EP3892742A1 - Armoire de traitement de cuir et de fourrure à pression réglable et son procédé de fonctionnement - Google Patents

Armoire de traitement de cuir et de fourrure à pression réglable et son procédé de fonctionnement Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3892742A1
EP3892742A1 EP21158546.8A EP21158546A EP3892742A1 EP 3892742 A1 EP3892742 A1 EP 3892742A1 EP 21158546 A EP21158546 A EP 21158546A EP 3892742 A1 EP3892742 A1 EP 3892742A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
leather
rotary drum
pressure
fibers
liquid
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP21158546.8A
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP3892742B1 (fr
EP3892742C0 (fr
Inventor
Akay ABDURRAHMAN
Kürsesi ERHAN
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Akaylar Deri Sanayi Ve Ticaret AS
Ermaksan Sanayi Makinalari Ticaret Ltd Sirketi
Original Assignee
Akaylar Deri Sanayi Ve Ticaret AS
Ermaksan Sanayi Makinalari Ticaret Ltd Sirketi
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
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Publication date
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Publication of EP3892742A1 publication Critical patent/EP3892742A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP3892742B1 publication Critical patent/EP3892742B1/fr
Publication of EP3892742C0 publication Critical patent/EP3892742C0/fr
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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C14—SKINS; HIDES; PELTS; LEATHER
    • C14B—MECHANICAL TREATMENT OR PROCESSING OF SKINS, HIDES OR LEATHER IN GENERAL; PELT-SHEARING MACHINES; INTESTINE-SPLITTING MACHINES
    • C14B3/00—Milling leather
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C14—SKINS; HIDES; PELTS; LEATHER
    • C14C—CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF HIDES, SKINS OR LEATHER, e.g. TANNING, IMPREGNATING, FINISHING; APPARATUS THEREFOR; COMPOSITIONS FOR TANNING
    • C14C15/00—Apparatus for chemical treatment or washing of hides, skins, or leather
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06B—TREATING TEXTILE MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS, GASES OR VAPOURS
    • D06B23/00—Component parts, details, or accessories of apparatus or machines, specially adapted for the treating of textile materials, not restricted to a particular kind of apparatus, provided for in groups D06B1/00 - D06B21/00
    • D06B23/14—Containers, e.g. vats
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06B—TREATING TEXTILE MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS, GASES OR VAPOURS
    • D06B5/00—Forcing liquids, gases or vapours through textile materials to effect treatment, e.g. washing, dyeing, bleaching, sizing impregnating
    • D06B5/12—Forcing liquids, gases or vapours through textile materials to effect treatment, e.g. washing, dyeing, bleaching, sizing impregnating through materials of definite length
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06B—TREATING TEXTILE MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS, GASES OR VAPOURS
    • D06B5/00—Forcing liquids, gases or vapours through textile materials to effect treatment, e.g. washing, dyeing, bleaching, sizing impregnating
    • D06B5/12—Forcing liquids, gases or vapours through textile materials to effect treatment, e.g. washing, dyeing, bleaching, sizing impregnating through materials of definite length
    • D06B5/26—Forcing liquids, gases or vapours through textile materials to effect treatment, e.g. washing, dyeing, bleaching, sizing impregnating through materials of definite length using centrifugal force

