 12 months or longer (e.g., 18 months or longer, 24 months or longer, or even longer) at 25° C ⁇ 2° C in a sealed container or a multi-use container, such as less than 15 mol %, less than 12 mol %, less than 10 mol %, less than 8 mol %, less than 6 mol %, less than 6 mol %, less than 4 mol %, less than 3 mol %, less than 2 mol % degradation of the urea initially present in the composition prior to storage.
  • the composition is stored in a sealed container.
  • the composition is stored in a multi-use container.
  • the high potency Vitamin C concentrate of the disclosure is administered with a second non-aqueous formulation (i.e., oil, ester and/or silicone carrier).
  • a second non-aqueous formulation i.e., oil, ester and/or silicone carrier.
  • the two compositions can be pre-filled into a “dual- chamber” container - a pump container in which two formulations are stored separately prior to dispense - with a high-potency Vitamin C concentrate of the invention in a first chamber, and a non-aqueous formulation in a second chamber.
  • Some dual-chamber containers have two separate actuators/pumps, each having an orifice for dispensing one of the two formulations.
  • Dual-chamber containers contain two pumps and one actuator from which the two formulations are dispensed - either side-by-side (e.g., through two orifices), or from a single shared orifice.
  • a non-limiting example of a dual-chamber container is described in US Patent No. 6,462,025.
  • Any containers suitable for storing and/or dispensing the subject formulations can be adapted for use.
  • the container can provide a sealed environment for containing the composition, and separation from the atmosphere.
  • the container can prevent during storage undesirable degradation, e.g., from absorption of light and/or moisture from the atmosphere or surrounding environment.
  • ready-to-use topical preparations of ascorbic acid in a multi-use container which is pre-filled with a storage stable topical composition (e.g., as described herein).
  • packaging for the container can be included.
  • the packaging provides a further barrier that prevents absorption of light and/or moisture from the atmosphere or surrounding environment.
  • the container will include a delivery system of urea that combines both solubilization (e.g., for better delivery to skin) with a “time released” vehicle that will minimize potential irritation.
  • a solubilized urea-containing polyol phase is dispersed into small droplets inside of a continuous silicone/oil outer phase that can deliver the urea efficiently but not all at once.
  • processes for stabilizing ascorbic acid for storage include preparation of any one of the subject formulations (e.g., as described herein), e.g., by dissolving ascorbic acid in a non-aqueous solvent with a urea agent and one or more optionally additional components to provide a stable liquid composition capable of storage stability.
  • the process includes combining:
  • urea agent selected from urea, hydroxy ethyl urea, and combination thereof;
  • a non-aqueous skin-compatible solvent comprising C (3 - 6 >polyol, ethoxydiglycol, dimethyl ether, or a combination thereof;
  • the one or more additional agents are combined and include: 0.5% to 2% pinus pinaster bark extract. In certain embodiments, the one or more additional agents are combined and include: 3% to 10% by weight azelaic acid.
  • the process further includes: combining 0.5% to 2% by weight of Vitamin E and 1.5% to 5% by weight of an emulsifying agent to produce a second liquid composition; and combining the second liquid composition with the liquid composition of ascorbic acid to produce an emulsion.
  • the process further includes: combining 0.5% to 2% by weight of a lipid component and 1.5% to 5% by weight of an emulsifying agent to produce a second liquid composition; and combining the second liquid composition with the liquid composition of ascorbic acid to produce an emulsion.
  • the one or more additional agents are combined and include: 0.5% to 2% by weight hydroxy acid.
  • the hydroxy acid is selected from glycolic acid, lactic acid, mandelic acid, salicylic acid, capryloyl salicylic acid, salicyloyl phytosphingosine, gluconolactone, lactobionic acid, maltobionic acid, and combinations thereof.
  • processes for solubilizing azelaic acid for include preparation of any one of the subject formulations (e.g., as described herein), e.g., by dissolving azelaic acid in a non-aqueous solvent with a urea agent and one or more optionally additional components to provide a completely solubilized liquid composition.
  • the process includes combining:
  • urea agent selected from urea, hydroxy ethyl urea, and combination thereof;
  • the one or more additional agents are combined and include: 0.1% to 2% madecassoside, .1-2% asiaticoside; and 0.5% to 2% pinus pinaster bark extract. In certain embodiments, the one or more additional agents are combined and include: 3% to 10% by weight azelaic acid.
  • the process further includes: combining 0.5% to 2% by weight of Vitamin E and 1.5% to 5% by weight of an emulsifying agent to produce a second liquid composition; and combining the second liquid composition with the liquid composition of azelaic acid to produce an emulsion.
  • the process further includes: combining 0.5% to 2% by weight of a lipid component and 1.5% to 5% by weight of an emulsifying agent to produce a second liquid composition; and combining the second liquid composition with the liquid composition of azelaic acid to produce an emulsion.
  • the one or more additional agents are combined and include: 0.5% to 2% by weight hydroxy acid.
  • the hydroxy acid is selected from glycolic acid, lactic acid, mandelic acid, salicylic acid, capryloyl salicylic acid, salicyloyl phytosphingosine, gluconolactone, lactobionic acid, maltobionic acid, and combinations thereof.
  • the process includes combining:
  • a sugar alcohol agent selected from xylitol and xylitol derivatives such as xylitylglucoside and anhydroxylitol; sorbitol; lactitol; maltitol; erythritol; mannitol, and combinations thereof;
  • the one or more additional agents are combined and include: 0.5% to 2% ferulic acid; and 0.5% to 2% pinus pinaster bark extract. In certain embodiments, the one or more additional agents are combined and include: 3% to 10% by weight azelaic acid.
  • the process further includes: combining 0.5% to 2% by weight of Vitamin E and 1.5% to 5% by weight of an emulsifying agent to produce a second liquid composition; and combining the second liquid composition with the liquid composition of ascorbic acid to produce an emulsion.
  • the process further includes: combining 0.5% to 2% by weight of a lipid component and 1.5% to 5% by weight of an emulsifying agent to produce a second liquid composition; and combining the second liquid composition with the liquid composition of ascorbic acid to produce an emulsion.
  • the one or more additional agents are combined and include: 0.5% to 2% by weight hydroxy acid.
  • the hydroxy acid is selected from glycolic acid, lactic acid, mandelic acid, salicylic acid, capryloyl salicylic acid, salicyloyl phytosphingosine, gluconolactone, lactobionic acid, maltobionic acid, and combinations thereof.
  • the one or more additional agents are combined and include: 0.1% to 5% by weight hydroxy acid.
  • the hydroxy acid is selected from glycolic acid, lactic acid, mandelic acid, salicylic acid, capryloyl salicylic acid, salicyloyl phytosphingosine, gluconolactone, lactobionic acid, maltobionic acid, and combinations thereof.
  • Also provided by this disclosure are processes for stabilizing urea for storage that include preparation of any one of the subject formulations (e.g., as described herein), e.g., by dissolving urea in a non-aqueous solvent with one or more optionally additional components, combined with a silicone component to provide a stable emulsion composition capable of storage stability.
  • the process includes combining:
  • urea agent selected from urea, hydroxy ethyl urea, and combination thereof;
  • the urea agent and non-aqueous skin-compatible solvent are first combined to form a first phase (e.g., internal phase) solution (e.g. urea dissolved in the first phase (e.g., internal phase) solution), see e.g., “polyol” phase of Tables 1-6.
  • the first phase (e.g., internal phase) solution is combined with a silicone/oil- phase (e.g. external phase) solution, see e.g., “Silicone/oil phase/external phase” of Tables 1- 6,) to produce storage stable, nonaqueous, emulsion composition of urea.
  • the one or more additional agents are combined in a second internal phase, before the external phase.
  • the one or more additional components include: 5% to 20% ascorbic acid; 0.5% to 2% ferulic acid; .5% to 2% vitamin E; .1% to 1% bis-ethylhexyl hydroxydimethoxy benzylmalonate.
  • the process one or more additional components further includes: 2% to 7% azelaic acid; .1% to .5% madecassoside; .1% to 1% glycyrrhetinic acid; .5% to 1% pinus pinaster bark extract; 1% to 5% cholesterol ester; .5% to 1% bakuchiol; .1% to 1% retinol.
  • the one or more additional components include 5% Azelaic Acid, 0.1% Madecassoside Asiaticoside, 0.5% Ferulic Acid, 5% Ascorbic Acid, and Diglycerin and Pinus Pinaster Bark Extract.
  • product storage stable formulations produced by the process according to any one of the embodiments described herein.
  • the process includes dispersing the internal phase components in propanediol.
  • the process further comprises mixing/agitating the internal phase components and propanediol until dissolved and solution is transparent.
  • the process includes combining the external phase ingredients into a closed container and mix until combined.
  • the process includes slowly adding the mixture of the internal phases to the external phase under high-shear agitation and mix until a uniform, viscous emulsion is formed.
  • the final emulsion is a slightly yellow, translucent and highly viscous, with a slight ointment-like appearance.
  • Also provided by this disclosure are processes for stabilizing ascorbic acid for storage that include preparation of any one of the subject formulations (e.g., as described herein), e.g., by dissolving ascorbic acid in a non-aqueous solvent with a urea agent and chemical exfoliant components to provide a stable liquid composition capable of storage stability.
  • the process includes combining: [00254] 1. 1% to 20% by weight urea agent selected from urea, hydroxy ethyl urea, and combination thereof;
  • the one or more additional agents are combined and include: 0.5% to 2% ferulic acid; and 0.5% to 2% pinus pinaster bark extract. In certain embodiments, the one or more additional agents are combined and include: 3% to 10% by weight azelaic acid.
  • the process further includes: combining 0.5% to 2% by weight of Vitamin E and 1.5% to 5% by weight of an emulsifying agent to produce a second liquid composition; and combining the second liquid composition with the liquid composition of ascorbic acid to produce an emulsion.
  • the process further includes: combining 0.5% to 2% by weight of a lipid component and 1.5% to 5% by weight of an emulsifying agent to produce a second liquid composition; and combining the second liquid composition with the liquid composition of ascorbic acid to produce an emulsion.
  • a primer refers to one or more primers, i.e., a single primer and multiple primers. It is further noted that the claims can be drafted to exclude any optional element. As such, this statement is intended to serve as antecedent basis for use of such exclusive terminology as “solely,” “only” and the like in connection with the recitation of claim elements, or use of a “negative” limitation.
  • At least one means one or more, and also includes individual components as well as mixtures/combinations.
  • Numerical ranges are meant to include numbers within the recited range, and combinations of subranges between the given ranges. For example, a range from 1-5 includes 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, as well as subranges such as 2-5, 3-5, 2-3, 2-4, 1-4, etc.
  • non-aqueous refers to compositions that are substantially anhydrous.
  • substantially anhydrous compositions include, for example, 1% by weight or less water in the subject compositions, such as 0.5% or less, 0.4% or less, 0.3% or less, 0.2% or less, or 0.1% or less by weight water.
  • a storage stable topical composition comprising:
  • c 0.1% to 5% by weight of a cinnamic acid or derivative thereof; and less than 10% by weight in total of one or more optional additional components; dissolved in a non-aqueous skin-compatible solvent comprising polyol, C(2-6) alkanediol, glycol ether, dimethyl ether, or a combination thereof; wherein the ascorbic acid is dissolved at a concentration (AA) that is above its maximum concentration in the solvent alone (X), and the urea is dissolved at a concentration that is at least (AA- X)*1.25.
  • Aspect 2 The composition of aspect 1, wherein the composition demonstrates less than 10 mol % degradation of the ascorbic acid after storage for 6 weeks at 40° C ⁇ 2° C in a sealed container.
  • Aspect 3 The composition of aspect 1, wherein the composition demonstrates less than 5 mol % degradation of the ascorbic acid after storage for 8 months at 40° C ⁇ 2° C in a multi-use container.
  • Aspect 4 The composition of aspect 1, wherein the composition demonstrates less than 10 mol % degradation of the ascorbic acid after storage for 16 months at 40° C ⁇ 2° C in a multi-use container.
  • Aspect 5 The composition of any one of aspects 1-4, wherein the urea agent is urea.
  • Aspect 6 The composition of any one of aspects 1-4, wherein the urea agent is hydroxyethyl urea.
  • Aspect 7 The composition of any one of aspects 1-4, wherein the urea agent comprises a mixture of urea and hydroxyethyl urea.
