EP3918375A1 - Sensorchip für die lichtdetektion - Google Patents
Sensorchip für die lichtdetektionInfo
- Publication number
- EP3918375A1 EP3918375A1 EP19842862.5A EP19842862A EP3918375A1 EP 3918375 A1 EP3918375 A1 EP 3918375A1 EP 19842862 A EP19842862 A EP 19842862A EP 3918375 A1 EP3918375 A1 EP 3918375A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- sensor chip
- coding
- resistors
- chip according
- outputs
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
- G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
- G01T1/29—Measurement performed on radiation beams, e.g. position or section of the beam; Measurement of spatial distribution of radiation
- G01T1/2914—Measurement of spatial distribution of radiation
- G01T1/2985—In depth localisation, e.g. using positron emitters; Tomographic imaging (longitudinal and transverse section imaging; apparatus for radiation diagnosis sequentially in different planes, steroscopic radiation diagnosis)
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
- G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
- G01T1/16—Measuring radiation intensity
- G01T1/161—Applications in the field of nuclear medicine, e.g. in vivo counting
- G01T1/164—Scintigraphy
- G01T1/1641—Static instruments for imaging the distribution of radioactivity in one or two dimensions using one or several scintillating elements; Radio-isotope cameras
- G01T1/1644—Static instruments for imaging the distribution of radioactivity in one or two dimensions using one or several scintillating elements; Radio-isotope cameras using an array of optically separate scintillation elements permitting direct location of scintillations
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
- G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
- G01T1/16—Measuring radiation intensity
- G01T1/24—Measuring radiation intensity with semiconductor detectors
- G01T1/248—Silicon photomultipliers [SiPM], e.g. an avalanche photodiode [APD] array on a common Si substrate
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
- G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
- G01T1/16—Measuring radiation intensity
- G01T1/24—Measuring radiation intensity with semiconductor detectors
- G01T1/249—Measuring radiation intensity with semiconductor detectors specially adapted for use in SPECT or PET
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
- A61B6/02—Arrangements for diagnosis sequentially in different planes; Stereoscopic radiation diagnosis
- A61B6/03—Computed tomography [CT]
- A61B6/037—Emission tomography
Definitions
- the invention relates to a sensor chip which is suitable for a positron emission tomography detector ring.
- positron emission tomography detector rings are used to detect the ⁇ + ⁇ ⁇ annihilation radiation.
- the rings consist of scintillation crystals that are adjacent to the sensors and are able to detect the scintillation radiation.
- Typical detectors are SiPM (silicon photomultiplier).
- the structure is such that the detector ring is generally circular, with the object to be measured, for example a body part of a patient or animal, being placed in the center of the detector ring (PET ring).
- PET ring detector ring
- ß + ß ⁇ annihilation radiation is generated which is to be detected.
- the ß + ß ⁇ annihilation radiation strikes scintillation crystals which are arranged in a ring around the object to be examined and generates the scintillation radiation.
- the scintillation radiation is in turn registered by the SiMP, which is located in relation to the radiation source in the concentric arrangement behind the scintillation crystal.
- the SiMP can also be arranged on other sides of the scintillation crystal, for example in front of the scintillation crystal or on the side thereof.
- the scintillation crystal is a three-dimensional body.
- the cross section that the annihilation radiation hits the scintillation crystal spans an xy plane.
- the depth of the scintillation crystal is referred to as the z-axis in this nomenclature.
- an object to be examined or an emission source for radiation with an energy of 51 1 keV is located in the center of the detector ring, which ideally strikes the xy plane of the scintillation crystal perpendicularly and a penetration depth along the z axis of the scintillation crystal having.
- the 51 1 keV destruction radiation then triggers scintillation at a point of the scintillation crystal along the z-axis, which is registered as a signal by the sensor, for example an SiPM.
- a SiPM is able to detect even single photons.
- the SiPM micro cell experiences a breakdown of the diode.
- the micro cells are therefore also called single avalanche photo diodes, SPAD. This generates a current pulse, which can be measured at the output of the component.
- a so-called quench resistor prevents the cell from generating a critical current that becomes so high that the component is destroyed.
- the output current of a SiPM microcell is independent of the amount of light that reaches the sensor and the breaking process has started.
