EP3939114A1 - Batterie et procédé de régulation thermique d'une batterie embarquée sur un véhicule électrique - Google Patents
Batterie et procédé de régulation thermique d'une batterie embarquée sur un véhicule électriqueInfo
- Publication number
- EP3939114A1 EP3939114A1 EP20710244.3A EP20710244A EP3939114A1 EP 3939114 A1 EP3939114 A1 EP 3939114A1 EP 20710244 A EP20710244 A EP 20710244A EP 3939114 A1 EP3939114 A1 EP 3939114A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- battery
- thermoelectric
- cell
- temperature
- battery cell
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
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- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 title description 3
- 230000033228 biological regulation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 59
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- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 7
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N Selenium Chemical compound [Se] BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
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- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
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- 229910052714 tellurium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellurium atom Chemical compound [Te] PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- MZZUATUOLXMCEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt manganese Chemical compound [Mn].[Co] MZZUATUOLXMCEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000005676 thermoelectric effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 235000006679 Mentha X verticillata Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000002899 Mentha suaveolens Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000001636 Mentha x rotundifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 2
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- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000017525 heat dissipation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910000398 iron phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- WBJZTOZJJYAKHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron(3+) phosphate Chemical compound [Fe+3].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O WBJZTOZJJYAKHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- 229910001386 lithium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/65—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells
- H01M10/657—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells by electric or electromagnetic means
- H01M10/6572—Peltier elements or thermoelectric devices
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/61—Types of temperature control
- H01M10/613—Cooling or keeping cold
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/61—Types of temperature control
- H01M10/615—Heating or keeping warm
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/62—Heating or cooling; Temperature control specially adapted for specific applications
- H01M10/625—Vehicles
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/63—Control systems
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/63—Control systems
- H01M10/635—Control systems based on ambient temperature
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/65—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells
- H01M10/655—Solid structures for heat exchange or heat conduction
- H01M10/6554—Rods or plates
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/20—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders
- H01M50/204—Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells
- H01M50/207—Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells characterised by their shape
- H01M50/209—Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells characterised by their shape adapted for prismatic or rectangular cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
- H01M10/482—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte for several batteries or cells simultaneously or sequentially
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
- H01M10/486—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte for measuring temperature
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
- H01M2220/20—Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- TITLE Battery and thermal regulation process for a battery on board an electric vehicle
- the present invention relates to a device and a method for thermal regulation of a battery, in particular a battery for a vehicle, in particular for a public transport vehicle.
- the aim of the invention is therefore to propose a solution to all or part of these problems.
- the present invention relates to a battery configured to electrically supply at least one actuator or to receive electrical energy from at least one actuator on board an electrically autonomous vehicle, the battery comprising at least one battery cell, 'at least one battery cell being configured to store or release electrical energy, the battery also comprising a thermoelectric device electrically connected to the at least one battery cell, the thermoelectric device comprising:
- thermoelectric cell placed in contact with the thermally conductive part, the at least one thermoelectric cell being configured to producing a first positive or negative thermal power based on a first electrical current passing through the at least one thermoelectric cell, the first electrical current being supplied by the at least one battery cell
- thermoelectric cell placed in contact with the at least one thermoelectric cell and configured to dissipate a second thermal power generated by the at least one battery cell.
- At least a first sensor configured to measure a temperature of the at least one battery cell
- the at least one first sensor being coupled to the regulation module, the regulation module being configured to control the first electrical intensity as a function of a target temperature of the at least one battery cell, of such that a difference between the temperature measured by the at least one first sensor and the target temperature remains below a predetermined threshold.
- the temperature of the battery is maintained at a temperature close to the target temperature, without the use of caloric fluid prohibited by regulations, without risk of this fluid leaking.
- the thermal regulation device is less bulky, simpler and more robust than conventional devices based on the circulation of a caloric fluid.
- the invention comprises one or more of the following characteristics, alone or in any technically compatible combination.
- the target temperature is between 5 degrees and 35 degrees Celsius, when the ambient temperature outside the battery is between -25 degrees and +55 degrees Celsius.
- the at least one battery cell comprises Lithium and Titanate Oxide (LTO), or Nickel and Manganese Cobalt (NMC), or Lithium and Iron Phosphate (LFP), or Lithium and Sulfur (LiS).