  • Aspect 8 The composition of any one of aspects 1-7, wherein the solvent is selected from 1,3 propanediol, 1,2 propanediol, 1,3 butanediol, 1,5 pentanediol, 1,2 hexanediol, 1,6 hexanediol, 1,2 hexanediol, glycerol, diglycerol, ethoxy diglycol, dimethyl isosorbide, and a combination thereof.
  • the solvent is selected from 1,3 propanediol, 1,2 propanediol, 1,3 butanediol, 1,5 pentanediol, 1,2 hexanediol, 1,6 hexanediol, 1,2 hexanediol, glycerol, diglycerol, ethoxy diglycol, dimethyl isosorbide, and a combination thereof.
  • Aspect 9 The composition of aspect 8, wherein the solvent is 1,3 propanediol.
  • Aspect 10 The composition of aspect 8, wherein the solvent is a mixture of 1,3 propanediol and 1,2 hexanediol.
  • Aspect 11 The composition of any one of aspects 1-10, wherein the one or more optional additional components are selected from tocopherols, tocotrienols (e.g., alpha, beta, delta and gamma tocopherols or alpha, beta, delta and gamma tocotrienols), azelaic acid, hydroxy acids (e.g., salicylic acid), panthenol, pinus pinaster bark extract, emulsifying agent, hyaluronic acid complex, madecassoside, acetyl zingerone, bakuchiol, and bis- ethylhexylhydroxydimethoxybenzylmalonate.
  • tocopherols e.g., alpha, beta, delta and gamma tocopherols or alpha, beta, delta and gamma tocotrienols
  • azelaic acid hydroxy acids (e.g., salicylic acid)
  • panthenol e
  • Aspect 12 The composition of any one of aspects 1-11, wherein the composition comprises about 5% by weight of ascorbic acid.
  • Aspect 13 The composition of any one of aspects 1-11, wherein the composition comprises about 10% to about 20% by weight of ascorbic acid.
  • Aspect 14 The composition of aspect 13, wherein the composition comprises about 10% by weight of ascorbic acid.
  • Aspect 15 The composition of aspect 13, wherein the composition comprises about 15% by weight of ascorbic acid.
  • Aspect 16 The composition of aspect 13, wherein the composition comprises about 20% by weight of ascorbic acid.
  • Aspect 17 The composition of any one of aspects 1-11, wherein the composition comprises about 25% by weight of ascorbic acid.
  • Aspect 18 The composition of any one of aspects 13-16, wherein the ratio of ascorbic acid to urea agent is 1.8 to 2.2.
  • Aspect 19 The composition of aspect 18, wherein the ratio of ascorbic acid to urea agent is 2 to 1.
  • Aspect 20 The composition of any one of aspects 18-19, wherein the optional additional component comprises acetyl zingerone.
  • Aspect 21 The composition of aspect 20, wherein the composition comprises 2% or less by weight of the acetyl zingerone.
  • Aspect 22 Aspect The composition of aspect 21, wherein the composition comprises about 0.5% by weight of the acetyl zingerone.
  • Aspect 23 The composition of any one of aspects 1-19, wherein the cinnamic acid derivative is selected from ferulic acid, caffeic acid, coumaric acid, sinapinic acid, and derivatives thereof.
  • Aspect 24 The composition of any one of aspects 15 and 18-23, wherein the composition comprises: about 15% by weight ascorbic acid; about 8% by weight urea agent; and about 1% by weight ferulic acid; dissolved in a solvent that comprises 1,3-propanediol.
  • Aspect 25 The composition of aspect 23, wherein the composition comprises 0.1 to 2% by weight of the ferulic acid.
  • Aspect 26 The composition of aspect 23, wherein the composition comprises 1% or less by weight of the ferulic acid.
  • Aspect 27 The composition of aspect 26, wherein the composition comprises about 0.5% by weight of the ferulic acid.
  • Aspect 29 The composition of aspect 1, wherein the composition comprises 10% by weight urea.
  • Aspect 30 The composition of aspect 1, wherein the composition comprises 0.5% by weight of diglycerin and pinus pinaster bark extract.
  • Aspect 31 The composition of any one of aspects 16 and 23, wherein the composition comprises:
  • Aspect 32 The composition of any one of aspects 16 and 23, wherein the composition comprises:
  • ferulic acid 0.5% by weight ferulic acid; dissolved in a solvent that is 1,3 -propanediol.
  • Aspect 33 The composition of any one of aspects 15 and 23, wherein the composition comprises:
  • ferulic acid 0.5% by weight ferulic acid; dissolved in a solvent that is 1,3 -propanediol.
  • Aspect 34 The composition of any one of aspects 13-14, wherein the ratio of ascorbic acid to urea agent is between 3 and 3.5.
  • Aspect 35 The composition of any one of aspects 1-29, wherein the optional additional component comprises azelaic acid.
  • Aspect 36 The composition of aspect 31, wherein the composition comprises 3% to 10% by weight of the azelaic acid.
  • Aspect 37 The composition of aspect 31, wherein the composition comprises about 7.5% by weight of the azelaic acid.
  • Aspect 38 The composition of any one of aspects 14, 23, and 31, wherein the composition comprises: about 10% by weight ascorbic acid; about 3% by weight urea agent; and about 0.5% to 2% by weight ferulic acid; dissolved in a solvent that is 1,3 -propanediol.
  • Aspect 39 The composition of any one of aspects 1-38, wherein the one or more optional additional components comprises pinus pinaster bark extract.
  • Aspect 40 The composition of aspect 39, wherein the composition comprises 2% or less by weight of the pinus pinaster bark extract.
  • Aspect 41 The composition of aspect 39, wherein the composition comprises about 0.5% by weight of the pinus pinaster bark extract.
  • Aspect 42 The composition of any one of aspects 1-41, wherein the one or more optional additional components comprises madecassoside (e.g., madecassoside asiaticoside).
  • Aspect 43 The composition of any one of aspects 1-13, wherein the ratio of ascorbic acid to urea agent is a ratio from 1.0 to 1.3.
  • Aspect 44 The composition of any one of aspects 1-13, wherein the ratio of ascorbic acid to urea agent is 1.25 to 1.
  • Aspect 45 The composition of any one of aspects 1-44, wherein the optional additional component comprises a hydroxy acid.
  • Aspect 46 The composition of aspect 45, wherein the hydroxy acid is selected from glycolic acid, lactic acid, mandelic acid, salicylic acid, capryloyl salicylic acid, salicyloyl phytosphingosine, gluconolactone, lactobionic acid, maltobionic acid, and combinations thereof.
  • Aspect 47 The composition of aspect 45, wherein the hydroxy acid is salicylic acid.
  • Aspect 48 The composition of aspect 45, wherein the composition comprises 3% or less by weight of the hydroxy acid.
  • Aspect 50 The composition of aspect 17, wherein the composition comprises: about 25% by weight ascorbic acid; about 20% by weight urea agent; and about 0.5% to 2% by weight ferulic acid; dissolved in a solvent that is 1,3 -propanediol.
  • Aspect 51 The composition of aspect 1, wherein the ratio of ascorbic acid to urea agent is 1 to 1.
  • Aspect 52 The composition of any one of aspects 1-23, wherein the optional additional component comprises panthenol.
  • Aspect 53 The composition of aspect 52, wherein the composition comprises 10% or less by weight of the panthenol.
  • Aspect 54 The composition of aspect 52, wherein the composition comprises about 5% by weight of the panthenol.
  • Aspect 55 The composition of any one of aspects 12 and 51, wherein the composition comprises: about 5% by weight ascorbic acid; about 5% by weight urea agent; and about 0.1 to 2% by weight of ferulic acid; dissolved in a solvent that is 1,3 -propanediol.
  • Aspect 56 The composition of any one of aspects 51-54, wherein the one or more optional additional components comprises madecassoside (e.g., madecassoside asiaticoside).
  • Aspect 57 The composition of aspect 42, wherein the composition comprises about 1% or less by weight of the madecassoside.
  • An emulsion composition comprising:
  • Aspect 59 The emulsion composition of aspect 58, wherein the oil component is silicone-based.
  • Aspect 60 The emulsion composition of aspect 58 or 59, wherein the emulsion composition comprises an emulsifying agent.
  • Aspect 61 The emulsion composition of any one of aspects 58-59, wherein the emulsifying agent is selected from polysorbates, laureth-4, potassium cetyl sulfate and silicone and silicone-elastomer-based emulsifiers and emulsifying blends.
  • the emulsifying agent is selected from polysorbates, laureth-4, potassium cetyl sulfate and silicone and silicone-elastomer-based emulsifiers and emulsifying blends.
  • Aspect 62 A ready-to-use topical preparation of ascorbic acid in a multi-use container which is pre-filled with a storage stable topical composition according to any one of aspects 1-57, wherein the multi-use container comprises means for dispensing a single dose of the storage stable topical composition.
  • Aspect 63 The preparation of aspect 62, wherein the storage stable topical composition demonstrates less than 10 mol % degradation of the ascorbic acid after storage for 6 weeks at 40° C ⁇ 2° C in the container.
  • Aspect 64 The preparation of aspect 62, wherein the storage stable topical composition demonstrates less than 10 mol % degradation of the ascorbic acid after storage for 6 months at 25° C ⁇ 2° C in the container.
  • Aspect 65 The preparation of any one of aspects 58-60, wherein the storage stable topical composition is sealed in the container.
  • Aspect 66 The preparation of any one of aspects58-61, wherein the container is placed in packaging.
  • a process for stabilizing ascorbic acid for storage comprising: combining:
  • urea agent selected from urea, hydroxy ethyl urea, and combination thereof;
  • a non-aqueous skin-compatible solvent comprising C(3-6)polyol, ethoxy di glycol, dimethyl ether, or a combination thereof;
  • Aspect 68 The process of aspect 67, wherein the one or more additional agents are combined and comprise:
  • Aspect 69 The process of aspect 67, wherein the one or more additional agents are combined and comprise:
  • Aspect 70 The process of aspect 67, further comprising: combining 0.5% to 2% by weight of acetyl zingerone and 1.5% to 5% by weight of an emulsifying agent to produce a second liquid composition; and combining the second liquid composition with the liquid composition of ascorbic acid to produce an emulsion.
  • Aspect 71 The process of aspect 67, further comprising: combining 0.5% to 2% by weight of a lipid component and 1.5% to 5% by weight of an emulsifying agent to produce a second liquid composition; and combining the second liquid composition with the liquid composition of ascorbic acid to produce an emulsion.
  • Aspect 72 The process of aspect 71, wherein the lipid component is selected from cholesterol, ceramides, free fatty acids, and combinations thereof.
  • Aspect 73 The process of aspect 67, wherein the one or more additional agents are combined and comprise:
  • Aspect 74 The process of aspect73, wherein the hydroxy acid is selected from glycolic acid, lactic acid, mandelic acid, salicylic acid, capryloyl salicylic acid, salicyloyl phytosphingosine, gluconolactone, lactobionic acid, maltobionic acid, and combinations thereof.
  • Aspect 75 A product produced by the process according to any one of aspects 67- 74.
  • Aspect 76 The product of aspect 75, wherein the product is used for wound healing
  • Aspect 77 The product of aspect 75, wherein the product is a serum. High-potency vitamin C chemical peeling solutions
  • a storage stable topical composition comprising:
  • a chemical exfoliant 2% to 30% by weight of a chemical exfoliant; and less than 10% by weight in total of one or more optional additional components; dissolved in a non-aqueous skin-compatible solvent comprising polyol, C(2-6) alkanediol, glycol ether, dimethyl ether, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, or a combination thereof, wherein the ascorbic acid is dissolved at a concentration [AA] that is above its maximum concentration in the solvent alone [X], and the urea is dissolved at a concentration that is at least ([AA]-[X])*1.25.
  • a non-aqueous skin-compatible solvent comprising polyol, C(2-6) alkanediol, glycol ether, dimethyl ether, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, or a combination thereof, wherein the ascorbic acid is dissolved at a concentration [AA] that is above its maximum concentration in the solvent alone [X], and the urea is dissolved at a concentration that is at
  • Aspect 2 The composition of aspect 1, wherein the composition demonstrates less than 5 mol % degradation of the ascorbic acid after storage for 6 weeks at 40° C ⁇ 2° C in a sealed container.
