EP3830309A1 - Matériau composite cuivre-argent - Google Patents
Matériau composite cuivre-argentInfo
- Publication number
- EP3830309A1 EP3830309A1 EP19749620.1A EP19749620A EP3830309A1 EP 3830309 A1 EP3830309 A1 EP 3830309A1 EP 19749620 A EP19749620 A EP 19749620A EP 3830309 A1 EP3830309 A1 EP 3830309A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- silver
- copper
- orthogonal
- dimensions
- approximately
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 75
- YCKOAAUKSGOOJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper silver Chemical compound [Cu].[Ag].[Ag] YCKOAAUKSGOOJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title description 8
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 72
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 72
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 66
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 61
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 60
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 57
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 78
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 39
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000010622 cold drawing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000002042 Silver nanowire Substances 0.000 description 6
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethylene glycol Natural products OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000002490 spark plasma sintering Methods 0.000 description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910001316 Ag alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000003760 magnetic stirring Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002604 ultrasonography Methods 0.000 description 3
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000007088 Archimedes method Methods 0.000 description 2
- QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper oxide Chemical compound [Cu]=O QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005751 Copper oxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000431 copper oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver(1+) nitrate Chemical compound [Ag+].[O-]N(=O)=O SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten carbide Chemical compound [W+]#[C-] UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001226615 Asphodelus albus Species 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000531 Co alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001080 W alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- -1 acetone Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012300 argon atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007123 defense Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001066 destructive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005496 eutectics Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005669 field effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008240 homogeneous mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BWHLPLXXIDYSNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N ketorolac tromethamine Chemical compound OCC(N)(CO)CO.OC(=O)C1CCN2C1=CC=C2C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 BWHLPLXXIDYSNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010907 mechanical stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000386 microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002159 nanocrystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013021 overheating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003763 resistance to breakage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001878 scanning electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004626 scanning electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001961 silver nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010129 solution processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003313 weakening effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C9/00—Alloys based on copper
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
- B22F1/05—Metallic powder characterised by the size or surface area of the particles
- B22F1/054—Nanosized particles
- B22F1/0547—Nanofibres or nanotubes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/10—Sintering only
- B22F3/105—Sintering only by using electric current other than for infrared radiant energy, laser radiation or plasma ; by ultrasonic bonding
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/12—Both compacting and sintering
- B22F3/16—Both compacting and sintering in successive or repeated steps
- B22F3/162—Machining, working after consolidation
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F5/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product
- B22F5/12—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product of wires
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
- B22F9/16—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes
- B22F9/18—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes with reduction of metal compounds
- B22F9/24—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes with reduction of metal compounds starting from liquid metal compounds, e.g. solutions
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/04—Making non-ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
- C22C1/0425—Copper-based alloys
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C47/00—Making alloys containing metallic or non-metallic fibres or filaments
- C22C47/14—Making alloys containing metallic or non-metallic fibres or filaments by powder metallurgy, i.e. by processing mixtures of metal powder and fibres or filaments
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C49/00—Alloys containing metallic or non-metallic fibres or filaments
- C22C49/14—Alloys containing metallic or non-metallic fibres or filaments characterised by the fibres or filaments
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2301/00—Metallic composition of the powder or its coating
- B22F2301/10—Copper
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2301/00—Metallic composition of the powder or its coating
- B22F2301/25—Noble metals, i.e. Ag Au, Ir, Os, Pd, Pt, Rh, Ru
- B22F2301/255—Silver or gold
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2304/00—Physical aspects of the powder
- B22F2304/10—Micron size particles, i.e. above 1 micrometer up to 500 micrometer
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
- B22F2998/10—Processes characterised by the sequence of their steps
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2999/00—Aspects linked to processes or compositions used in powder metallurgy
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C49/00—Alloys containing metallic or non-metallic fibres or filaments
- C22C49/02—Alloys containing metallic or non-metallic fibres or filaments characterised by the matrix material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
- H01B1/02—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of metals or alloys
- H01B1/026—Alloys based on copper
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12014—All metal or with adjacent metals having metal particles
- Y10T428/12028—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, etc.]