Definitions

  • the invention generally relates to an adjustable pressure leather and fur processing cabinet and an operation method, which will be used in the leather industry and allow water, dye, and other chemicals to be used in leather processing to be penetrated into the fibers thereof by applying reverse pressure (vacuum) to the leather.
  • the invention may be used as tanning, retanning, dyeing, fatliquoring and wet-end cabinets for all types of leather and fur leather.
  • the invention particularly relates to an adjustable pressure leather and fur processing cabinet and an operation method, which allow water, dye, and other chemicals to be used in leather processing to be penetrated into the fibers thereof by applying reverse pressure to the leather and also enables the internal pressure to be monitored constantly from the outside.
  • the cabinet and method of the invention may be used for leather processing such as dyeing, tanning, etc. Subsequently, the processed leather may be subjected to a bonding process in an alkaline and/or acidic environment.
  • the pressure is not controlled and the environment is not subjected to vacuum.
  • the leather placed in the rotary drum of the leather cabinet moves by providing water into the drum and rotating the drum, and the chemicals such as dye, chromium, etc. delivered into the drum are penetrated into the fibers of the leather exposed to the effect of the mechanical action in the drum.
  • This processing takes a long time and the amount of wastewater containing the chemicals is high. Because the space between the fibers of the leather is not increased, the penetration may be achieved very slowly and with a large amount of material.
  • the temperatures of water or the other chemical liquids delivered into the leather cabinets may be adjusted, and the space between the fibers of the leather are more increased by discharging the air in the drum under vacuum, thereby the penetration efficiency of the chemicals being increased. Both costs of wastewater and the processing time are reduced due to these processes.
  • there is no system in the present technique which allows the internal pressure of the rotary drum to be monitored constantly by an external user.
  • the vacuuming process is not only focused on penetration but also frequently used in the leather industry as a drying process. Said drying process may also be carried out on a processed leather, even on a printed leather, depending on the purpose of using the leather.
  • the documents TR 2017/07333 and TR 2014/06941 may be mentioned for the applications in which a drying process is performed using vacuum.
  • the object of our invention is not to dry a raw or an unprocessed leather, but to enable the penetration of the chemicals into the leather, which is a process before drying, then to enable the spaces between the fibers of the leather spaced apart to be reduced, and to allow the internal pressure to be monitored from the outside during that process. It is clearly seen that water is used in our invention, and it is obvious that a process is carried out as opposed to the drying process.
  • the exemplary documents provided below were selected among the documents in the state of the art by considering this criterion.
  • a process and device for processing leather and the like are disclosed.
  • the leather pieces laid out to be processed are placed on suitable brackets for processing the leather and the like.
  • These brackets are placed into at least one container together with the leather pieces thereon and maintained under vacuum, and the suitable liquid processing solution is placed and sealed in the container, such that at least soaking, liming, pickling, tanning and retanning processes are performed on the leather pieces in the container.
  • Each liquid solution is spun like a swirl during the corresponding leather processing step.
  • the document no. CN201825960U discloses a leather drum of pressure or negative pressure type.
  • the invention discloses a leather drum of pressure or negative pressure type, which comprises a drum body, a drum frame, a power mechanism, and a feeding reservoir; wherein the drum body is horizontally suspended on the drum frame along the rotary shafts on two lateral drum surface and is matched with the shaft holes on the drum frame; the power mechanism is located on one side of the drum frame and connected to a rotary shaft extending from the same upper side; the feeding reservoir is positioned under the drum body; and on the other side of the drum frame, there is a range of pressure or vacuum (negative pressure) system passing from a shaft hole on the rotary shaft on the drum surface on the same side through an inner space of the drum body.
  • the pressure or vacuum system of the pressure or negative pressure leather drum does not contribute only to the combination of the penetration and chemicals during the tanning procedure as it may perform processing under abnormal pressure conditions. Besides, the processing time may be shortened, the production efficiency may be increased, the production cost may be reduced, and the environmental pollution caused by spreading of harmful substances may be maximally reduced. Furthermore, the pressure or negative pressure leather drum may be used as a drum for researching scientifically and testing the unprocessed leather and the penetration and combination of the different chemicals under the different pressure or vacuum conditions on the properties of the leather. Said application may be considered the closest document to our invention as it has properties and elements similar to our invention, however in the mentioned application, vacuum or pressurizing is only used for obtaining different pressures to process the leather.
  • the internal pressure of the rotary drum is not monitored constantly by a user through a pressure sensor, the mechanical action is not increased by lifting up the leather by holding it in the rotary drum (attaching it to the drum) by means of protrusions and/or shelves, and subsequently falling it down, and water discharged from the rotary drum is not filtered.