- An SiPM microcell is a binary sensor that detects whether light is incident or not. To obtain quantitative information about the incident light, a SiPM consists of a large number of microcells. A micro cell consists of a photodiode and a quench resistor. The number of cells broken through then gives information about the amount of light that has entered.
- PET rings detector rings
- the PET ring must fit into the opening of the MRI scanner tube.
- the diameter of the PET ring used must be small so that it fits into the opening of the MRT ring.
- the object to be examined for example a body part of a small animal or also a human being, can be arranged in a centered manner, but measured in terms of the diameter of the PET ring is dimensioned so that it extends far into the edge areas of the opening of the PET ring.
- the pixilated crystal blocks consist of adhesive and reflector foil, which is located between the individual scintillation crystals, in order to build up a pixilated block with optically isolated pixels.
- the layer of adhesive and reflector foil has an approximate thickness of 70mm.
- pixilated scintillation crystal arrays If you use even smaller pixilated arrays of, for example, 0.5 cm x 0.5 cm, the crystal content is reduced to 59%. For this reason, increasing the resolution with pixilated arrays is always tied to a loss of sensitivity.
- the second problem with pixilated scintillation crystal arrays is that the emitted light is concentrated on a smaller area of the SiPM detector area.
- An SiPM consists of several micro cells, which, as described above, function as binary elements. The more light hits an SiPM, the higher the probability that two or more light quanta will hit the same microcell of the SiPM. These additional light quanta cannot then be detected.
- detectors from the prior art use SiPM-based sensor technologies to enable magnetic resonance tomography compatibility (MRI compatibility) for use in MR / PET hybrid scanners.
- MRI compatibility magnetic resonance tomography compatibility
- MRT magnetic resonance tomograph
- the PET scintillation crystals must be as short as possible. Shorter scintillation crystals also reduce the sensitivity. This also means that the conditions of the tube diameter mean that the PET ring is closer to the object under examination.
- attempts are also being made to use PET rings with the smallest possible diameter due to their higher sensitivity and lower costs.
- SiPM sensor concepts for PET devices include coding of the output channels, since the power consumption of the PET ring is increased by increasing the output channels. However, this is limited by design. A simple calculation shows this. A PET ring with a diameter of 8 cm and a length of 10 cm results in a detector surface of 251 cm 2 . If a 1-to-1 coupling of scintillation crystals and SiPMs with a crystal pixel size of 0.8 mm is used, 39270 readout channels are required if each channel is read out individually.
- This latest detector concept enables the advantage of output channel reduction due to the channel coding with simultaneous high detector array resolution, which is achieved by using pixilated scintillation crystal arrays with a spacing of less than one millimeter. However, it does not include DOI information detection.
- a concept published in [4] proves the possibility of building a PET detector consisting of monolithic crystals and SiPMs.
- monoli- thical crystals the problem of loss of sensitivity due to the space requirement of reflector foils and associated adhesives.
- the production costs of monolithic crystals are lower.
- the thickness of the crystals used is 2mm.
- Detector concepts that are based on current SiPM-based technology and contain position coding for channel reduction do not include DOI detection. For this reason, PET rings built with these detectors contain parallax errors in the reconstructed images.
- most scintillation detectors use pixilated scintillator crystal arrays. As described above, this leads to a loss of sensitivity due to the reflector film and the adhesive between the crystals of the array. Due to the lack of DOI information, the thickness of the crystals is limited. An increase in sensitivity due to thicker crystals is accompanied by a loss of spatial resolution due to missing DOI information and the resulting parallelism errors.
- the DOI concepts for pixilated crystals mentioned in [7] are also Realizable with arbitrarily small scintillator crystals, but the disadvantages mentioned, such as saturation effects and loss of sensitivity, also apply to these concepts.
- SiPM sensors are currently one of the most expensive components of a PET ring.
- the concept which is implemented in [5, 6], uses position-sensitive PMT, which cannot be used in strong magnetic fields. As a result, they are not MRI compatible.
- the concept could be implemented with MRI-compatible avalanche photodiodes (APD), which has not yet happened to date.
- APDs are photodiodes that are operated in the proportional working range by applying a suitable bias voltage.
- a charge carrier pair generated by an optical photon generates further charge carrier pairs (charge carrier avalanches) by repeated secondary ionization.
- the resulting photocurrent depends on the light intensity, as is the case with PMTs. Nevertheless, realizing this concept at the SiPM microcell level is another challenge, since SiPM microcells are binary sensors and are operated in a different mode, the so-called Geiger mode.