  • Aspect 3 The composition of aspect 1, wherein the composition demonstrates less than 2 mol % degradation of the ascorbic acid after storage for 6 months at 40° C ⁇ 2° C in a multi-use container.
  • Aspect 4 The composition of aspect 1, wherein the composition demonstrates less than 5 mol % degradation of the ascorbic acid after storage for 12 months at 40° C ⁇ 2° C in a multi-use container.
  • Aspect 5 The composition of aspect 1, wherein the urea agent is urea.
  • Aspect 6 The composition of aspect 1, wherein the urea agent is hydroxy ethyl urea.
  • Aspect 7 The composition of aspect 1, wherein the urea agent comprises a mixture of urea and hydroxy ethyl urea.
  • Aspect 8 The composition of any one of aspects 1-7, wherein the composition comprises 5-20% of the urea agent.
  • Aspect 9 The composition of any one of aspects 1-7, wherein the composition comprises 5-15% of the urea agent.
  • Aspect 10 The composition of any one of aspects 5-7, wherein the composition comprises 5-10% of the urea agent.
  • Aspect 11 The composition of any one of aspects 1-10, wherein the composition comprises 5-25% ascorbic acid.
  • Aspect 12 The composition of any one of aspects 1-10, wherein the composition comprises 5-25% ascorbic acid.
  • Aspect 13 The composition of aspects 1-10, wherein the composition comprises 20-25% ascorbic acid.
  • Aspect 14 The composition of any one of aspects 1-13, wherein the solvent is selected from 1,3 propanediol, 1,2 propanediol, 1,3 butanediol, 1,5 pentanediol, 1,2 hexanediol, 1,6 hexanediol, glycerol, diglycerol, ethoxy diglycol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, and dimethyl isosorbide.
  • the solvent is selected from 1,3 propanediol, 1,2 propanediol, 1,3 butanediol, 1,5 pentanediol, 1,2 hexanediol, 1,6 hexanediol, glycerol, diglycerol, ethoxy diglycol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, and dimethyl isosorbide.
  • Aspect 15 The composition of aspect 14, wherein the solvent is 1,3 propanediol.
  • Aspect 16 The composition of aspect 14, wherein the solvent is a mixture of 1,3 propanediol and 1,2 hexanediol.
  • Aspect 17 The composition of any one of aspects 1-16, wherein the chemical exfoliant is an alpha hydroxy acid or a benzoic acid.
  • Aspect 18 The composition of any one of aspects 1-17, wherein the chemical exfoliant is selected from glycolic acid, lactic acid, mandelic acid, salicylic acid, capryloyl salicylic acid, salicyloyl phytosphingosine, phenol, gluconolactone, lactobionic acid, maltobionic acid, and combinations thereof.
  • the chemical exfoliant is selected from glycolic acid, lactic acid, mandelic acid, salicylic acid, capryloyl salicylic acid, salicyloyl phytosphingosine, phenol, gluconolactone, lactobionic acid, maltobionic acid, and combinations thereof.
  • Aspect 19 The composition of aspect 17 or 18, wherein the chemical exfoliant is salicylic acid.
  • Aspect 20 The composition of aspect 19, wherein the composition comprises 2- 20% by weight of salicylic acid.
  • Aspect 21 The composition of aspect 20, wherein the composition comprises 2% by weight of salicylic acid.
  • Aspect 22 The composition of aspect 20, wherein the composition comprises 5- 15% by weight of salicylic acid.
  • Aspect 23 The composition of aspect 22, wherein the composition comprises 10% by weight of salicylic acid.
  • Aspect 24 The composition of any one of aspects 1-23, wherein the one or more optional additional components are selected from tocopherols, tocotrienols (e.g., alpha, beta, delta and gamma tocopherols or alpha, beta, delta and gamma tocotrienols), azelaic acid, cinnamic acid or cinnamic acid derivative, panthenol, pinus pinaster bark extract, emulsifying agent, hyaluronic acid complex, madecassoside, madecassoside asiaticoside, acetyl zingerone, bakuchiol, Diglycerin, bis ethylhexylhydroxydimethoxybenzylmalonate, and dimethyl isosorbide.
  • tocopherols e.g., alpha, beta, delta and gamma tocopherols or alpha, beta, delta and gamma tocotrienols
  • Aspect 25 The composition of any one of aspects 1-24, wherein the composition comprises:
  • Aspect 26 The composition of any one of aspects 1-24, wherein the composition comprises:
  • Aspect 27 The composition of any one of aspects 1-24, wherein the ratio of ascorbic acid to urea agent is 1.0 to 2.2.
  • Aspect 28 The composition of any one of aspects 1-24, wherein the ratio of ascorbic acid to urea agent is 1.10 to 1.25.
  • Aspect 29 The composition of aspect 24, wherein the one or more optional additional components comprise acetyl zingerone.
  • Aspect 30 The composition of aspect 29, wherein the composition comprises 2% or less by weight of the acetyl zingerone.
  • Aspect 31 The composition of aspect 30, wherein the composition comprises about 0.5% by weight of the acetyl zingerone.
  • Aspect 32 The composition of aspect 24, wherein the one or more optional additional components comprise a cinnamic acid or cinnamic acid derivative.
  • Aspect 33 The composition of aspect 32, wherein the cinnamic acid derivative is selected from ferulic acid, caffeic acid, coumaric acid, sinapinic acid, and derivatives thereof.
  • Aspect 34 The composition of aspect 33, wherein the composition comprises 0.1 to 2% by weight of the ferulic acid.
  • Aspect 35 The composition of aspect 33, wherein the composition comprises 1% or less by weight of the ferulic acid.
  • Aspect 36 The composition of aspect 33, wherein the composition comprises about 0.5% by weight of the ferulic acid.
  • Aspect 37 The composition of any one of aspects 1-36, wherein the composition comprises 40-60% by weight of the solvent comprising propanediol.
  • Aspect 38 The composition of any one of aspects 1-37, wherein the composition comprises 53% by weight of the solvent comprising propanediol.
  • Aspect 39 The composition of any one of aspects 1-37, wherein the composition comprises 43% by weigh of the solvent comprising propanediol.
  • Aspect 40 The composition of any one of aspects 1-37, wherein the composition comprises 43% by weigh of the solvent comprising propanediol and 10% of Dimethyl Isosorbide.
  • composition of aspect 24, wherein the one or more optional additional component comprises comprises 0.5% by weight of diglycerin and pinus pinaster bark extract.
  • Aspect 42 The composition of any one of aspects 1-23, wherein the one or more optional additional component comprises azelaic acid.
  • Aspect 43 The composition of aspect 42, wherein the composition comprises 3% to 10% by weight of the azelaic acid.
  • Aspect 44 The composition of aspect 42, wherein the composition comprises about 7.5% by weight of the azelaic acid.
  • Aspect 45 The composition of any one of aspects 1-23, wherein the one or more optional additional components comprises madecassoside.
  • Aspect 46 An emulsion composition, comprising: the composition according to any one of aspects 1-45; an oil component; and an optional emulsifying agent.
  • Aspect 47 The emulsion composition of aspect 46, wherein the oil component is silicone-based.
  • Aspect 48 The emulsion composition of aspect 46 or 47, wherein the emulsion composition comprises an emulsifying agent.
  • Aspect 49 The emulsion composition of aspect 48, wherein the emulsifying agent is selected from polysorbates, laureth-4, potassium cetyl sulfate and silicone and silicone- elastomer-based emulsifiers and emulsifying blends.
  • the emulsifying agent is selected from polysorbates, laureth-4, potassium cetyl sulfate and silicone and silicone- elastomer-based emulsifiers and emulsifying blends.
  • Aspect 50 A ready-to-use topical preparation of a storage stable composition in a multi-use container which is pre-filled with the storage stable topical composition according to any one of aspects 1-45, wherein the multi-use container comprises means for dispensing a single dose of the storage stable topical composition.
  • Aspect 51 The preparation of aspect 50, wherein the storage stable topical composition demonstrates less than 5 mol % degradation of the ascorbic acid after storage for 6 weeks at 40° C ⁇ 2° C in the container.
  • Aspect 52 The preparation of aspect 50, wherein the storage stable topical composition demonstrates less than 5 mol % degradation of the ascorbic acid after storage for 6 months at 40° C ⁇ 2° C in the container.
  • Aspect 53 The preparation of any one of aspects 50-52, wherein the storage stable topical composition is sealed in the container.
  • Aspect 54 The preparation of any one of aspects 50-53, wherein the container is placed in packaging.
  • a process for preparing a stable topical composition comprising: combining:
  • a non-aqueous skin-compatible solvent comprising polyol, C(2-6) alkanediol, glycol ether, dimethyl ether, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, or a combination thereof, wherein the ascorbic acid is dissolved at a concentration [AA] that is above its maximum concentration in the solvent alone [X], and the urea is dissolved at a concentration that is at least ([AA]-[X])*1.25.
  • Aspect 56 A product produced by the process according to aspect 55.
  • Aspect 57 The product of aspect 56, wherein the product is a chemical peeling formulation.
  • a storage stable topical liquid composition comprising:
  • a sugar alcohol agent 5% to 20% by weight of a sugar alcohol agent; and less than 10% by weight in total of one or more optional additional components; dissolved in a non-aqueous skin-compatible solvent comprising polyol, C(l-6) alkanediol, glycol ether, dimethyl ether, or a combination thereof.
  • Aspect 2 The composition of aspect 1, wherein the composition demonstrates less than 3 mol % degradation of the ascorbic acid after storage for 8 weeks at 40° C ⁇ 2° C in a sealed container.
  • Aspect 3 The composition of aspect 1, wherein the composition demonstrates less than 3 mol % degradation of the ascorbic acid after storage for 8 months at 40° C ⁇ 2° C in a multi-use container.
  • Aspect 4 The composition of aspect 1, wherein the composition demonstrates less than 5 mol % degradation of the ascorbic acid after storage for 16 months at 40° C ⁇ 2° C in a multi-use container.
  • Aspect 5 The composition of any one of aspects 1-4, wherein the sugar alcohol agent is selected from xylitol and xylitol derivatives.
  • Aspect 6 The composition of any one of aspects 1-5, wherein the sugar alcohol agent is selected from xylitylglucoside, anhydroxylitol, sorbitol, lactitol, maltitol, erythritol, mannitol, and combinations thereof.
  • Aspect 7 The composition of any one of aspects 1-4, wherein the sugar alcohol agent is a C5-C6 sugar alcohol.
  • Aspect 8 The composition of aspect 7, wherein the sugar alcohol agent is xylitol.
  • Aspect 9 The composition of aspect 8, wherein the composition comprises 7-20% by weight of xylitol.
  • Aspect 10 The composition of aspect 9, wherein the composition comprises 7- 15% by weight of xylitol.
  • Aspect 11 The composition of aspect 10, wherein the composition comprises 10- 15% by weight of xylitol.
  • Aspect 12 The composition of aspect 10, wherein the composition comprises 7- 10% by weight of xylitol.
  • Aspect 13 The composition of any one of aspects 8 to 12, wherein the composition comprises 10-20% by weight of ascorbic acid.
  • Aspect 14 The composition of any one of aspects 8 to 12, wherein the composition comprises 15-20% by weight of ascorbic acid.
  • Aspect 15 The composition of any one of aspects 8 to 12, wherein the composition comprises 15% by weight of ascorbic acid.
  • Aspect 16 The composition of any one of aspects 1-15, wherein the solvent is selected from 1,3 propanediol, 1,2 propanediol, 1,3 butanediol, 1,5 pentanediol, 1,2 hexanediol, 1,6 hexanediol, glycerol, diglycerol, ethoxy diglycol, and dimethyl isosorbide.
  • the solvent is 1,3 propanediol.
  • Aspect 18 The composition of any one of aspects 1-16, wherein the solvent is a mixture of 1,3 propanediol and 1,2 hexanediol.
  • Aspect 19 The composition of any one of aspects 1-18, wherein the composition comprises the one or more additional components.
  • Aspect 20 The composition of aspect 19, wherein the one or more additional components comprise a chemical exfoliant (e.g., at 0.1 to 2% in the composition).
  • a chemical exfoliant e.g., at 0.1 to 2% in the composition.
  • Aspect 21 The composition of aspect 20, wherein the chemical exfoliant is salicylic acid.
