Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
  • B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
  • B01J23/74—Iron group metals
  • B01J23/755—Nickel
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
  • B01J21/02—Boron or aluminium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
  • B01J21/04—Alumina
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
  • B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
  • B01J23/72—Copper
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
  • B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
  • B01J37/0201—Impregnation
  • B01J37/0205—Impregnation in several steps
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
  • B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
  • B01J37/024—Multiple impregnation or coating
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
  • B01J37/04—Mixing
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
  • B01J37/08—Heat treatment
  • B01J37/082—Decomposition and pyrolysis
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
  • B01J37/16—Reducing
  • B01J37/18—Reducing with gases containing free hydrogen
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
  • B01J37/20—Sulfiding
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C5/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing the same number of carbon atoms
  • C07C5/02—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing the same number of carbon atoms by hydrogenation
  • C07C5/10—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing the same number of carbon atoms by hydrogenation of aromatic six-membered rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G45/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds
  • C10G45/44—Hydrogenation of the aromatic hydrocarbons
  • C10G45/46—Hydrogenation of the aromatic hydrocarbons characterised by the catalyst used
  • C10G45/48—Hydrogenation of the aromatic hydrocarbons characterised by the catalyst used containing nickel or cobalt metal, or compounds thereof
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2521/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium or hafnium
  • C07C2521/02—Boron or aluminium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
  • C07C2521/04—Alumina
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2523/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00
  • C07C2523/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of the iron group metals or copper
  • C07C2523/72—Copper
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2523/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00
  • C07C2523/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of the iron group metals or copper
  • C07C2523/74—Iron group metals
  • C07C2523/755—Nickel

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a process for preparing a supported metal catalyst, comprising nickel and copper, intended particularly for the hydrogenation of at least one aromatic or polyaromatic compound contained in a hydrocarbon feed
• Catalysts for the hydrogenation of aromatic compounds are generally based on metals from group VIII of the Periodic Table of the Elements, such as nickel.
• the metal is in the form of nanometric metallic particles deposited on a support which may be a refractory oxide.
• the group VIII metal content, the possible presence of a second metallic element, the size of the metal particles and the distribution of the active phase in the support as well as the nature and pore distribution of the support are parameters which may have an impact. importance on catalyst performance.
• the rate of the hydrogenation reaction is governed by several criteria, such as the diffusion of the reactants towards the surface of the catalyst (external diffusional limitations), the diffusion of the reactants in the porosity of the support towards the active sites (internal diffusional limitations) and the intrinsic properties of the active phase such as the size of the metal particles and the distribution of the active phase within the support.
• a nickel-based catalyst has frequently been proposed in order to improve the performance in the hydrogenation of unsaturated hydrocarbons.
• the promotion of a nickel-based catalyst has frequently been proposed in order to improve the performance in selective hydrogenation.
• US Pat. No. 5,208,405 discloses a nickel and silver-based catalyst for the selective hydrogenation of C4-C10 diolefins.
• nickel which is present mainly, with metals from group IB, in particular gold (FR 2,949,077) or tin (FR 2,949,078).
• Document FR 3,011, 844 discloses a catalyst for carrying out a selective hydrogenation process comprising a support and an active metallic phase deposited. on the support, the active metal phase comprising copper and at least one metal or cobalt metal in a Cu: (Ni and / or Co) molar ratio greater than 1.
• a reducing treatment step in the presence of a reducing gas is carried out so as to obtain a catalyst comprising an at least partially active phase. in metallic form.
• This treatment activates the catalyst and forms metal particles.
• This treatment can be carried out in-situ or ex-situ, that is to say after or before loading the catalyst into the hydrogenation reactor.
• the preparation process according to the invention thus makes it possible to carry out a step of reduction of the metallic elements in the presence of a reducing gas at lower temperatures and shorter reaction times than those commonly used in the prior art.
• the use of less severe operating conditions than in the prior art makes it possible to carry out the reduction step directly within the reactor in which it is desired to carry out the hydrogenation of aromatic compounds.
• the presence of copper in the catalyst makes it possible to maintain good activity and a longer lifespan of the catalyst when the latter is brought into contact with a hydrocarbon feed comprising sulfur, in particular in the cuts. of aromatic hydrocarbons.
• the copper present in the catalyst more easily captures the sulfur compounds included in the feed, which greatly limits the irreversible poisoning of the most virulent active sites of nickel which exist on the new catalyst.
• the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of a catalyst for the hydrogenation of aromatic or polyaromatic compounds comprising a metallic active phase based on nickel, in an amount of 10 and 65% by weight of nickel element relative to the total weight of the element.
• catalyst, and copper-based in an amount of 0.5 to 15% by weight of copper element relative to the total weight of the catalyst, and a support comprising at least one refractory oxide chosen from silica, alumina and silica -alumina, which process comprising the following steps:
• a step is carried out of bringing the support into contact with at least one solution containing at least one copper precursor and one nickel precursor at a desired nickel concentration in order to obtain a content of between 0.5 and 15 on the final catalyst % by weight of nickel element relative to the total weight of the final catalyst;
• step b) at least one step of drying the catalyst precursor is carried out at the end of step a) at a temperature below 250 ° C;
• step b) optionally, a heat treatment of the catalyst precursor obtained at the end of step b) is carried out at a temperature between 250 and 1000 ° C, in the presence or absence of water;
• step b) the catalyst precursor resulting from step b), optionally step c), is reduced by contacting said catalyst precursor with a reducing gas at a temperature between 150 and 250 ° C;
• step e) a step of bringing the catalyst precursor obtained at the end of step d) into contact with a solution comprising at least one nickel precursor;
• step f) at least one step of drying the catalyst precursor is carried out at the end of step e) at a temperature below 250 ° C;
• a heat treatment of the catalyst precursor obtained at the end of step f) is carried out at a temperature between 250 and 1000 ° C, in the presence or absence of water;
• step h) the catalyst precursor resulting from step f), optionally step g), is reduced by bringing said catalyst precursor into contact with a reducing gas at a temperature of between 150 and 250 ° C.