- LTO Lithium and Titanate Oxide
- NMC Nickel and Manganese Cobalt
- LFP Lithium and Iron Phosphate
- LiS Lithium and Sulfur
- the at least one actuator comprises an electric motor.
- the thermoelectric cell is a Peltier cell, comprising a junction between an N junction and a P junction.
- the junction comprises Bismuth (Bi) associated with Antimony (Sb) for the N junction and Tellurium (Te) associated with Selenium (Se) for the P junction, in particular for operating temperatures possible of the junction between 200 ° Kelvin and 450 ° Kelvin.
- the junction also comprises compounds of Tellurium (Te), Silver (Ag), Germanium (Ge), Selenium (Se), Lead (Pb), Tin (Sn) and of Silicon (Si) to improve the performance of the thermoelectric effect by doping.
- the regulation module comprises a switch configured to reverse the intensity passing through the at least one thermoelectric cell so as to respectively control a production of heat or of cold at the level of the thermoelectric cell.
- the second thermally conductive part comprises a fan electrically connected to the at least one battery cell, the fan being configured to circulate an air flow in contact with the second thermally conductive part, the flow of air being a function of the thermal power to be dissipated, the thermal power to be dissipated being estimated on the basis of the thermoelectric model of the battery.
- the heat removal is more efficient, and the battery life is optimized compared to a conventional cooling and heating device.
- thermoelectric device further comprises:
- a second sensor configured to measure an ambient temperature outside the at least one battery cell
- At least one third sensor configured to measure a second electrical current passing through the at least one battery cell
- thermoelectric model of the battery comprising a model of the at least one battery cell.
- the temperature of the battery cells is brought back to a predetermined temperature range around the target temperature according to a convergence process that saves electrical energy, which therefore improves the autonomy of the battery.
- the regulation module is configured to adjust a first thermal resistance of the thermoelectric model of the at least one battery cell as a function of a difference between the target temperature of the at least one battery cell and the temperature. measured temperature of the at least one battery cell, the target temperature being estimated from the model.
- the target temperature is estimated as a function of a thermal power of the at least one battery cell and a hot temperature of a hot wall of the thermoelectric cell.
- the first thermal resistance is a thermal resistance of a contact zone between a hot wall of the thermoelectric cell and the ambient environment.
- an electrical power of the thermoelectric cell is limited by maximum and minimum limits of the target temperature of the at least one battery cell.
- the regulation module is configured to search for a minimum of a function derived from the electric power with respect to a cold temperature of the thermoelectric cell.
- the electric power of the thermoelectric cell is a function of the hot temperature of the thermoelectric cell and of the thermal power of the at least one battery cell.
- the thermal power of the at least one battery cell is estimated as a function of the sum of the powers dissipated by the N batteries.
- the hot temperature of the thermoelectric cell is estimated as a function of a sum of the thermal power of the at least one battery cell and of the electrical power of the thermoelectric cell and passing through the first thermal resistance.
- the electric power of the thermoelectric cell passing through the first thermal resistance corresponds to a function of thermal transfer between the hot part of the thermoelectric cell at hot temperature and the environment at ambient temperature.
- the target temperature of the at least one battery cell is estimated in real time as a function of the current flowing through the at least one battery cell, on the basis of the thermoelectric model of the at least one. a battery cell, a function of a second thermal resistance between a cold contact zone of the thermoelectric cell and the at least one battery cell.
- the regulation module is configured to adjust the maximum and minimum limits of the target temperature of the at least one battery cell as a function of a relative humidity level of the air and of the ambient temperature. According to these arrangements, the electrical consumption taken from the batteries used to power the thermoelectric cells for cooling or heating the battery is optimized.
- the temperature of the battery is maintained within the desired temperature range, with optimized power consumption.
- the production of water is avoided in the proximity of the battery's electrical connection terminals, and in the battery through the cover used to manage the evacuation of gases from the latter in the event of a fault.
- the implementation of these provisions makes it possible to mitigate the risk of short-circuit on the one hand between the positive and negative electrical connections of the battery itself and on the other hand between one of the positive or negative connections and the battery. frame. This configuration is particularly useful in railway applications where the negative potential of all the batteries is connected to the frame.