  • the documents with publication nos. CN2312942Y , CN203403108U , CN203403114U and CN103388038A may be considered as the close documents to the invention and even in these documents, the details such as a concentration sensor, a temperature sensor, a pH sensor, etc. may be mentioned, however a pressure sensor which allows the pressure to be reported constantly to a user is not mentioned in said applications.
  • the invention is provided in the light of foregoing, and the object of the invention is to solve the above-mentioned disadvantages.
  • the main object of the invention is to provide an adjustable pressure leather and fur processing cabinet and an operation method, which will be used in the leather industry and allow water, dye, and other chemicals to be used in leather processing to be penetrated into the fibers thereof by applying reverse pressure to the leather.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide an adjustable pressure leather and fur processing cabinet and an operation method, which allow water, dye, and other chemicals to be used in leather processing to be penetrated into the fibers thereof by applying reverse pressure, or allow the spaces between the fibers to be reduced by applying pressure to the leather and also the internal pressure to be monitored constantly from the outside.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide an adjustable pressure leather and fur processing cabinet and an operation method, which reduce the amount of waste fluid resulted from the processing.
  • the amount of water used during the processing may be reduced up to 90% by the invention.
  • a further object of the invention is to provide an adjustable pressure leather and fur processing cabinet and an operation method, which provide processing more leather using less chemicals, wherein the processing time is very short.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide an adjustable pressure leather and fur processing cabinet and an operation method, wherein the penetration efficiency is much higher as compared to the existing applications as the leather is hold and lifted up by means of the shelves inside the rotary drum and falls down due to the gravity.
  • the invention is an adjustable pressure leather and fur processing cabinet to allow water, dye, and other chemicals to be used in leather processing to be penetrated into the fibers thereof by applying reverse pressure, or to allow the spaces between the fibers to be reduced by applying pressure to the leather and also the internal pressure to be monitored constantly from the outside, comprising:
  • the invention is an operation method of an adjustable pressure leather and fur processing cabinet to allow water, dye, and other chemicals to be used in leather processing to be penetrated into the fibers thereof by applying reverse pressure to the leather, or to allow the spaces between the fibers to be reduced by applying pressure to the leather and also the internal pressure to be monitored constantly from the outside, comprising the steps of:
  • adjustable pressure leather and fur processing cabinet and the operation method according to the invention are disclosed in a non-limiting way only for better understanding the subject matter.
  • an adjustable pressure leather and fur processing cabinet is shown in the figures, wherein the adjustable pressure leather and fur processing cabinet allows water, dye, and other chemicals to be used in leather processing to be penetrated into the fibers thereof by applying reverse pressure to the leather, or allows the spaces between the fibers to be reduced by applying pressure and also the internal pressure to be monitored constantly from the outside.
  • said cabinet of the state of the art comprises a rotary drum (1) which is a closed space in which the leathers are placed, a door (3) on said rotary drum (1), by means of which the leather is placed in, and taken back from, the cabinet, and at least one drive unit (18) by means of which said rotary drum (1) is rotated by being connected thereto.
  • Said rotary drum (1) is rotated by the axes on the sides thereof and thus, the leather is exposed to a mechanical action.
  • Said door (3) may be slidable, or may be opened, closed and locked as a window.
  • Said cabinet is characterized in that it comprises one each rotary coupling (2) which is connected to the ends of the axes on both side of said rotary drum (1) and heats the circumference of the rotary drum (1), a liquid reservoir (5) through which the liquid enters the rotary drum (1), wherein the liquid reservoir (5) is connected to one of said rotary couplings (2), and at least one circulation pump (9) which is connected to said liquid reservoir (5) and transfer the liquid obtained from the liquid reservoir (5) to the rotary drum (1).
  • said circulation pump (9) is connected to the rotary drum (1) by a flow line (12) and a return line (11).
  • a filter (8.1) may be placed at the end of said flow line (12) and the return line.
  • the circulation pump (9) recovers some of the liquid pumped, so that all liquid has not transferred into the rotating drum (1) and the flowing liquid is filtered and cleaned.
  • the liquid reservoir (5) which enables the chemical and/or water to be fed into the rotary drum (3), may directly perform loading into the rotary drum (1) while operating, by means of the rotary coupling (2). Because the rotary couplings (2) may rotate independent from the rotary drum (1).
  • said liquid reservoir (5) comprises a resistance (5.1) which heats the liquid therein.
  • the invention comprises a pump (6) which is connected to one of said rotary couplings (2), wherein the pump draws the air in the rotary drum (1), discharges the air pressure to the outside and thus, allows the fibers in the leather to be spaced apart, and/or allows the spaces between the leather fibers spaced apart to be reduced by providing air pressure to the rotary drum (1), and a pressure sensor (7) which constantly measures the air pressure in said rotary drum (1) and indicates this measurement to the external users.
  • the processes for creating vacuum or pressure in said rotary drum (1) are performed by drawing air from the boss of the rotary coupling (2) by the pump (6).
  • Said pump (6) performs the processes for creating vacuum and pressure by means of the air pressure end (16) opening to the outer environment.
  • the pump (6) may be used to increase or reduced the space between the fibers, or both.