• the molar ratio between nickel and copper is between 0.5 and 5, preferably between 0.7 and 4.5, more preferably between 0.9 and 4.
• step d) and / or h) is (are) carried out at a temperature between 160 and 230 ° C.
• step d) and / or h) is (are) carried out at a temperature between 170 and 220 ° C.
• steps d) and / or h) is (are) carried out between 10 minutes and 110 minutes.
• the preparation process further comprises a step of passivation of the catalyst precursor with a sulfur-containing compound after reduction step d) but before step e), and / or after step h) reduction.
• the passivation step (s) is (are) carried out at a temperature of between 20 and 350 ° C. for 10 to 240 minutes.
• said sulfur compound is chosen from thiophene, thiophane, dimethylsulfide, diethylsulfide, dipropylsulfide, propylmethylsulfide, di-thio-di-ethanol.
• the copper precursor is chosen from copper acetate, copper acetylacetonate, copper nitrate, copper sulfate, copper chloride, copper bromide, copper iodide or fluoride. of copper.
• the copper precursor is copper nitrate.
• the reducing gas of step d) and / or h) is dihydrogen.
• the hydrogen flow rate, expressed in L / hour / gram of catalyst precursor is between 0.01 and 100 L / hour / gram of catalyst precursor.
• the nickel precursor supplied during step a) and / or e) is chosen from nickel nitrate, nickel carbonate or nickel hydroxide.
• Another object according to the invention relates to a process for the hydrogenation of at least one aromatic or polyaromatic compound contained in a hydrocarbon feedstock having a final boiling point less than or equal to 650 ° C, said process being carried out in phase gas or in liquid phase, at a temperature between 30 and 350 ° C, at a pressure between 0.1 and 20 MPa, at a hydrogen / (aromatic compounds with hydrogenate) between 0.1 and 10 and at an hourly volume speed VVH of between 0.05 and 50 h 1 , in the presence of a catalyst obtained according to the preparation process according to the invention.
• group VIII according to the CAS classification corresponds to the metals of columns 8, 9 and 10 according to the new IUPAC classification.
• the reduction rate (TR) of a metal M contained in the catalyst is defined as being the percentage of said metal M reduced after the step of reducing said catalyst.
• the degree of reduction of nickel (Ni) was measured by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD or “X-ray diffraction” according to the English terminology). The description of the method for measuring the amount of reducible metal on oxide catalysts is explained later in the description (cf. examples section).
• the specific surface of the catalyst or of the support used for the preparation of the catalyst according to the invention is meant the specific surface B.E.T. determined by nitrogen adsorption in accordance with the ASTM D 3663-78 standard established from the BRUNAUER-EMMETT-TELLER method described in the periodical "The Journal of American Society", 60, 309, (1938).
• macropores we mean pores with an opening greater than 50 nm.
• pores are meant pores with an opening between 2 nm and 50 nm, limits included.
• micropores pores the opening of which is less than 2 nm.
• total pore volume of the catalyst or of the support used for the preparation of the catalyst according to the invention is meant the volume measured by intrusion with a mercury porosimeter according to standard ASTM D4284-83 at a maximum pressure of 4000 bar (400 MPa), using a surface tension of 484 dyne / cm and a contact angle of 140 °. The wetting angle was taken equal to 140 ° by following the recommendations of the book “Engineering techniques, analysis and characterization treaty”, pages 1050-1055, written by Jean Charpin and Bernard Rasneur.
• the value of the total pore volume corresponds to the value of the total pore volume measured by intrusion with a mercury porosimeter measured on the sample minus the value of the total pore volume measured by intrusion with a mercury porosimeter measured on the same sample for a pressure corresponding to 30 psi (approximately 0.2 MPa).
• the volume of macropores and mesopores is measured by mercury intrusion porosimetry according to ASTM D4284-83 at a maximum pressure of 4000 bar (400 MPa), using a surface tension of 484 dyne / cm and a contact angle of 140 °.
• the value from which the mercury fills all the intergranular voids is fixed at 0.2 MPa, and it is considered that beyond this mercury penetrates into the pores of the sample.
• the macroporous volume of the catalyst or of the support used for the preparation of the catalyst according to the invention is defined as being the cumulative volume of mercury introduced at a pressure between 0.2 MPa and 30 MPa, corresponding to the volume contained in the pores of diameter apparent greater than 50 nm.
• the mesoporous volume of the catalyst or of the support used for the preparation of the catalyst according to the invention is defined as being the cumulative volume of mercury introduced at a pressure between 30 MPa and 400 MPa, corresponding to the volume contained in the pores of apparent diameter included between 2 and 50 nm.
• the volume of the micropores is measured by nitrogen porosimetry.
• the quantitative analysis of the microporosity is carried out using the "t" method (method of Lippens-De Boer, 1965) which corresponds to a transform of the starting adsorption isotherm as described in the book “Adsorption by powders and porous solids. Principles, methodology and applications ”written by F. Rouquérol, J. Rouquérol and K. Sing,treu Press, 1999.
• the mesoporous median diameter is also defined as being the diameter such that all the pores, among all the pores constituting the mesoporous volume, of size less than this diameter constitute 50% of the total mesoporous volume determined by intrusion with a mercury porosimeter.