- the regulation module is configured for:
- thermoelectric model of the battery by estimating a value of at least one parameter of the thermoelectric model of the battery as a function of the temperature measured by the at least one first sensor.
- the at least one parameter comprises an internal resistance of the at least one battery cell.
- the at least one parameter comprises the first thermal resistance of the thermoelectric model of the at least one battery cell.
- the estimated temperature of the at least one battery cell is calculated based on the thermoelectric model of the at least one battery cell and on a thermoelectric model of the thermoelectric cell.
- the thermoelectric model of the at least one battery cell is a function of the second thermal resistance between a cold contact zone of the thermoelectric cell and the at least one battery cell.
- thermoelectric model of the at least one battery cell is a function of the estimated internal resistance of the at least one battery cell.
- the estimated internal resistance of the at least one battery cell is a function of an elementary internal resistance of a battery cell, and of the number of battery cells constituting the at least one battery cell. battery, when the number is greater than or equal to two.
- thermoelectric model of the at least one battery cell is a function of a thermoelectric model of a cooling radiator placed in contact with a hot side of the thermoelectric cell.
- thermoelectric model of the battery is readjusted and updated when necessary.
- the vehicle is a public transport vehicle, preferably a rail vehicle.
- the invention relates to a battery assembly comprising a first battery according to one of the embodiments described above and a second battery according to one of the embodiments previously described, the second thermally conductive part of the first battery being in contact with the at least one thermoelectric cell of the second battery and being configured to absorb and remove heat produced by the at least one battery cell of the second battery, so that the first and the second battery have in common the same second thermally conductive part.
- the invention comprises one or more of the following characteristics, alone or in any technically compatible combination.
- a plurality of battery assemblies are juxtaposed next to each other,
- a plurality of batteries according to one of the preceding embodiments are assembled in pairs according to the embodiment of the assembly described above, and the pairs are juxtaposed next to each other, the second part thermally conductive common to each battery pair being aligned to form a single channel for the passage of the forced air flow.
- the invention also relates to a method of thermal regulation of a battery configured to supply electrically at least one actuator or to receive electrical energy from at least one actuator on board an electrically autonomous vehicle, the battery including:
- the at least one battery cell being configured to store or restore electrical energy
- thermoelectric device electrically connected to the at least one battery cell, the thermoelectric device comprising:
- thermoelectric cell placed in contact with the thermally conductive part, the at least one thermoelectric cell being configured to produce a first positive or negative thermal power as a function of a first electrical intensity passing through the at least one thermoelectric cell, the first electric current being supplied by the battery cell,
- thermoelectric cell placed in contact with the at least one thermoelectric cell and configured to dissipate a second thermal power generated by the at least one battery cell
- the regulation module configured to control the first electrical current as a function of a target temperature of the at least one battery cell, the method comprising the following steps implemented by the regulation module:
- the method comprises one or more of the following characteristics, alone or in any technically compatible combination.
- thermoelectric device further comprises:
- a second sensor configured to measure an ambient temperature outside the at least one battery cell
- At least a third sensor configured to measure a second electrical current passing through the at least one battery cell
- the method further comprising a step of controlling a measurement of the second intensity
- the first intensity is a function of the set temperature, of the ambient temperature and of the second intensity, on the basis of a thermoelectric model of the battery, the thermoelectric model of the battery.
- battery comprising a model of the at least one battery;
- the method further comprises the following steps:
- thermoelectric model of the battery by estimating a value of at least one parameter of the thermoelectric model of the battery as a function of the measured temperature.
- the at least one parameter comprises an internal resistance of the at least one battery cell.
- thermoelectric model of the battery is readjusted and updated when necessary.
- FIG. 1 is a simplified view of a battery according to the invention
- FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a battery according to the invention
- FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a battery according to the invention
- FIG. 4 is a simplified flowchart of a method according to the invention
- FIG. 5 is a representative diagram of another embodiment of the electronic regulation module
- a battery 1 is on board the vehicle to ensure the storage and return of electrical energy, which is consumed by one or more actuators, driven by at least one electric motor, and configured to drive the drive wheels of the vehicle, and / or other vehicle accessories.
- This electrical energy stored in the battery is produced by electrical charging devices external to the vehicle, or by the transformation on board the vehicle of mechanical energy into electrical energy.