Definitions
- the invention relates to a solid composite material comprising copper and a volume quantity of silver of less than about 5% by volume approximately, relative to the total volume of said material, a method of manufacturing said material, and the uses of said material. material in various applications.
- the invention typically applies, but not exclusively, to the fields of m icroelectronics, industrial magnetoforming, conductors for electrical and / or telecommunication cables, and conductors for pulsed magnets. More particularly, the invention relates to a composite material having both good mechanical properties, in particular in terms of breaking strength, and good electrical properties, in particular electrical conductivity.
- Pure copper has excellent electrical conductivity (100% I ACS or International Annealed Copper Standard), but has a low breaking strength, in particular around 200-400 MPa.
- mechanically reinforced copper conductors have been proposed comprising grains of pure copper in the form of nanocrystals or nanograins, or grains formed of a copper alloy.
- Sakai et al. have described [Acta Materialia, 1 997, 45, 3, 1017-1023] a copper-silver alloy comprising 24% by mass of silver, having an optimized breaking strength of approximately 1.5 GPa.
- its electrical conductivity is approximately 65% IACS. This conductivity does not allow the alloy to be used in pulsed magnets which would then undergo a drastic increase in temperature, and / or in high voltage electric cables.
- the alloy is obtained by a process comprising melting a mixture comprising copper and silver, casting the mixture in the mold, then cold drawing steps alternated with heat treatment steps (in particular at 330-430 ° C).
- the process is energy consuming and / or expensive since it requires numerous heat treatment steps.
- CN 102723144 B describes a copper-silver composite material comprising 24% by mass of silver, and having an acceptable breaking strength of approximately 970 MPa.
- the composite material is obtained by a process comprising a step of inserting a silver rod into a copper tube, a step of electron beam welding under vacuum, a step of heat treatment at 500-700 ° C, an extrusion step, then several steps of drawing, annealing, and shaping to form a composite composite.
- the materials of the prior art have improved mechanical properties, to the detriment of electrical conductivity.
- the methods of the prior art introduce internal defects such as grain boundaries, or em pilem ent defects, which induce a decrease in the electrical conductivity of the material obtained.
- the processes are often long and / or expensive.
- the object of the present invention is to overcome all or part of the drawbacks of the prior art and in particular to provide a composite material based on copper and silver, having improved electrical properties, in particular in terms of electrical conductivity, while guaranteeing good mechanical properties, in particular in terms of resistance to breakage, said material being able to present perform ances suitable for use in the field of cables, in particular as an element electrically conductive of a power and / or telecommunications cable, in the field of pulsed magnets, in the field of installations of strong magnetic fields and / or in the field of industrial magnetoforming.
- Another object of the invention is to provide a simple and economical process for the preparation of such a material.
- the first object of the invention is therefore a material comprising copper and silver, characterized in that it is a solid composite material and in that it comprises a volume quantity of silver of less than 5% by volume approximately, relative to the total volume of said material.
- the material of the invention has improved electrical properties, in particular in terms of electrical conductivity, while guaranteeing good mechanical properties, in particular in terms of breaking strength.
- it can have a conductivity greater than or equal to approximately 75% IACS, while guaranteeing a breaking strength of at least approximately 900 MPa.
- the copper and the silver are preferably in the form of grains having at least one of their dimensions of submicron size (i.e. less than 1 ⁇ m).
- the copper is in the form of grains having at least one of their dimensions less than or equal to about 700 nm, preferably less than or equal to about 500 nm, more preferably ranging from 50 to 400 nm approximately, and more preferably ranging from 100 to 300 nm approximately.
- the term "dimension” means the average size in number of all the grains of a given population, this size being conventionally determined by well-known m ethods.
- the size of the grain or grains according to the invention can for example be determined by microscopy, in particular by scanning electron microscope (SEM) or by transmitting electron microscope (MET).
- the material of the invention is a composite material.
- the expression “composite material” means a material comprising at least a pure copper phase and at least a pure silver phase. In other words, said material is an assembly of at least copper grains and silver grains, the copper grains and the silver grains not being mutually soluble.