• the macroporous median diameter is also defined as being the diameter such that all the pores, among all the pores constituting the macroporous volume, of size less than this diameter constitute 50% of the total macroporous volume determined by intrusion with a mercury porosimeter.
• the process for preparing a catalyst for the hydrogenation of aromatic or polyaromatic compounds comprising, preferably consisting of, a metallic active phase based on nickel, in an amount of 10 and 65% by weight of nickel element per relative to the total weight of the catalyst, and based on copper, in an amount of 0.5 to 15% by weight of copper element relative to the total weight of the catalyst, and a support comprising at least one refractory oxide chosen from silica, 'alumina and silica-alumina, preferably comprises the following steps:
• a step is carried out of bringing the support into contact with at least one solution containing at least, preferably consisting of, a copper precursor and a nickel precursor at a desired nickel concentration in order to obtain a content on the final catalyst of between 0.5 and 15% by weight of nickel element relative to the total weight of the final catalyst;
• step b) at least one step of drying the catalyst precursor is carried out at the end of step a) at a temperature below 250 ° C;
• step b) optionally, a heat treatment of the catalyst precursor obtained at the end of step b) is carried out at a temperature between 250 and 1000 ° C, in the presence or absence of water;
• step d) the catalyst precursor resulting from step b), optionally step c), is reduced by bringing said catalyst precursor into contact with a reducing gas at a temperature between 150 and 250 ° C .; e) a step of bringing the catalyst precursor obtained at the end of step d) into contact with a solution comprising at least one nickel precursor, preferably a solution consisting of a nickel precursor;
• step f) at least one step of drying the catalyst precursor is carried out at the end of step e) at a temperature below 250 ° C;
• a heat treatment of the catalyst precursor obtained at the end of step f) is carried out at a temperature between 250 and 1000 ° C, in the presence or absence of water;
• step f) the catalyst precursor resulting from step f), optionally step g), is reduced by bringing said catalyst precursor into contact with a reducing gas at a temperature between 150 and 250 ° C;
• a step i) of passivation with a sulfur compound is carried out after the reducing treatment step h).
• Steps a) to i) of said preparation process are described in detail below.
• Step a) Bringing a nickel precursor and a copper precursor into contact with the
• step a The deposition of nickel and copper on said support, in accordance with the implementation of step a), can be carried out by impregnation, dry or in excess, or alternatively by deposition - precipitation, according to well known methods of 'Man skilled in the art.
• Said step a) is preferably carried out by impregnation of the support consisting for example in bringing said support into contact with at least one solution, aqueous or organic (for example methanol or ethanol or phenol or acetone or toluene or dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)) or else consisting of a mixture of water and at least one organic solvent, comprising, preferably consisting of, at least one precursor of nickel and at least one precursor of at least partially copper.
• aqueous or organic for example methanol or ethanol or phenol or acetone or toluene or dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)
• DMSO dimethylsulfoxide
• the dissolved state or also by bringing said support into contact with at least one colloidal solution comprising, preferably consisting of, at least one precursor of nickel and of a precursor of copper in oxidized form (oxide nanoparticles, oxide (hydroxide) or hydroxide of nickel and copper) or in reduced form (metallic nanoparticles of nickel and copper in the reduced state).
• the solution is aqueous.
• the pH of this solution can be modified by the optional addition of an acid or a base.
• said step a) is carried out by dry impregnation, which consists in bringing the catalyst support into contact with a solution, comprising, preferably consisting of, at least one nickel precursor and at least one copper precursor, in which the volume of the solution is between 0.25 and 1.5 times the pore volume of the support to be impregnated.
• a nickel precursor is advantageously used in the form of nitrate, carbonate, acetate, chloride, hydroxide, hydroxycarbonate, oxalate, sulfate, formate. , complexes formed by a polyacid or an acid-alcohol and its salts, complexes formed with acetylacetonates, tetrammine or hexammine complexes, or even any other inorganic derivative soluble in aqueous solution, which is brought into contact with said support.
• nickel precursor, nickel nitrate, nickel hydroxide, nickel carbonate, nickel chloride or nickel hydroxycarbonate are advantageously used.
• the nickel precursor is nickel nitrate, nickel carbonate or nickel hydroxide.
• the copper precursor when the copper precursor is introduced in aqueous solution, a copper precursor in mineral or organic form is advantageously used.
• the copper precursor can be chosen from copper acetate, copper acetylacetonate, copper nitrate, copper sulfate, copper chloride, copper bromide, copper iodide or copper fluoride.
• the copper precursor salt is copper nitrate.
• the nickel precursor is supplied to step a) at a desired concentration to obtain on the final catalyst (ie obtained at the end of step h) reduction or step i) of passivation if the latter is carried out) a content of between 0.5 and 15% by weight of nickel element relative to the total weight of the final catalyst, preferably between 0.5 and 10% by weight, more preferably between 1 and 8% by weight weight, even more preferably between 1 and 7% by weight.
• the quantities of the copper precursor (s) introduced into the solution according to step a) are chosen such that the total copper content is between 0.5 and 15% by weight of copper element relative to the total weight of the catalyst final (ie obtained at the end of step h) of reduction or of step i) of passivation if the latter is carried out), preferably between 0.5 and 12% by weight, preferably between 0 , 75 and 10% by weight, and even more preferably between 1 and 9% by weight.
• Step b) of drying the impregnated support is carried out at a temperature below 250 ° C, preferably between 15 and 180 ° C, more preferably between 30 and 160 ° C, even more preferably between 50 and 150 ° C, and even more preferably between 70 and 140 ° C, for a period typically between 10 minutes and 24 hours. Longer durations are not excluded, but do not necessarily bring improvement.