  • Aspect 22 The composition of any one of aspects 19-21, wherein the one or more additional components comprise a moisturizing agent (e.g., at 1 to 5% in the composition).
  • a moisturizing agent e.g., at 1 to 5% in the composition.
  • Aspect 23 The composition of aspect 22, wherein the moisturizing agent is a urea agent or glycerin.
  • Aspect 24 The composition of aspect 19, wherein the one or more additional components are selected from tocopherols, tocotrienols (e.g., alpha, beta, delta and gamma tocopherols or alpha, beta, delta and gamma tocotrienols), azelaic acid, hydroxy acids (e.g., salicylic acid), a urea agent, panthenol, pinus pinaster bark extract, ferulic acid, glycerin, emulsifying agent, hyaluronic acid complex, madecassoside, madecassoside asiaticoside, acetyl zingerone, bakuchiol, and bis-ethylhexylhydroxydimethoxybenzylmalonate.
  • tocopherols e.g., alpha, beta, delta and gamma tocopherols or alpha, beta, delta and gamma tocotrienols
  • azelaic acid
  • Aspect 25 The composition of aspect 19, wherein the one or more optional additional components are selected from one or more of: salicylic acid, ferulic acid, pinus pinaster bark extract, urea agent and glycerin.
  • Aspect 26 The composition of any one of aspects 19-25, wherein the composition comprises 0.5% salicylic acid.
  • Aspect 27 The composition of any one of aspects 19-25, wherein the composition comprises 0.5% ferulic acid.
  • Aspect 28 The composition of aspect 27, wherein the composition comprises 0.5% salicylic acid and 0.5% ferulic acid.
  • Aspect 29 The composition of any one of aspects 19-25, wherein the composition comprises 1.5% ferulic acid.
  • Aspect 30 The composition of any one of aspects 19-30, wherein the composition comprises 0.5% pinus pinaster bark extract.
  • Aspect 31 The composition of any one of aspects 19-30, wherein the one or more additional component comprises a urea agent.
  • Aspect 32 The composition of aspect 31, wherein the urea agent is selected from urea, hydroxyethyl urea, or a combination of urea and hydroxyethyl urea.
  • Aspect 33 The composition of aspect 32, wherein the composition comprises 2.5% urea.
  • Aspect 34 The composition of aspect 33, wherein the composition comprises 2.5% urea, 0.5% salicylic acid, and 0.5% ferulic acid.
  • Aspect 35 The composition of any one of aspects 1-34, wherein the ascorbic acid is dissolved at a concentration that is above its maximum concentration in the solvent alone.
  • Aspect 36 The composition of any one of aspects 1-19, wherein the composition comprises:
  • xylitol 7% to 10% by weight of xylitol; and less than 10% by weight in total of one or more optional additional components selected from urea, salicylic acid, and ferulic acid; dissolved in 1,3 propanediol or 1,2 propanediol.
  • Aspect 37 The composition of aspect 36, wherein the composition comprises 15% by weight of ascorbic acid.
  • Aspect 38 The composition of any one of aspects 36 to 37, wherein the composition comprises 7.5% by weight of xylitol.
  • Aspect 39 The composition of any one of aspects 36 to 38, wherein the composition comprises 2.5% urea.
  • Aspect 40 The composition of any one of aspects 36 to 39, wherein the composition comprises 0.5% salicylic acid.
  • Aspect 41 The composition of any one of aspects 36 to 40, wherein the composition comprises 0.5% ferulic acid.
  • Aspect 42 The composition of aspect 1, wherein the composition is of Table 8.
  • Aspect 43 The composition of aspect 1, wherein the composition is of Table 9.
  • Aspect 44 The composition of any one of aspects 1-43, wherein the xylitol- containing composition, when applied to skin, reduces or eliminates pathogenic staphylococcus mutants while maintaining the integrity of Staphylococcus epidermis.
  • Aspect 45 A ready -to-use topical preparation in a multi-use container which is pre-filled with a storage stable topical composition according to any one of aspects 1-43, wherein the multi-use container comprises means for dispensing a single dose of the storage stale topical composition.
  • Aspect 46 The preparation of aspect 45, wherein the storage stale topical composition demonstrates less than 3 mol % degradation of the ascorbic acid after storage for 4 weeks at 40° C ⁇ 2° C in the container.
  • Aspect 47 The preparation of aspect 45, wherein the storage stable topical composition demonstrates less than 3 mol % degradation of the ascorbic acid after storage for 8 months at 40° C ⁇ 2° C in the container.
  • Aspect 48 The preparation of aspect 45, wherein the storage stable topical composition demonstrates less than 5 mol % degradation of the ascorbic acid after storage for 16 months at 40° C ⁇ 2° C in the container.
  • Aspect 49 The preparation of any one of aspects 45-48, wherein the storage stable topical composition is sealed from the atmosphere in the container.
  • Aspect 50 The preparation of any one of aspects 45-49, wherein the container is placed in packaging.
  • a storage stable topical emulsion composition comprising:
  • urea agent 1% to 30% by weight of urea agent, dissolved in 10% or more by weight of a non-aqueous skin-compatible solvent selected from polyol, C(l-6) alkanediol, glycol ether, dimethyl ether, and a combination thereof; and
  • an external phase comprising 10% or more by composition weight of a silicone agent selected from cyclic, linear and branched silicones, a silicone crosspolymer, and a combination thereof, wherein the internal phase is immiscible with and contained within the external phase.
  • a silicone agent selected from cyclic, linear and branched silicones, a silicone crosspolymer, and a combination thereof, wherein the internal phase is immiscible with and contained within the external phase.
  • Aspect 3 The composition of aspect 1 or 2, wherein the silicone agent is selected from dimethicone, PEG- 10/15 crosspolymer, dimethicone/poly ethylene glycol (PEG)- 10/15 crosspolymer, lauryl PEG-9 polydimethylsiloxyethyl dimethicone, and a combination thereof.
  • the silicone agent is selected from dimethicone, PEG- 10/15 crosspolymer, dimethicone/poly ethylene glycol (PEG)- 10/15 crosspolymer, lauryl PEG-9 polydimethylsiloxyethyl dimethicone, and a combination thereof.
  • Aspect 4 The composition of any one of aspects 1-3, wherein the composition comprises 5 to 20% by weight of the silicone agent.
  • Aspect 5 The composition of any one of aspects 1-4, wherein the composition is storage stable (e.g., demonstrates less than 10 mol % degradation of the urea agent in the non-aqueous skin-compatible solvent) for 6 weeks at 25° C ⁇ 2° C or 40° C ⁇ 2° C in a sealed container.
  • Aspect 6 The composition any one of aspects 1-4, wherein the composition is storage stable (e.g., demonstrates less than 10 mol % degradation of the urea agent in the non-aqueous skin-compatible solvent) for 6 months at 25° C ⁇ 2° C or 40° C ⁇ 2° C in a multi-use container.
  • Aspect 7 The composition any one of aspects 1-4, wherein the composition is storage stable (e.g., demonstrates less than 10 mol % degradation of the urea agent in the non-aqueous skin-compatible solvent) for 12 months at 25° C ⁇ 2° C or 40° C ⁇ 2° C in a multi-use container.
  • Aspect 8 The composition of any one of aspects 1-7, wherein the urea agent is urea.
  • Aspect 9 The composition of any one of aspects 1-7, wherein the urea agent is hydroxyethyl urea.
  • Aspect 10 The composition of any one of aspects 1-7, wherein the urea agent comprises a mixture of urea and hydroxyethyl urea.
  • Aspect 11 The composition of any one of aspects 1-10, wherein the non-aqueous solvent is selected from 1,3 propanediol, 1,2 propanediol, 1,3 butanediol, 1,5 pentanediol,
  • Aspect 12 The composition of aspect 11, wherein the solvent is 1,3 propanediol.
  • Aspect 13 The composition of any one of aspects 1-12, wherein the composition exhibits a urea degradation rate that is less than the urea degradation rate of a homogenous internal phase solution in the absence of the external phase emulsion.
  • Aspect 14 The composition of any one of aspects 1-13, wherein the composition comprises 20% to 80% by weight of the silicone agent of the external phase.
  • Aspect 15 The composition of any one of aspects 1-14, wherein the composition comprises 5% to 20% by weight of the urea agent.
  • Aspect 16 The composition of any one of aspects 1-15, wherein the percent by weight ratio of the internal phase to the external phase in the composition is 19 or less.
  • Aspect 17 The composition of any one of aspects 1-16, further comprising 10% or less by weight in total of one or more optional additional components dissolved in the first and/or external phase.
  • Aspect 18 The composition of aspect 17, wherein the one or more optional additional components are selected from tocopherols, tocotrienols (e.g., alpha, beta, delta and gamma tocopherols or alpha, beta, delta and gamma tocotrienols), ferulic acid, ascorbic acid, azelaic acid, hydroxy acids (e.g., salicylic acid), panthenol, pinus pinaster bark extract, hyaluronic acid complex, cholesterol ester, cholesterol, ceramide, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, madecassoside, acetyl zingerone, bakuchiol, bis-ethylhexyl hydroxydimethoxy benzylmalonate, zinc oxide, and titanium dioxide
  • Aspect 19 The composition of any one of aspects 1-18, wherein the composition comprises about 5% to about 20% by weight of urea.
  • Aspect 20 The composition of any one of aspects 1-19, wherein the composition comprises about 5% by weight of urea.
  • Aspect 21 The composition of aspect 19, wherein the composition comprises about 10% by weight of urea.
  • Aspect 22 The composition of aspect 17-21, wherein the optional additional component comprises ascorbic acid.
  • Aspect 23 The composition of aspect 22, wherein the composition comprises 20% or less by weight of ascorbic acid dissolved in the internal phase or the external phase.
  • Aspect 24 The composition of aspect 23, wherein the composition comprises about 5% to 10% by weight of ascorbic acid dissolved in the internal phase or the external phase.
  • Aspect 25 The composition of any one of aspects 17-24, wherein the optional additional component comprises ferulic acid.
  • Aspect 26 The composition of aspect 25, wherein the composition comprises 0.1% to 2% by weight of ferulic acid.
  • Aspect 27 The composition of any one of aspects 17-26, wherein the optional additional component comprises vitamin E.
  • Aspect 28 The composition of aspect 27, wherein the vitamin E is selected from alpha, beta, delta and gamma tocopherols and alpha, beta, delta and gamma tocotrienols, and combinations thereof.
  • Aspect 29 The composition of aspect 27, wherein the composition comprises 2% or less by weight of vitamin E.
  • Aspect 30 The composition of aspect 17-29, wherein the optional additional component is about bis-ethylhexyl hydroxy dimethoxy benzylmalonate.
  • Aspect 31 The composition of aspect 30, wherein the composition comprises 2% or less by weight of bis-ethylhexyl hydroxy dimethoxy benzylmalonate.
  • Aspect 32 The composition of any one of aspects 17-31, wherein the optional additional component comprises retinol.
  • Aspect 33 The composition of aspect 32, wherein the composition comprises 1% or less by weight of retinol.
  • Aspect 34 The composition of any one of aspects 17-33, wherein the optional additional component comprises azelaic acid.
  • Aspect 35 The composition of aspect 34, wherein the composition comprises 2% to 10% by weight of azelaic acid.
  • Aspect 36 The composition of aspect 34, wherein the composition comprises 5% by weight of azelaic acid.
  • Aspect 38 The composition of aspect 37, wherein the composition comprises 2% or less of bakuchiol.
  • Aspect 39 The composition of any one of aspects 17-38, wherein the optional additional component comprises C10-C30 cholesterol/lanosterol esters.
  • Aspect 40 The composition of aspect 39, wherein the composition comprises 5% or less of C10-C30 cholesterol/lanosterol esters.
  • Aspect 41 The composition of any one of aspects 17-40, wherein the optional additional component comprises madecassoside Asiaticoside.
  • Aspect 42 The composition of aspect 41, wherein the composition comprises 1% or less by weight of madecassoside Asiaticoside.
  • Aspect 43 The composition of aspect 41, wherein the optional additional component comprises glycyrrhetinic acid.
  • Aspect 44 The composition of aspect 43, wherein the composition comprises 1% or less of glycyrrhetinic acid.
  • Aspect 45 The composition of any one of aspects 17-43, wherein the optional additional component comprises pinus pinaster bark extract.