  • the pressure in the rotary drum (1) may be monitored by the pressure sensor (7), and thus both a possible explosion is prevented and a product of the desired quality is obtained by interfering the product during the process.
  • said pressure sensor (7) is connected to said pump (6), the pump is actuated again every time the pressure in the rotary drum (1) exceeds a predetermined range during the processing, and the air pressure in the rotary drum (1) is provided within the desired range, thereby the pressure in the rotary drum (1) being maintained within a constant range.
  • the pump (6) increases the pressure therein, and/or when the internal pressure of the rotary drum (1) is above a predetermined value, the pump (6) decreases the pressure therein.
  • the adjustable pressure leather and fur processing cabinet may be re-operated as an automation due to the feedback from the pressure sensor (7) to the pump (6).
  • an inner surface of said rotary drum (1) comprises a protrusion (4) which lifts up the leather attached thereto during rotation, increases the mechanical action when the leather lifted up falls down due to the gravity and thus, increases the space between the leather fibers.
  • said rotary drum (1) has a discharge valve (8) which discharges the waste water out after the processing.
  • said discharge valve (8) may, in this embodiment, have a filter (8.1) which allows the solid chemicals remained in the rotary drum (1) to be collected after the processing.
  • Said filter (8.1) preferably may be designed to be relesably attached to the rotary drum (1). The leathers are prevented from blocking the hole when the discharge valve (8) is opened. By means of a perforated filter, the top of the valve will remain empty, and there will be a line for the liquid.
  • an in-drum shelf (17) extending horizontally across the inner surface of the rotary drum (1), which increases the mechanical action to ensure the space between the leather fibers to be increased when the leather hits thereon during rotation.
  • a chemicals reservoir (10) used when the water and the chemicals are desired to be fed to said rotary drum (1) from separate reservoirs, wherein the chemicals reservoir (10) comprises a chemical to be penetrated into the leather.
  • the water may be introduce into the liquid reservoir (5) and the chemical may be introduced into the chemicals reservoir (10) by virtue of this chemicals reservoir (10), and thus, these two liquids are fed from separate reservoirs.
  • a check valve (14) allowing the liquid to be fed from said chemicals reservoir (10) to the drum in one way and a shut-off valve (15) blocking the liquid flow.
  • At least one temperature sensor (13) which measures the temperature of the liquid in said liquid reservoir (5) and indicates this measurement to the users.
  • the rotary drum (1) by means of which the leather is processed is double-walled consisting of an inner wall (1.2) in which the leathers are placed and an outer wall (1.1) surrounding the inner wall (1.2) by providing a space with said inner wall (1.2), and the temperature of the water pre-heated by the resistance (5.1) may be adjusted while passing through these two walls (1.1, 1.2).
  • the temperature may be maintained at a desired value.
  • the protrusions (4) are located on the inner wall (1.2), while the rotary coupling (2), the door (3), and the pressure sensor (7) are located on the outer wall (1.1).
  • the external liquid reservoir (5) and the pump (6) are connected to the rotary coupling (2).
  • the discharge valve (8) and the filter (8.1) are opened to the outer environment by passing through the inner wall (1.2) and the outer wall (1.1).
  • the operation method of the adjustable pressure leather and fur processing cabinet which allows water, dye, and other chemicals to be used in leather processing to be penetrated into the fibers thereof by applying reverse pressure to the leather, or allows the spaces between the fibers to be reduced by applying pressure and also the internal pressure to be monitored constantly from the outside comprises the following steps:
  • the space between the leather fibers may be increased by increasing the mechanical action created when the leather being rotated is hold and lifted up by the protrusions (4) on the inner surface of the rotary drum (1) and falls down due to the gravity, or at least one in-drum shelf may be used, wherein the in-drum shelf extends horizontally across the inner surface of said rotary drum (1), and increases the mechanical action to ensure the space between the leather fibers to be increased when the leather hits thereon during rotation.
  • the pump (6) connected to the pressure sensor (7) is actuated again by a signal from the pressure sensor (7), so that the air in said rotary drum (1) is within the desired range every time the pressure in the rotary drum (1) exceeds a predetermined range during the processing, and thereby the pressure in the rotary drum (1) is maintained within a constant range.
  • steps of discharging the liquid in the rotary drum (1) by opening the discharge valve (8) on the outer surface of the rotary drum (1) after the processing is completed and collecting the solid materials remaining in the rotary drum (1) by the filter (8.1) in the discharge valve (8) during the discharging process.
  • the object here is to benefit from the pressure effect in the processes (bating, degreasing, deliming, etc.) in which non-collagen materials in the leather structure are removed.
  • the cabinet and method of the invention operates preferably at -0.8 atm (atmospheric pressure).
  • a system which allows chemicals such as water, dye, etc., to be penetrated into the fibers by increasing the spaces between the leather fibers under vacuum, reduces the space therebetween under pressure after penetration, and also allows the internal pressure to be monitored constantly from the outside, and a need for the mechanical action and water is reduced.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Fiber Materials (AREA)
  • Treatment And Processing Of Natural Fur Or Leather (AREA)
EP21158546.8A 2020-04-10 2021-02-22 Armoire de traitement de cuir et de fourrure à pression réglable et son procédé de fonctionnement Active EP3892742B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
TR202005787 2020-04-10

