EP3984072A1 - Procédé de détermination d'un paramètre de fabrication d'une cellule de mémoire vive résistive - Google Patents
Procédé de détermination d'un paramètre de fabrication d'une cellule de mémoire vive résistiveInfo
- Publication number
- EP3984072A1 EP3984072A1 EP20731866.8A EP20731866A EP3984072A1 EP 3984072 A1 EP3984072 A1 EP 3984072A1 EP 20731866 A EP20731866 A EP 20731866A EP 3984072 A1 EP3984072 A1 EP 3984072A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- resistance
- value
- memory cell
- parameter
- programming
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 230000015654 memory Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 133
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 60
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 60
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 50
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 38
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 38
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 38
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- NRTOMJZYCJJWKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium nitride Chemical compound [Ti]#N NRTOMJZYCJJWKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910021426 porous silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 12
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 10
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 10
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 7
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000003989 dielectric material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 4
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 101000582320 Homo sapiens Neurogenic differentiation factor 6 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102100030589 Neurogenic differentiation factor 6 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 229910021417 amorphous silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000013401 experimental design Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000013213 extrapolation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000314 transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229940123973 Oxygen scavenger Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910004448 Ta2C Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005546 reactive sputtering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910021332 silicide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FVBUAEGBCNSCDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicide(4-) Chemical compound [Si-4] FVBUAEGBCNSCDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MZLGASXMSKOWSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum nitride Chemical compound [Ta]#N MZLGASXMSKOWSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001771 vacuum deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11C—STATIC STORES
- G11C13/00—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00
- G11C13/0002—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00 using resistive RAM [RRAM] elements
- G11C13/0021—Auxiliary circuits
- G11C13/0069—Writing or programming circuits or methods
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N70/00—Solid-state devices having no potential barriers, and specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching
- H10N70/011—Manufacture or treatment of multistable switching devices
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N70/00—Solid-state devices having no potential barriers, and specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching
- H10N70/011—Manufacture or treatment of multistable switching devices
- H10N70/021—Formation of switching materials, e.g. deposition of layers
- H10N70/026—Formation of switching materials, e.g. deposition of layers by physical vapor deposition, e.g. sputtering
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N70/00—Solid-state devices having no potential barriers, and specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching
- H10N70/801—Constructional details of multistable switching devices
- H10N70/841—Electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N70/00—Solid-state devices having no potential barriers, and specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching
- H10N70/801—Constructional details of multistable switching devices
- H10N70/881—Switching materials
- H10N70/883—Oxides or nitrides
Definitions
- TITLE PROCESS FOR DETERMINING A MANUFACTURING PARAMETER OF A RESISTIVE RAM CELL
- the present invention relates to the field of resistive random access memories RRAM (for "Resistive Random Access Memories” in English).
- the invention relates to a method for determining a value of one or more manufacturing parameters of a resistive memory cell, in order to improve the programming window of the resistive memory cell.
- the invention also relates to a method of manufacturing a resistive memory cell having a high programming window.
- Resistive memories in particular resistive oxide memories (OxRAM, for “Oxide-based Random Access Memories”)
- OxRAM resistive oxide memories
- BEOL end of line process
- OxRAM resistive memories include a multitude of memory cells, also called memory points.
- Each OxRAM memory cell consists of an MlM (Metal-lsolant-Metal) capacitor comprising an active material of variable electrical resistance, in general a transition metal oxide (eg Hf02, Ta205, Ti02 ...), arranged between two metal electrodes.
- MlM Metal-lsolant-Metal
- the memory cell reversibly switches between two resistance states, which correspond to logical values "0" and "1" used to encode an information bit. In some cases, more than two resistance states can be generated, allowing multiple bits of information to be stored in a single memory cell.
- the information is written in the memory cell by switching it from a highly resistive state (or “H RS”, for “High Resistance State” in English), called also “OFF” state, in a weakly resistive state (“LRS”, for “Low Resistance State”), or “ON” state. Conversely, to erase the information from the memory cell, the latter is switched from the weakly resistive state (“OFF”) to the strongly resistive state (“ON”).
