EP4097765A1 - Verfahren zur herstellung einer elektro-optischen einrichtung und elektro-optische einrichtung - Google Patents
Verfahren zur herstellung einer elektro-optischen einrichtung und elektro-optische einrichtungInfo
- Publication number
- EP4097765A1 EP4097765A1 EP20839263.9A EP20839263A EP4097765A1 EP 4097765 A1 EP4097765 A1 EP 4097765A1 EP 20839263 A EP20839263 A EP 20839263A EP 4097765 A1 EP4097765 A1 EP 4097765A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- planarization layer
- electro
- waveguide
- active element
- spin
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F77/00—Constructional details of devices covered by this subclass
- H10F77/40—Optical elements or arrangements
- H10F77/413—Optical elements or arrangements directly associated or integrated with the devices, e.g. back reflectors
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/03—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on ceramics or electro-optical crystals, e.g. exhibiting Pockels effect or Kerr effect
- G02F1/035—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on ceramics or electro-optical crystals, e.g. exhibiting Pockels effect or Kerr effect in an optical waveguide structure
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B6/13—Integrated optical circuits characterised by the manufacturing method
- G02B6/136—Integrated optical circuits characterised by the manufacturing method by etching
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/21—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour by interference
- G02F1/225—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour by interference in an optical waveguide structure
- G02F1/2257—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour by interference in an optical waveguide structure the optical waveguides being made of semiconducting material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
- H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
- H01L21/30—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26
- H01L21/31—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26 to form insulating layers thereon, e.g. for masking or by using photolithographic techniques; After treatment of these layers; Selection of materials for these layers
- H01L21/3105—After-treatment
- H01L21/31051—Planarisation of the insulating layers
- H01L21/31053—Planarisation of the insulating layers involving a dielectric removal step
- H01L21/31055—Planarisation of the insulating layers involving a dielectric removal step the removal being a chemical etching step, e.g. dry etching
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F30/00—Individual radiation-sensitive semiconductor devices in which radiation controls the flow of current through the devices, e.g. photodetectors
- H10F30/20—Individual radiation-sensitive semiconductor devices in which radiation controls the flow of current through the devices, e.g. photodetectors the devices having potential barriers, e.g. phototransistors
- H10F30/21—Individual radiation-sensitive semiconductor devices in which radiation controls the flow of current through the devices, e.g. photodetectors the devices having potential barriers, e.g. phototransistors the devices being sensitive to infrared, visible or ultraviolet radiation
- H10F30/28—Individual radiation-sensitive semiconductor devices in which radiation controls the flow of current through the devices, e.g. photodetectors the devices having potential barriers, e.g. phototransistors the devices being sensitive to infrared, visible or ultraviolet radiation the devices being characterised by field-effect operation, e.g. junction field-effect phototransistors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F77/00—Constructional details of devices covered by this subclass
- H10F77/10—Semiconductor bodies
- H10F77/12—Active materials
- H10F77/122—Active materials comprising only Group IV materials
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B2006/12083—Constructional arrangements
- G02B2006/12097—Ridge, rib or the like
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B2006/12133—Functions
- G02B2006/12138—Sensor
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B2006/12133—Functions
- G02B2006/12142—Modulator
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B2006/12166—Manufacturing methods
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B2006/12166—Manufacturing methods
- G02B2006/12176—Etching
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/015—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on semiconductor elements having potential barriers, e.g. having a PN or PIN junction
- G02F1/025—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on semiconductor elements having potential barriers, e.g. having a PN or PIN junction in an optical waveguide structure
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for producing an electro-optical device.
- the invention also relates to an electro-optical device, a semiconductor device with a chip and at least one electro-optical device, and a semiconductor device with a wafer and at least one electro-optical device.
- Electro-optical devices for example photodetectors or electro-optical modulators, are known which comprise one or more films of graphene. Such are disclosed, for example, in US Pat. No. 9,893,219 B2.
- Planarizations are currently being implemented by applying planarization layers and subsequent chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP).
- CMP chemical-mechanical polishing
- spin-on glasses English: spin on glass, SOG for short
- polymers can also be spun on.
- an initially liquid material for example hydrogen silsesquioxane
- Hydrogen silsesquioxane (English: hydrogen silsesquioxane, HSQ for short) is a class of inorganic compounds with the formula [HSi03 / 2] n. Due to the kinetics of liquids at height differences, there is a palarization effect. The hydrogen silsesquioxane layer thickness is less or less on an elevation on the surface than next to the elevation.
- the CMP method avoids the problems described above because, for example, chemically deposited S1O 2 can be used as the planarization material.
- S1O 2 has proven to be a very good support material for graphene, and the CMP process enables extremely low roughness values to be achieved.
- S1O 2 is also stable with respect to common process chemicals and can be structured well dry-chemically.
- the distance between neighboring elevations on the wafer surface is too large (for example in the order of 100 to 1000 ⁇ m) and the distribution on the wafer is not homogeneous, a laterally uneven layer thickness can result after polishing.
- the low tolerances of the layer thickness to be set after planarization (usually single-digit nm) require support points on the entire wafer at the same height as the structured surface for reproducibility.
- the shape and arrangement of the support points has a considerable influence on the result of the etching processes that are used for surface structuring and the CMP. This results in increased effort in terms of design and process development, because the support points have to be designed and developed as well as the actual component design.
- the desired residual coverage on the waveguide for example in the order of magnitude of 10 nm, can lead to the limits of the tolerance of CMP steps.
- the entire Si0 2 planarization layer is polished down to the surface of the waveguide and support points (the Si is polished more slowly, which leads to a “stop” at the correct height). Since an oxide is required on the waveguide, the wafer is then dry-oxidized (ie Si is oxidized at high temperatures and with the addition of O2). The Si is oxidized in S1O2 on the free Si surfaces.
- This object is achieved by a method for producing an electro-optical device, in particular a photodetector or electro-optical modulator, in which
- a planarization layer spanning at least a section of the waveguide is produced, preferably by applying, in particular depositing, a coating material,
- planarization layer is seen with a spin-on-glass coating
- a preferably dry-chemical etching treatment is carried out, during which preferably etching down to the planarization layer and preferably the spin-on-glass coating and part of the planarization layer is removed,
- steps of providing the planarization layer with a spin-on-glass coating and the etching treatment are repeated at least once, and
- An active element is provided on or above the planarization layer and above the waveguide, which comprises at least one material or consists of at least one material that absorbs electromagnetic radiation of at least one wavelength and generates an electrical photo signal as a result of the absorption, and / or its Refractive index changes as a function of a voltage and / or the presence of charge (s) and / or an electric field.