- a battery 1 on board a vehicle generally comprises an assembly of battery cells 10, 11, 12, ..., 20, 21, 22;
- FIG. 2 shows an example of a battery comprising 12 battery cells, but those skilled in the art will understand that this number is not limitative, and that the number of battery cells can be any.
- Each battery cell 10, 11, 12, ..., 20, 21, 22 may include Lithium and Titanate Oxide (LTO), or Nickel and Manganese Cobalt (NMC), or Lithium and Iron Phosphate (LFP), or Lithium and Sulfur (LiS).
- LTO Lithium and Titanate Oxide
- NMC Nickel and Manganese Cobalt
- LFP Lithium and Iron Phosphate
- LiS Lithium and Sulfur
- the battery cells 10, 11, 12, ..., 20, 21, 22 of a battery can be electrically connected in series or in parallel, so as to provide respectively an electric current or an electric voltage corresponding to the accumulation respectively of the electric currents or electric voltages supplied instantaneously by each of the battery cells 10, 11, 12, ..., 20, 21, 22.
- Each battery cell 10, 11, 12, ..., 20, 21, 22 of the battery 1 stores the electrical energy that it receives during periods of electrical charge, and restores the stored electrical energy, during periods of electric shock.
- each battery cell 10, 11, 12, ..., 20, 21, 22 of battery 1 is traversed by an electric current Irms which is the source of energy thermal lost and released by the battery element 10, 11, 12, ..., 20, 21, 22; the thermal power, ie thermal energy, per unit of time, thus produced by each battery cell 10, 11, 12, ..., 20, 21, 22 is expressed as a function of an internal resistance ESR of l battery cell considered.
- 21, 22 of the battery 1 must be dissipated in order to avoid an excessive heating phenomenon detrimental to the proper functioning of the battery 1 as a whole.
- the ambient temperature Ta outside the battery 1 is very low, the operation of the battery cells 10, 11, 12, ..., 20, 21, 22 is no longer optimal, and it is necessary to heat the battery cells 10, 11, 12, ..., 20, 21, 22 to bring them back to a temperature range suitable for nominal operation of the battery cells 10, 11, 12, ..., 20, 21 22.
- a suitable temperature range may be between 5 degrees and 35 degrees, while the ambient temperature may vary between -25 degrees and 55 degrees.
- thermoelectric cells 31, 32 are placed in contact with a first thermally conductive part 2 and a second thermally conductive part 9, the first thermally conductive part 2 being placed in contact with the battery cells 10, 11, 12, ..., 20, 21, 22, and configured to promote heat exchange between the battery cells 10, 11, 12, ..., 20, 21, 22 on one side, and the or thermoelectric cells 31, 32.
- the second part thermally conductive 9 is placed in contact with the thermoelectric cell (s) 31, 32, preferably on another side of the thermoelectric cell (s) 31, 32 with respect to the plane of contact between the thermoelectric cell (s) 31, 32 and the elements battery 10, 11, 12, ..., 20, 21, 22; the second thermally conductive part 9 has the function of dissipating the thermal power generated by the battery cells 10, 11, 12, ..., 20, 21, 22.
- the first thermally conductive part 2 is made from one of the thermally conductive materials, well known to those skilled in the art.
- the second thermally conductive part 9 is also made from one of the thermally conductive materials, well known to those skilled in the art; the second thermally conductive part 9 can furthermore comprise fins to promote the dissipation of thermal power; the second thermally conductive part 9 may further include a fan configured to create a forced air flow 7 to further improve the desired heat dissipation.
- thermoelectric cell or cells 31, 32 placed between and in contact with the two thermally conductive parts 2, 9 are preferably Peltier cells; each Peltier cell is formed by a junction between an N junction and a P junction.
- the junction can include Bismuth (Bi) associated with Antimony (Sb) for the N junction and Tellurium (Te) associated with Selenium (Se) for the P junction, in particular for possible operating temperatures of the junction included between 200 ° Kelvin and 450 ° Kelvin.
- the junction can also include compounds of Tellurium (Te), Silver (Ag), Germanium (Ge), Selenium (Se), Lead (Pb), Tin (Sn), or Silicon ( Si) to improve the performance of the thermoelectric effect by doping.