• the drying step can be carried out by any technique known to those skilled in the art. It is advantageously carried out under an inert atmosphere or under an atmosphere containing oxygen or under a mixture of inert gas and oxygen. It is advantageously carried out at atmospheric pressure or at reduced pressure. Preferably, this step is carried out at atmospheric pressure and in the presence of air or nitrogen.
• the catalyst precursor obtained at the end of step b) can undergo an additional heat treatment step, before reduction step d), at a temperature between 250 and 1000 ° C and preferably between 250 and 750. ° C, for a period typically between 15 minutes and 10 hours, under an inert atmosphere or under an atmosphere containing oxygen, in the presence of water or not. Longer durations of treatment are not excluded, but do not necessarily bring improvement.
• heat treatment is understood to mean treatment at temperature respectively without the presence or in the presence of water. In the latter case, the contact with the water vapor can take place at atmospheric pressure or at autogenous pressure. Several combined cycles without the presence or with the presence of water can be carried out.
• the water content is preferably between 150 and 900 grams per kilogram of dry air, and even more preferably, between 250 and 650 grams per kilogram of dry air.
• the catalyst precursor comprises nickel in oxide form, that is to say in NiO form, and copper in oxide form. oxide, that is to say in CuO form.
• a step of reducing treatment d) of the dried catalyst obtained at the end of step b) or of the catalyst obtained at the end of step c) is carried out in the presence of a reducing gas of so as to form on the catalyst support a nickel-copper alloy at least partially in metallic form.
• the reducing gas is preferably hydrogen.
• the hydrogen can be used pure or as a mixture (eg a mixture of hydrogen / nitrogen, hydrogen / argon, hydrogen / methane). In the case where the hydrogen is used as a mixture, all the proportions can be envisaged.
• said reducing treatment is carried out at a temperature between 150 ° C and 250 ° C, preferably between 160 and 230 ° C, and more preferably between 170 and 220 ° vs.
• the duration of the reducing treatment is between 5 minutes and less than 5 hours, preferably between
• step d) of reduction with a reducing gas makes it possible to form a nickel-copper alloy at least partially in metallic form.
• the nickel-copper alloy has the formula Ni x Cu y with x ranging between 0.1 and 0.9 and including between 0.1 and 0.9.
• the rise in temperature to the desired reduction temperature is generally slow, for example set between 0.1 and 10 ° C / min, preferably between 0.3 and 7 ° C / min.
• the hydrogen flow rate, expressed in L / hour / gram of catalyst precursor is between 0.01 and 100 L / hour / gram of catalyst, preferably between 0.05 and 10 L / hour / gram of catalyst precursor , even more preferably between 0.1 and 5 L / hour / gram of catalyst precursor.
• Passivation (optional step)
• the catalyst precursor obtained at the end of reduction step d) can advantageously be passivated before carrying out the step of bringing said catalyst precursor into contact with a solution comprising, preferably consisting of, at least one nickel precursor (step e).
• the step of passivation of the catalyst precursor obtained at the end of step d) is carried out with a sulfur compound which makes it possible to improve the selectivity of the catalysts and to avoid thermal runaways during catalyst start-ups. new ("run away" according to the Anglo-Saxon terminology).
• Passivation generally consists in irreversibly poisoning by the sulfur compound the most virulent active sites of nickel which exist on the new catalyst and therefore in attenuating the activity of the catalyst in favor of its selectivity.
• the passivation step is carried out by implementing methods known to those skilled in the art.
• the step of passivation with a sulfur compound is generally carried out at a temperature between 20 and 350 ° C, preferably between 40 and 200 ° C, for 10 to 240 minutes.
• the sulfur compound is for example chosen from the following compounds: thiophene, thiophane, alkylmonosulfides such as dimethylsulfide, diethylsulfide, dipropylsulfide and propylmethylsulfide or else an organic disulfide of formula HO-R SSR 2 -OH such as di-thio-di-ethanol of formula HO-C 2 H 4 -SSC 2 H 4 -OH (often called DEODS).
• the sulfur content is generally between 0.1 and 2% by weight of said element relative to the total weight of the catalyst.
• Step e) Contacting the catalyst precursor with a solution comprising a
• step e The deposition of nickel, in accordance with the implementation of step e), can be carried out by impregnation, dry or in excess, or alternatively by deposition - precipitation, according to methods well known to those skilled in the art.
• Said step e) is preferably carried out by impregnating the catalyst precursor obtained at the end of step d) (or after the optional passivation step) consisting for example in bringing the catalyst precursor into contact with at least one solution, aqueous or organic (for example methanol or ethanol or phenol or acetone or toluene or dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)) or else consisting of a mixture of water and at least one organic solvent, comprising, preferably consisting of, at least one nickel precursor at least partially in the dissolved state, or alternatively by bringing the catalyst precursor into contact with at least one colloidal solution comprising, preferably consisting of, at least one precursor nickel, in oxidized form (nanoparticles of oxides, oxy (hydroxide) or nickel hydroxide) or in reduced form (metallic nanoparticles of nickel in the reduced state).
• aqueous or organic for example methanol or ethanol or phenol or acetone or toluene or dimethylsulfoxide (DM
• the solution is aqueous.
• the pH of this solution can be modified by the possible addition of an acid or a base.
• said step e) is carried out by dry impregnation, which consists in bringing the catalyst precursor into contact with at least one solution, containing, preferably consisting of, at least one precursor of nickel, the volume of which is solution is between 0.25 and 1.5 times the pore volume of the support of the catalyst precursor to be impregnated.
• a nickel precursor is advantageously used in the form of nitrate, carbonate, chloride, sulfate, hydroxide, hydroxycarbonate, formate, acetate, oxalate , complexes formed with acetylacetonates, or else tetrammine or hexammine complexes, or any other inorganic derivative soluble in aqueous solution, which is brought into contact with said catalyst precursor.