- the present invention avoids the disadvantages associated with spin-on-planarization, in particular the high roughness and instability, and those of CMP technology by specifically using the resist planarization method known from other areas of application to create a for the above a waveguide
- an active element for example graphene film
- electro-optical devices can be obtained which are characterized by excellent properties, in particular also a particularly reliable mode of operation. Since tearing of the active element is reliably avoided, a small amount of waste is associated with the manufacturing process.
- the procedure according to the invention enables comparatively low roughness, in particular on the upper side of the planarization layer, for example in the range from 1.0 nm RMS to 0.1 nm RMS, in particular 0.6 nm RMS to 0.1 nm RMS, preferably 0.4 nm RMS to 0.1 nm RMS can be obtained.
- a roughness of 0.2 nm RMS for example, has proven to be particularly suitable.
- the abbreviation nm stands here and in the following for nanometers (10 9 m) in a manner known per se.
- the RMS roughness is also called quadratic roughness in German.
- Atomic force microscopy can be used as a measuring method for determining the roughness, in particular as described in the EN ISO 25178 standard. Atomic force microscopy is mainly discussed in Part 6 (EN ISO 25178-6: 2010-01) of this standard, which deals with measurement methods for determining roughness
- the electro-optical device can be produced, for example, on a wafer or chip or on an element provided on a wafer or chip or on a layer provided on a wafer or chip. Then it preferably applies that the waveguide provided is arranged on or above a wafer or chip, the wafer or chip particularly preferably having integrated circuits with integrated electronic components.
- waveguides are provided and several electro-optical devices are obtained in the manner according to the invention.
- a wafer or chip is provided, on the upper side of which two or more waveguides are provided. It can be an integrated waveguide on a wafer or chip.
- a planarization layer and a spin-on-glass coating can then be produced, which extend over all waveguides, in particular flat over the entire wafer or chip top, and it can be etched over the entire top. If the steps of providing the planarization layer with a spin-on-glass coating and the etching treatment are repeated, this can also apply to the repetition (s). In this way, it is particularly easy to se a variety of electro-optical devices can be obtained in the manner according to the invention.
- a waveguide is to be understood as an element or a component that guides an electromagnetic wave, in particular light.
- a cross section of a wavelength-dependent cross-section of a material which is optically transparent for at least this wavelength and which is distinguished by a refractive index contrast from an adjacent material that is also transparent for this wavelength is expediently used. If the refractive index of the surrounding material is lower, the light is guided in the area of the higher refractive index.
- two regions of high refractive index are separated from a region of low refractive index which is narrow with respect to the wavelength, and the light is guided in the region of the low refractive index.
- a low side wall roughness is advantageous.
- the waveguide and planarization layer expediently consist of materials whose refractive indices differ.
- refractive indices 3.4 (Si) for the waveguide (s) and 1.5 (Si02) for the planarization layer or, in the case of dielectrics, 2.4 (Ti02) for the waveguide (s) may be mentioned Waveguide and 1.5 (Si02) for the planarization layer or 2 (SiN) for the waveguide (s) and 1.47 planarization layer.
- the refractive index of the material of the waveguide or waveguides is at least 20%, preferably at least 30% greater than the refractive index of the material of the planarization layer.
- the or - in the case of several - at least one of the waveguides of the photonic platform comprises in a further preferred embodiment at least one material that is transparent to electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength of 850 nm and / or 1310 nm and / or 1550 nm or consists of one such.
- electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range from 800 nm to 900 nm and / or from 1260 nm to 1360 nm (so-called original tape or O-band for short) and / or 1360 nm to 1460 nm (so-called extend band or E for short -Band) and / or 1460 nm to 1530 nm (so-called short band or S-band for short) and / or from 1530 nm to 1565 nm (so-called conventional band or C-band for short) and / or 1565 nm to 1625 nm ( so-called long band or short L-band) transparent.
- These tapes are already known from the field of communications engineering.
- the or - in the case of several - at least one of the waveguides can in a further advantageous embodiment titanium dioxide and / or aluminum nitride and / or tantalum pentoxide and / or silicon nitride and / or aluminum oxide and / or silicon oxynitride and / or lithium niobate and / or silicon, in particular special polysilicon, and / or indium phosphite and / or gallium arsenide and / or indium gallium arsenide and / or aluminum gallium arsenide and / or at least one dichalcogenide, in particular two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide, and / or chalcogenide glass and / or resin or resin-containing materials, in particular SU8, and / or polymers or materials containing polymers, in particular OrmoComp, or consist of one or more of these materials.
- the (respective) waveguide can be or have been obtained by material deposition and, in particular, subsequent
- the thickness is preferably in the range of 150 nanometers meters to 10 micrometers.
- the width and length of the waveguide or waveguides can move in particular in the range of 100 nanometers and 10 micrometers.
- One or more waveguides can be designed as strip waveguides, for example, which are then characterized in particular by a rectangular or square cross section.
- One or more waveguides can alternatively or additionally also be designed as rib waveguides with a T-shaped cross section.
- the waveguide or waveguides can be formed in several parts, for example comprise or consist of a first, for example lower or left, and a second, for example upper or right part or section. It may be that one or more sections are characterized by a rectangular or square cross-section. If a waveguide has or consists of two or more parts, these can be spaced apart from one another, for example with the formation of a slot.
- the planarization layer is preferably produced by depositing coating material at least on or above a section, in particular longitudinal section, of the respective waveguide and on areas to the side of the respective waveguide, in particular next to the respective waveguide or waveguides will.
- material can also be deposited on the entire (respective) waveguide.
- the fact that the coating material is also applied to the side of a waveguide means in particular or includes in particular one with the fact that material next to the waveguide is applied to the substrate on which the waveguide is arranged.
- the planarization layer can also be deposited by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), preferably low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) and / or plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition (plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition, PECVD for short) and / or by physical gas phase deposition (English: physical vapor deposition) of a coating material.
- CVD chemical vapor deposition
- LPCVD low pressure chemical vapor deposition
- PECVD plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition
- PECVD plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition
- physical gas phase deposition English: physical vapor deposition
- Electron beam evaporation in which material is melted and evaporated by means of an electron beam
- thermal evaporation in which material is heated to the melting point by means of a heater and evaporated onto a target substrate, as well as cathode sputtering
- atoms are knocked out of a material carrier by means of a plasma and deposited on a target substrate.
- atomic layer deposition is also possible. Under this will be insulating or conductive materials (dielectrics, semiconductors or metals) deposited sequentially, atomic layer by atomic layer.