- German patent applications 10 2016 006 056, 10 2016 014 113 and 10 2016 008 904 disclose sensor chips with which the DOI problem can be solved or reduced.
- the coding resistances and the resistances used for the current divider must be significantly smaller, that is to say at least a factor of 100, better 1000, than the summing resistances, which again must be significantly smaller than the quenching resistors by a factor of 100, better 1000.
- the sensor chip disclosed there is based on encoding as many individual micro cells as possible. This should also be ensured for the largest possible photosensitive sensor area (ie large extension in the x and / or y direction).
- two coding resistors are required for each x and / or y direction.
- Quench and summation resistors each have the same values, in contrast to the coding resistors, which is easier to implement with common technologies for IC (integrated circuits) manufacture.
- Another disadvantage is that produced ICs with the same coding of coding resistors cannot be combined with one another and their channels without irretrievably deactivating the position coding and the interaction depth coding.
- Interconnecting several sensor chips with a small sensor area to form a larger unit with a large sensor area while maintaining the correct position coding and the interaction depth coding is very advantageous, since the production yield per unit area is greater for sensor chips with a small area than for sensor chips with a large area. This has a very advantageous effect on the production unit costs.
- the resistors on the IC take up a relatively large amount of space, which is why the available space for photodiodes is reduced, which leads to a reduction in the photosensitive area and thus in the efficiency of photodetection efficiency (PDE).
- a sensor chip is to be made available which enables the use of scintillation single crystals for the detection of signals in positron emission tomography, wherein the DOI problem can be avoided by reducing the parallax error in the determination of the LOR.
- the sensitivity and the resolution of the sensor chip should be improved. Furthermore, the sensor chip should be suitable to be operated together with an MRT, particularly in the case of high magnetic fields and small internal magnet diameters. The accuracy of small-sized PET rings or PET rings that are close to the object to be examined is to be improved. The space required by the electronics associated with the measuring arrangement is to be reduced. The cost of the device should be reduced.
- the application of the sensor chip should not be limited to use in PET, but should generally be able to be used for scintillation single crystals. Furthermore, the number of micro cell positions that are to be encoded is to be increased.
- Coding over a larger number of microcells than according to the prior art is to be made possible, the limitation being to be reduced or eliminated by means of resistance values which can be implemented on the IC.
- the one required by the resistors Area should be reduced so that there is more space for microcells or SPADs on the chip.
- the sensor chip should enable light detection, particularly in the IR, visual and UV ranges.
- the detector can be operated together with an MRI device.
- the parallax error is reduced particularly in the case of devices with small dimensions or when the PET ring lies closely against the examination object. Space for the associated electronics and costs are saved.
- the sensor chip according to the invention achieves a very high level of detail. This is because the number of scans of the light distribution function is significantly increased, since even scanning at the microcell level is possible. This increases the granularity, which is available for the determination of the second moment, by a factor which, depending on the implementation methods described later, can be up to 160 or higher compared to conventional SiPMs, photomultipliers or avalanche diodes. This leads to a more precise determination of the moment. Furthermore, the number of micro cell positions to be encoded is increased.
- Coding over a larger area of microcells than according to the prior art is made possible, there being no limitation of resistance quantities or this being reduced.
- the space occupied by the resistors on the chip is reduced, which increases the available space for photodiodes.
- Sensor chips with larger photosensitive areas can be encoded.
- a linear coding of the currents and a square coding of the voltage drops can be sorchips possible. Light detection in the IR, visual and UV ranges is made possible.
- currents are linearly coded in one readout direction x or in two readout directions x and y, the linear coding being carried out in the x and / or y direction by a series connection of coding resistors.
- the linearly coded signal can be tapped for the x direction at the outputs Ch A and Ch B and for the y direction at the outputs Ch C and Che. This results in approximately linear, increasing or decreasing dependencies between the signals at the output and the xy position at which signals are injected by the microcells into the coding network.
- the method can be carried out with all photosensors which contain a spatial coding, which should correspond to a linear coding if possible.
- Linear coding in the sense of the invention is to be understood as any coding that corresponds to Formula 1.
- Q1 is the charge of the output channels rising via the e-position and Q2 the charge of the output channels descending from the e-position.
- e denotes the coding direction, i.e. x or y, C 1-6 denote constants.