• nickel precursor nickel nitrate, nickel carbonate, nickel chloride, nickel hydroxide, nickel hydroxycarbonate.
• the nickel precursor is nickel nitrate, nickel carbonate or nickel hydroxide.
• the nickel precursor is supplied to step e) at a desired concentration to obtain on the final catalyst (ie obtained at the end of step h) of reduction or of step i) of passivation if the latter is carried out) a content of between 9 and 60% by weight of nickel element relative to the total weight of the catalyst, preferably between 9 and 57% by weight, more preferably between 9.5 and 55% by weight, and even more preferably between 9, 5 and 50% by weight.
• Step f) of drying the impregnated support is carried out at a temperature below 250 ° C, preferably between 15 and 180 ° C, more preferably between 30 and 160 ° C, even more preferably between 50 and 150 ° C, and even more preferably between 70 and 140 ° C, for a period typically between 10 minutes and 24 hours. Longer durations are not excluded, but do not necessarily bring improvement.
• the drying step can be carried out by any technique known to those skilled in the art. It is advantageously carried out under an inert atmosphere or under an atmosphere containing oxygen or under a mixture of inert gas and oxygen. It is advantageously carried out at atmospheric pressure or at reduced pressure. Preferably, this step is carried out at atmospheric pressure and in the presence of air or nitrogen.
• the dried catalyst precursor can undergo an additional heat treatment step, before reduction step h), at a temperature between 250 and 1000 ° C and preferably between 250 and 750 ° C, for a period typically between 15 minutes and 10 hours, under an inert atmosphere or under an atmosphere containing oxygen, in the presence of water or not. Longer durations of treatment are not excluded, but do not necessarily bring improvement.
• the term “heat treatment” is understood to mean treatment at temperature respectively without the presence or in the presence of water. In the latter case, the contact with the water vapor can take place at atmospheric pressure or at autogenous pressure. Several combined cycles without the presence or with the presence of water can be carried out.
• the catalyst precursor comprises nickel in oxide form, that is to say in NiO form.
• the water content is preferably between 150 and 900 grams per kilogram of dry air, and even more preferably, between 250 and 650 grams per kilogram of dry air.
• a reducing treatment step h) is carried out in the presence of a reducing gas so as to obtain a catalyst comprising nickel in less partially in metallic form.
• This step is advantageously carried out in situ, that is to say after loading the catalyst into a reactor for the hydrogenation of aromatic or polyaromatic compounds.
• This treatment makes it possible to activate said catalyst and to form metal particles, in particular nickel in the zero valent state.
• the reducing gas is preferably hydrogen.
• the hydrogen can be used pure or as a mixture (eg a mixture of hydrogen / nitrogen, hydrogen / argon, hydrogen / methane). In the case where the hydrogen is used as a mixture, all the proportions can be envisaged.
• said reducing treatment is carried out at a temperature between 150 ° C and 250 ° C, preferably between 160 and 230 ° C, and more preferably between 170 and 220 ° C. .
• the duration of the reducing treatment is between 5 minutes and less than 5 hours, preferably between 10 minutes and 4 hours, and even more preferably between 10 minutes and 110 minutes.
• the presence of the nickel-copper alloy at least partially in reduced form makes it possible to resort to operating conditions for reducing the active phase of nickel which are less severe than in the prior art and thus makes it possible to carry out the reduction step directly. within the reactor in which it is desired to carry out the hydrogenation of aromatic or polyaromatic compounds.
• the presence of copper in the catalyst makes it possible to maintain good activity of the catalyst and a good lifetime of the catalyst when the latter is brought into contact with a hydrocarbon feed comprising sulfur, in particular the C3 hydrocarbon cuts from steam cracking. and / or catalytic cracking.
• the copper present in the catalyst more easily captures the sulfur compounds included in the feed, which therefore avoids irreversibly poisoning the most virulent active sites of nickel which exist on the new catalyst.
• the rise in temperature to the desired reduction temperature is generally slow, for example set between 0.1 and 10 ° C / min, preferably between 0.3 and 7 ° C / min.
• the hydrogen flow rate, expressed in L / hour / gram of catalyst precursor is between 0.01 and 100 L / hour / gram of catalyst, preferably between 0.05 and 10 L / hour / gram of catalyst precursor , even more preferably between 0.1 and 5 L / hour / gram of catalyst precursor.
• the catalyst prepared according to the process according to the invention can advantageously undergo a step of passivation with a sulfur compound which makes it possible to improve the selectivity of catalysts and to avoid thermal runaways when new catalysts are started (“run-away” according to the English terminology).
• Passivation generally consists in irreversibly poisoning by the sulfur compound the most virulent active sites of nickel which exist on the new catalyst and therefore in attenuating the activity of the catalyst in favor of its selectivity.
• the passivation step is carried out by implementing methods known to those skilled in the art.
• the step of passivation with a sulfur compound is generally carried out at a temperature between 20 and 350 ° C, preferably between 40 and 200 ° C, for 10 to 240 minutes.
• the sulfur compound is, for example, chosen from the following compounds: thiophene, thiophane, alkylmonosulfides such as dimethylsulfide, diethylsulfide, dipropylsulfide and propylmethylsulfide or else an organic disulfide of formula HO-R SSR 2 -OH such as di-thio-di-ethanol of formula HO-C2H4-SS-C2H4-OH (often called DEODS).
• the sulfur content is generally between 0.1 and 2% by weight of said element relative to the total weight of the catalyst.