- Sputtering represents a further possibility that can be used in the context of the production of the planarization layer.
- a produced layer can comprise only one or several layers. It can consist of only one material or also comprise several materials. For example, a layer can have two or more layers made of two or more different materials. It can of course also be the case that a layer has several layers which, however, all consist of the same material.
- a layer with more than one layer can in particular be obtained or present because several layers, for example several atomic layers, are provided, for example are or have been deposited, for their manufacture.
- planarization layer is produced with or from at least one oxide, in particular silicon dioxide, and / or with or from at least one nitride and / or with or from at least one polymer.
- the planarization layer is provided with a spin-on-glass coating by applying a suitable material, for example HSQ and / or a polymer, in the liquid state, preferably being spun on and then heated, in particular baked out will.
- a suitable material for example HSQ and / or a polymer
- the materials vitrify when they are heated, especially when they are baked out.
- a dry chemical etching process is preferably carried out. Reactive ion etching (RIE) has proven to be particularly suitable.
- the etching can take place, for example, with CHF3- and / or SF6-based dry chemical etching processes.
- the abbreviation CFIF3 stands for fluoroform and the abbreviation SF6 for sulfur hexafluoride.
- the etching treatment is preferably carried out in such a way that the etching rate for the material of the planarization layer is at most 50%, preferably at most 30%, particularly preferably at most 10% greater or less than the etching rate for the spin-on glass.
- the etching process can be set in a known manner using process parameters. Suitable parameters are, for example, the pressure and / or the gas flow and / or the composition of the gas mixture and / or the power for exciting the plasma and / or the temperature of the electrode.
- Reactive ion etching for example, is a dry etching process in which, as a rule, special gaseous chemicals that are excited to form a plasma enable selective and directional etching of a substrate surface.
- a lacquer mask can protect parts that are not to be etched.
- the etching chemistry and the parameters of the process usually determine the selectivity of the process, that is, the etching rates of different materials. This property is crucial in order to limit the depth of an etching process and thus to define layers separately from one another.
- an active element with or at least one material that absorbs electromagnetic radiation of at least one wavelength and generates an electrical photo signal as a result of the absorption, and / or whose refractive index changes as a function of a voltage and / or the presence of charge (s) and / or an electric field changes.
- the at least one material can absorb electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of 850 nm and / or 1310 nm and / or 1550 nm and can generate a photo signal as a result of the absorption. It is particularly preferred that there is electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range from 800 nm to 900 nm and / or from 1260 nm to 1360 nm (so-called original tape or O-band for short) and / or 1360 nm to 1460 nm (so-called extend band or short E-band) and / or 1460 nm to 1530 nm (so-called short band or S-band for short) and / or from 1530 nm to 1565 nm (so-called conventional band or C-band for short) and / or 1565 nm to 1625 nm (so-called long band or L-band for short) and can generate a photo signal as a result of the absorption.
- electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range from 800 nm to
- a material changes its refractive index is to be understood in particular to mean that it changes its dispersion (in particular refractive index) and / or its absorption.
- the dispersion or refractive index is usually given by the real part and the absorption by the imaginary part of the complex refractive index.
- Materials whose refractive index changes as a function of a voltage and / or the presence of charge (s) and / or an electric field are to be understood in the present case in particular as those that result from the Pockels effect and / or the Franz-Keldysh -Effect and / or the Kerr effect.
- Materials that are characterized by the plasma dispersion effect are also considered as such materials in the present case.
- the at least one material of the active element that absorbs electromagnetic radiation of at least one wavelength and generates an electrical photo signal as a result of the absorption, and / or its refractive index is dependent on a voltage and / or the presence of charge ( en) and / or an electric field changes, graphene and / or at least one dichalcogenide, in particular two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide, and / or heterostructures made of two-dimensional materials and / or germanium and / or lithium niobath and / or at least one electro-optical polymer and / or silicon and / or at least one compound semiconductor, in particular at least one III-V semiconductor and / or at least one II-VI semiconductor, is used.
- Electro-optical polymers are to be understood in particular as polymers which are distinguished by the fact that they have a strong linear electro-optical coefficient (Pockels effect).
- a strong linear electro-optical coefficient is preferably to be understood as one which is at least 150 pm / V, preferably at least 250 pm / V. Then the electro-optical coefficient is at least about five times that of lithium niobath.
- chalcogenides In the context of the present invention, transition metal dichalcogenides in particular have proven to be particularly suitable as two-dimensional materials, such as MoS2 or WSe2.
- lithium niobate and electro-optical polymers are based on the electro-optical, in particular the Pockels effect, ie the E field changes the refractive index (such as, for example, the Pockels effect is used in the Pockels cell).
- the Pockels effect ie the E field changes the refractive index (such as, for example, the Pockels effect is used in the Pockels cell).
- germanium it is the Franz Keldysh effect, ie the field shifts the valence and conduction band edges against each other, so that the optical properties change.
- These effects are field-based effects.
- silicon or graphene it is the charge carrier-based plasma dispersion effect, i.e.
- III-V semiconductors are compound semiconductors consisting of elements from main group III and V in a manner known per se.
- II-VI semiconductors or, in a manner known per se, are compound semiconductors which consist of elements of main group II or group 12 elements and elements of main group VI.
- Films made of graphene, possibly chemically modified graphene, or dichalcogenides, in particular two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides, or also dichalcogenide-graphene-fletero structures consisting of at least one layer of graphene and at least one layer of a dichalcogenide or arrangement have proven to be particularly suitable genes made of at least one layer of boron nitride and at least one layer of graphene.
- part of the electromagnetic radiation, especially light is guided evanescent outside the waveguide.
- the interface of the waveguide is dielectric and accordingly the intensity distribution is described by the boundary conditions according to Maxwell with an exponential decrease. If an electro-optically active material, for example graphene, is brought into or near the waveguide in the evanescent field, photons can interact with the material, in particular graphene.
- a dielectric layer is produced on the active element, preferably a dielectric layer with or from at least one oxide and / or nitride, particularly preferably with or from aluminum oxide and / or silicon nitride and / or hafnium oxide, and
- a further active element is provided on the upper side of the electrical layer facing away from the active element, the further active element preferably being arranged offset from the active element in such a way that the active element and the further active element lie on top of one another in sections.
- an electrode made of electrically conductive material can also be provided.
- an active element and a conventional electrode are sufficient as an alternative to two active elements. If an electrode is provided instead of one of the active elements, this can - in analogy to the active Element - in the form of an optionally multi-layer film, for example as a single or multi-layer metal film.