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EP3892742A1 true EP3892742A1 (fr) 2021-10-13
EP3892742B1 EP3892742B1 (fr) 2024-02-14
EP3892742C0 EP3892742C0 (fr) 2024-02-14

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EP (1) EP3892742B1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2973188T3 (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN114354965A (zh) * 2022-01-05 2022-04-15 四川大学 一种针对制革浴液的自动取样检测系统及方法

Citations (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB160422A (en) 1919-12-05 1921-03-07 Felice Gilardini Improvements in apparatus for the rapid tanning of hides and skins
CN2312942Y (zh) 1996-10-22 1999-04-07 西北轻工业学院真空技术研究所 皮革真空湿加工设备
TR199802190T2 (xx) 1996-05-02 2000-09-21 Marvic S.R.L. Deri ve benzeri maddelerin i�lenmesi i�in proses ve cihaz.
CN2903082Y (zh) 2006-02-20 2007-05-23 陕西科技大学 皮革真空鞣制转鼓
CN101176577A (zh) 2006-10-18 2008-05-14 蓝法兰可·安札尼 多功能皮件处理工作站
EP2177631A1 (fr) * 2008-10-15 2010-04-21 Hüni & Co. AG Construction d'un foulon de tannage
CN201825960U (zh) 2010-10-28 2011-05-11 中国轻工业成都设计工程有限公司 一种加压或负压式皮革转鼓
CN103388038A (zh) 2013-08-07 2013-11-13 浙江富邦集团有限公司 一种皮革染色机
CN203403108U (zh) 2013-08-07 2014-01-22 浙江富邦集团有限公司 一种皮革染色机中的真空预处理装置
CN203403114U (zh) 2013-08-07 2014-01-22 浙江富邦集团有限公司 一种新型皮革染色机
CN104988252A (zh) 2015-06-30 2015-10-21 湖州南浔新富明家私有限公司 皮革真空转鼓
CN204958953U (zh) 2015-06-30 2016-01-13 湖州南浔新富明家私有限公司 皮革真空转鼓
CN206616242U (zh) * 2017-02-22 2017-11-07 江苏达奥智能设备有限公司 不锈钢超载转鼓
CN108285940A (zh) 2018-02-02 2018-07-17 海宁市硖石玛杰济斯皮革服装厂 一种能够染整多种涂料的皮革染色设备

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2021112777A1 (fr) 2019-12-03 2021-06-10 Demaksan Deri Insaat Asansor Makina Sanayi Ve Ticaret Limited Sirketi Nouveauté dans le traitement du cuir, de tissus et de produits similaires

Patent Citations (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB160422A (en) 1919-12-05 1921-03-07 Felice Gilardini Improvements in apparatus for the rapid tanning of hides and skins
TR199802190T2 (xx) 1996-05-02 2000-09-21 Marvic S.R.L. Deri ve benzeri maddelerin i�lenmesi i�in proses ve cihaz.
CN2312942Y (zh) 1996-10-22 1999-04-07 西北轻工业学院真空技术研究所 皮革真空湿加工设备
CN2903082Y (zh) 2006-02-20 2007-05-23 陕西科技大学 皮革真空鞣制转鼓
CN101176577A (zh) 2006-10-18 2008-05-14 蓝法兰可·安札尼 多功能皮件处理工作站
EP2177631A1 (fr) * 2008-10-15 2010-04-21 Hüni & Co. AG Construction d'un foulon de tannage
CN201825960U (zh) 2010-10-28 2011-05-11 中国轻工业成都设计工程有限公司 一种加压或负压式皮革转鼓
CN103388038A (zh) 2013-08-07 2013-11-13 浙江富邦集团有限公司 一种皮革染色机
CN203403108U (zh) 2013-08-07 2014-01-22 浙江富邦集团有限公司 一种皮革染色机中的真空预处理装置
CN203403114U (zh) 2013-08-07 2014-01-22 浙江富邦集团有限公司 一种新型皮革染色机
CN104988252A (zh) 2015-06-30 2015-10-21 湖州南浔新富明家私有限公司 皮革真空转鼓
CN204958953U (zh) 2015-06-30 2016-01-13 湖州南浔新富明家私有限公司 皮革真空转鼓
CN206616242U (zh) * 2017-02-22 2017-11-07 江苏达奥智能设备有限公司 不锈钢超载转鼓
CN108285940A (zh) 2018-02-02 2018-07-17 海宁市硖石玛杰济斯皮革服装厂 一种能够染整多种涂料的皮革染色设备

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN114354965A (zh) * 2022-01-05 2022-04-15 四川大学 一种针对制革浴液的自动取样检测系统及方法

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EP3892742C0 (fr) 2024-02-14
ES2973188T3 (es) 2024-06-18

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