• the catalyst that can be obtained by the preparation process according to the invention comprises an active phase comprising nickel and copper, part of the nickel and copper of which is in the form of a nickel-copper alloy, corresponding to advantageously of the formula Ni x Cu y with x ranging between 0.1 and 0.9 and including between 0.1 and 0.9, and a support in the form of a refractory oxide chosen from silica, alumina, silica-alumina.
• the copper content is between 0.5 and 15% by weight of copper element relative to the total weight of the catalyst, preferably between 0.5 and 12% by weight, preferably between 0.75 and 10% by weight , and even more preferably between 1 and 9% by weight.
• the total nickel content is between 10 and 65% by weight, preferably between 14 and 50% by weight, more preferably between 20 and 45% by weight of said element relative to the total weight of the catalyst.
• the nickel content included in the copper-nickel alloy formed by the preparation process according to the invention is between 0.5 and 15% by weight of nickel element relative to the total weight of the catalyst, preferably between 1 and 12% by weight, and more preferably between 1 and 10% by weight.
• the porous support is chosen from the group consisting of silica, alumina and silica-alumina. Even more preferably, the support is alumina. Alumina can be present in all possible crystallographic forms: alpha, delta, theta, chi, rho, eta, kappa, gamma, etc., taken alone or as a mixture. Preferably, the support is chosen from alpha, delta, theta and gamma alumina.
• the specific surface of the support is generally greater than or equal to 30 m 2 / g, preferably greater than or equal to 50 m 2 / g, more preferably between 60 m 2 / g and 500 m 2 / g, and even more preferably between between 70 m 2 / g and 400 m 2 / g.
• the BET specific surface is measured by physisorption with nitrogen.
• the total pore volume of the support is generally between 0.1 and 1.5 cm 3 / g, preferably between 0.35 and 1.2 cm 3 / g, and even more preferably between 0.4 and 1, 0 cm 3 / g, and even more preferably between 0.45 and 0.9 cm 3 / g.
• Said catalyst is generally presented in all the forms known to those skilled in the art, for example in the form of beads (generally having a diameter of between 1 and 8 mm), of extrudates, of tablets, of hollow cylinders. Preferably, it consists of extrudates with a diameter generally between 0.5 and 10 mm, preferably between 0.8 and 3.2 mm and very preferably between 1.0 and 2.5 mm and of average length. between 0.5 and 20 mm.
• the term “average diameter” of the extrudates is understood to mean the average diameter of the circle circumscribing the cross section of these extrudates.
• the catalyst can advantageously be presented in the form of cylindrical, multilobed, trilobal or quadrilobed extrudates. Preferably its shape will be trilobed or quadrilobed. The shape of the lobes can be adjusted according to all the methods known from the prior art.
• the specific surface of the support is generally greater than or equal to 30 m 2 / g, preferably greater than or equal to 50 m 2 / g, more preferably between 60 m 2 / g and 500 m 2 / g, and even more preferably between between 70 m 2 / g and 400 m 2 / g.
• the total pore volume of the catalyst is generally between 0.1 and 1.5 cm 3 / g, preferably between 0.35 and 1.2 cm 3 / g, and even more preferably between 0.4 and 1, 0 cm 3 / g, and even more preferably between 0.45 and 0.9 cm 3 / g.
• the catalyst advantageously has a macroporous volume less than or equal to 0.6 mL / g, preferably less than or equal to 0.5 mL / g, more preferably less than or equal to 0.4 mL / g, and even more preferably less than or equal to or equal to 0.3 mL / g.
• the mesoporous volume of the catalyst is generally at least 0.10 ml / g, preferably at least 0.20 ml / g, preferably between 0.25 ml / g and 0.80 ml / g, more preferably between 0.30 and 0.65 mL / g.
• the mesoporous median diameter is advantageously between 3 nm and 25 nm, and preferably between 6 and 20 nm, and particularly preferably between 8 and 18 nm.
• the catalyst advantageously has a macroporous median diameter of between 50 and 1500 nm, preferably between 80 and 1000 nm, even more preferably between 250 and 800 nm.
• the catalyst has a low microporosity, very preferably it does not have any microporosity.
• a subject of the present invention is also a process for the hydrogenation of at least one aromatic or polyaromatic compound contained in a hydrocarbon feedstock having a final boiling point less than or equal to 650 ° C, generally between 20 and 650 ° C. , and preferably between 20 and 450 ° C.
• Said hydrocarbon feedstock containing at least one aromatic or polyaromatic compound can be chosen from the following petroleum or petrochemical cuts: reformate from catalytic reforming, kerosene, light gas oil, heavy gas oil, cracked distillates, such as recycle oil from FCC, gas oil from coking unit, hydrocracking distillates.
• the content of aromatic or polyaromatic compounds contained in the hydrocarbon feedstock treated in the hydrogenation process according to the invention is generally between 0.1 and 80% by weight, preferably between 1 and 50% by weight, and particularly preferably between 2 and 35% by weight, the percentage being based on the total weight of the hydrocarbon feed.
• the aromatic compounds present in said hydrocarbon feed are for example benzene or alkylaromatics such as toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, m-xylene, or p-xylene, or else aromatics having several aromatic (polyaromatic) rings such as naphthalene.
• the sulfur or chlorine content of the feed is generally less than 5,000 ppm by weight of sulfur or of chlorine, preferably less than 100 ppm by weight, and particularly preferably less than 10 ppm by weight.
• the technological implementation of the process for the hydrogenation of aromatic or polyaromatic compounds is, for example, carried out by injection, in an ascending or descending current, of the hydrocarbon feed and of hydrogen in at least one fixed bed reactor.
• Said reactor can be of the isothermal type or of the adiabatic type.
• An adiabatic reactor is preferred.