  • Aspect 46 The composition of aspect 45, wherein the composition comprises 0.5% to 2% by weight of pinus pinaster bark extract.
  • Aspect 47 The composition of any one of aspects 17-46, wherein the optional additional component comprises a ceramide.
  • Aspect 48 The composition of aspect 47, wherein the ceramide is selected from ceramide EOP, ceramide AP, ceramide NG, ceramide NP, ceramide NS, ceramide EOS, ceramide S, ceramide AS, and combinations thereof.
  • Aspect 49 The composition of aspect 47, wherein the composition comprises 2% or less by weight of ceramide.
  • Aspect 50 The composition of any one of aspects 17-47, wherein the optional additional component comprises cholesterol.
  • Aspect 51 The composition of aspect 50, wherein the composition comprises less than 2% by weight of cholesterol.
  • Aspect 52 The composition of aspect 52, wherein the optional additional component comprises a free fatty acid.
  • Aspect 53 The composition of aspect 52, wherein the free fatty acid is selected from linoleic acid, linolenic acid, stearic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, alpha-linoleic, oleic acid, and combinations thereof.
  • Aspect 54 The composition of aspect 53, wherein the composition comprises less than 1% free fatty acid.
  • Aspect 55 The composition of any one of aspects 1-54, wherein droplets of the internal phase are contained within the external phase.
  • Aspect 56 A ready-to-use topical preparation in a multi-use container which is pre-filled with a storage stable topical composition according to any of the aspects 1-55, wherein the multi-use container comprises means for dispensing a single dose of the storage stable topical composition.
  • Aspect 57 The preparation of aspect 56, wherein the multi-use container is a time- release container that delivers urea consistently over a period of time.
  • Aspect 58 The preparation of aspect 57, wherein the time-release container does not release urea all at once.
  • Aspect 59 The preparation of aspect 56, wherein the storage stable topical composition demonstrates less than 10 mol % degradation of the urea after storage for 6 weeks at 25° C ⁇ 2° C or 40° C ⁇ 2° C in the container.
  • Aspect 60 The preparation of aspect 56, wherein the storage stable topical composition demonstrates less than 10 mol % degradation of the urea after storage for 6 months at 25° C ⁇ 2° C or 40° C ⁇ 2° C in the container.
  • Aspect 61 The preparation of any one of aspects 56-60, wherein the storage stable topical composition is sealed in the container.
  • Aspect 62 The preparation of any one of aspects 56-62, wherein the container is placed in packaging.
  • a process for producing a storage stable emulsion composition for topical application comprising: combining:
  • urea agent selected from urea, hydroxy ethyl urea, and combination thereof;
  • Aspect 64 The process of aspect 61, wherein the silicone compound is selected from cyclic, linear and branched silicones, a silicone crosspolymer, and a combination thereof.
  • Aspect 65 The process of aspect 61 or 62, wherein the one or more additional agents comprise ascorbic acid.
  • Aspect 66 The process of aspect 61, wherein the internal phase comprises 20% or less by weight of ascorbic acid.
  • Aspect 67 The process of aspect 64, wherein the internal phase comprises about 5% to about 10% by weight of ascorbic acid.
  • Aspect 68 The process of any one of aspects 61-65, wherein the one or more additional agents comprise ferulic acid.
  • Aspect 69 The process of aspect 66, wherein the composition comprises 2% or less by weight of ferulic acid.
  • Aspect 70 The process of aspect 61, wherein the one or more additional agents comprise:
  • Aspect 71 The process of aspect 61, wherein the one or more additional agents comprise about 3% to about 10% by weight azelaic acid.
  • Aspect 72 The process of any one of aspects 61-69, wherein the external phase further comprises a lipid component.
  • Aspect 73 The process of aspect 70, wherein the lipid component is selected from cholesterol, ceramides, free fatty acids, and combinations thereof.
  • Aspect 74 The process of any one of aspects 61-71, wherein the external phase prevents or reduces precipitation of urea out of the emulsion composition.
  • Aspect 75 The process of any one of aspects 61-72, wherein the urea agent, prior to dissolving in the non-aqueous solvent, is a crystalline form of the urea agent with a particle size of about 100 pm or more.
  • Aspect 76 The process of aspect 70, wherein suspending the internal phase in the external phase prevents or reduces recrystallization of urea from the internal phase.
  • Aspect 77 The process of aspect 74, wherein said suspending comprises suspending droplets of the internal phase within the external phase.
  • Aspect 78 A product produced by the process according to any one of aspects 61- 77.
  • Aspect 79 The product of aspect 78, wherein the product is a serum.
  • a storage stable topical composition comprising:
  • a urea agent dissolved in a non-aqueous skin-compatible solvent comprising polyol, C(3-6) alkanediol, glycol ether, dimethyl ether, or a combination thereof.
  • Aspect 2 The composition of aspect 1, wherein the composition is substantially free of water.
  • Aspect 3 The composition of aspect 1, wherein the composition comprises less than 1% by weight of water.
  • Aspect 4 The composition of aspect 1, wherein the composition is anhydrous.
  • Aspect 5. The composition of any one of aspects 1-5, wherein the composition is substantially free of volatile alcohols.
  • Aspect 6 The composition of any one of aspects 1-5, wherein the composition is substantially free of monohydric alcohols.
  • Aspect 7 The method of aspect 6, wherein the monohydric alcohol is selected from one or more of: ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, amyl alcohol, and cetyl alcohol.
  • Aspect 8 The composition of any one of aspects 1-7, wherein the urea agent is urea.
  • Aspect 9 The composition of any one of aspects 1-8, wherein the urea agent is hydroxyethyl urea.
  • Aspect 10 The composition of any one of aspects 1-9, wherein the urea agent comprises a mixture of urea and hydroxyethyl urea.
  • Aspect 11 The composition of any one of aspects 1-10, wherein the solvent is 1,3 propanediol.
  • Aspect 12 The composition of any one of aspects 1-11, wherein the solvent is a mixture of 1,3-propanediol and 1,2-hexanediol.
  • Aspect 13 The composition of any one of aspects 1-12, wherein the composition is storage stable (e.g., demonstrates less than 10 mol % degradation of the urea agent and azelaic acid) for 6 weeks at 40° C ⁇ 2° C in a sealed container.
  • Aspect 14 The composition any one of aspects 1-13, wherein the composition is storage stable (e.g., demonstrates less than 10 mol % degradation of the urea agent and azelaic acid) for 6 months at 25° C ⁇ 2° C in a multi-use container.
  • Aspect 15 The composition any one of aspects 1-14, wherein the composition is storage stable (e.g., demonstrates less than 10 mol % degradation of the urea agent and azelaic acid) for 12 months at 25° C ⁇ 2° C in a multi-use container.
  • Aspect 16 The composition of any one of aspects 1-15, wherein the composition comprises 30% to 95% by weight of the non-aqueous solvent.
  • Aspect 17 The composition of any one of aspects 1-16, wherein the non-aqueous solvent is selected from 1,3 propanediol, 1,2 propanediol, 1,3 butanediol, 1,5 pentanediol,
  • Aspect 18 The composition of aspect 17, wherein the solvent is 1,3 propanediol.
  • Aspect 19 The composition of any one of aspects 1-18, wherein the composition exhibits an azelaic acid degradation rate that is less than the azelaic acid degradation rate in the absence of the urea agent.
  • Aspect 20 The composition of any one of aspects 1-19, wherein the composition comprises 5% to 20% by weight of azelaic acid.
  • Aspect 21 The composition of any one of aspects 1-20, wherein the composition comprises 10% to 20% by weight of azelaic acid.
  • Aspect 22 The composition of any one of aspects 1-21, wherein the composition comprises 10% to 15% by weight (e.g., 10% to 12% by weight) of the azelaic acid.
  • Aspect 23 The composition of aspect 20, wherein the composition comprises 5% to 12% by weight of the azelaic acid.
  • Aspect 24 The composition of aspect 20, wherein the composition comprises 5% to 10% by weight of the azelaic acid.
  • Aspect 25 The composition of any one of aspects 1-19, wherein the composition comprises about 5% by weight of azelaic acid.
  • Aspect 26 The composition of any one of aspects 1-20, wherein the composition comprises about 10% by weight of azelaic acid.
  • Aspect 27 The composition of any one of aspects 1-26, wherein the composition comprises 1% to 10% by weight of the urea agent.
  • Aspect 28 The composition of any one of aspects 1-27, wherein the composition comprises 3% to 10% by weight of the urea agent.
  • Aspect 29 The composition of any one of aspects 1-28, wherein the composition comprises 5% to 10% by weight of the urea agent.
  • Aspect 30 The composition of any one of aspects 1-29, wherein the percent by weight ratio of the azelaic acid to urea agent to is 2.0 to 2.5.
  • Aspect 31 The composition of any one of aspects 1-30, further comprising 10% or less by weight in total of one or more optional additional components.
  • Aspect 32 The composition of aspect 31, wherein the one or more optional additional components are selected from tocopherols, tocotrienols (e.g., alpha, beta, delta and gamma tocopherols or alpha, beta, delta and gamma tocotrienols), ferulic acid, ascorbic acid, azelaic acid, hydroxy acids (e.g., salicylic acid), panthenol, pinus pinaster bark extract, hyaluronic acid complex, cholesterol ester, cholesterol, ceramide, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, madecassoside, madecassoside asiaticoside, acetyl zingerone, bakuchiol, bis-ethylhexyl hydroxydimethoxy benzylmalonate, zinc oxide, and titanium dioxide.
  • tocopherols e.g., alpha, beta, delta and gamma tocopherols or alpha, beta,
  • Aspect 33 The composition of aspect 32, wherein the one or more additional components comprise one or more antioxidants selected from Vitis Vinifera (Grape) Seed Extract, Camellia Sinensis Leaf Extract, Quercus Robur Wood Extract, and Pinus Pinaster Bark Extract.
  • one or more antioxidants selected from Vitis Vinifera (Grape) Seed Extract, Camellia Sinensis Leaf Extract, Quercus Robur Wood Extract, and Pinus Pinaster Bark Extract.
  • Aspect 34 The composition of aspect 33, wherein the one or more additional components comprise Vitis Vinifera (Grape) Seed Extract, Camellia Sinensis Leaf Extract, Quercus Robur Wood Extract, and Pinus Pinaster Bark Extract.
  • Aspect 35 The composition of any one of aspects 31-34, wherein the one or more additional components comprise ascorbic acid.
  • Aspect 36 The composition of aspect 35, wherein the composition comprises 10% or less by weight of ascorbic acid.
  • Aspect 37 The composition of aspect 36, wherein the composition comprises 5% to 10% by weight of ascorbic acid.
  • Aspect 38 The composition of any one of aspects 31-37, wherein the optional additional component composition further comprises ferulic acid.
  • Aspect 39 The composition of aspect 38, wherein the composition comprises 2% or less by weight of ferulic acid.
  • Aspect 40 The composition of any one of aspects 31-39, wherein the one or more optional additional components comprises vitamin E.
  • Aspect 41 The composition of aspect 40, wherein which the vitamin E is selected from alpha, beta, delta and gamma tocopherols and alpha, beta, delta and gamma tocotrienols, and combinations thereof.
  • Aspect 42 The composition of aspect 40, where the composition comprises 2% or less by weight of vitamin E.
  • Aspect 43 The composition of any one of aspects 31-42, wherein the one or more optional additional components comprises bis-ethylhexyl hydroxydimethoxy benzylmalonate.
  • Aspect 44 The composition of aspect 43, where in which the composition comprises 2% or less by weight of bis-ethylhexyl hydroxydimethoxy benzylmalonate. [00586] Aspect 45. The composition of any one of aspects 31-44, wherein the one or more optional additional components is retinol.
  • Aspect 46 The composition of aspect 45, wherein the composition comprises 1% or less by weight of retinol.
  • Aspect 47 The composition of any one of aspects 31-46, wherein which the one or more optional additional components comprises bakuchiol.
  • Aspect 48 The composition of aspect 47, wherein the composition comprises 1% or less of bakuchiol.
  • Aspect 49 The composition of any one of aspects 31-48, wherein the one or more optional additional components comprise C10-C30 cholesterol/lanosterol esters.
  • Aspect 50 The composition of aspect 49, wherein the composition comprises 5% or less of C10-C30 cholesterol/lanosterol esters.