- a copper-silver composite material differs from a copper-silver alloy in which copper is combined with silver, for example by fusion or by mechanofusion.
- copper-silver alloys consist of a two-phase eutectic structure in the form of solid copper-silver solutions, one rich in copper, and the other rich in silver.
- the composite material of the invention does not include a zone of mutual solubility of copper and silver. The absence of a zone of mutual solubility of copper and silver in the composite material of the invention can in particular be demonstrated by energy dispersive analysis (EDX).
- EDX energy dispersive analysis
- the material of the invention is massive. In other words, it is in the form of a solid mass, or it is different from a material in the form of a powder or a powdery material.
- the material of the invention preferably has a conductivity of at least 80% IACS approximately, more preferably at least 85% IACS approximately, and more preferably at least 90% IACS approximately, in particular at 20 ° C. .
- the material of the invention preferably has an electrical resistivity of at most 2.15 mW.ohi, more preferably at most 2.03 mW.ohi, and more preferably at most 1.91 mW.ohi approximately, especially at 20 ° C.
- the material of the invention preferably has an electrical resistivity of at most 0.70 mW.ohi, more preferably at most 0.60 mW.ohi, and more preferably at most 0.50 mW.ohi approximately, especially at -196 ° C.
- the electrical resistivity is preferably determined using a device sold under the trade name KEITHLEY 2450 sourcemeter, by the company TEKTRONIX.
- the material of the invention preferably has a breaking strength of at least 900 MPa, preferably at least 1 GPa, preferably at least about 1.05 GPa, more preferably at least 1 , About 1 GPa, and more preferably at least about 1.2 GPa, in particular at -196 ° C.
- the breaking strength is preferably determined using a device sold under the trade name INSTRON 1195 by the company INSTRON.
- the material of the invention preferably has an elongation at break of at least about 0.5%, especially at room temperature (i.e. 18-25 ° C).
- the elongation at break is preferably determined using a device sold under the trade name Epsilon 3442 extensometer, by the company DOERLER Measurements.
- the material comprises silver in a volume proportion of less than approximately 5%, relative to the total volume of said material.
- the low proportion of silver in said material guarantees a homogeneous material, in which the silver grains are uniformly dispersed within the copper grains. Indeed, at 5% by volume or above, the dispersion of silver in the material is heterogeneous (e.g. presence of aggregates), inducing a weakening of its mechanical properties.
- the material comprises at most about 2% by volume of silver, preferably at most about 1.5% by volume of silver, and even more preferably at most 1 % by volume of silver, relative to the total volume of said material.
- the material of the invention generally comprises at least 0.1% by volume of silver approximately, and preferably at least 0.5% by volume of silver, relative to the total volume of said material.
- the material of the invention may comprise at least 98% by volume of copper approximately, and preferably at least 99% by volume of copper, relative to the total volume of said material.
- the material of the invention may comprise at most 99.9% by volume of copper approximately, and preferably at most 99.5% by volume of copper, relative to the total volume of said material.
- the material comprises at most about 0.5% by volume of inevitable impurities, preferably at most 0.3% by volume of unavoidable impurities, and more preferably at most 0.1 % by volume of approximately unavoidable purities, relative to the total volume of said material.
- the inevitable purities can be chosen from the elements Al, C, Fe, Ni, Pb, Si, Sn, Zn, Se, and one of their mixtures.
- the material comprises at most 0.5% by volume approximately, and preferably at most 0.1% by volume approximately, other im purities chosen from among O, S, P, Se, and one of their mixtures.
- the material only comprises copper, silver, and possibly unavoidable im purities and / or other impurities as defined in the invention.
- the material mainly consists of copper and silver.
- copper and silver represent at least 99.9% by volume approximately, and preferably still 100% by volume approximately, relative to the total volume of said material.
- Copper and / or silver can be in the form of grains having a filamentary form.
- the material of the invention is preferably anisotropic. In other words, it is made up of copper grains (respectively silver) elongated in a preferred direction, also called filamentary grains.