- H RS highly resistive state
- LRS weakly resistive state
- ON weakly resistive state
- the change in resistance of the memory cell is governed by the formation and breakage of a conductive filament of nanometric section between the two electrodes.
- the resistive memory cell is in a virgin state characterized by a very high (so-called initial) resistance, much greater than the resistance of the cell when it is in the highly resistive state.
- the oxide layer is indeed insulating in its initial state.
- This step consists of a partially reversible breakdown of the oxide in order to generate the conductive filament for the first time (and therefore place the memory cell in the low resistive state). After this breakdown, the initially insulating oxide layer becomes active and the cell can switch between the low resistive state and the high resistive state by erase and write operations.
- the forming step is accomplished by applying between the two electrodes of the memory cell a voltage (called “forming”) of value much higher than the nominal operating voltage of the memory cell (used during the cycles of write-erase following), for example a voltage of the order of 2.5 V for a nominal voltage of the order of 1.5 V.
- forming a voltage of value much higher than the nominal operating voltage of the memory cell (used during the cycles of write-erase following)
- a voltage of the order of 2.5 V for a nominal voltage of the order of 1.5 V.
- the forming voltage can be increased by increasing the thickness of the oxide layer or by decreasing the thickness of the electrodes.
- a drawback of OxRAM resistive memories is the great variability of the electrical resistance of a memory cell in the highly resistive state. This variability is observed not only over the course of the write-erase cycles on the same cell, but also from cell to cell.
- This problem of variability of electrical resistance is a real brake on industrialization, because it induces a reduction in the programming window, defined as the ratio between the resistance in the highly resistive state and the resistance in the weakly resistive state. There is consequently a risk of losing the information stored in the memory cell. This concern remains despite numerous efforts made in the fields of programming OxRAM resistive memories. Indeed, the shape, the duration and the maximum amplitude of the programming pulses can be chosen in order to maximize the programming window over the highest possible number of write-erase cycles.
- the object of the invention is to provide an additional means of optimizing the programming window of a resistive memory cell, for example of a cell based on silicon oxide.
- the determination method according to the first aspect of the invention makes it possible to demonstrate the relationship which exists between the initial resistance of the memory cell and the resistance of the memory cell in the highly resistive state or the programming window. . Knowing this relationship and the dependence between initial strength and manufacturing parameter (s), it is possible to determine at least one optimum value of one or more manufacturing parameters of the memory cell.
- the programming window of a resistive memory cell can therefore now be optimized by adjusting one or more manufacturing parameters of the memory cell, in addition to the programming conditions or the choice of materials.
- the manufacturing parameters are therefore no longer adjusted as a function of a target value of the forming voltage, but as a function of a target value of the resistance in the highly resistive state or (directly) a target value of the programming window.
- the determination method comprises the following steps:
- the programming parameter is the resistance in the highly resistive state and the step of determining the values of the programming parameter comprises the following operations:
- the resistance in the highly resistive state is preferably a second degree polynomial function of the logarithm of the initial resistance.
- the programming parameter is the programming window and the step of determining the values of the programming parameter comprises the following operations:
- the stack of thin films includes a first electrode disposed on a substrate, an oxide layer disposed on the first electrode and a second electrode disposed on the oxide layer.
- said at least one manufacturing parameter is chosen from the thickness of the second electrode, the thickness of the oxide layer and the proportion of oxygen in the oxide layer.
- a second aspect of the invention relates to a method of manufacturing a resistive memory cell. This manufacturing process includes the following steps:
- the oxide layer is preferably formed from a substoichiometric silicon oxide (SiOx) or from a porous silicon oxide.
- SiOx substoichiometric silicon oxide
- x the stoichiometric coefficient (x) of oxygen (ie the proportion of oxygen) is strictly less than 2.
- the first electrode is for example made of titanium nitride and the second electrode is for example made of titanium.