  • Aspect 51 The composition of any one of aspects 31-50, wherein the one or more optional additional components comprise madecassoside.
  • Aspect 52 The composition of aspect 51, wherein the composition comprises 1% or less by weight of madecassoside.
  • Aspect 53 The composition of any one of aspects 31-52, wherein the one or more optional additional components comprise glycyrrhetinic acid.
  • Aspect 54 The composition of aspect 53, wherein the composition comprises 1% or less of glycyrrhetinic acid.
  • Aspect 55 The composition of any one of aspects 31-54, wherein the one or more optional additional components comprise pinus pinaster bark extract.
  • Aspect 56 The composition of aspect 55, wherein the composition comprises 2% or less by weight of pinus pinaster bark extract.
  • Aspect 57 The composition of any one of aspects 31-56, wherein the one or more optional additional components comprise a ceramide.
  • Aspect 58 The composition of aspect 57, wherein the ceramide is selected from ceramide EOP, ceramide AP, ceramide NG, ceramide NP, ceramide NS, ceramide EOS, ceramide S, ceramide AS, and combinations thereof.
  • Aspect 59 The composition of aspect 57 or 58, wherein the composition comprises 2% or less by weight of ceramide.
  • Aspect 60 The composition of any one of aspects 31-59, wherein the one or more optional additional components comprise cholesterol.
  • Aspect 61 The composition of aspect 60, wherein the composition comprises less than 2% by weight of cholesterol.
  • Aspect 62 The composition of any one of aspects 31-61, wherein the one or more optional additional components comprise a free fatty acid.
  • Aspect 63 The composition of aspect 62, wherein the free fatty acid is selected from linoleic acid, linolenic acid, stearic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, alpha-linoleic, oleic acid, and combinations thereof.
  • Aspect 64 The composition of aspect 62 or 63, wherein the composition comprises less than 1% free fatty acid.
  • Aspect 65 The composition of any one of aspects 30 to 64, wherein the composition comprises:
  • azelaic acid 10% to 15% by weight azelaic acid; and 5% to 10% by weight of a urea agent dissolved in a solvent comprising one or more C(3-6) alkanediols.
  • Aspect 66 The composition of aspect 65, wherein the composition comprises 12% by weight azelaic acid.
  • Aspect 67 The composition of aspect 65, wherein the composition comprises 10% by weight azelaic acid.
  • Aspect 68 The composition of any one of aspects 65 to 67, wherein the composition comprises 5% by weight of urea.
  • Aspect 69 The composition of any one of aspects 65 to 68, wherein the solvent is composed of 1,3 -propanediol.
  • Aspect 70 The composition of any one of aspects 65 to 68, wherein the solvent is composed of a mixture of 1,3 -propanediol and 1,2-hexanediol (e.g., in a ratio of at least 10:1, such as at least 15:1 or at least 20:1).
  • Aspect 71 The composition of aspect 65, wherein the composition is of Table 1 or 2
  • Aspect 72 The composition of any one of aspects 1-71, wherein the composition is comprised in an emulsion that further comprises an external phase comprising 10% or more by weight of a silicone agent.
  • Aspect 73 A ready -to-use topical preparation in a multi-use container which is pre-filled with a storage stable topical composition according to any of the aspects 1-72, wherein the multi-use container comprises means for dispensing a single dose of the storage stable topical composition.
  • Aspect 74 The preparation of aspect 73, wherein the storage stable topical composition demonstrates less than 10 mol % degradation of the urea after storage for 6 weeks at 40° C ⁇ 2° C in the container.
  • Aspect 75 The preparation of aspect 73, wherein the storage stable topical composition demonstrates less than 10 mol % degradation of the azelaic acid after storage for 6 months at 25° C ⁇ 2° C in the container.
  • Aspect 76 The preparation of any one of aspects 73-75, wherein the storage stable topical composition is sealed in the container.
  • Aspect 77 The preparation of any one of aspects 73-76, wherein the container is placed in packaging.
  • a process for producing a storage stable topical composition comprising: combining:
  • urea agent selected from urea, hydroxy ethyl urea, and combination thereof;
  • a non-aqueous skin-compatible solvent selected from polyol, C(2-6) alkanediol, glycol ether, dimethyl ether, and a combination thereof; and optionally one or more additional agents; thereby dissolving the urea agent and the azelaic acid in the non-aqueous solvent to produce a homogenous solution that is storage stable.
  • Aspect 79 The process of aspect 78, further comprising suspending in the homogenous solution an emulsifying solution comprising 10% or more by weight of a silicone compound to produce a storage stable emulsion composition.
  • Aspect 80 The process of aspect 79, wherein the silicone compound is selected from cyclic, linear and branched silicones, a silicone crosspolymer, and a combination thereof.
  • Aspect 81 The process of aspect 78, wherein the one or more additional agents comprise ascorbic acid.
  • Aspect 82 The process of aspect 78, wherein the homogenous solution comprises 20% or less by weight of ascorbic acid.
  • Aspect 83 The process of aspect 82, wherein the homogenous solution comprises about 5% to about 10% by weight of ascorbic acid.
  • Aspect 84 The process of any one of aspects 78-83, wherein the one or more additional agents comprise ferulic acid.
  • Aspect 85 The process of aspect 84, wherein the homogenous solution comprises 2% or less by weight of ferulic acid.
  • Aspect 86 The process of aspect 78, wherein the one or more additional agents comprise:
  • pinus pinaster bark extract 0.5% to 2% by weight pinus pinaster bark extract.
  • Aspect 87 The process of aspect 79, wherein the emulsion composition further comprises a lipid component.
  • Aspect 88 The process of aspect 87, wherein the lipid component is selected from cholesterol, ceramides, free fatty acids, and combinations thereof.
  • Aspect 89 The process of aspect 79, wherein the emulsion composition prevents or reduces precipitation of urea out of the emulsion composition.
  • Aspect 90 The process of aspect 79, wherein droplets of the homogenous solution is contained within the external phase of the emulsifying solution.
  • Aspect 91 A product produced by the process according to any one of aspects 78- 90.
  • Examples 1-5 relate to several of the formulations of this disclosure, including the stabilizing vitamin C topical formulations of the present disclosure, for example, containing at least:
  • a urea agent 5% to 20% by weight of a urea agent; optionally 0.1% to 5% by weight of a cinnamic acid or derivative thereof; and less than 10% by weight in total of one or more optional additional components; dissolved in a non-aqueous skin-compatible solvent comprising polyol, C(2-6) alkanediol, glycol ether, dimethyl ether, or a combination thereof; wherein the ascorbic acid is dissolved at a concentration (AA) that is above its maximum concentration in the solvent alone (X), and the urea is dissolved at a concentration that is at least (AA- X)*1.25.
  • Example 6 relates to vitamin C chemical peeling solution formulations of the present dislcousre, for example, containing at least:
  • a chemical exfoliant 2% to 30% by weight of a chemical exfoliant; and less than 10% by weight in total of one or more optional additional components; dissolved in a non-aqueous skin-compatible solvent comprising polyol, C(2-6) alkanediol, glycol ether, dimethyl ether, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, or a combination thereof, wherein the ascorbic acid is dissolved at a concentration [AA] that is above its maximum concentration in the solvent alone [X], and the urea is dissolved at a concentration that is at least ([AA]-[X])*1.25.
  • a non-aqueous skin-compatible solvent comprising polyol, C(2-6) alkanediol, glycol ether, dimethyl ether, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, or a combination thereof, wherein the ascorbic acid is dissolved at a concentration [AA] that is above its maximum concentration in the solvent alone [X], and the urea is dissolved at a concentration that is at
  • Examples 7-9 relate to vitamin C and sugar alcohol formulations of the present disclosure, for example, containing at least:
  • a sugar alcohol agent 5% to 20% by weight of a sugar alcohol agent; and less than 10% by weight in total of one or more optional additional components; dissolved in a non-aqueous skin-compatible solvent comprising polyol, C(l-6) alkanediol, glycol ether, dimethyl ether, or a combination thereof.
  • Examples 10-11 relate to anhydrous urea emulsion formulations of the present disclosure, for example, containing at least: (a) 1% to 30% by weight of urea agent, dissolved in 10% or more by weight of a non-aqueous skin-compatible solvent selected from polyol, C(l-6) alkanediol, glycol ether, dimethyl ether, and a combination thereof; and (b) an external phase comprising 10% or more by composition weight of a silicone agent selected from cyclic, linear and branched silicones, a silicone crosspolymer, and a combination thereof, wherein the internal phase is immiscible with and contained within the external phase.
  • a non-aqueous skin-compatible solvent selected from polyol, C(l-6) alkanediol, glycol ether, dimethyl ether, and a combination thereof
  • an external phase comprising 10% or more by composition weight of a silicone agent selected from cyclic, linear and branched silicones, a silicone crosspolymer,
  • Examples 12-13 relate to non aqueous azelaic acid formulations of the present disclosure.
  • AA refers to L-ascorbic acid.
  • U refers to urea.
  • % values are wt %.
  • the equation is relevant to compositions including a lower limit of 5% ascorbic acid because the inclusion of other polyols that provide very low or virtually no solubility of AA, such as dimethyl isosorbide (DMI). Therefore, when a mixture of propanediol and DMI is used as the solvent, for example, the X value can be 5% (maximum solubility of AA), depending on the ratio of propanediol and DMI used.
  • DMI dimethyl isosorbide
  • 1,3 propanediol, 1,2 propanediol, butylene glycol, pentyl ene glycol, and hexanediol were identified as preferred solvents.
  • 1,3 propanediol (trade name: Zemea) is inherently different from and preferable to the various polyols described. Below is a review of various polyols and reasons why 1,3 propanediol is unique and preferable:
  • 1,3-propanediol sometimes referred to in the art as propanediol, is unique in that it possesses a combination of gentleness on skin (even applied neat, or at 100% concentration), relatively low viscosity (and therefore perceived “lightness” on skin), environmental friendliness (not petroleum-derived), natural derivation (com or sugar cane), low odor, and moderate ability to solubilize ascorbic acid.
  • 1,2-propanediol otherwise referred to in the art as propylene glycol, although of low viscosity and possessing a moderate ability to solubilize ascorbic acid, is well-known for inducing skin irritation and sensitivity. Additionally, it is derived from petroleum and possesses an unpleasant odor, reminiscent of acetone.
  • 1,3-butanediol otherwise referred to in the art as butylene glycol, is of low viscosity, possesses a moderate ability to solubilize ascorbic acid, and is relatively gentle on skin. However, like propylene glycol, it is derived from petroleum (not environmentally friendly) and possesses an unpleasant odor, pronounced of acetone.
  • 1,5-pentanediol otherwise referred to in the art as pentylene glycol, possesses a moderate ability to solubilize ascorbic acid, low odor, and certain versions are not derived from petroleum but from sugarcane or corn. However, upon application to skin, it imparts a “heavier”, less desirable texture on skin. Additionally, its recommended use level is capped at 5%, limiting usage as a primary solvent.
  • 1,2-hexanediol possesses a moderate ability to solubilize ascorbic acid. However, upon application to skin, it imparts a “heavier”, less desirable texture on skin, possesses an unpleasant odor reminiscent of acetone, and is derived from petroleum. Additionally, its recommended use level is capped at 10%, limiting usage as a primary solvent.
  • Glycerin and diglycerin possess a moderate ability to solubilize ascorbic acid, are relatively gentle on skin, are low-odor, and are not derived from petroleum. However, they are of a very viscous nature, and impart not only an undesirable, “heavy” texture on skin, but one that is exceedingly sticky.
  • Dimethyl isosorbide is relatively gentle on skin and not derived from petroleum, and imparts a “light”, not undesirable texture when applied to skin. However, it has a very limited ability to solubilize ascorbic acid and possesses a slight, but noticeable chemical odor reminiscent of chlorine.
  • Urea is preferable to hydroxyethyl urea. There are a number of reasons for this: [00653] Urea, when used in sufficient low concentrations (10-15% and below) in leave-on applications, possesses desirable humectant, barrier-repairing and very mild keratolytic properties, which in combination are very effective at improving the feel and look of dry and/or rough skin.
  • Urea is naturally present not only in the human body but specifically in the skin, where it acts as a natural moisturizing factor (NMF).