- Copper grains having a filamentary form are grains for example having:
- orthogonal dimensions extending in two transverse directions orthogonal to each other and orthogonal to said main direction of elongation, said orthogonal dimensions (D Cui , D CU 2) being less than said length (L Cu ) and less than or equal to 700 nm, preferably less than or equal to about 500 nm, more preferably ranging from approximately 50 to 400 nm, and more preferably from approximately 100 to 300 nm, and
- form factors between said length (L Cu ) and each of the two orthogonal dimensions (D Cui ) and (D CU 2), said form factors (F Cui , F CU 2) being greater than 50, preferably greater than or equal to approximately 75, more preferably ranging from approximately 100 to 400, and more preferably still from approximately 100 to 300.
- the two orthogonal dimensions (D Cui , D CU 2) of a grain having a filamentary shape are equivalent or close. This is known as a "stick” or a "thread”.
- a grain having a filamentary shape can be a "ribbon" in which the two orthogonal dimensions (D Cui , D CU 2) of the grain according to the invention are its width (l Cu ) (first dimension orthogonal) and its thickness (E Cu ) (second orthogonal dimension), the width (l Cu ) being notably much greater than the thickness (E Cu ).
- the length (L Cu ) of the copper grains can be of micrometric size (ie less than 1 mm), preferably less than or equal to approximately 500 ⁇ m, preferably less than or equal to approximately 200 ⁇ m, of more preferably ranging from 1 to 150 ⁇ m approximately, and more preferably ranging from 10 to 70 ⁇ m approximately.
- Silver grains having a filamentary form are grains for example having:
- orthogonal dimensions extending in two transverse directions orthogonal to each other and orthogonal to said main direction of elongation, said dimensions orthogonal (D Ag1 , D Ag2 ) being less than said length (L Ag ) and less than or equal to 700 nm, preferably less than or equal to about 500 nm, more preferably ranging from 50 to 400 nm, and more preferably from 100 to 300 nm approximately, and
- form factors between said length (L Ag ) and each of the two orthogonal dimensions (D Ag1 ) and (D Ag2 ), said form factors (F Ag1 , F Ag2 ) being greater than 50, preferably greater than or equal to approximately 75, more preferably ranging from approximately 100 to 400, and more preferably still from approximately 100 to 300.
- the two orthogonal dimensions (D Ag1 , D Ag2 ) of a grain having a filamentary shape are equivalent or close. This is known as a "stick” or a "thread”.
- a grain having a filamentary shape can be a "ribbon" in which the two orthogonal dimensions (D Ag1 , D Ag2 ) of the grain according to the invention are its width (l Ag ) (first orthogonal dimension ) and its thickness (E Ag ) (second orthogonal dimension), the width (l Ag ) being notably much greater than the thickness (E Ag ).
- the length (L Ag ) of the silver grains can be of micrometric size (ie less than 1 mm), preferably less than or equal to approximately 500 ⁇ m, preferably less than or equal to approximately 200 ⁇ m, more preferably ranging from 1 at approximately 150 ⁇ m, and more preferably ranging from approximately 10 to 70 ⁇ m.
- the material of the invention preferably has a relative density of at least about 99%, and preferably at least about 99.5%.
- the relative density is determined by the Archimedes method at 20 ° C, the reference body being pure water at 4 ° C.
- the material of the invention may be in the form of a wire, in particular of diameter ranging from 0.1 to 4 mm approximately, preferably from 0.2 to 1 mm approximately, and more preferably from 0.25 to 0 , About 8 mm.
- the second object of the invention is a process for the preparation of a solid composite material in accordance with the first subject of the invention, characterized in that it comprises at least the following steps:
- a drying step to form a composite powder comprising said particles of copper and silver, said powder comprising an amount of less than about 5% by volume of silver particles, relative to the total volume of said powder,
- step iv) at least one cold drawing step, in order to form the composite solid mass of step iii).