- the two active elements or the one active element and the electrode are preferably arranged at a distance from one another and offset from one another in such a way that they lie one above the other in sections.
- a section of the one active element is aligned or overlaps with a section of the other active element or the electrode without these touching one another.
- the two active elements or the active element and the electrode or at least sections of these extend at least substantially parallel to one another.
- a modulator has a further active element, this can likewise be distinguished by the features described above and below in connection with an active element as preferred.
- the design as a film is just one example. Furthermore, only one or more of the preferred features can be implemented.
- An electro-optical modulator can be used in particular for optical signal coding.
- An electro-optical modulator can also be designed as a ring modulator.
- a photodetector can preferably be used to convert signals back from the optical to the electronic world and / or vice versa.
- an electrical control electrode and an active element which is expediently insulated for this purpose with or made of at least one material whose refractive index changes as a function of a voltage or charges or an electric field, in particular made of graphene be provided or the electrode be made of a suitable material, in particular graphene, so that two active elements are then jointly in the evacuating field during operation and perform the electro-optical function.
- Graphene for example, can change its optical properties through a control voltage.
- a capacitance is created and the graphs in the films influence one another.
- the capacitance consisting of the two active elements forming the graphene electrodes is charged by a voltage and the electrons occupy states in the graph. This results in a shift of the Fermi energy (energy of the last occupied state in the crystal) to higher energies (or due to symmetry to lower ones). If the Fermi energy reaches half the energy of the photons, these can no longer be absorbed because the free states required for the absorption process are already occupied at the correct energy. In this state, the graph is consequently transparent because absorption is prohibited.
- the graph By changing the voltage, the graph is switched back and forth between absorbing and transparent.
- a continuously luminous laser beam is modulated in its intensity and can thus be used to transmit information.
- the real part of the refractive index also changes with the control voltage.
- the phase position of a laser can be modulated via the changing refractive index and thus phase modulation can be achieved.
- the phase modulation is preferably operated in a range in which all states are occupied up to over half the photon energy, so that the graph is transparent and the real part of the refractive index shifts significantly and the change in absorption plays a subordinate role.
- the or the respective active element is provided on or above the top side of the planarization layer in that at least one suitable material is applied, in particular deposited.
- Deposition can - in analogy to the planarization layer - for example by chemical vapor deposition (CVD for short), preferably low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD for short), and / or plasma-assisted chemical gas phase sensor deposition (English: plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition, PECVD for short) and / or by physical vapor deposition (English: physical vapor deposition). It is also true here that all previously known methods of this type can be used.
- the respective active element or the respective active element can be provided on the upper side of the planarization layer by means of a transfer method.
- the (respective) element is not produced monolithically on the planarization layer, but produced separately and then transferred, in other words, transferred.
- a transfer method for graphene is, for example, from the articles “Large-Area Synthesis of High-Quality and Uniform Graphene Films on Copper Foils” by Li et al., Science 324, 1312, (2009) and “Roll-to-roll produc - tion of 30-inch graphene films for transparent electrodes ”by Bae et al, Nature Nanotech 5, 574-578 (2010) or for LiNbO from the article“ Integrated lithium niobate electro-optic modulators operating at CMOS-compatible voltages ” , Nature volume 562, pagesl 01104 (2016) or, inter alia, for GaAs from the article “Transfer print techniques for heterogeneous integration of photonic components”, Progress in Quantum Electronics Vo- lume 52, March 2017, Pages 1-17.
- One of these methods can also be used within the scope of the present invention in order to obtain one or more graphene or LiNbO or GaAs layers / films on the planarization layer.
- atomic layer deposition can also be used for the active element or elements.
- a dielectric layer can also be provided on or above at least one active element.
- the or at least one electro-optical device - both in the case of a modulator and in the case of a detector - can furthermore be designed or manufactured as such with plasmonic coupling.
- At least one plasmonic structure made of or with a plasmonic active material preferably gold and / or silver and / or aluminum and / or copper, is or is expediently provided on or above the or at least one of the active elements.
- the plasmonic structure preferably comprises at least one pair of juxtaposed plasmonic elements made of or with the plasmonically active material.
- the plasmonic elements can be distinguished by a section which tapers in the direction of the respective other plasmonic element.
- the plasmonic elements can be distinguished, for example, by a triangular shape.
- Elongated plasmonic elements are or are provided, this is preferred in the case of a modulator.
- Elongated plasmonic elements can be arranged at least essentially parallel to a waveguide. Then in other words optical and plasmonic waveguides guided in parallel past the active element, as in the publication "Efficient electro-optic modulation in low-loss graphene-plasmonic slot waveguides" by Zhu et al. , Optics Communications (2019), doi: https://doi.Org/10.1016/j.optcom.2019.124559.
- the or at least one of the active elements is expediently arranged relative to a waveguide in such a way that it is exposed at least in sections to the evanescent field of electromagnetic radiation which is guided by the waveguide.
- At least one active element is preferably arranged at a distance of less than or equal to 50 nm, particularly preferably less than or equal to 30 nm, from at least one waveguide, for example at a distance of 10 nm.
- the resist planarization with the (one or more) spin-on-glass coating and subsequent etching treatment takes place in such a way that the layer thickness of the planarization layer above the waveguide or at least a section of this is less than or equal to 50 nm, before given is less than or equal to 30 nm, for example 10 nm. If an active element is then arranged in the region of this layer thickness on the planarization layer, there is a corresponding distance.
- section preferably the longitudinal section of the waveguide, above which the active element - and the additional active element that may be present, especially in the case of a modulator - is arranged, can form a component of the electro-optical device or forms.
- a film is particularly preferably provided as the active element or films are provided as the active elements.
- a film is preferably characterized in a manner known per se by a significantly larger lateral one Expansion as thickness.
- the at least one active element of one or more electro-optical devices can also be characterized by a square or rectangular cross section.
- One or more active elements can comprise a plurality of layers or layers of at least one material whose refractive index changes and / or which absorbs, or can be formed from one or more layers or layers of at least one such material.
- at least one active element as a film comprises several layers or layers made of one or also different materials.
- At least one film (with one or more layers) extending over the entire lateral extent, for example of a wafer on which several waveguides are provided, can be provided, for example deposited , and from this large film, by means of a suitable structuring process, which can include lithography and / or etching, for example, a plurality of smaller film-shaped or layer-shaped active elements lying next to one another in a plane can be obtained for the majority of the devices. became. In this way, many active elements for a large number of electro-optical devices can be obtained with comparatively little effort.
- a transfer process can also be followed by structuring.