- the junction When it is crossed by an electric current, the junction produces positive or negative thermal energy, ie produces a quantity of heat or cold, depending on the intensity I of the current which crosses the junction of the Peltier cell.
- the two materials which make up the junction are for example Lithium and Titanate Oxide (LTO), or Nickel and Manganese Cobalt (NMC), or Lithium and Sulfur (LiS), or Bismuth and Selenium (BiSe).
- the intensity I of the electric current which crosses the junction of each thermoelectric cell 31, 32 is controlled by an electronic regulation module 6.
- the regulation module 6 comprises a switch 8 configured to reverse the intensity I passing through the thermoelectric cell (s) 31, 32 so as to respectively control the production of heat or cold, ie a generation of positive or negative thermal energy, at the same time. level of the thermoelectric cell 31, 32 through which the electric current of intensity I.
- the electronic regulation module 6 is connected to one or more sensors C1 configured to measure a temperature representative of the internal temperature of each of the battery cells 10, 11, 12, ..., 20, 21, 22 of the battery 1.
- a temperature sensor C1 will be placed on each battery cell 10, 11, 12, ..., 20, 21, 22, for example at the level of an electrical connection having a low thermal resistance so that the temperature measured at this location is representative of the internal temperature of the battery cell considered 10, 11, 12, ..., 20, 21, 22.
- the electronic regulation module 6 is also connected to a temperature sensor C2 configured to measure the ambient temperature Ta outside the battery 1.
- the electronic regulation module 6 is also connected to one or more sensors C3, each sensor C3 being configured to measure the electric intensity Irms of the electric current flowing through each battery cell 10, 11, 12, ..., 20, 21, 22.
- the electronic regulation module 6 is configured to determine 102, and consequently to control, the intensity I of the electric current injected into the thermoelectric cell or cells 31, 32 as a function of the ambient temperature. Ta measured outside the battery and a target temperature Te so as to bring the temperature T of each battery cell 10, 11, 12, ..., 20, 21, 22 inside a appropriate temperature range around the target temperature.
- the intensity I of the electric current injected into the thermoelectric cell (s) 31, 32 is taken as the electrical energy supplied by one or more of the battery cells 10, 11, 12, ..., 20, 21, 22 of the battery 1.
- the electronic regulation module 6 is configured to determine 102, and consequently control, the intensity I of the electric current injected into the thermoelectric cell or cells 31, 32 as a function not only of the ambient temperature. Ta and a setpoint temperature Te, but also the intensity Irms of the current flowing through each battery cell 10, 11, 12, ..., 20, 21, 22, on the basis of a thermoelectric model M of battery 1; model M of battery 1 includes one model of each battery cell 10, 11, 12, ..., 20, 21, 22.
- thermoelectric model M of battery 1 including one model of each battery cell 10, 11 , 12, ..., 20, 21, 22 is known to those skilled in the art, and is thus implemented in the regulation module 6 so that, having received as input data the ambient temperature Ta, the setpoint temperature Te, and the intensity Irsm of each battery cell, the regulation module 6 calculates the electric current I so that the temperature T of each battery cell 10, 11, 12, ..., 20, 21 , 22 is brought back within an appropriate temperature interval around the target temperature, according to a convergence process that saves electrical energy, which therefore improves the autonomy of the battery 1, compared to the first embodiment.
- This regulation method is based on an adjustment of a first parameter of thermal resistance Rth of the model M, or first thermal resistance Rth, as a function of a difference between an estimated temperature TC-e of the at least one battery cell , from the model M, and a measured temperature T of the at least one battery cell;
- the estimated temperature TC-e is determined by the regulation module 6, as a function of a thermal power Qc of the batteries and a temperature Th, called hot temperature, of a hot wall of the thermoelectric cell;
- the first thermal resistance Rth is the thermal resistance of the contact zone between a hot wall of the thermoelectric cell and the ambient environment;
- the regulation method is based on three principles:
- the first principle is a principle of optimizing the electrical power of the thermoelectric cell; said electric power P e iec of the thermoelectric cell is defined as the product of a voltage U measured at the terminals of the thermoelectric cell and of the intensity I which crosses the thermoelectric cell.
- the electrical power P e iec is limited by the maximum MaxT and minimum MinT operating limits of the battery temperature.