- the method of the invention is simple and it allows and in a few steps to obtain a composite material in accordance with the first object of the invention, having improved electrical properties, in particular in terms of conductivity electric, while guaranteeing good mechanical properties, in particular in terms of breaking strength. Furthermore, it avoids repeated annealing and / or heat treatment steps such as those carried out in the processes of the prior art, while avoiding the phenomena of diffusion and / or fusion of copper and silver. Finally, such a process can easily be transposed to an industrial scale.
- Step i) perm and form a homogeneous mixture of copper and silver, while avoiding the phenomena of metal diffusion.
- Step i) can be carried out by dispersing a powder of micrometric particles of copper and a powder of micrometric or submicrometric particles of silver in said non-solvent medium.
- the non-solvent medium is a liquid which does not dissolve the copper and silver grains. It allows in particular to form a suspension.
- the non-solvent medium can be chosen from alcohols, water, ketones such as acetone, and one of their mixtures.
- alcohols examples include ethanol.
- step i) can be carried out according to the following substeps:
- the non-solvent media Si and S 2 can have the same definition as that given above for the non-solvent medium S.
- the non-solvent media Si and S 2 are identical.
- the non-solvent media Si and S 2 are preferably mutually soluble.
- Sub-step i-a) can be carried out with mechanical, magnetic stirring or in the presence of ultrasound.
- Sub-step i-b) can be carried out with mechanical or magnetic stirring, in particular in order to avoid the degradation of micrometric or sub-micrometric particles of silver.
- Sub-step i-c) can be carried out with mechanical, magnetic stirring or in the presence of ultrasound.
- the micrometric particles of copper can have at least one of their dimensions ranging from 0.5 to 20 ⁇ m approximately, preferably from 0.5 to 10 ⁇ m about, preferably about 0.5 to 4 ⁇ m, and more preferably about 0.5 to 1.5 ⁇ m.
- micrometric particles of copper are preferably spherical micrometric particles.
- the silver particles can have at least one of their dimensions ranging from 0.1 to 150 ⁇ m approximately, and preferably from 0.5 to 70 ⁇ m approximately.
- micrometric or sub-micrometric particles of silver can be spherical or filiform.
- the spherical micrometric or submicrometric silver particles may have a diameter ranging from approximately 0.5 to 20 ⁇ m, preferably from approximately 0.5 to 10 ⁇ m, preferably from approximately 0.5 to 4 ⁇ m, and preferably another 0.5 to 1.5 pm approximately.
- the micrometric or sub-micrometric particles of silver are filiform.
- orthogonal dimensions extending in two transverse directions orthogonal to each other and orthogonal to said main direction of elongation, said orthogonal dimensions (D ' Ag1 , D' Ag2 ) being less than said length (L ' Ag ) and less than or equal to 700 nm, and preferably less than or equal to 500 nm, and
- the two orthogonal dimensions (D ' Ag1 , D' Ag2 ) of a filiform particle are equivalent or close and represent the diameter (D ' Ag ) of its cross section. This is known as a "stick” or a "thread”.
- a filiform particle e is a "ribbon" in which the two orthogonal dimensions of the particle according to the invention are its width (r Ag ) (first orthogonal dimension) and its thickness (E ' Ag ) (second orthogonal dimension), the width ( Ag ') being notably much greater than the thickness (E ' Ag ).
- the filiform micrometric or submicrometric silver particles according to the invention are characterized by at least one of the following characteristics:
- the two orthogonal dimensions (D ′ Ag1 , D ′ Ag2 ) of the filiform particles range from approximately 50 nm to 400 nm, and preferably from approximately 100 nm to 300 nm;
- the length ( Ag ) ranges from 1 ⁇ m to approximately 150 ⁇ m, and preferably from 10 ⁇ m to approximately 70 ⁇ m;
- the form factors (F ' Ag1 , F' Ag2 ) are greater than or equal to about 75, preferably range from 100 to 400 approximately, more preferably from 100 to 300 approximately, and more preferably are of the order of 200.
- Step ii) evaporates the best non-solvents.
- the drying temperature preferably ranges from about 70 to 1,00 ° C, and is more preferably around 80 ° C.
- the composite powder comprises at most 2% by volume approximately of silver particles, preferably at most 1.5% by volume approximately of silver particles, and even more preferably at most about 1% by volume of silver particles, relative to the total volume of said powder.