- the active element (if there are more than one) is preferably provided directly on the planarization layer, for example produced or arranged thereon, this expediently in the (respective) of the etching treatment subjected area and above the (respective) section, in particular longitudinal section of the waveguide.
- at least one further layer is initially provided on the planarization layer, for example deposited or arranged, and the active element is provided on the uppermost further layer or layers. Then it is not located directly on but above the planarization layer. This is particularly possible because material can be deposited conformally on the planarization layer, for example, the surface properties including the topology and roughness being retained and being practically reflected in the top of any further layer or layers that may be present.
- contact elements assigned to the (respective) active element are produced.
- the element or the respective element can for example be connected to a contact element on one side or also in each case on opposite sides.
- one or more contact elements can connect the (respective) active element with connection elements, in particular VIAs, via which a connection with one or more integrated electronic components is achieved .
- Connection elements extending through the planarization layer can be produced within the scope of the method according to the invention.
- Ga electrodes are provided.
- two Ga teel electrodes can preferably be assigned to the or to an active element. These are preferably designed and arranged in such a way that the charge carrier concentration in the active element, for example graphene film, can be set via them and thus, for example, a pn junction can be achieved.
- the gate electrodes are preferably arranged at a suitable distance from the active element and are electrically insulated therefrom, for example via a dielectric layer. It can be the case that an electrical layer is provided on the active element and the gate electrodes are arranged thereon, for example produced thereon or transferred to them.
- the invention also relates to an electro-optical device which was obtained by performing the method according to the invention.
- the invention also relates to a semiconductor device comprising a chip and at least one, preferably several, electro-optical devices according to the invention.
- the invention relates to a semiconductor device comprising a wafer and at least one, preferably a plurality of electro-optical devices according to the invention.
- the electro-optical device or the electro-optical devices are preferably provided on the chip or wafer, in particular on the back-end-of-line.
- a wafer is preferably to be understood in a manner known from the prior art, a component or an element or a device from which or from which wafer dicing, which is also referred to in German as wafer comminution, is understood , a plurality of chips is obtained.
- a wafer expediently has one or more markings along which the dicing can or has to take place within the framework of the dicing.
- the dicing or comminution can include, for example, (laser) cutting or sawing or scoring or breaking the wafer.
- a single or isolated chip is also referred to as a die or chips in the plural are also referred to as dies or dice.
- the chips present after dicing are sometimes also referred to as bare chips or bare chips or bare chips in English. "Naked” refers to the fact that the chips have not yet been inserted into a package. In the present case, “bare” chips without a housing are also referred to as chips for short.
- a wafer - or also a chip - is viewed in cross section, its vertical structure can be divided into different sub-areas.
- the lowest part is the front-end-of-line or FEOL for short, which comprises one or more integrated electronic components.
- the integrated electronic component (s) can be, for example, transistors and / or capacitors and / or resistors.
- Above the front-end-of-line is the back-end-of-line or BEOL for short, in which, as a rule, various ne metal levels are used to interconnect the integrated electronic components of the FEOL.
- a wafer comprises a plurality of areas which, following the dicing / comminuting / dicing, each form a chip or die. These areas are also referred to here as chip or die areas.
- Each chip area of the wafer preferably comprises a section or partial area of the in particular one-piece semiconductor substrate of the wafer.
- each chip area preferably has one or more integrated electronic components which extend in and / or on the corresponding area of the semiconductor substrate - viewed in cross section, in particular in the FEOL.
- a wafer or chip is provided with a plurality of waveguides arranged in particular on the back-end-of-line, a plurality of electro-optical devices are preferably produced in the manner according to the invention, each of which is expediently assigned to a waveguide and a section, in particular a longitudinal section this may include.
- the integrated electronic component (s) are several, in particular all chip areas of the wafer, the same. A plurality of identical chips can then be obtained by dicing.
- FIG. 1 shows a waveguide arranged on a wafer in a purely schematic sectional illustration
- FIG. 2 shows the waveguide from FIG. 1 with a planarization layer produced thereon;
- FIG. 3 shows the waveguide from FIG. 1 with a planarization layer produced thereon and a spin-on-glass coating produced on the planarization layer;
- FIG. 4 shows the arrangement from FIG. 3 after an RIE etching treatment has taken place
- FIG. 5 shows the arrangement from FIG. 4 with a further spin-on glass coating which was produced on the planarization layer after the etching process
- FIG. 6 shows the arrangement from FIG. 5 after another RIE etching has taken place
- FIG. 7 shows an SEM image of an arrangement corresponding to FIG. 2;
- FIG. 8 shows an SEM image of the arrangement from FIG. 7 after a single resist planarization treatment
- FIG. 9 shows an SEM image of the arrangement from FIG. 8 after a second resist planarization treatment has taken place
- FIG. 10 shows an SEM image of the arrangement from FIG. 9 after a third resist planarization treatment has taken place
- FIG. 11 shows the arrangement from FIG. 6 with a graphene film provided on the planarization layer
- FIG. 12 shows the arrangement from FIG. 11 with contact and connecting elements
- FIG. 13 shows a plan view of the graphene film, the contact elements and the waveguide from FIG. 12;
- FIG. 14 shows an arrangement which largely corresponds to the arrangement from FIG. 14
- Graphene films includes;
- FIG. 15 shows a further arrangement corresponding to the arrangement from FIG. 4, in which a rib waveguide is provided instead of a strip waveguide;
- FIG. 16 shows a block diagram with the steps of an exemplary embodiment of the method according to the invention. All figures show purely schematic representations. In the figures, the same components or elements are provided with the same reference symbols.
- FIG. 1 shows a partial sectional illustration through a layer made of S1O2 1, on the upper side 2 thereof pointing upward in the figure, a waveguide 3 is arranged.
- the SiO 2 layer is located on a wafer 4 which cannot be seen in FIG. 1 but is shown in FIG.
- a plurality of waveguides 3 are arranged on the upper side 2 of the layer 1, of which one waveguide 3 is shown as an example in FIG.
- Particularly suitable waveguide materials are dielectrics, preferably titanium dioxide, which was also used in the illustrated embodiment, this being understood as an example.
- their thickness is in the range from 150 nanometers to 10 micrometers and their width and length are in the range from 100 nanometers to 10 micrometers.
- the waveguide 3 shown by way of example in FIG. 1 is 300 nm thick, has a width of 400 nm and is characterized by a length of 5 micrometers - oriented perpendicular to the plane of the drawing.
- layer 1 consists of S1O2 is also to be understood purely as an example.
- a layer made of another material could also be provided on the wafer 4.