  • NMF moisturizing factor
  • Hydroxyethyl urea possesses similar humectant properties, but not the same level of barrier-repairing and mild keratolytic properties of urea.
  • hydroxyethyl urea may contain trace amounts of diethanolamine, which is listed as a potential carcinogen by California’s Proposition 65, and requires a warning on products sold to consumers. For this reason, at least one manufacturer of hydroxyethyl urea has stated that it will discontinue production of this ingredient (AkzoNobel).
  • Panthenol (pro-vitamin B5)
  • panthenol can reduce irritation to skin by other ingredients. Research also shows panthenol barrier-repairing ability (stimulation of physiologic lipid synthesis)
  • DL-panthenol is a racemic mixture of the two enantiomers; it is in powdered/crystal form. D-panthenol is a viscous liquid. DL-panthenol is freely soluble in 1,3 propanediol, 1,2 propanediol and 1,3 propanediol (up to 50%). D-panthenol is also freely soluble in 1,3 propanediol, 1,2 propanediol and 1,3 propanediol, with no risk of recrystallization at any concentration (as it is already liquid at room temperature).
  • Panthenol is used as an optional additive in exemplary compositions of this disclosure.
  • Hyaluronic acid is used as an optional additive in exemplary compositions of this disclosure.
  • Hyaluronic acid is a humectant that shows the ability to form a viscoelastic film on skin that prevents transepidermal water loss.
  • Hyaluronic acid is optionally added to exemplary compositions of this disclosure. In some cases, 0.5-2.0% by weight of hyaluronic acid is utilized.
  • Pycnogenol may be used as an alternative when pinus pinaster bark extract is desired.
  • PS360 Pantrofma Skin360
  • PS360 unlike pycnogenol, is already in liquid form as it uses diglycerin as a solvent, making it very easy to incorporate into the compositions of this disclosure.
  • Res Pharma Industrial provides in-vitro and clinical data to show effectiveness against free radical damage, inflammation and acne at a concentration of 0.5% by weight of PS360.
  • Pinus Pinaster bark extract is optionally added to exemplary compositions of this disclosure.
  • Centella Asiatica extract is often used for its soothing properties.
  • Madecassoside is a highly purified glycosylated triterpene of Centella Asiatica. It is sold by raw material supplier SEPPIC, who share in-vitro and clinical data showing its anti-inflammatory and other effects on skin.
  • the madecassoside is madecassoside asiaticoside.
  • Azelaic acid is well studied for its ability to treat acne, rosacea and melasma, due to the fact that it was studied and sold as a prescription drug. Though poorly understood, these effects are believed to be a result of AzA’s anti -bacterial, anti inflammatory, and keratolytic effects, as well as its unique ability to cause apoptosis in abnormal melanocytes.
  • Azelaic acid is optionally added to exemplary compositions of this disclosure.
  • Ferulic acid is an antioxidant that increases AA’s photoprotective effect on skin. It can also somewhat stabilize AA in aqueous systems.
  • Ferulic acid is readily soluble in 1,3 propanediol, 1,2 propanediol, 1,3 butanediol and dimethyl isosorbide.
  • Isosorbide can in some cases increase the effectiveness of ferulic acid by enhancing skin penetration.
  • Ferulic acid is optionally added to exemplary compositions of this disclosure.
  • Acetyl zingerone is a broad-spectrum antioxidant that can prevent lipid peroxidation. It was engineered to be a more stable, more potent derivative of zingerone. [00694] Sytheon provides in-vitro and clinical data showing its antioxidant, photoprotective, and anti-aging properties.
  • Acetyl zingerone may be used as a replacement for tocopherol.
  • Acetyl zingerone is readily soluble in 1,3 propanediol, 1,2 propanediol and 1,3 butanediol at the desired concentrations (.5-1%), eliminating the need for emulsifiers as would be required for tocopherol.
  • Acetyl zingerone is optionally added to exemplary compositions of this disclosure.
  • Glycyrrhizic acid like many other derivatives from licorice root (Glycyrrhiza Glabra, Glycyrrhiza Uralensis), shows anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and skin lightening properties.
  • glycyrrhizic acid shows solubility in 1,3- propanediol .
  • Glycyrrhizic acid is optionally added to exemplary compositions of this disclosure.
  • Example 2 Exemplary stabilizing vitamin C topical formulations
  • Example 3 Exemplary stabilizing vitamin C topical formulations
  • the maximum concentration for ascorbic acid that can be solubilized is first determined, with heat exposure (not exceeding 80°C in order to prevent degradation of ascorbic acid), in a given solvent without precipitation upon cooling.
  • this concentration revealed this concentration to be approximately 10-12% for 1,3 propanediol, propylene glycol (1,2 propanediol) and butylene glycol (1,3 butanediol), and significantly lower for dimethyl isosorbide.
  • compositions having an ascorbic acid concentration as low as 5% can be prepared in cases where the polyol solvents used provide very low solubility, such as dimethyl isosorbide (DMI). Therefore, a mixture of propanediol and DMI, for example, can yield an X value of 5% (maximum solubility of AA), depending on the ratio of propanediol and DMI.
  • 1,3 propanediol is preferred over 1,2 propanediol, butylene glycol, pentylene glycol, or hexanediol. 1,3 propanediol is preferable to various polyols described in the art. Below is a review of various polyols and reasons why 1,3 propanediol is unique and preferable:
  • 1,3 propanediol otherwise referred to in the art as propanediol, is unique in that it possesses a combination of gentleness on skin (even applied neat, or at 100% concentration), relatively low viscosity (and therefore perceived “lightness” on skin), environmental friendliness (not petroleum-derived), natural derivation (corn or sugar cane), low odor, and moderate ability to solubilize ascorbic acid.
  • 1,2 propanediol otherwise referred to in the art as propylene glycol, although of low viscosity and possessing a moderate ability to solubilize ascorbic acid, induces skin irritation and sensitivity. Additionally, it is derived from petroleum and possesses an unpleasant odor, reminiscent of acetone.
  • 1,3 butanediol otherwise referred to in the art as butylene glycol, is of low viscosity, possesses a moderate ability to solubilize ascorbic acid, and is relatively gentle on skin.
  • propylene glycol it is derived from petroleum (not environmentally friendly) and possesses an unpleasant odor, reminiscent of acetone.
  • these properties also apply to dipropylene glycol.
  • pentanediol otherwise referred to in the art as pentylene glycol, possesses a moderate ability to solubilize ascorbic acid, low odor, and certain versions are not derived from petroleum but from sugarcane or corn. However, upon application to skin, it imparts a “heavier”, less desirable texture on skin. Additionally, its recommended use level is generally capped at 5%, limiting usage as a primary solvent.
  • 1,2 hexanediol possesses a moderate ability to solubilize ascorbic acid. However, upon application to skin, it imparts a “heavier”, less desirable texture on skin, possesses an unpleasant odor reminiscent of acetone, and is derived from petroleum. Additionally, its recommended use level is capped at 10%, limiting usage as a primary solvent.
  • Glycerin and di glycerin possess a moderate ability to solubilize ascorbic acid, are relatively gentle on skin, are low-odor, and are not derived from petroleum. However, they are highly viscous, and impart not only an undesirable “heavy” texture on skin, but one that is exceedingly sticky.
  • Dimethyl isosorbide is relatively gentle on skin and not derived from petroleum, and imparts a “light”, not undesirable texture when applied to skin. However, it has a very limited ability to solubilize ascorbic acid and possesses a slight, but noticeable chemical odor reminiscent of chlorine.
  • Urea is preferable to hydroxyethyl urea. There are a number of reasons for this, as summarized below:
  • Urea when used in sufficient low concentrations (10-15% and below) in leave-on applications, possesses desirable humectant, barrier-repairing and very mild keratolytic properties, which in combination are very effective at improving the feel and look of dry and/or rough skin.
  • Urea is naturally present not only in the human body but specifically in the skin, where it acts as a natural moisturizing factor (NMF).
  • NMF natural moisturizing factor
  • Hydroxyethyl urea possesses similar humectant properties, but not the barrier repairing and mild keratolytic properties of urea. Additionally, hydroxyethyl urea may contain trace amounts of diethanolamine, a potential carcinogen.
  • dimethyl isosorbide, caprylyl glycol or decylene glycol can be utilized as an alternative or additional solvents in the compositions of Table 2 or Table 3.
  • Samples are stored in sealed containers, sealed from the atmosphere, at 40 degrees Celsius for up to 12 weeks. Results at 0 to 8 weeks are shown in Table 4. In general, 8 weeks storage under these conditions is expected to be equivalent to storage for 16 months at room temperature.
  • the compositions in the containers are sampled at each time point, and assessed for levels of degradation of vitamin C using HPLC analysis.
  • compositions were prepared containing either approx. 20% vitamin C (Formulation 6 referred to in Table 3)
  • U.S. Patent No. 6,020,367 attempted to show the viability of “supersaturated solutions” of vitamin C in a polyol.
  • Several compositions of patent ‘367 were prepared in accordance with the disclosure, However, many of the “supersaturated solutions” of vitamin C patent ‘367 do not actually remain solubilized at room temperature over time. Rather, the solutions lead to development of vitamin C crystals which at first create a cloudy appearance and then settle downward. Such compositions are non-uniform and unsuitable for use as end products.
  • butylene glycol has a lower ability to solubilize ascorbic acid.
  • propylene glycol has the lowest ability of these solvents to solubilize ascorbic acid.
  • a mixture of 25% ascorbic acid and 75% propylene glycol was prepared.
  • the ascorbic acid was and solubilized with heating at 95oC to produce a transparent solution. Upon cooling to room temperature, crystallization became apparent within the first 24 hours of storage.
  • U.S. Publication No. 2007/0077261 discloses compositions including broad ranges of ascorbic acid and urea, but fails to identify both the “floor” (minimum amount of urea required to solubilize a certain amount of ascorbic acid) and the “ceiling” (maximum amount of ascorbic acid that can be solubilized through this method).
  • Example 3 of publication ‘261 discloses a composition including: 50% propylene glycol, 22% urea and 28% ascorbic acid, heated to 75°C with agitation until transparent, then cooled to room temperature. This example was reproduced. The solution started to precipitate within 24 hours, demonstrating a failure to understand and elucidate the required ratio of urea to ascorbic acid.
  • compositions when applied to the face, produce an intense burning and stinging sensation that is immediately apparent. This is likely due to urea’s keratolytic properties. Additionally, the urea content disclosed in several examples of publication ‘261 precipitated out of the formulation. In leave-on products intended for the face, maximum urea content is usually 10- 15%. Higher concentrations of urea in leave on products than necessary can result of burning sensation of the skin.
  • formulation 5 of Table 3 and formulation 2 of Table 2 of the present disclosure is identified as a rinse-off product.
  • Example 6 Exemplary stabilizing vitamin C chemical peeling solutions
  • Examples 1-4 can be applied to the preparation of chemical peeling solutions of this disclosure, e.g., as described herein.
  • Samples are stored in sealed containers at 40 degrees Celsius for up to 12 weeks. Preliminary results at 6 weeks are shown in Table 6. In general, 6 weeks storage under these conditions is expected to be equivalent to storage for 1 year at room temperature. The compositions in the containers are sampled every week, and assessed for levels of degradation of vitamin C using HPLC analysis.
  • compositions were prepared containing either approx. 20% vitamin C (Formulations 2-3 referred to in Table 2) or approx. 25% vitamin C (Formulation 1 referred to in Table 5).
  • AA refers to /.-ascorbic acid.
  • S refers to sugar alcohol agent.
  • % values are wt %.
  • 1,3 propanediol, 1,2 propanediol, butylene glycol, pentyl ene glycol, and hexanediol were identified as preferred solvents.
  • 1,3 propanediol (trade name: Zemea) is inherently different from and preferable to the various polyols described. Below is a review of various polyols and reasons why 1,3 propanediol is unique and preferable:
  • - 1,3 -propanediol is unique in that it possesses a combination of gentleness on skin (even applied neat, or at 100% concentration), relatively low viscosity (and therefore perceived “lightness” on skin), environmental friendliness (not petroleum-derived), natural derivation (com or sugar cane), low odor, and moderate ability to solubilize ascorbic acid.