- brackets for the expressions c 1 , c 4 , c 3 and C 6 in Formula 1 are open intervals in the mathematical sense.
- Formula 1 takes into account that embodiments that do not meet the requirements for exact linearity, that is to say that only produce approximately linear codings, can still be suitable for realizing the teaching according to the invention.
- the linear coding is exactly linear.
- the photocurrent is distributed to the outputs and ends in positions within the series connections which have a number of coding resistances R h in the x and R v directions in the y direction, which corresponds to the position to be coded .
- the photocurrents are distributed to the outputs Ch A , Ch B , Ch C and Ch D , since depending on the position there are more or less resistances between the micro cell position and the corresponding outputs and thus the total resistance to the corresponding outputs with the position varies.
- N + 1 resistors of the same size are required for N x positions or only M + 1 resistors of the same size are required for M x positions.
- Resistance value in the sense of the invention is to be understood as the nominal value of the resistance in ohms.
- the resistance values are the same for the same resistance geometry.
- the resistance values are different in size with the same spiral geometry. With resistance materials of the same conductivity and different resistance geometry, the resistance values are also of different sizes.
- resistance refers to physical resistance as a physical object that is functionally designated without the resistance value being intended to be set nominally.
- the sensor chip has a multiplicity of microcells which are distinguished in that each microcell is assigned its own (x, y) position.
- a microcell in the sense of the invention consists of at least one photodiode D n, m , and a current divider S q, nm , with outputs S q, v, nm , for the y direction and outputs S q, h, nm for the x- Direction, with means for quenching, for example quenching resistances R q, h, nm and R q, v, nm, which divides the generated photocurrent of the diodes into two parts of equal size.
- the indexing h means that the corresponding signal buses lead to the output Ch A , Ch B , for the identification of the x position, and that the indexing v indicates that the corresponding signal buses in leads the output Ch C , Ch D for the identification of the y position.
- Single avalanche photodiodes in particular can be used as photodiodes, the quenching resistors simultaneously taking on the function of the current divider.
- the quench process can also be carried out by active quenching, using the methods or means known to those skilled in the art for quenching, for. B. can be initiated using a transistor and a comparator.
- a quench resistor Rq or a current divider S realized with the quench resistors R q, v, nm and R q, h, nm is disclosed in the disclosed embodiments.
- another equivalent means for quenching for example a transistor or comparator, can also be used in all embodiments, so that the disclosure is not restricted to the use of a quench resistor.
- the microcells are arranged in a grid in which the microcells are arranged in rows in the x direction and in the y direction.
- the microcells are in rows or
- Columns are preferably arranged parallel to the x-axis and the y-axis. Typically, 10, 50, 100 or 1000 microcells are arranged in the x-direction and the y-direction, respectively.
- N and M are also the number of microcells in the x and y directions.
- the directions x and y are preferably arranged orthogonally to one another, but they can also be arranged at an angle that deviates from 90 °, so that a diamond pattern is created.
- a sensor chip can have a plurality of blocks, which are arranged in a grid.
- a block can be placed on the same substrate (or waver, or chip), or on different ones.
- the outputs of the current dividers S q , nm implemented with the quench resistors are connected via the connections C h, nm and C v, nm with signal buses N s, h, n for the x and signal buses N s, v, m for the y Direction connected.
- an electrical connection of the signal buses N s, v, 0 ... N s, v, M and N s, h, 0 ... N s, h, N can be made via contacts of the sensor chip between different sensor chips and with external electronic or electrical circuits are made possible.
- the 1st output of all current dividers in the same column n of the sensor chip are connected to the same signal bus N s, h, n of the sensor chip. All signals from a column of the sensor chip thus arrive in the same signal bus, which also opens at the node K h, n into the series connection of coding resistors R h, 0 , R h, 1 , ... R h, N.
- the second output of all current dividers in the same row h of the sensor chip are connected to the same signal bus N s, v, m of the sensor chip.
- N s, v, m the signal bus
- all signals from a column of the sensor chip reach the same signal bus, which also opens at the node K v, m into the series connection of coding resistors R h, 0 , R v, 1 , ... R v , M.
- the coding resistance values R h, 1 , ... R h, N-1 must have the same value R h .
- the coding resistance values R v, 1 , ... R v, M-1 must have the same value R v .