- the invention also aims to manufacture a resistive memory cell of OxRAM type having a high programming window, the memory cell comprising a layer of silicon oxide.
- the resistive memory cell determines values of manufacturing parameters allowing the resistive memory cell to have an initial resistance of between 10 7 W and 3 ⁇ 10 9 W, preferably between 3 ⁇ 10 7 W and 10 9 W;
- the manufacturing process according to the third aspect of the invention may also have one or more of the characteristics below, considered individually or in any technically possible combination:
- the manufacturing parameters are the thickness of the second electrode, the thickness of the oxide layer and the proportion of oxygen in the oxide layer;
- the silicon oxide is porous and the proportion of oxygen in the silicon oxide layer is between 1, 6 and 2, preferably between 1, 8 and 1, 9;
- the silicon oxide is porous and the thickness of the silicon oxide layer is between 4 nm and 7 nm;
- the silicon oxide is porous and the thickness of the second electrode is between 3 nm and 7 nm;
- the silicon oxide is non-porous and the proportion of oxygen in the silicon oxide layer is between 1 and 1, 6, preferably between 1, 2 and 1, 4; the silicon oxide is non-porous and the thickness of the silicon oxide layer is between 3 nm and 4 nm;
- the silicon oxide is non-porous and the thickness of the second electrode is between 4 nm and 6 nm;
- the silicon oxide layer is formed by sputtering; the first and second electrodes are formed by sputtering; and
- the first electrode is titanium nitride and the second electrode is titanium.
- FIG. 1 diagrammatically represents a first embodiment of a method for determining a manufacturing parameter value of a resistive memory cell
- FIG. 2 illustrates different deposition regimes during the sputtering of a source of silicon in the presence of oxygen
- FIG. 3 shows, for a plurality of TiN / SiOx / Ti reference memory cells, the resistance in the highly resistive state as a function of the initial resistance
- Figure 4 shows, for the same reference memory cells, the resistance in the highly resistive state as a function of the forming voltage.
- Figure 1 shows steps S1 to S7 of a method for determining a value of at least one manufacturing parameter of a resistive memory cell, according to a first mode of implementation of the 'invention.
- the memory cell programming window reaches a maximum value or a value close to the maximum value.
- the resistive memory cell whose programming window is sought to be improved comprises a stack of thin layers ( ⁇ 100 nm thick each).
- this stack is formed on a substrate, for example made of silicon, and comprises:
- first electrode 11 disposed on the substrate and called hereinafter "lower electrode";
- a layer of variable electrical resistance material 12 also called “resistive material”, arranged on the first electrode 1 1; and a second electrode 13 disposed on the layer of resistive material and referred to hereinafter as “upper electrode”.
- the resistive memory cell is preferably an oxide-based random access memory cell, commonly known as "OxRAM” (for "Oxide-based Random Access Memory” in English).
- the resistive material is then an oxide, for example a transition metal oxide (eg HfC> 2, Ta20s, PO2, etc.) or a silicon oxide.
- the electrodes can be formed from doped silicon, a silicide, a metal (eg titanium, tantalum, tungsten, etc.) or a material of a metallic nature, such as titanium nitride (TiN) or tantalum nitride (TaN).
- the first step S1 of the method consists in providing a number n of reference memory cells 10, where n is a natural number greater than or equal to 2, preferably greater than or equal to 20. Plus the number n of memory cells of Reference 10 is important, the more precise the determination method will be. In order not to unnecessarily burden FIG. 1, only three reference memory cells 10 have been shown.
- the reference memory cells 10 and the resistive memory cell to be manufactured comprise the same type of stack of thin layers. The stacks are said to be of the same type when the number of active layers is identical and the materials used are of the same type.
- the stack of reference memory cells 10 (and of the resistive memory cell to be manufactured) comprises a lower electrode 11 of titanium nitride, a layer of resistive material 12 of silicon oxide (SiOx) and an upper electrode 13 of titanium (stack of TiN / SiOx / Ti type).