- the waveguides 3 could furthermore also be arranged directly on the upper side 5 of the wafer 4 pointing upward in FIG.
- electro-optical devices 6 specifically photodetectors or modulators, are to be produced, which is possible by carrying out the exemplary embodiment of the method according to the invention described below.
- the production of the electro-optical devices 6 is described in part by way of example with reference to the one waveguide 3 that can be seen in FIG.
- a planarization layer 7 is produced in a second step S2, which extends at least over a section of the respective waveguide 3 and on two opposite sides over the respective waveguide 3.
- a planarization layer 7 is produced that extends over the entire top side 2 of the layer 1 provided on the wafer 4.
- FIG. 2 which shows the arrangement obtained following the production of the planarization layer 7 - in the same partial section as in FIG. 1 - as an example for one waveguide 3, the waveguide is located both on and on both sides 3 Material of the planarization layer 7.
- a coating material silicon dioxide (S1O2), is applied, which is achieved, for example, by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), such as low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) or plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition (PECVD).
- CVD chemical vapor deposition
- LPCVD low-pressure chemical vapor deposition
- PECVD plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition
- FIG. 7 shows a scanning electron microscope image (SEM image for short) of an arrangement as contained in FIG. 2 in a purely schematic sectional illustration.
- SEM image scanning electron microscope image for short
- the layer thicknesses of the planarization layer 7 are entered in the SEM image, which - with slight variation in the lateral direction - is around 1.1 miti, both in the area above the waveguide 3 and on both sides of it.
- the upper side of the planarization layer 7 obtained is subjected to a planarization treatment.
- the planarization layer 7 is first provided with a spin-on-glass coating 9 on its upper side facing away from the waveguide 2 (step S3).
- a suitable material in the present case hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ)
- HSUQ hydrogen silsesquioxane
- the kinetics of liquid substances at height differences result in a planarization effect.
- the HSQ layer thickness is less or less on an elevation on the surface, in this case the waveguides 3, than next to them. This effect can be seen in FIGS. 3 and 4, which shows the arrangement from FIG. 2 with the spin-on-glass coating 9 produced.
- the layer thickness above the waveguide 3 is less than to the side of it.
- an etching treatment takes place, specifically CHF3-based dry-chemical etching, in this case RIE.
- CHF3-based dry-chemical etching in this case RIE.
- RIE dry-chemical etching
- the etching treatment takes place in such a way that the etching rate for the spin-on-glass coating 9 is a maximum of 50%, in particular a maximum of 30%, preferably a maximum of 10% greater or less than the etching rate for the spin-on-glass.
- Exemplary values for etching rates are around 45 nm / min for HSQ and 33 nm / min for SiC> 2.
- Suitable parameters for setting the etching process are, as is known to the person skilled in the art, for example pressure and / or the composition of the gas mixture and / or the power for Excitation of the plasma and / or DC voltage and temperature of the electrode.
- the ablation depth above the waveguide 3 corresponds to the ablation depth in areas lying next to the waveguide 3 or is similar to this. Since the layer thickness of the spin-on-glass coating 9 above the respective waveguide 3 was thinner than next to it (see FIG. 3), more is removed from the underlying planarization layer 7 above the respective waveguide 3 than next to it . In other words, the uneven distribution of the spin-on glass is used in a targeted manner in order to reduce the layer thickness of the planarization layer 7 on the waveguide 3 more than it is next to it. Since in the example shown, due to the kinematics in the liquid state above all waveguides 3, there is a spin-on-glass coating 9 with a smaller thickness compared to regions lying next to the respective waveguide 3, this applies to all waveguides 3.
- FIG. 4 shows the arrangement from FIG. 3 after the etching treatment.
- the spin-on-glass coating 9 has been completely removed and the planarization layer 7 has only been partially removed.
- FIG. 8 shows an SEM image of the arrangement from FIG. 7 after a corresponding etching treatment.
- the remaining layer thickness of the planarization layer 7 above the waveguide 3 is only 581.2 nm compared to a greater layer thickness of 742.9 nm next to it.
- the steps of providing the planarization layer 7 with a spin-on-glass coating 9 and of the etching treatment can be repeated once more or repeated several times in order to obtain an even flatter topology.
- a further spin-on-glass coating 9 can be provided on the planarization layer 7, in particular in the same way as the first spin-on-glass coating 9.
- FIG. 5 shows the arrangement from FIG 4 with a renewed spin-on-glass coating 9, which was produced following the (first) etching process.
- a renewed etching (step S6), preferably with the same parameters as in step S4, provides the arrangement shown in FIG. 6 as the result.
- the layer thickness of the planarization layer 7 on the waveguide 3 is less than in FIG. 4.
- FIGS. 9 and 10 show SEM images of the arrangement from FIG Spin-on-glass coating 9 and then etching.
- the layer thickness of the planarization layer 7 on the waveguide 3 continues to decrease, is still 97.40 nm in FIG. 9 and almost zero or zero in FIG.
- an active element 10 which comprises at least one material or consists of at least one material which absorbs electromagnetic radiation at least one wavelength and generates an electrical photo signal as a result of the absorption, and / or whose refractive index is dependent a voltage and / or the presence of charge (s) and / or an electric field changes.
- a graphene film 10 is deposited as an active element on the planarization layer 7 and above the respective waveguide 3, in the present case with the aid of a transfer method, as described in more detail above. Then, in particular, a graphene film 10 produced on a separate substrate or a separate metal foil or a separate germanium wafer is transferred to the further planarization layer 13 above the (respective) waveguide 3. It is also possible for one or more graphene films 10 to be produced directly on the white direct planarization layer 13, in each case above a wave conductor. This can include, for example, a material deposition and, if necessary, a subsequent structuring.
- Typical dimensions for active elements are in the range 5 to 500 ⁇ m in length on the waveguide along the direction of propagation of the light (orthogonal to the plane of the drawing in FIGS. 1 to 12, 14 and 15) and 1 to 50 ⁇ m in width across the direction of propagation.
- the respective graphene film 10 is arranged relative to the respective waveguide 3 in such a way that it is at least partially exposed to the evanescent field of electromagnetic radiation that is or can be guided with the respective waveguide 3 .
- contact elements 11 are then also produced for the respective graphene film 10 (step S8), via which a connection to connection elements, specifically VIAs (Vertical Interconnect Access) 12, is achieved, which extend through the planarization layer 7, the Si0 2 layer 1 and portions of the wafer 4 extend.
- connection elements specifically VIAs (Vertical Interconnect Access) 12
- the contact items te 11 can also be seen in the plan view from FIG.