- the regulation module 6 comprises an Optimization module, configured to find a minimum of the function derived from the electrical power with respect to a temperature, called the cold temperature, Tf of the thermoelectric cell, as a function:
- thermoelectric cell the estimated hot temperature Th of the thermoelectric cell, the power Q.c entering the thermoelectric cell
- the power Q.c being estimated as a function of the sum of the powers dissipated by the N batteries and passing through the thermoelectric cell, o with the temperature Th being estimated as a function of the sum:
- thermoelectric effect ⁇ and Pelec power dissipated by the thermoelectric effect, and through the first thermal resistance Rth corresponding to the heat transfer function between the hot part of the thermoelectric cell to the hot temperature Th and the environment to the ambient temperature Ta.
- the second principle is based on a real-time estimate of the setpoint temperature of the battery, or target temperature_TC, as a function of the current Irms flowing through it. This estimate is based on the thermal model of the battery as a function of a second thermal resistance Rth ′ between the contact zone between the cold wall of the thermoelectric cell and the battery.
- the third principle is based on an adjustment of the limits the minimum temperature MinT and maximum MaxT of the set temperature TC of the coil as a function of the relative humidity rate of the air HydrO compared to Ta.
- the implementation of the first principle has the effect of limiting the electrical consumption taken from the batteries used to power the thermoelectric cells linked to the action of cooling or heating the battery.
- the implementation of the second principle has the effect of regulating the temperature of the battery in the desired temperature range in connection with an optimized electrical consumption thanks to the Optimization module.
- the implementation of the third principle has the effect of avoiding the production of water in the vicinity of the battery's electrical connection terminals, and in the battery through the cover used to manage the evacuation of gases from the battery. ci in the event of a fault.
- the implementation of the third principle makes it possible to mitigate the risk of short-circuit on the one hand between the positive and negative electrical connections of the battery itself and on the other hand between one of the positive or negative connections and the chassis. . This configuration is particularly present in railway applications where the negative potential of all the batteries is connected to the chassis.
- the implementation of the third principle makes it possible to avoid a gathering of water by condensation or by flow associated with the surrounding dust which is often loaded with iron particles, which can cause destructive short circuits.
- the iron particles come from the dust appearing when the vehicle is braked. They are linked to the constitution of the materials used in the braking systems.
- the air flow 7 created by the fan of the second thermally conductive part 9 is a function of the thermal power to be dissipated, the thermal power to be dissipated being estimated by the electronic regulation module 6 on the basis of the model thermoelectric M of the battery 1. According to these arrangements, the heat dissipation is made more efficient, and the autonomy of the battery is further improved.
- thermoelectric model M of the battery 1 is suitable.
- the regulation module 6 it will be possible to configure the regulation module 6 to check that the thermoelectric model M of the battery 1 is well suited, by comparing an estimate of the temperature T of a battery cell 10, 11, 12, ..., 20, 21, 22, estimated from thermoelectric model M of battery 1, with the temperature T 'measured by the sensor Cl configured to measure the temperature T of the battery cell considered 10, 11, 12, ..., 20, 21, 22.
- the electronic regulation module 6 is configured to adjust the value of a parameter of the thermoelectric model M of the battery 1, in function of the temperature value T 'measured.
- the adjusted parameter may for example be an estimated internal resistance ESR-e of one of the battery cells 10, 11, 12, ..., 20, 21, 22 of battery 1. According to these provisions, the thermoelectric model of the battery is readjusted and updated when necessary.
- thermoelectric cell a radiator used for cooling, which is placed between the hot side of the thermoelectric cell and the environment at room temperature
- thermoelectric cell modeled according to the simplified mathematical model represented by the equation below:
- the target temperature Te is thus estimated and compared with the measured battery temperature T.
- thermoelectric cell a radiator used for cooling, which is placed between the hot side of the thermoelectric cell and the environment at room temperature
- thermoelectric cell modeled according to the simplified mathematical model represented by equation 6 above.
- the invention relates to a battery assembly comprising a first battery and a second battery according to one of the embodiments described above, the second thermally conductive part 9 of the first battery being in contact with the thermoelectric cell or cells 31. , 32 of the second battery and being configured to absorb and remove the heat produced by the at least one battery cell 10, 11, 12, ...., 20, 21, 22 of the second battery, so that the first and the second battery have in common the same second thermally conductive part 9.