- the reference memory cells 10 differ in the values of their manufacturing parameters. Among these manufacturing parameters, there may be mentioned by way of example the thickness tox of the oxide layer 12, the thickness ÎTE of the upper electrode 13 and the stoichiometric coefficient x of the oxide layer 12 (corresponding to in a proportion of oxygen relative to the other elements forming the resistive material).
- the reference memory cells 10 can have different values of the same manufacturing parameter (for example the thickness ÎTE of the upper electrode) or different values of several manufacturing parameters.
- Each reference memory cell 10 is manufactured according to a set of manufacturing parameters and at least one manufacturing parameter of each set differs from the other sets of parameters. In this sense, the reference memory cells 10 represent technological variants of the same stack of thin layers.
- the manufacturing parameters which vary between the n reference memory cells 10 are preferably the tox thickness of the SiOx layer 12, the ÎTE thickness of the upper titanium electrode 13 and the proportion of oxygen x of the SiOx (the thickness of the lower electrode has no influence on the initial resistance, its thickness is for example of the order of 40 nm) .
- the tox thickness of the SiOx layer 12 varies between 1 nm and 20 nm
- the ÎTE thickness of the upper titanium electrode 13 varies between 1 nm and 20 nm
- the proportion of oxygen x of the SiOx varies between 1 and 2.
- the silicon dioxide is preferably porous, while the substoichiometric silicon oxide can be porous or non-porous (i.e. devoid of pores).
- the thickness of the layer of "high-k” dielectric material can vary between 1 nm and 20 nm and the thickness of the upper electrode (oxygen scavenger layer) can vary between 1 nm and 20 nm.
- the initial resistance Ri of each reference memory cell 10 is then measured during a step S2.
- the initial resistance is the electrical resistance obtained after manufacturing the memory cell, before the conductive filament is formed for the first time (in other words, before the "forming" step).
- the reference memory cells 10 are then programmed in the highly resistive state ("HRS") during a step S3.
- a first so-called “forming” voltage (for example of the order of 3 V) is applied between the electrodes of the memory cells 10 to activate the resistive material and place the memory cells 10 in the weakly resistive state (“LRS”).
- a second so-called erase voltage of lower absolute value than the first voltage is applied to switch the reference memory cells 10 from the weakly resistive state to the strongly resistive state (the erase voltage is generally negative , for example between -1 V and -2 V).
- the resistance in the highly resistive state RHRS is measured for each reference memory cell 10 during a step S4.
- step S5 an RHRS relationship (RÎ) between the resistance in the highly resistive state RHRS and the initial resistance Ri is established from the resistance values Ri and the resistance values RHRS measured respectively during the steps S2 and S4.
- the resistance values RHRS and Ri of the memory cells of reference 10 can be plotted on a graph.
- Each point of the graph corresponds to a reference memory cell 10 and therefore to a technological variant of the stack (ie a combination of technological parameters).
- the relation RHRS (RÎ) can therefore take the form of a curve or of an equation.
- the relation between the resistance in the strongly resistive state RHRS and the initial resistance Ri is preferably written in the form of a second degree polynomial, with as variable the logarithm of the initial resistance Ri.
- Step S6 consists in determining, using the relationship RHRS (RÎ), at least one value Ri_ op t of the initial resistance Ri for which the resistance in the highly resistive state RHRS is greater than or equal to a predetermined RHRSJ Q target value.
- This RHRSJ Q target value can be set according to a programming window target value (preferably the maximum) or can be equal to a percentage of the maximum of the resistance in the high resistive state RHRS (e.g. 90% maximum resistance RHRS).
- the maximum of the resistance RHRS can be deduced from the relation RHRS (RII) established in step S5.
- the resistance in the weakly resistive state RLRS of the reference memory cells 10 is assumed to be constant (and therefore independent of the technological parameters).
- the RLRS resistance of the OXRAM cells programmed in the low resistive state is controlled by the programming current in the low resistive state.