- the contact elements 11 are produced by depositing at least one metal over the entire surface and then structuring by means of lithography and RIE.
- metals for the contact elements 11 include nickel and / or titanium and / or aluminum and / or copper and / or chromium and / or palladium and / or platinum and / or gold and / or silver.
- contact elements 11 for a large number of graphene films 10 can be produced. It should be noted that it is in principle also possible for the contact elements 11 to be produced first, possibly only partially, for example at least a first layer or first layers of such, and then the respective graphene film 10 to be provided.
- An electrical connection between the graphene film 10 and integrated electronic components 13 of the wafer 4 can be implemented via the contact elements 11 and the VIAs 12.
- the VIAs 12 are only shown in FIG. 12, in which the wafer with the integrated electronic components 13 can also be identified.
- the components 13, which preferably comprise transistors and / or capacitors and / or resistors, are only indicated in a simplified manner in the purely schematic figure 12 by a line with hatching provided with the reference numeral 13.
- the components 13 are located in a well known manner in a front-end-of-line (FEOL for short) 14 of the wafer 4. Above is the back-end-of-line (BEOL for short) 15, in which or via which the integrated electronic components 13 are interconnected by means of various Metallebe NEN.
- the integrated electronic components 13 in the FEOL 14 and the associated interconnection including the VIAs 12 in the BEOL 15 form the integrated circuits of the wafer 4.
- the integrated circuits extend in a semiconductor, in this case silicon, substrate 16 of the wafer 4. It should be noted that the VIAs 7 or sections extending through the wafer 4 and the Si0 2 layer 1 located thereon were already present in the wafer 4 and the Si0 2 layer 1 when they were provided in the first step.
- the VIAs 12 or sections of such that extend through the planarization layer 7 are or were expediently produced together with the planarization layer 7.
- the production can be done in any manner known from the prior art.
- areas in which they should extend can be defined preferably by lithography and dry-etched by means of RIE.
- RIE reactive ion etching
- an electro-optical device 6 which is distinguished by a plasmonic coupling or which realizes such a device.
- the plasmonic structure 17 can then be one or more pairs of adjacent comprise mutually arranged plasmonic elements 18 made of or with the plasmonically active material.
- the plasmonic elements can be distinguished by a section which tapers in the direction of the respective other plasmonic element, as can be seen - purely by way of example - in FIG.
- a passivation layer 19 can also be provided above the electro-optical device (s). This can be used to protect the arrangement or circuit from environmental influences, especially water. It should be noted that the passivation 19 is not shown in the plan view according to FIG. 13, but only the device underneath.
- two active elements 10 or an active element 10 and an electrode can also be provided on the respective waveguide 3.
- the first variant is shown by way of example in the purely schematic FIG.
- steps S1 to S7 can be identical for a modulator, in which case the active element provided in step S7, preferably likewise a graphene film 10, represents the lower film 10 in FIG.
- step S8 only one contact element 11 for the lower graphene film 10 is then produced.
- a dielectric layer 18 is produced on the lower graphene film 10, which preferably comprises or consists of at least one oxide and / or nitride, particularly preferably aluminum oxide and / or silicon nitride and / or hafnium oxide.
- a dielectric layer 18 is produced from aluminum oxide. This can - in analogy to planarization layer 7 - take place by deposition, for example by means of one of the deposition methods mentioned for this. It may be that the dielectric layer 18 is produced flat over the entire wafer 4.
- the (respective) further graphene film 10 on the dielectric layer above the (respective) waveguide 3 are provided.
- the further graphene film 10 is arranged offset to the first, lower graph 10 in such a way that the lower graphene film 10 and the further, upper graphene film 10 lie on top of one another in sections, in other words overlap in sections.
- the overlap area is located above the waveguide 3 and is similar in width to this.
- the second graphene film 10 can have the same extension as the first.
- All steps S1 to S10 are shown purely schematically in FIG. This shows both the steps for obtaining a photodetector (ending with step S8) and the steps for obtaining a modulator (all steps S1 to S10).
- the contact element 11 can be produced for the further, upper graph film 10, preferably in the same way as that for the lower film 10.
- the wafer 4 with the electro-optical devices 6 produced thereon is an exemplary embodiment of a semiconductor device according to the invention.
- FIG. 14 shows - purely schematically and by way of example - an arrangement corresponding to FIG. 6 with a rib waveguide 3.
- the wafer 4, on which a plurality of electro-optical devices 6 have been produced in the manner described above, is then diced.
- a plurality of chips with integrated circuits can be obtained, each of which comprises at least one, preferably several electro-optical devices, in particular photodetectors 6 and / or modulator 6, which have been manufactured in the manner according to the invention.
- a chip with electro-optical devices obtained by dicing the semiconductor device with the wafer 4 and the electro-optical devices 6 is an exemplary embodiment of a semiconductor device according to the invention.
- all of the partial sectional views show only a comparatively very small section, specifically a section that shows only a small part of a chip area 4 or a chip obtained after dicing. All partial sections thus represent sections both through an exemplary embodiment of a semiconductor device according to the invention and through an exemplary embodiment of a semiconductor device according to the invention. It should also be noted that a plurality of electro-optical devices 6 can be provided over a single chip area 4 or chip, for example several tens, several hundred or even several thousand, depending on the application.