- FIG. 3 schematically shows an example of a second thermally conductive part 9 common to a first battery, not shown, which would be on one side, and a second battery, not shown which would be on the other side of this second thermally conductive part 9.
- a plurality of batteries according to one of the preceding embodiments are assembled in pairs according to the embodiment of the assembly described above, and the pairs are juxtaposed next to each other, the second part thermally conductive common to each battery pair being aligned to form a single channel for the passage of the forced air flow.
- the invention relates to a method 100 for thermal regulation of a battery according to one of the embodiments described above.
- the method 100 according to the invention will now be described briefly with reference to FIG. 4 which is a simplified flowchart of the steps of said method.
- the method 100 comprises the following steps implemented by the regulation module 6:
- thermoelectric cell (s) 31, 32 determine 102 the intensity I of the current flowing through the thermoelectric cell (s) 31, 32, as a function of the setpoint temperature Te, and of the ambient temperature Ta, so that a difference between the measured temperature T and the target temperature Te or less than a predetermined threshold.
- the method 100 further comprises a step 103 of controlling a measurement of the second intensity Irms,
- thermoelectric model M of the battery 1 comprising a model of at least one battery 10, 11, 12, ...., 20, 21, 22;
- the method 100 further comprises the following steps:
- thermoelectric model M of the battery 1 calculates 106 a difference between the estimated temperature and the measured temperature T of at least one battery cell 10, 11, 12, ...., 20, 21, 22, - If the difference is greater than a determined threshold, updating 107 the thermoelectric model M of the battery 1 by estimating a value of at least one parameter of the thermoelectric model M of the battery 1 as a function of the measured temperature T.
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FR1902683A FR3093863B1 (fr) | 2019-03-15 | 2019-03-15 | Batterie et procédé de régulation thermique d’une batterie embarquée sur un véhicule électrique |
PCT/FR2020/050301 WO2020188165A1 (fr) | 2019-03-15 | 2020-02-18 | Batterie et procédé de régulation thermique d'une batterie embarquée sur un véhicule électrique |
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EP (1) | EP3939114A1 (fr) |
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EP4094979A1 (fr) * | 2021-05-25 | 2022-11-30 | Volvo Truck Corporation | Procédé de détermination d'un état de préconditionnement d'un composant ou d'un système de véhicule |
CN118399666B (zh) * | 2024-06-25 | 2024-09-27 | 深圳市昱森机电有限公司 | 一种电机系统的监测管理方法及系统 |
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US4314008A (en) * | 1980-08-22 | 1982-02-02 | General Electric Company | Thermoelectric temperature stabilized battery system |
US5640079A (en) * | 1994-08-29 | 1997-06-17 | Andrew Corporation | Battery charger for portable rechargeable batteries |
WO2008095313A1 (fr) * | 2007-02-09 | 2008-08-14 | Advanced Lithium Power Inc. | Système de gestion thermique d'une batterie |
JP2012252887A (ja) * | 2011-06-03 | 2012-12-20 | Toyota Industries Corp | 外部環境からの熱量を考慮した温調制御システム |
FR2986663B1 (fr) * | 2012-02-03 | 2014-08-01 | Renault Sas | Module d'accumulateurs equipe d'une cellule peltier |
US20140030560A1 (en) * | 2012-07-25 | 2014-01-30 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Battery with solid state cooling |
CN103995236B (zh) * | 2014-05-30 | 2017-07-28 | 长城汽车股份有限公司 | 电池系统的容量损失测试方法及电池系统 |
JP2019033051A (ja) * | 2017-08-09 | 2019-02-28 | 株式会社日立製作所 | 蓄電システム及びその制御方法 |
CN209329095U (zh) * | 2018-12-25 | 2019-08-30 | 东风时代(武汉)电池系统有限公司 | 具有热电制冷器冷却板的电池模组 |
US11072251B2 (en) * | 2019-02-04 | 2021-07-27 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Systems and methods for increasing vehicle energy supply |
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US20220158274A1 (en) | 2022-05-19 |
US12015137B2 (en) | 2024-06-18 |
FR3093863B1 (fr) | 2022-01-14 |
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