- the resistor RLRS is equal to approximately 10 4 W when the programming current is approximately equal to 100 mA.
- a maximum of the resistance in the highly resistive state RHRS then corresponds to a maximum of the programming window.
- a value, several distinct values or a (continuous) range of values of the initial resistance Ri can thus be obtained at the end of step S6, depending on the target value chosen or the resistance values RHRS taken into consideration (greater than the target value RHRsjg and / or equal to the target value RHRsjg). All these values can be qualified as “optimal” or “optimized” insofar as they make it possible to approach or even reach a maximum of the programming window.
- step S7 at least one optimum value tTE_opt / tox_opt / Xopt of one or more manufacturing parameters is determined from the optimum value Ri_ 0p t (or optimum values) of initial resistance.
- These manufacturing parameters are not necessarily the same as those which differentiate the reference memory cells 10. They are preferably chosen from the thickness tox of the oxide layer 12, the thickness ÎTE of the upper electrode 13 and the proportion of oxygen x in the oxide layer 12.
- the values of all the manufacturing parameters having an influence on the initial resistance Ri are determined from the optimum value Ri_ 0p t of initial resistance.
- values of only part of these manufacturing parameters are determined from the optimum value Ri_ 0p t of initial resistance.
- the values of the other manufacturing parameters can be determined in another way. They can in particular be imposed by integration constraints.
- the optimum value of a manufacturing parameter can be determined from an optimum value Ri_ o t of initial resistance knowing the dependence of this parameter on the initial resistance Ri.
- the initial resistance Ri of a resistive memory cell increases with the thickness tox of the oxide layer 12 and with the proportion of oxygen x.
- it decreases when the thickness ÎTE of the upper electrode 13 increases (up to a certain threshold).
- An experimental design can be implemented in order to establish relationships of dependence between the initial strength Ri and the various manufacturing parameters.
- This experimental design can in particular consist in varying the three aforementioned manufacturing parameters (thickness tox of the oxide layer 12, thickness ÎTE of the upper electrode 13 and proportion of oxygen x in the oxide layer 12), preferably by crossing all the parameter values, and measuring the initial resistance corresponding to each set of values.
- Math 1 equation above expresses the variation of the initial resistance Ri as a function of the stoichiometric coefficient x of oxygen and where the thicknesses tox of the oxide layer 12 and ÎTE of the upper electrode 13 were set at 5 nm.
- the Math 2 equation above expresses the variation of the initial resistance Ri as a function of the thickness tox of the oxide layer 12 and where the stoichiometric coefficient x of the oxygen has been set at 1 , 8 and the thickness ÎTE of the upper electrode 13 was set at 5 nm.
- the Math equation 3 above expresses the variation of the initial resistance Ri as a function of the thickness ÎTE of the upper electrode 13 and where the tox thickness of the oxide layer 12 has been fixed. at 5 nm and where the stoichiometric x coefficient of oxygen has been set at 1.9.
- the resistance in the low resistive state RLRS of the reference memory cells 10 varies.
- the method then comprises, in addition to the steps S1 -S4 described above, a step of programming the reference memory cells 10 in the weakly resistive state, a step of measuring the resistance RLRS of the reference memory cells 1 0 in the weakly resistive state and a step of calculating the programming windows of the reference memory cells 1 0 from the measured values of the resistors RLRS and RHRS.
- the resistance RLRS of the reference memory cells 10 in the weakly resistive state is advantageously measured before the step S3 of programming the reference memory cells 10 in the strongly resistive state, after the forming step (which therefore constitutes l (step of programming the reference memory cells 10 in the weakly resistive state).
- step S5 a relationship between the programming window and the initial resistance is determined in step S5.
- a target value of the programming window is then considered in step S6 (instead of a target value of the resistance in the high resistive state RHRS).
- the resistive memory cell whose programming window is sought to be optimized as well as the reference memory cells 10 provided for this purpose comprise the stack of thin TiN / SiOx / Ti films described above.