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Nonlinear Science (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Optical Integrated Circuits (AREA)
- Optical Modulation, Optical Deflection, Nonlinear Optics, Optical Demodulation, Optical Logic Elements (AREA)
- Light Receiving Elements (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102020102533.5A DE102020102533A1 (de) | 2020-01-31 | 2020-01-31 | Verfahren zur Herstellung einer elektro-optischen Einrichtung, elektro-optische Einrichtung, Halbleitereinrichtung und Halbleitervorrichtung |
PCT/EP2020/086611 WO2021151584A1 (de) | 2020-01-31 | 2020-12-17 | Verfahren zur herstellung einer elektro-optischen einrichtung und elektro-optische einrichtung |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP4097765A1 true EP4097765A1 (de) | 2022-12-07 |
Family
ID=74181106
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP20839263.9A Pending EP4097765A1 (de) | 2020-01-31 | 2020-12-17 | Verfahren zur herstellung einer elektro-optischen einrichtung und elektro-optische einrichtung |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20230117534A1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP4097765A1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP2023512092A (de) |
KR (1) | KR20220133876A (de) |
CN (1) | CN115023817A (de) |
CA (1) | CA3168436A1 (de) |
DE (1) | DE102020102533A1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2021151584A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN114830332B (zh) * | 2019-10-18 | 2025-03-28 | 光量子计算公司 | 在衬底上制造并包含在衬底上外延生长的铁电层的电光装置 |
DE202020104362U1 (de) | 2020-07-28 | 2021-10-29 | Gesellschaft für angewandte Mikro- und Optoelektronik mit beschränkter Haftung - AMO GmbH | Elektro-optische Einrichtung, Halbleitereinrichtung und Halbleitervorrichtung, elektro-optische Anordnung und Verwendung |
CN113865702B (zh) * | 2021-09-02 | 2024-04-30 | 暨南大学 | 一种具有起偏功能的光纤集成光电探测器 |
Family Cites Families (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2684942B2 (ja) * | 1992-11-30 | 1997-12-03 | 日本電気株式会社 | 化学気相成長法と化学気相成長装置および多層配線の製造方法 |
US5372673A (en) * | 1993-01-25 | 1994-12-13 | Motorola, Inc. | Method for processing a layer of material while using insitu monitoring and control |
US5503882A (en) | 1994-04-18 | 1996-04-02 | Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. | Method for planarizing an integrated circuit topography |
US5533151A (en) * | 1995-04-28 | 1996-07-02 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Active cladding optical modulator using an electro-optic polymer on an inorganic waveguide |
JPH10335331A (ja) * | 1997-05-29 | 1998-12-18 | Sony Corp | 半導体装置の製造方法 |
US6768828B2 (en) * | 2002-11-04 | 2004-07-27 | Little Optics Inc. | Integrated optical circuit with dense planarized cladding layer |
US9989703B2 (en) * | 2012-11-30 | 2018-06-05 | International Business Machines Corporation | Semiconductor structure and method for manufacturing a semiconductor structure |
WO2014089454A2 (en) * | 2012-12-07 | 2014-06-12 | The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York | Systems and methods for graphene photodetectors |
JP6267449B2 (ja) * | 2013-03-15 | 2018-01-24 | 東京エレクトロン株式会社 | 有機デバイスの製造方法及び有機デバイスの製造装置 |
EP3215890B1 (de) * | 2014-11-07 | 2021-01-06 | Cornell University | Elektrooptischer modulator mit resonatorgekoppeltem wellenleiter |
JP2017011209A (ja) | 2015-06-25 | 2017-01-12 | 株式会社東芝 | グラフェン受光素子、およびグラフェン光変調器 |
CN106990563B (zh) | 2017-06-02 | 2019-07-05 | 电子科技大学 | 基于石墨烯微带线行波电极的环形谐振腔光调制器 |
-
2020
- 2020-01-31 DE DE102020102533.5A patent/DE102020102533A1/de active Pending
- 2020-12-17 KR KR1020227024504A patent/KR20220133876A/ko not_active Ceased
- 2020-12-17 US US17/796,357 patent/US20230117534A1/en active Pending
- 2020-12-17 WO PCT/EP2020/086611 patent/WO2021151584A1/de not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2020-12-17 EP EP20839263.9A patent/EP4097765A1/de active Pending
- 2020-12-17 CA CA3168436A patent/CA3168436A1/en active Pending
- 2020-12-17 JP JP2022546653A patent/JP2023512092A/ja active Pending
- 2020-12-17 CN CN202080094961.7A patent/CN115023817A/zh active Pending
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20230117534A1 (en) | 2023-04-20 |
DE102020102533A1 (de) | 2021-08-05 |
WO2021151584A1 (de) | 2021-08-05 |
CN115023817A (zh) | 2022-09-06 |
CA3168436A1 (en) | 2021-08-05 |
KR20220133876A (ko) | 2022-10-05 |
JP2023512092A (ja) | 2023-03-23 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
EP4097765A1 (de) | Verfahren zur herstellung einer elektro-optischen einrichtung und elektro-optische einrichtung | |
EP4118486A1 (de) | Photodetektor, modulator, halbleitereinrichtung und halbleitervorrichtung | |
DE2723414C2 (de) | Optisches Halbleiter-Wellenleiterbauelement | |
EP4097520A1 (de) | Halbleitervorrichtung und halbleitereinrichtung sowie verfahren zur herstellung solcher | |
DE60116381T2 (de) | Elektro-optische struktur und verfahren zu ihrer herstellung | |
DE69434745T2 (de) | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Aggregats von Mikro-Nadeln aus Halbleitermaterial und Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Halbleiterbauelements mit einem solchen Aggregat | |
DE3300131C2 (de) | Integriertes optisches Bauelement und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung | |
EP0524219B1 (de) | Halbleiterelement mit einer silizium-schicht | |
WO2008037506A1 (de) | Selbstorganisierte nadelartige nano-strukturen in ihren anwendungen | |
DE69212427T2 (de) | Integrierter elektro-optischer Modulator und dessen Herstellungsverfahren | |
DE4234471C1 (de) | Vorrichtung zur Absorption infraroter Strahlung | |
DE102021106176A1 (de) | In-situ-kappe für germanium-fotodetektor | |
DE4432031A1 (de) | Detektor mit Quantensenke und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung | |
EP3149778B1 (de) | Plasmonisches bauteil und plasmonischer photodetektor sowie deren herstellungsverfahren | |
EP4214763A1 (de) | Optoelektronisches halbleiterbauelement und verfahren zur herstellung | |
EP4189449A1 (de) | Elektro-optische einrichtung, halbleitereinrichtung und halbleitervorrichtung, elektro-optische anordnung und verwendung | |
DE112022002328T5 (de) | Elektrooptischer Modulator und Verfahren zu dessen Bildung | |
DE60210587T2 (de) | Herstellungsverfahren für optische vorrichtungen und verbesserungen | |
DE102013100025B4 (de) | Halbleiterbauelement mit darin integriertem Kondensator und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung | |
DE112022002427T5 (de) | Fotodetektor und Verfahren zum Bilden davon | |
EP0685117A1 (de) | Verfahren und anordnung zur plasma-erzeugung. | |
DE2612551A1 (de) | Verfahren zur herstellung eines mittels licht steuerbaren halbleiter- gleichrichters |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: UNKNOWN |
|
STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: THE INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATION HAS BEEN MADE |
|
PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: REQUEST FOR EXAMINATION WAS MADE |
|
17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 20220725 |
|
AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR |
|
DAV | Request for validation of the european patent (deleted) | ||
DAX | Request for extension of the european patent (deleted) | ||
RAP1 | Party data changed (applicant data changed or rights of an application transferred) |
Owner name: BLACK SEMICONDUCTOR GMBH |
|
RAP3 | Party data changed (applicant data changed or rights of an application transferred) |
Owner name: BLACK SEMICONDUCTOR GMBH |