- the process can also comprise a step ii ’) of reduction of the dried composite powder of step ii), in the presence of dihydrogen.
- This step ii ’) can remove the copper oxide layer that can form on the surface of the copper particles.
- Step ii ') can be carried out at a temperature T- ⁇ of approximately 100 to 300 ° C, preferably of approximately 1 to 240 ° C, and more preferably of approximately 120 to 160 ° C.
- Step ii ') can be carried out by heating the powder from ambient temperature to temperature as defined in the invention, at a speed ranging from 1 ° C / m in to 5 ° C / m in approximately, and more preferably ranging from 2 ° C / m in to 3 ° C / m in approximately.
- Flash sintering means sintering under uniaxial pressure based on the use of an electric current. Flash sintering is also well known as “Spark Plasma Sintering” or SPS.
- Step iii) perm and consolidate the powder obtained in the previous step ii) or ii ’), while avoiding the phenomena of diffusion and / or fusion of copper and / or silver.
- This step iii) is preferably carried out at a temperature T 2 of at most approximately 550 ° C., in a preferred manner ranging from approximately 375 to 525 ° C., and in an even more preferred manner ranging from approximately 390 to 450 ° C. .
- T 2 a temperature of at most approximately 550 ° C., in a preferred manner ranging from approximately 375 to 525 ° C., and in an even more preferred manner ranging from approximately 390 to 450 ° C. .
- the sintering is carried out by heating the powder:
- the sintering is preferably carried out under primary or secondary vacuum, or under an argon or nitrogen atmosphere.
- the pressure exerted on the composite powder from step ii) or ii ’) preferably ranges from 20 to 1 00 MPa, and even more preferably from 25 to 35 MPa.
- the duration of the sintering varies according to the temperature. This duration generally ranges from around 20 to 30 minutes.
- the sintering is carried out under secondary vacuum, at a pressure of approximately 25 to 50 MPa, at a maximum temperature of 400 to 500 ° C., maintained for a period of 3 at 10 m inutes.
- the total duration of the heat treatment is, in this case, less than 1 h 30.
- the intensity of the pulsed current can range from about 10 to 250 A.
- the duration of each current pulse is of the order of a few illiseconds. This duration is preferably from 2 to 4 ms approximately.
- the composite solid mass obtained at the end of step iii) has a relative density ranging from 85 to 97% approximately, preferably from 90 to 95% approximately, and more preferably from 92 to 96% approximately. .
- these density ranges are adapted to be able to implement the following drawing step, avoiding the formation of cracks and / or fractures.
- the composite material may be in the form of a cylinder or a bar, in particular having a height or length greater than its diameter. This can thus encourage the implementation of step iv).
- the cylinder or bar has a diameter ranging from 5 to 80 mm approximately, and preferably from 5 to 40 mm approximately. Step iii) makes it possible to maintain the micrometric size of the copper particles and the micrometric or sub-micrometric size of the silver particles, and thus to avoid the growth of the metallic grains.
- the solid composite mass obtained in step iii) is preferably isotropic. In other words, it does not have a preferential orientation of the copper grains (respectively of silver), compared to its own macroscopic geometric shape.
- the cold drawing step (s) iv) are preferably carried out at a temperature of at most about 40 ° C, preferably at most about 35 ° C, particularly preferably ranging from -196 ° C to 30 ° C approximately, and more particularly preferably at room temperature.
- the ambient temperature corresponds to a temperature ranging from approximately 18 to 25 ° C.
- the process can include several steps iv), in particular from 20 to 80 approximately steps iv), and in particular about forty steps iv).
- the drawing step or steps iv) make it possible to obtain a composite material in the form of a wire, in particular of diameter ranging from 0.1 to 4 mm approximately, preferably from 0.2 to About 1 mm, and more preferably about 0.25 to 0.8 mm.
- the drawing step or steps iv) make it possible to obtain a composite material in the form of a wire having a length ranging from about 0.1 to 1000 m, and preferably from 0.2 to 50 m approx.