- the coding resistance values for the x-direction and the y-direction can differ.
- the number of coding resistors N for R h and M for R v per sensor chip is at least two, and can have values from 0.001 ohms to 100 MOhms. The number is rather limited by practical circumstances.
- the coding resistance values for coding Ch A and Ch B in the x direction and Ch C and Ch D in accordance with the y direction can be of different sizes. This can be advantageous, for example, if there are different numbers of micro cells in the x and y directions, so that the sensor chip or the micro cells deviate from the square shape. In this case, the coding resistance values encoding the larger number of pixels may be smaller than that along the other direction in which fewer pixel positions are to be encoded. In one embodiment, the sums of the coding resistance values can be the same for the two directions x and y.
- the resistance values R h , 0 and R h, N must have the same value R h / 2.
- the resistance values R v , 0 and R v, M must have the same value R v / 2.
- N + 1 or M + 1 coding resistors are required for N or M x or y positions.
- the X and Y mean value of the light distribution detected with the active sensor surface of the sensor chip can be according to
- A, B, C, D are the signals that can be tapped via the outputs Ch A , Ch B, Ch C and Ch D. They are generally currents; they can be charges if the currents are integrated over time intervals by appropriate electronic components.
- ⁇ E> is proportional to the energy of the detected gamma photon.
- ⁇ X> and ⁇ Y> supply the x and y positions of the photo conversion within the active sensor area of the sensor chip.
- the sensor chip In order to enlarge the active sensor area of the sensor chip, the sensor chip can be enlarged.
- the potentials on the signal buses N S, h, 1 , N S, h, 2 ... N S, h, N and N S, v, 1 , N respectively S, v, 2 ... N S, v, M tapped via the summing resistors R S, h, n or R S, v, m , and into a summing network N S, h or N S, v with a summing amplifier connected downstream O h and O v with the output channels Ch E and Ch F performed .
- An embodiment is possible in which the signal buses N S, h, 1 , N S, h, 2 , ...
- N S, h, N for the x direction and / or the signal buses N S, v, 1 , N S, v, 2 ... N S, v, M for the y direction to an external summing circuit consisting of summing networks N S, h and N S, v , downstream summing amplifiers O h and O v with the output channels Ch E and Ch F are connected.
- the resistance values for the summing resistors R S, h, n and R S, v, m are each of the same size in a summing network N S, h or N S, v .
- the total resistance values can range from 1 W to 100 MW.
- the summation resistances R S, h, n or R S, v, m must be large enough that the generated photocurrent is not significantly influenced by the microcells, but small enough so as not to influence the quenching behavior of the microcells.
- the summing resistors R S, h, n and R S, v, m are brought together via the signal buses of the summing networks Ns, h and N S, v . The signals are thus summed up.
- the summing amplifiers O h and / or O v can contain an operational amplifier OP h or OP v , which is grounded and has a negative feedback with a resistor R S, h or R S, v .
- the amplification of the signal of the output channels Ch E and Ch F can be set via the ratio of R S, h / R S, h, n or Rs.v / R S, v, m .
- the summing circuit consisting of summing networks N S, h and N S, v , downstream summing amplifiers O h and O v can be integrated into the sensor chip or parts of it can each be located less preferably outside the sensor chip.
- R S, h, n and R S, v, 1 , R S, v, m can be integrated on the sensor chip, so that only the summing networks N S , h and N S, v have to be led out of the relevant sensor chips as signal buses and can be connected to external summing amplifiers O h and / or O v . If the entire summing circuit consisting of summing networks Ns.h and N S, v , downstream summing amplifiers O h and O v is outside the sensor chip, this means that all networks N S, h, n and / or N S, v , m are led out of the sensor chip as signal buses, which leads to a very high number of output channels.
- the complete summing circuit consisting of summing networks N S, h and N S, v , downstream summing amplifiers O h and O v into the sensor chip and the signal buses N S, h, 1 , N S, h, 2 , ..., N S, h, N and N S, v, 1 , N S, V, 2 , ..., N S, v, M from the Lead out sensor chip, but only to integrate the resistances R S, h, 1 , ..., R S, h, n and R S, v, 1 , .... R S, v, m on the sensor chip and only lead the summing networks N S, h and N S, v out of the relevant sensor chip.