• the hydrocarbon feed can advantageously be diluted by one or more re-injection (s) of the effluent, coming from said reactor where the aromatics hydrogenation reaction takes place, at various points of the reactor, located between the inlet and the outlet of the reactor in order to limit the temperature gradient in the reactor.
• the technological implementation of the aromatics hydrogenation process according to the invention can also be advantageously carried out by implanting at least said supported catalyst in a reactive distillation column or in reactors - exchangers or in a reactor of the type. slurry.
• the hydrogen flow can be introduced at the same time as the feed to be hydrogenated and / or at one or more different points of the reactor.
• the hydrogenation of the aromatic or polyaromatic compounds can be carried out in the gas phase or in the liquid phase, preferably in the liquid phase.
• the hydrogenation of aromatic or polyaromatic compounds is carried out at a temperature between 30 and 350 ° C, preferably between 50 and 325 ° C, at a pressure between 0.1 and 20 MPa, from preferably between 0.5 and 10 MPa, at a hydrogen / (aromatic compounds to be hydrogenated) molar ratio of between 0.1 and 10 and at an hourly volume speed VVH of between 0.05 and 50 h 1 , preferably between 0, 1 and 10 h 1 of a hydrocarbon feed containing aromatic or polyaromatic compounds and having a final boiling point less than or equal to 650 ° C, generally between 20 and 650 ° C, and preferably between 20 and 450 ° vs.
• the hydrogen flow rate is adjusted in order to have enough of it to theoretically hydrogenate all the aromatic compounds and to maintain an excess of hydrogen at the reactor outlet.
• the conversion of the aromatic or polyaromatic compounds is generally greater than 20 mol%, preferably greater than 40 mol%, more preferably greater than 80 mol%, and particularly preferably greater than 90 mol%. mole of the aromatic or polyaromatic compounds contained in the hydrocarbon feed. The conversion is calculated by dividing the difference between the total moles of aromatic or polyaromatic compounds in the hydrocarbon feed and in the product by the total moles of aromatic or polyaromatic compounds in the hydrocarbon feed.
• a process is carried out for the hydrogenation of benzene from a hydrocarbon feed, such as the reformate obtained from a catalytic reforming unit.
• the benzene content in said hydrocarbon feedstock is generally between 0.1 and 40% by weight, preferably between 0.5 and 35% by weight, and particularly preferably between 2 and 30% by weight, the percentage by weight being based on the total weight of the oil charge.
• the sulfur or chlorine content of the feed is generally less than 10 ppm by weight of sulfur or chlorine respectively, and preferably less than 2 ppm by weight.
• the hydrogenation of the benzene contained in the hydrocarbon feed can be carried out in the gas phase or in the liquid phase, preferably in the liquid phase.
• a solvent may be present, such as cyclohexane, heptane, octane.
• the hydrogenation of benzene is carried out at a temperature of between 30 and 250 ° C, preferably between 50 and 200 ° C, and more preferably between 80 and 180 ° C, at a pressure of between 0.1 and 10 MPa, preferably between 0.5 and 4 MPa, at a hydrogen / (benzene) molar ratio between 0.1 and 10 and at an hourly volume speed VVH of between 0.05 and 50 h 1 , preferably between 0.5 and 10 h 1 .
• the conversion of benzene is generally greater than 50 mol%, preferably greater than 80 mol%, more preferably greater than 90 mol% and particularly preferably greater than 98 mol%.
• the support is an alumina A having a specific surface area of 80 m 2 / g, a pore volume of 0.7 mL / g (cm 3 / g) and a median diameter 12 nm mesoporous.
• Example 1 Preparation of an aqueous solution of Ni precursors
• solution S The aqueous solution of Ni precursors used for the preparation of catalysts A to E is prepared by dissolving 43.5 g of nickel nitrate (NiN0 3 , supplier Strem Chemicals®) in a volume of 13 mL of water distilled. Solution S is obtained, the Ni concentration of which is 350 g of Ni per liter of solution.
• Example 2 Catalyst A - 20% by weight of Ni (comparative)
• Solution S prepared in Example 1 is dry impregnated with 10 g of alumina A.
• the solid thus obtained is then dried in an oven overnight at 120 ° C., then calcined under an air flow of 1 L / h / g of catalyst at 450 ° C for 2 hours.
• the calcined catalyst thus prepared contains 20% by weight of the element nickel relative to the total weight of the catalyst supported on alumina.
• the catalyst precursor is then reduced under the conditions as described in Example 8 below.
• the solid thus obtained is then dried in an oven overnight at 120 ° C.
• the solid thus obtained is then dried in an oven overnight at 120 ° C, then calcined under an air flow of 1 L / h / g of catalyst at 450 ° C for 2 hours.
• the catalyst precursor is then reduced under the conditions as described in Example 8 below.
• the Ni content is 5% by weight relative to the weight of the final catalyst.
• the solid thus obtained is then dried in an oven overnight at 120 ° C., then calcined under an air flow of 1 L / h / g of catalyst at 450 ° C. for 2 hours. This is then reduced under a flow of hydrogen at 190 ° C. for 4 h then returned to air.
• the catalyst precursor C1 is obtained.
• the solution S is then dry impregnated on the precursor of catalyst C1 to obtain 20% by weight of Ni alone relative to the total weight of the final catalyst (which does not contribute to the alloy).
• the solid thus obtained is then dried in an oven overnight at 120 ° C, then calcined under an air flow of 1 L / h / g of catalyst at 450 ° C for 2 hours.
• the catalyst precursor is then reduced under the conditions as described in Example 8 below.
• Example 5 Catalyst D - Ni + Cu impregnation (2% by weight of Ni and molar ratio
• Ni / Cu 3
• the Ni content is 2% by weight relative to the weight of the final catalyst.