- step iv the phenomena of rupture and / or cracks and / or breaks are greatly reduced, or even avoided.
- the process can also comprise, between steps iii) and iv), a step of cooling the solid composite mass, in particular at a cooling rate ranging from 4 ° C./min to 7 ° C./min.
- the process according to the second object leads to a material according to the first object.
- the invention also relates to a solid composite material as defined in the first object of the invention, capable of being obtained according to a method as defined in the second object of the invention.
- the third object of the invention is the use of a solid composite material in accordance with the first object of the invention or obtained according to a method in accordance with the second object of the invention, as an electrical conductor, in particular for electric cables and / or telecommunications, as a conductor for magnets with continuous or pulsed fields, in the field of intense field installations, or in the field of industrial magnetoforming.
- Such a massive composite material presents a good compromise between electrical conduction and resistance to rupture in order to be able to be used in high voltage cables or overhead lines for transporting electricity, in particular as an electrical conductor, or in motors, alternators, transformers, or connectors.
- the solid composite material in accordance with the first subject of the invention can also be used in installations with intense magnetic fields, in particular non-destructive pulsed magnetic fields greater than 100 Teslas.
- the low electrical resistivity of this material can induce, at constant power, an increase in the duration of the pulse of the pulsed magnetic field and a decrease in the electrical power required to power the continuous magnets.
- wires made of solid composite material in accordance with the first object of the invention can be integrated into prototypes of magnetoforming magnets.
- Son of solid composite material according to the first object of the invention can allow the winding of industrial magnets for magnetoforming.
- Silver nanowires were prepared according to a growth process in solution from silver nitrate (AgN0 3 ), PVP, and ethylene glycol, as described by Sun YG et al., "Crystalline silver nanowires by soft solution Processing Nano Letters, 2002.2 (2): p.165-168, with a PVP / AgN0 3 ratio of 1.53.
- the silver nanowires obtained have a length ranging from approximately 30 to 60 ⁇ m, and a diameter ranging from approximately 200 to 300 nm.
- a suspension comprising 0.178 g of silver nanowires and 9 ml of ethanol was prepared.
- the silver nanowire suspension was mixed with 15 g of copper powder, then the resulting mixture was homogenized under ultrasound, then evaporated using a rotary evaporator at 80 ° C.
- a PCi composite powder comprising 1% by volume of silver, relative to the total volume of the powder, was thus obtained.
- the composite powder was reduced in the presence of dihydrogen for 1 h at 160 ° C. in order to reduce the copper oxide formed on the surface of the copper particles.
- the resulting powder was then sintered by SPS using a device sold under the denom ination com m ercial Dr. Sinter 2080 ® by the company Syntex I nc.
- the composite powder was placed in a die / alloy of tungsten carbide and cobalt alloy (WC / Co) with an internal diameter of 8 mm, the inside of which was protected by a graphite film. .
- the motor was then closed with symmetrical pistons and then introduced into the chamber of the SPS machine.
- the sintering was carried out under vacuum (residual chamber pressure ⁇ 10 Pa) using pulsed continuous currents defined over 14 periods of 3.2 ms, including 12 periods of pulses and 2 periods of no pulses.
- the temperature was controlled using a thermocouple introduced into an orifice (5 mm deep) drilled on the external surface of the die.
- a temperature of 500 ° C was reached in 2 stages: a ramp of 25 ° Cm in 1 for 13 m inutes to go from room temperature to 350 ° C, then a ramp of 50 ° Cm in 1 for 3 m inutes to go from 350 ° C to 500 ° C. This temperature was then maintained for 5 minutes.
- These temperature ram pes were obtained by application of pulsed continuous currents defined over 14 periods of 3.2 ms, including 12 periods of pulses and 2 periods of no pulses.
- a pressure of 25 MPa was reached within 1 m and maintained during the rest of the sintering.
- the die was then cooled within the SPS chamber.
- the solid mass composites MSC ! obtained is in the form of a cylinder 8 mm in diameter and 33 mm in length.