- the potentials F (N S, h, n ) and F (N S, v, m ) on the signal buses N S, h, n and N S, v, m should each be as quadratic as possible as a function of the position of the photocurrents Have microcells in the x and y directions. This is necessary to obtain the 2nd order moment of the signal distribution along the x-direction and along the y-direction.
- R S, h, N and R S, v, 1 , ..., R S, v, M is negligible to the current which flows through the series connections R h, 0 , R h, 1 , ... R h and R v, 0 , R v, 1 , ... R v, M.
- the outputs Ch A , Ch B , Ch C and Ch D are preferably connected to the inputs of external (not integrated on the chip) amplifiers with a very low input impedance, which is why the potential of the outputs Ch A , Ch B , Ch C and Ch D in relation to the nodes K h, 1 , ..., K h, N and K v, 1 , ..., K v, M 0, that is to say on ground. Then, for the total resistance, the current on the signal bus N S, h, i sees in the i-th position along the x direction:
- the resulting signals at the outputs Ch E , Ch F of the summing networks O h and O v are proportional to the width of the light distribution that strikes the sensor chip.
- the width of the light distribution correlates strongly with the interaction depth of the gamma photon and therefore allows the same to be determined after calibration of the circuits in Figures 1-7.
- the linear coding for the photocurrent is given, which allows a determination of the interaction position in the xy plane via the outputs Ch A , Ch B , Ch C and Ch D.
- the potentials F (N S, h, n ) or F (N S, v, m ) on the signal buses N S, h, n and N S, v, m can be achieved by appropriate additional resistances or by modified ones Coding resistances also differ from an exact square coding.
- R S, h, 1 , .... R S, h, N and R S, v, 1 , ..., R S, v, M on the sensor chip and leading out the signal buses N S, h and N S, v and the use of external summing networks O h and O v or external operational amplifiers with feedback resistors R S, h and R S, v (FIG. 6) allows an interconnection of several sensor chips according to FIGS. 3 and 7 while maintaining the information about the interaction depth and the interaction position in the xy plane.
- the potentials F (N S, h, n ) and F (N S, v, m ) on the networks N S, h, n and N S, v, m can also be achieved by appropriate additional resistors or by modified coding resistors deviate from an exact square coding.
- the figures show representations of the circuit according to the invention of a sensor chip and parts thereof.
- FIG. 1 A representation in which individual microcells are connected via signal buses to the output channels with the linear coding according to the invention.
- FIG. 2 An embodiment in which four SPADs with associated quench resistors are combined to form a microcell
- Fig. 3 Summing circuit consisting of summing networks and downstream summing amplifiers.
- Fig. 4 An embodiment in which 4 sensor chips are connected over an entire row and column.
- Fig.5 A representation as in Figure 1 with summing networks.
- Fig. 6 Summing amplifier as an external circuit for summing networks integrated on the sensor chip.
- FIG. 7 A representation as in FIG. 4 with summing networks implemented on the sensor chip.
- FIG. 1 shows microcells with photodiodes D nm , which open into a current divider S q, nm , which is realized with the quenching resistors R q, h, nm , R q, v, nm .
- the outputs of the current dividers R q, h, nm open into signal buses N S, h, n , which go into the nodes K h, n and via the series circuit R h, 0 , R h, 1 , ... R h, N , open into the output channels Ch A and Ch B.
- FIG. 3 shows summing circuits in which the summing networks N S, v and N S, h , which are connected to operational amplifiers OP v and OP h , and are connected to a ground at their non-inverting input.
- a negative feedback is achieved via the output channel Ch E or Ch F by means of the resistors R S, h or R S, v .
- FIG. 4 shows four sensor chips M 1 , M 2 , M 3 , M 4 which are connected via Ch 1A , Ch 1B , Ch 2A and Ch 2B or Ch 3A , Ch 3B , Ch 4A and Ch 4, B and the output channels Ch 3D , Ch 3C , Ch 1D and Ch 1C or Ch 4D , Ch 4C , Ch 2D and Ch 2C are connected.
- the summing networks N S1, v, 1 - NS 2, v, 1 , N S 1, v, 2 - N S2, v, 2 , N S1, v, M - N S2, v, M and N S3 are analogous, v, 1 - N S4, v, 1 , N S3, v, 2 - N S4, v, 2 , N S3, v, M - N S4, v, M and N S3, h, 1 - N S1, h , 1 , N S3, h, 2 - N S1, h, 2 , N S3, h, N - N S1, h, N and N S4, h, 1 - N S2, h, 1 , N S4, h, 2 - N S2, h, 2 , N S4 h N - N S2, h, N connected via the sensor chips M 1 , M 2 , M 3 , M 4 .