- the silicon oxide is in this example porous and was obtained by reactive sputtering in a vacuum deposition chamber.
- the deposition chamber is equipped with a silicon target and has two gas inlets, one for oxygen (O2), the other for an inert gas such as argon.
- the sputtering reactor includes a direct voltage (DC) generator and a magnetron. The bias of the source supplied by the DC generator is advantageously pulsed.
- the parameters having an influence on the proportion of oxygen x of the SiOx are the power applied by the DC generator, the working pressure, the flows of the neutral gas and of the oxygen, the frequency, the TON / TREV ratio of the duration of the deposition phases (generator "ON” state) over the duration of the electrostatic discharge phases (generator “OFF” state) and the duty cycle of the DC generator pulses (equal to TON / (TREV + TON)).
- FIG 2 shows the effect of the bias voltage applied to a silicon target (by the DC generator) as a function of the flow of oxygen entering the deposition chamber (expressed in sccm, the abbreviation of "Standard Cubic Centimeter per Minute” in English, or the number of cm 3 of gas flowing through minute under standard pressure and temperature conditions, ie at a temperature of 0 ° C and a pressure of 1013.25 hPa) on the state of the silicon target.
- sccm the abbreviation of "Standard Cubic Centimeter per Minute” in English, or the number of cm 3 of gas flowing through minute under standard pressure and temperature conditions, ie at a temperature of 0 ° C and a pressure of 1013.25 hPa
- the relationship between the target bias voltage and the oxygen flow rate forms a hysteresis which fixes the state of the silicon target: amorphous silicon (a-Si) for low oxygen flow rates ( ⁇ 7 sccm), substoichiometric silicon oxide (SiOx, with x between 1 and 2 excluded) for intermediate oxygen flow rates (7-18 sccm) and silicon dioxide (S1O2) for high oxygen flow rates (> 18 sccm) .
- a-Si amorphous silicon
- SiOx substoichiometric silicon oxide
- SiOx silicon dioxide
- the stoichiometry of the deposited silicon oxide can thus be controlled by virtue of the flow of oxygen entering the deposition chamber.
- Eight reference memory cells were manufactured according to different values of manufacturing parameters listed in Table 1 below.
- the x-stoichiometry of SiOx is controlled via the flow of oxygen injected into the chamber.
- the other deposition parameters are identical between the 8 reference memory cells (temperature in the chamber: 25 ° C; DC generator power: 1 kW, main argon flow rate: 50 sccm; argon flow rate on the rear face of the substrate : 15 sccm; pressure in the chamber: 1 to 3 mTorr depending on the oxygen flow rate; cryogenic pump valve in intermediate position).
- Table 1 also gives for these 8 reference memory cells the measured values of the initial resistance Ri and of the resistance in the strongly resistive RHRS.
- the resistance in the low resistive state RLRS is assumed to be constant and equal to 10 4 W.
- the relationship between the oxygen flow rate values DO2 (between 4 sccm and 7 sccm) and the values of the proportion of oxygen x is the next :
- FIG. 3 is a graph on which the measured values of resistance Ri and RHRS of the 8 reference memory cells have been plotted. These points were then extrapolated using a C curve.
- the equation for C curve (obtained experimentally) is as follows:
- Curve C in the form of a bell or parabola, shows that there is a maximum of the resistance in the highly resistive state RHRS - and therefore a maximum of the programming window - for an initial resistance Ri of approximately 1 0 8 W.
- An explanation for this bell-shaped dependence could be as follows: at low initial resistance Ri, it is not possible to achieve a high RHRS resistance value due to an intrinsic limitation of the resistance. of the memory cell. At a high initial resistance Ri, a high forming voltage is necessary to be able to use the memory cell and this high voltage generates a large quantity of defects in the SiOx layer. As the faults are still present when the memory cell is erased (return to the highly resistive state caused by dissolution of the conductive filament), the resistance of the highly resistive state is reduced.
- the resistive memory cell TiN / SiOx / Ti
- the tox_opt thickness of the oxide layer 12 can be set at a value between 4 nm and 7 nm.