• the solid thus obtained is then dried in an oven overnight at 120 ° C, then calcined under an air flow of 1 L / h / g of catalyst at 450 ° C for 2 hours. This is then reduced under a flow of hydrogen at 190 ° C for 4 hours.
• the catalyst precursor D1 is obtained.
• the solution S is then dry impregnated on the catalyst precursor D1 to obtain 20% by weight of Ni alone relative to the total weight of the final catalyst (which does not contribute to the alloy).
• the solid thus obtained is then dried in an oven overnight at 120 ° C, then calcined under an air flow of 1 L / h / g of catalyst at 450 ° C for 2 hours.
• the catalyst precursor is then reduced under the conditions as described in Example 8 below.
• Example 6 Catalyst E - Impregnation of Ni + Cu (5% by weight of Ni and molar ratio
• Ni / Cu 2) followed by an impregnation of 20% by weight of Ni (according to the invention)
• the Ni content is 5% by weight relative to the weight of the final catalyst.
• the solid thus obtained is then dried in an oven overnight at 120 ° C., then calcined under an air flow of 1 L / h / g of catalyst at 450 ° C. for 2 hours. This is then reduced under a flow of hydrogen at 190 ° C. for 4 h then the catalyst precursor E1 is obtained.
• the solution S is then dry impregnated on the catalyst precursor E1 to obtain 20% by weight of Ni alone relative to the total weight of the final catalyst (which does not contribute to the alloy).
• the solid thus obtained is then dried in an oven overnight at 120 ° C, then calcined under an air flow of 1 L / h / g of catalyst at 450 ° C for 2 hours.
• the catalyst precursor is then reduced under the conditions as described in Example 8 below.
• Example 7 Characterization All the catalysts contain the contents targeted during the impregnation, that is to say 20% of nickel element (characterized by Fluorescence X) relative to the total weight of the catalyst, and the% of added copper (characterized by Fluorescence X).
• the amount of alloy obtained after the calcination then reduction step was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis on samples of the catalyst in powder form.
• the amount of metallic nickel obtained after the reduction step was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis on samples of the catalyst in powder form. Between the reduction step and throughout the duration of the XRD characterization, the catalysts are never vented.
• XRD X-ray diffraction
• the reduction rate was calculated by calculating the area of the Ni 0 line located around 52 ° 2Q, on all the diffractograms of each sample of catalyst analyzed, then by subtracting the signal present from ambient temperature under the line. at 52 ° and which is due to alumina.
• Table 1 collates the reduction rates or even the metallic nickel content Ni ° (expressed in% by weight relative to the total weight of Ni) for all the catalysts A to E characterized by DRX after a reduction step at 190 ° C for 90 minutes under hydrogen flow. These values were also compared with the reduction rate obtained for catalyst A (Ni alone) after a conventional reduction step (that is to say at a temperature of 400 ° C for 15 hours under a flow of hydrogen) .
• the area of the Ni 0 line located at around 52 ° 2Q is measured, on all the diffractograms, by subtracting the signal present from ambient temperature under the line at 52 ° and which is due to the alumina. It is thus possible to determine the relative percentage of Ni 0 crystallized after reduction.
• Table 1 summarizes the levels of reducibility or even the Ni ° content for all the catalysts characterized by DRX after reduction at 190 ° C for 90 minutes under a flow of hydrogen. These values were also compared with the reduction rate obtained for catalyst A (Ni alone) after a conventional reduction step (that is to say at a temperature of 400 ° C for 15 hours under a flow of hydrogen) .
• the pre-impregnation of nickel (5% by weight of Ni) and copper with a Ni / Cu ratio of 2 allows the production of reduced Ni ° of the order of 80% in the end on the catalyst.
• the pre-impregnation of less NiCu alloy with a nickel content composing the alloy of 2% by weight and copper with a Ni / Cu ratio of 3 makes it possible to obtain Ni ° reduced in the order of 90% at final on the catalyst.
• the pre-impregnation of nickel (5% by weight of Ni) and copper with a Ni / Cu ratio of 3 makes it possible to obtain 100% of reduced Ni ° from 190 ° C on the catalyst.
• Example 8 Catalytic test: performance in hydrogenation of toluene
• Catalysts A to E described in the examples above are also tested against the reaction of hydrogenation of toluene.
• the hydrogenation reaction is carried out in a 500 mL autoclave made of stainless steel, fitted with a mechanical stirrer with magnetic drive and capable of operating under a maximum pressure of 100 bar (10 MPa) and temperatures between 5 ° C and 200 ° C.
• n-heptane supplier VWR®, purity> 99% chromanorm HPLC
• 2 ml of catalyst for catalysts from A to G
• the autoclave is pressurized under 35 bar (3.5 MPa) of hydrogen.
• the catalyst is first reduced in situ, at 190 ° C under hydrogen pressure for 90 minutes (temperature rise ramp of 1 ° C / min) for catalysts A to E (which corresponds to step h ) of the process for preparing the catalyst according to the invention according to one embodiment).
• the autoclave is brought to the test temperature equal to 80 ° C.
• the pressure is kept constant at 35 bar (3.5 MPa) in the autoclave using a reservoir bottle located upstream of the reactor.
• the progress of the reaction is followed by taking samples of the reaction medium at regular time intervals: the toluene is completely hydrogenated to methylcyclohexane.
• the consumption of hydrogen is also monitored over time by the decrease in pressure in a reservoir bottle located upstream of the reactor.
• catalytic activities measured for catalysts A to E are reported in Table 2 below. They are related to the catalytic activity (A H ARO) measured for catalyst A prepared under conventional reduction conditions (at a temperature of 400 ° C. for 15 hours under a flow of hydrogen).

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