- FIG. 5 shows microcells with photodiodes D nm , which open into a current divider S q, nm , which is realized with the quenching resistors R q, h, nm , R q, v, nm .
- the outputs of the current dividers R q, h, nm open into signal buses N S, h, n , which go into the nodes K h, n and via the series circuit R h, 0 , R h, 1 , ... R h, N , open into the output channels Ch A and Ch B.
- the outputs of the current dividers R q, v, nm open into signal buses N S, v, m , which go into the nodes K v, m and via the series circuit R v, 0 , R v, 1 , ... R v, M in the output channels Ch C and Ch D open.
- the resistances R h, 0 - R h, N and R v, 0 - R v, M form a series connection, the ends of which are the outputs Ch A and Ch B or Ch C and Ch D.
- the resistors R S, h, 1 , ..., R S, h, n and R S, v, 1 , ..., R S, v, m are integrated on the sensor chip and only the summing networks N S, h and N S, v are led out of the sensor chips.
- FIG. 7 shows four sensor chips M 1 , M 2 , M 3 , M 4 via which the output channels Ch 1 Ch 1 B , Ch 2A and Ch 2B or Ch 3A , Ch 3B , Ch 4A and Ch 4 , B and the output channels Ch 3D , Ch 3C , Ch 1D and Ch 1C or Ch 4D , Ch 4C , Ch 2D and Ch 2C are connected.
- the summing networks N S1, v -N S4, v and N S1, h -N S4, h are connected via the sensor chips M 1 , M 2 , M 3 , M 4 .
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Abstract
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102019000614.3A DE102019000614A1 (de) | 2019-01-28 | 2019-01-28 | Sensorchip für die Lichtdetektion |
| PCT/DE2019/000331 WO2020156600A1 (de) | 2019-01-28 | 2019-12-18 | Sensorchip für die lichtdetektion |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP3918375A1 true EP3918375A1 (de) | 2021-12-08 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP19842862.5A Withdrawn EP3918375A1 (de) | 2019-01-28 | 2019-12-18 | Sensorchip für die lichtdetektion |
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| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20220128721A1 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP3918375A1 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102019000614A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2020156600A1 (de) |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| KR102778882B1 (ko) * | 2022-10-12 | 2025-03-11 | 서강대학교산학협력단 | 다채널 방사선 검출기용 멀티플렉싱 회로 |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5719400A (en) * | 1995-08-07 | 1998-02-17 | The Regents Of The University Of California | High resolution detector array for gamma-ray imaging |
| ES2239506B1 (es) * | 2003-04-10 | 2006-11-16 | Consejo Superior Investigacion | Detector de rayos gamma con codificacion de profundidad de interaccion. |
| US8884240B1 (en) * | 2009-06-08 | 2014-11-11 | Radiation Monitoring Devices, Inc. | Position sensitive solid-state photomultipliers, systems and methods |
| JP6487619B2 (ja) * | 2013-10-25 | 2019-03-20 | 浜松ホトニクス株式会社 | 検出器 |
| DE102016006056A1 (de) * | 2015-12-21 | 2017-06-22 | Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Fachbereich Patente | Sensorchip |
| DE102016008904B4 (de) * | 2016-07-22 | 2019-03-28 | Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Sensorchip |
| DE102017009365B3 (de) * | 2016-11-25 | 2018-03-22 | Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Verfahren zur Signalverarbeitung eines Photosensors |
| DE102019007136B3 (de) * | 2019-10-15 | 2020-10-08 | Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Verfahren zur Positions- und Energiebestimmung in Szintillationsdetektoren |
-
2019
- 2019-01-28 DE DE102019000614.3A patent/DE102019000614A1/de active Pending
- 2019-12-18 EP EP19842862.5A patent/EP3918375A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2019-12-18 WO PCT/DE2019/000331 patent/WO2020156600A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2019-12-18 US US17/422,761 patent/US20220128721A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2020156600A1 (de) | 2020-08-06 |
| US20220128721A1 (en) | 2022-04-28 |
| DE102019000614A1 (de) | 2020-08-13 |
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