- the composite solid mass obtained was then drawn at room temperature using a tungsten carbide die. After 40 passes, a composite material in the form of an FCi wire 0.29 mm in diameter and 25 m in length was obtained. No
- the composite powders and composite wires were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using a field effect gun, sold under the trade name JEOL JSM 6700F by the company JEOL, and operating at 200 kV.
- SEM scanning electron microscopy
- the density of composite solid masses and composite wires was determined by the Archimedes method.
- the electrical resistivity of the composite wires was determined at 77K (liquid nitrogen) using the four-point method, with a maximum current of 100 mA in order to avoid overheating of the wires.
- the breaking strength was measured using a device sold under the trade name INSTRON 1195 by the company INSTRON, at 77K (liquid nitrogen) and at 293K on composite wires of 170 mm in length.
- the specific voltages encountered were measured with a force sensor (1000 N or 250 N; 1.6 X 10 5 ms 1 ).
- the density of MSC composite solid masses ! and MSC A is approximately 94% ( ⁇ 2%).
- Figure 1 is a SEM image of the PC composite powder ! according to the invention (cf. FIG. 1a: 10 pm scale, and FIG. 1b: 2 pm scale), and PC A composite not in accordance with the invention (cf. FIG. 1c: 10 ⁇ m scale, and FIG. 1d: 2 ⁇ m scale).
- Figure 1 shows the uniform dispersion of the silver nanowires within the copper powder, inducing a homogeneous powder. Conversely, the use of a volume amount of silver of around 10% by volume does not make it possible to obtain a homogeneous powder.
- Figure 2 shows the resistivity (in pQ.cm) at 77K of a composite material in the form of an FC wire ! in accordance with the invention (curve with solid triangles) and of a composite material in the form of an FC A wire not in accordance with the invention (curve with solid circles), according to their respective diameter (in mm ).
- FIG. 3 shows the breaking strength (in MPa) at 77K of a composite material in the form of an FCi wire according to the invention (curve with the solid triangles) and of a composite material in the form of ' A FC A wire not in accordance with the invention (curve with solid circles), as a function of their respective diameter (in mm).
- the breaking strength at 77K of a composite wire according to the invention is twice that of a pure copper wire with equivalent diameters, while guaranteeing low electrical resistivity (0.38-0.50 pQ .cm). These electrical resistivity values are in particular lower than those obtained for alloys or composites of the prior art having a similar breaking strength, but comprising 20 times more silver.
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FR1857040A FR3084376B1 (fr) | 2018-07-27 | 2018-07-27 | Materiau composite cuivre-argent |
PCT/EP2019/069990 WO2020020986A1 (fr) | 2018-07-27 | 2019-07-25 | Matériau composite cuivre-argent |
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CN114669979A (zh) * | 2022-05-30 | 2022-06-28 | 昆明理工大学 | 一种表面带花纹的铜银合金的制备方法 |
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US3401024A (en) * | 1965-10-04 | 1968-09-10 | Mallory & Co Inc P R | Electrical contact material |
JP5162383B2 (ja) * | 2008-09-09 | 2013-03-13 | 国立大学法人東北大学 | 銀被覆銅微粉の製造方法 |
JP2010065265A (ja) | 2008-09-10 | 2010-03-25 | Hitachi Ltd | 金属ナノ粒子及びその複合粉末の作製方法 |
US9017449B2 (en) * | 2010-12-09 | 2015-04-28 | Carestream Health, Inc. | Nanowire preparation methods, compositions, and articles |
JP5202714B1 (ja) * | 2011-11-18 | 2013-06-05 | 田中貴金属工業株式会社 | 金属配線形成用の転写基板及び前記転写用基板による金属配線の形成方法 |
CN102723144B (zh) | 2012-06-19 | 2013-12-18 | 西北有色金属研究院 | 一种Cu-Ag多芯复合线材的制备方法 |
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KR20150145892A (ko) * | 2014-06-19 | 2015-12-31 | (주)바이오니아 | 은 코팅 구리 나노 와이어 및 이의 제조 방법 |
US10486231B2 (en) * | 2015-08-31 | 2019-11-26 | Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd. | Silver-coated copper powder |
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