- the thickness tTE_ 0pt of the upper electrode 13 can be fixed at a value between 3 nm and 7 nm.
- the oxygen concentration x 0pt can be set at a value between 1, 6 and 2 ( i.e. an oxygen flow rate between 5 sccm and 8 sccm), preferably between 1, 8 and 1, 9.
- FIG 4 shows the resistance values in the highly resistive state RHRS of the 8 previous reference memory cells, associated with the values of the forming voltage Vf which were applied to these cells.
- This figure shows by way of comparison that, when the manufacturing parameters are adjusted in order to achieve a forming voltage less than or equal to 2 V (typical value to be compatible with the memory supply circuit), a programming window is obtained which is approximately ten times smaller than the maximum programming window (reached for a forming voltage of approximately 3 V).
- the determination method according to the invention therefore allows a significant improvement in the programming window of resistive memory cells compared to current practice.
- the resistive memory cell TiN / SiOx / Ti
- the silicon oxide SiOx can also be non-porous and substoichiometric (x ⁇ 2).
- the tox_opt thickness of the oxide layer 12 can be set at a value between 3 nm and 4 nm.
- the thickness tTE_ 0 pt of the upper electrode 13 can be set at a value between 4 nm and 6 nm.
- the oxygen concentration x 0p t can be set at a value between 1 and 1, 6, preferably between 1, 2 and 1, 4.
- Another aspect of the invention relates to a method of manufacturing a resistive memory cell, and more particularly an OxRAM memory cell comprising a TiN / SiOx / Ti type stack.
- the manufacture of the resistive memory cell successively comprises a step of depositing the lower electrode 1 1 on a substrate (for example made of silicon), a step of depositing the oxide layer 12 on the lower electrode 1 1 and a step of depositing the upper electrode 13 on the oxide layer 12.
- a substrate for example made of silicon
- the resistive memory cell will have a high programming window.
- the silicon oxide (whether porous or non-porous) of the TiN / SiOx / Ti stack can be obtained by sputtering a source of silicon in the presence of oxygen.
- the lower titanium nitride electrode and the upper titanium electrode can be formed by sputtering (reactive in the case of TiN).
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FR1906259A FR3097368B1 (fr) | 2019-06-12 | 2019-06-12 | Procédé de détermination d’un paramètre de fabrication d’une cellule de mémoire vive résistive |
PCT/EP2020/066240 WO2020249697A1 (fr) | 2019-06-12 | 2020-06-11 | Procédé de détermination d'un paramètre de fabrication d'une cellule de mémoire vive résistive |
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EP3984072A1 true EP3984072A1 (fr) | 2022-04-20 |
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US (1) | US20220336017A1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP3984072A1 (fr) |
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WO2012042897A1 (fr) * | 2010-10-01 | 2012-04-05 | パナソニック株式会社 | Procédé de fabrication d'un élément de mémoire non volatile, et élément de mémoire non volatile |
US9000506B2 (en) * | 2010-11-19 | 2015-04-07 | Panasonic Intellectual Property Management Co., Ltd. | Variable resistance nonvolatile memory element and method for manufacturing the same |
WO2013032983A1 (fr) | 2011-08-26 | 2013-03-07 | William Marsh Rice University | Matrice mémoire adressable au siox comportant des diodes intégrées |
JP5340508B1 (ja) * | 2011-11-17 | 2013-11-13 | パナソニック株式会社 | 抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置及びその製造方法 |
US20160020388A1 (en) * | 2014-07-21 | 2016-01-21 | Intermolecular Inc. | Resistive switching by breaking and re-forming covalent bonds |
FR3061799B1 (fr) * | 2017-01-06 | 2020-06-19 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives | Procede de determination d'une fenetre memoire d'une memoire vive resistive |
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US20220336017A1 (en) | 2022-10-20 |
FR3097368B1 (fr) | 2021-06-25 |
WO2020249697A1 (fr) | 2020-12-17 |
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