  • - 1,2-propanediol otherwise referred to in the art as propylene glycol, although of low viscosity and possessing a moderate ability to solubilize ascorbic acid, is well-known for inducing skin irritation and sensitivity. Additionally, it is derived from petroleum and possesses an unpleasant odor, reminiscent of acetone.
  • butylene glycol 1,3-butanediol, otherwise referred to in the art as butylene glycol, is of low viscosity, possesses a moderate ability to solubilize ascorbic acid, and is relatively gentle on skin. However, like propylene glycol, it is derived from petroleum (not environmentally friendly) and possesses an unpleasant odor, reminiscent of acetone. [00748] - also applicable to dipropylene glycol
  • - 1,5-pentanediol otherwise referred to in the art as pentylene glycol, possesses a moderate ability to solubilize ascorbic acid, low odor, and certain versions are not derived from petroleum but from sugarcane or com. However, upon application to skin, it imparts a “heavier”, less desirable texture on skin. Additionally, its recommended use level is capped at 5%, limiting usage as a primary solvent.
  • Dimethyl isosorbide is relatively gentle on skin and not derived from petroleum, and imparts a “light”, not undesirable texture when applied to skin. However, it has a very limited ability to solubilize ascorbic acid and possesses a slight, but noticeable chemical odor pronounced of chlorine.
  • Panthenol (pro-vitamin B5)
  • DL- panthenol is a racemic mixture of the two enantiomers; it is in powdered/crystal form.
  • Z)-panthenol is a viscous liquid.
  • Z-panthenol is freely soluble in 1,3 propanediol, 1,2 propanediol and 1,3 propanediol (up to 50%)
  • Z)-panthenol is also freely soluble in 1,3 propanediol, 1,2 propanediol and 1,3 propanediol, with no risk of recrystallization at any concentration (as it is already liquid at room temperature).
  • Hyaluronic acid is a humectant that shows the ability to form a viscoelastic film on skin that prevents transepidermal water loss.
  • Pinus Pinaster bark extract [00771] Components of the bark extract of pinus pinaster species show the ability to recycle vitamin C.
  • pycnogenol may be used as an alternative when pinus pinaster bark extract is desired
  • PS360 Pantrofma Skin360
  • PS360 unlike pycnogenol, is already in liquid form as it uses diglycerin as a solvent, making it very easy to incorporate.
  • Res Pharma Industriale provides in-vitro and clinical data to show effectiveness against free radical damage, inflammation and acne at a concentration of .5% by weight of PS360.
  • Centella Asiatica extract is often used for its soothing properties.
  • Madecassoside is a highly purified glycosylated triterpene of Centella Asiatica. It is sold by raw material supplier SEPPIC, who share in-vitro and clinical data showing its anti-inflammatory and other effects on skin.
  • madecassoside is madecassoside asiaticoside.
  • Azelaic acid is well studied for its ability to treat acne, rosacea and melasma, due to the fact that it was studied and sold as a prescription drug. Though poorly understood, these effects are believed to be a result of AzA’s anti -bacterial, anti- inflammatory, and keratolytic effects, as well as its unique ability to cause apoptosis in abnormal melanocytes.
  • Acetyl zingerone is a broad-spectrum antioxidant that can prevent lipid peroxidation. It was engineered to be a more stable, more potent derivative of zingerone. [00790] Sytheon provides in-vitro and clinical data showing its antioxidant, photoprotective, and anti-aging properties
  • Acetyl zingerone may be used as a replacement for tocopherol.
  • Acetyl zingerone is readily soluble in 1,3 propanediol, 1,2 propanediol and 1,3 butanediol at the desired concentrations (.5-1%), eliminating the need for emulsifiers as would be required for tocopherol
  • Glycyrrhizic acid like many other derivatives from licorice root (Glycyrrhiza Glabra, Glycyrrhiza Uralensis), shows anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and skin lightening properties. [00794] Unlike 18B-glycyrrhetinic acid, glycyrrhizic acid shows solubility in 1,3- propanediol.
  • Example 8 Exemplary Vitamin C and sugar alcohol formulations
  • compositions include dispersing Xylitol, and Urea when present, into Zemea (Propanediol). The solution is then heated, then mixed until dissolved and solution is transparent.
  • the process then includes dispersing Salicylic Acid and Ferulic Acid.
  • the solution is then mixed until dissolved and solution is transparent.
  • the process includes dispersing Ascorbic Acid, mixed until dissolved and solution is transparent.
  • Samples are stored in sealed containers, sealed from the atmosphere, at 40 degrees Celsius for up to 16 weeks. Results at 0 to 8 weeks are shown in Table 10. In general, 8 weeks storage under these conditions is expected to be equivalent to storage for 16 months at room temperature.
  • the compositions in the containers are sampled at each time point, and assessed for levels of degradation of vitamin C using HPLC analysis.
  • compositions were prepared containing various percentages of Ascorbic Acid as shown in Tables 7-9.
  • compositions were compared to control compositions that included the same amount of vitamin C dissolved in water with the addition of a ferulic acid in a concentration of .5%, tocopherol in a concentration of 1%, with additional components of a glycol ether, alkanediol, laureth-23, panthenol, triethanolamine, phenoxy ethanol, and sodium hyaluronate.
  • the results are shown in Table 10.
  • the exemplary serum (approx. 15% vitamin C) compositions are still within specification after weeks 8 of testing (or the equivalent to 16 weeks at room temperature), as opposed to the control compositions which fell out of specification (OOS) by week 2 of testing (or equivalent to 4 months at room temperature).
  • OOS Specification
  • Example 10 Storage Stability of non aqueous (e.g., anhydrous) urea emulsion formulations
  • Creating the anhydrous urea emulsion with the components of any of Table 11-16 is includes combining the internal phase components with propanediol under agitation, followed by adding the mixture of the internal phase components to the external phase components under agitation until an emulsion is formed.
  • Example 11 Storage Stability
  • compositions were prepared containing either approx. 10% urea (e.g., Formulation 1 referred to in Table 11 or Table 12, Formulation 2 or 4 of Table 12, formulations with 10% urea in Tables 13-16) or approx. 5% urea (e.g., Formulation 2 or 4 referred to in Table 11 or Formulation 5 referred to in Table 12, formulations 5% urea in Tables 13-16).
  • approx. 10% urea e.g., Formulation 1 referred to in Table 11 or Table 12, Formulation 2 or 4 of Table 12, formulations with 10% urea in Tables 13-16
  • approx. 5% urea e.g., Formulation 2 or 4 referred to in Table 11 or Formulation 5 referred to in Table 12, formulations 5% urea in Tables 13-16.
  • Stability can be measured by the amount of ammonia released and/or the odor of ammonia, which are indicators of amount of urea degradation. Solubility can be measured by the grittiness of the emulsion, as a result of precipitation of urea that is not sufficiently solubilized. Thus, lack of ammonia released and/or ammonia odor is an indicator of strong stability; and lack of grittiness is a result of strong solubility. Additionally, none of compositions described in Tables 11-16, even when stored at room temperature for 1 year or more, never emitted ammonia odors, indicating the compositions are storage stable.
  • Example 12 Non aqueous azelaic acid formulations
  • compositions of this disclosure have been demonstrated to be stable against urea degradation, and stable against precipitation of components.
  • compositions that include a combination of azelaic acid and urea provide for such stability and in addition have desirable physical properties when topically applied to skin (e.g., as described herein).
  • the maximum concentration for azelaic acid that can be solubilized is first determined, with heat exposure, in a given solvent without precipitation upon cooling. Experiments revealed this concentration to be approximately 10 to 12% for 1,3 propanediol, propylene glycol (1,2 propanediol) and butylene glycol (1,3 butanediol), and significantly lower for dimethyl isosorbide.
  • compositions having an azelaic acid concentration as low as 1 to 5% by weight can be prepared in cases where the polyol solvents used provide very low solubility, such as dimethyl isosorbide (DMI). Therefore, a mixture of propanediol and DMI, for example, can yield a percent by weight value of 10 to 12% by weight (e.g., maximum solubility of AzA), depending on the ratio of propanediol and DMI.
  • DMI dimethyl isosorbide
  • the ratio of azelaic acid to urea in the liquid composition can be 2.0 to 2.5 (e.g., 2.0), when the weight percent of azelaic acid is 10% to 12% dissolved in a solvent component that is composed of one or more C(2-6) alkanediols, such as 1,3-propanediol, or a mixture of 1,3-propanediol and 1,2-hexanediol. See e.g., the compositions of Tables 1 and 2
  • 1,3 propanediol is preferred over 1,2 propanediol, butylene glycol, pentylene glycol, or hexanediol.
  • 1,3 propanediol is preferable to various polyols described in the art. Below is a review of various polyols and reasons why 1,3 propanediol is unique and preferable:
  • 1,3 propanediol otherwise referred to in the art as propanediol, is unique in that it possesses a combination of gentleness on skin (even applied neat, or at 100% concentration), relatively low viscosity (and therefore perceived “lightness” on skin), environmental friendliness (not petroleum-derived), natural derivation (corn or sugar cane), low odor, and moderate ability to solubilize azelaic acid.
  • 1,2 propanediol otherwise referred to in the art as propylene glycol, although of low viscosity and possessing a moderate ability to solubilize azelaic acid, induces skin irritation and sensitivity. Additionally, it is derived from petroleum and possesses an unpleasant odor, reminiscent of acetone.
  • 1,3 butanediol otherwise referred to in the art as butylene glycol, is of low viscosity, possesses a moderate ability to solubilize azelaic acid, and is relatively gentle on skin.
  • propylene glycol it is derived from petroleum (not environmentally friendly) and possesses an unpleasant odor, reminiscent of acetone.
  • 1,5 pentanediol otherwise referred to in the art as pentylene glycol, possesses a moderate ability to solubilize azelaic acid, low odor, and certain versions are not derived from petroleum but from sugarcane or corn. However, upon application to skin, it imparts a “heavier”, less desirable texture on skin. Additionally, its recommended use level is generally capped at 5%, limiting usage as a primary solvent.
  • 1,2 hexanediol possesses a moderate ability to solubilize azelaic acid. However, upon application to skin, it imparts a “heavier”, less desirable texture on skin, possesses an unpleasant odor pronounced of acetone, and is derived from petroleum. Additionally, its recommended use level is capped at 10%, limiting usage as a primary solvent.
  • Glycerin and diglycerin possess a low ability to solubilize azelaic acid, are relatively gentle on skin, are low-odor, and are not derived from petroleum. They are highly viscous, and impart not only an undesirable “heavy” texture on skin, but one that is exceedingly sticky.
  • Dimethyl isosorbide is relatively gentle on skin and not derived from petroleum, and imparts a “light”, not undesirable texture when applied to skin. However, it has a very limited ability to solubilize azelaic acid and possesses a slight, but noticeable chemical odor pronounced of chlorine.
  • Urea is preferable to hydroxyethyl urea. There are a number of reasons for this, as summarized below:
  • Urea when used in sufficient low concentrations (10-15% and below) in leave-on applications, possesses desirable humectant, barrier-repairing and very mild keratolytic properties, which in combination are very effective at improving the feel and look of dry and/or rough skin. Urea is naturally present not only in the human body but specifically in the skin, where it acts as a natural moisturizing factor (NMF).
  • NMF natural moisturizing factor
  • Hydroxyethyl urea possesses similar humectant properties, but not the barrier repairing and mild keratolytic properties of urea. Additionally, hydroxyethyl urea may contain trace amounts of diethanolamine, a potential carcinogen.
  • dimethyl isosorbide, caprylyl glycol or decylene glycol can be utilized as an alternative or additional solvent in the compositions of Table 18.
  • the exemplary compositions are assessed for stability, e.g., chemical stability of a component (e.g., urea or azelaic acid) and/or physical stability (e.g., lack of precipitation or crystallization from a liquid composition).
  • a component e.g., urea or azelaic acid
  • physical stability e.g., lack of precipitation or crystallization from a liquid composition.
  • the compositions are stored in containers over time, and are sampled at various time points, and assessed for levels of degradation of urea. Any breakdown of urea into ammonia can be assessed by a variety of methods. Urea degradation can be assessed by changes in pH over time, and/or by detection of ammonia via smell or another qualitative test.
  • the exemplary compositions are assessed for stability by comparison to a control composition that includes ethanol or isopropyl alcohol.
  • the exemplary compositions are assessed for stability by comparison to a control composition that includes water at more than 2% by weight.

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