EP3768897B1 - Ouvrage hydraulique comprenant une carapace - Google Patents

Ouvrage hydraulique comprenant une carapace Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3768897B1
EP3768897B1 EP19717542.5A EP19717542A EP3768897B1 EP 3768897 B1 EP3768897 B1 EP 3768897B1 EP 19717542 A EP19717542 A EP 19717542A EP 3768897 B1 EP3768897 B1 EP 3768897B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
blocks
block
ducts
shell
core
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Application number
EP19717542.5A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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EP3768897A1 (fr
Inventor
Cyril GIRAUDEL
Michel Fons
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Artelia SAS
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Artelia SAS
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
    • E02B3/00—Engineering works in connection with control or use of streams, rivers, coasts, or other marine sites; Sealings or joints for engineering works in general
    • E02B3/04—Structures or apparatus for, or methods of, protecting banks, coasts, or harbours
    • E02B3/12—Revetment of banks, dams, watercourses, or the like, e.g. the sea-floor
    • E02B3/129—Polyhedrons, tetrapods or similar bodies, whether or not threaded on strings

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a maritime or river hydraulic structure comprising a shell, such as a jetty, a groyne, an underwater reef, a detached breakwater, a full earth breakwater and a coastal road breakwater, a breakwater river, or a bank protection structure.
  • a shell such as a jetty, a groyne, an underwater reef, a detached breakwater, a full earth breakwater and a coastal road breakwater, a breakwater river, or a bank protection structure.
  • Artificial blocks of unreinforced concrete such as those described in the patent US 2,766,592 , US 5,441,362 and FR 2 791 370 are used to cover and provide lasting protection to a structure such as a dyke, made of natural rockfill, or to be used as a berm.
  • These blocks which comprise a central part with a solid core and legs projecting from this central part, have a geometry resulting from a compromise between robustness and hydraulic stability so as to resist, for example, shocks and mechanical forces due to swell and the waves.
  • the artificial blocks used until now can have dimensions of several meters in height and laterally (dimensions can be modified according to the application and the conditions of use targeted) and generally include solid parts made by concrete formwork.
  • these massive blocks are made of unreinforced concrete using highly reactive cements in order to have a rapid setting and produce blocks in large quantities in a minimum of time.
  • An object of the invention is to provide the sector for the production of maritime and river protection works with a new type of shell, presenting a spatial modulation of its porosity.
  • Another object of the invention is the use of rockfill blocks which can be produced with highly reactive cements with improved reliability.
  • the subject of the invention is a hydraulic structure comprising a shell formed of concrete blocks for rockfill nested one inside the other, in which the concrete blocks for rockfill comprise a central part with a solid core and legs which protrude from this central part, in which the blocks comprise at least one duct extending radially from the inside of the core of the central part and opening onto the outside of the block, in which the shell has a heterogeneous permeability, the shell being formed of first blocks having a first porosity, defined by a first number of ducts and/or by first duct dimensions specific to the first blocks, and at least second blocks having a second porosity, different from the first porosity and defined by a second number of ducts and/or by second duct dimensions specific to the second blocks, the number of channels of the second blocks being different from the number of channels of the first blocks and/or the dimensions of the channels of the second blocks being different from the dimensions of the channels of the first blocks.
  • the ducts in the blocks forming the shell it is possible to vary the porosity (permeability) of the shell of the hydraulic structure such as a coastal or river protection work, not by varying the size of the concrete blocks constituting the shell, but by varying the intrinsic porosity of these blocks by variations in the dimensions of the ducts and/or the number of these ducts in these blocks.
  • Another advantage of the blocks used is related to the heat of hydration generated during the formation of the concrete blocks.
  • the heat of hydration can cause two phenomena that can structurally damage the blocks.
  • the first is related to the thermal gradients induced by the heat of hydration, which cause differential expansions in the block and consequently induce significant stresses and cracks.
  • the second is related to the creation of deleterious secondary chemical compounds within the concrete, such as secondary etringite, affecting the durability of the blocks.
  • Secondary etringite extends over time, particularly in humid environments, which can induce degradation of the concrete from the inside which can go as far as the destruction of the structure formed by the concrete.
  • An openwork concrete block for riprap used in the hydraulic structure according to the invention comprises one or more ducts, open or non-open, through which natural and/or forced ventilation limits the temperature rise induced by the heat of hydration during the formation of the block, which eliminates or limits the block degradation phenomena detailed above.
  • the presence of such ducts makes it possible to better use the quantity of concrete necessary for the manufacture of the block by distributing it differently on the latter, which makes it possible to redistribute the volume of concrete equivalent to the volume of the ducts located in the central part of the block. block to increase the external volume of the latter accordingly.
  • the perforated block takes up more space in the structure and therefore makes it possible to reduce the number of blocks as well as the quantity of concrete for the entire riprap.
  • a concrete block for riprap can be formed from a core from which legs protrude according to a three-dimensional geometry.
  • the tabs have a hooking role for mutual interlocking between adjacent blocks and the core has the role of securing the tabs of a block to each other.
  • Blocks made up of legs protruding from a core instead of solid blocks make it possible to limit the consumption of concrete and, possibly, to obtain a better dispersion of wave energy.
  • a structure of given dimensions requires a quantity of concrete depending on the porosity of the material (here, an assembly of blocks) constituting it, porosity itself depending on the geometry of the blocks.
  • the tetrahedron is one of the simplest three-dimensional geometric shapes.
  • a tetrahedron 10 has four vertices S1, S2, S3 and S4 defining triangular facets and has a center of gravity G.
  • the figure 1B illustrates a conventional block 11 having a geometry based on a tetrahedron: a central part PC of the block comprises a solid core 12 in which the center of gravity G of the tetrahedron is located.
  • the legs are in contact at the level of zones 15 of birth of the legs. This geometry is known from the patent US 2,766,592 .
  • the core 12 is by nature the most compact part of the block, and therefore the one which is most affected by the problems caused by the heat of hydration generated during the setting phase of the concrete during the formation of the block.
  • a block according to the invention comprises conduits intended to facilitate the evacuation of the heat of hydration.
  • conduits In the conduits, a natural or forced circulation of a fluid between the core and the outside of the block can take place, thus allowing the evacuation of the heat of hydration and the limitation of the rise in temperature of the block.
  • the fluid can be the surrounding air or else a cooling liquid, such as water.
  • Fluid circulation can be forced by means such as fans or a pumped water circulation system.
  • conduits not significantly compromise the mechanical integrity of the block.
  • Ducts ending in a cul-de-sac allow direct access to the volumes of concrete to be cooled and can help maintain the mechanical robustness of the block compared to a similar block having ducts connected to each other.
  • connected ducts can form one or more through passages, for example by extending to the center of gravity of the block, inside the core, to facilitate the circulation of the fluid and promote the evacuation of the heat of hydration.
  • the figures 1C and 1D illustrate the application of the invention to the block of the figure 1B .
  • a block 100 according to the invention can be based on the conventional block 11 of the figure 1B and include ducts 20 and 30 which can be joined within the core, and/or tabs 30' ending in a cul-de-sac.
  • the figure 1D shows a section of a leg 14 of the block 100 comprising ducts 40 meeting and ducts 40 'dead end.
  • the ducts 20 are located along the extension directions of the legs and open out at the ends thereof.
  • the ducts 30 and 30 ' open between two adjacent legs in areas 15.
  • the ducts 20 make it possible to simultaneously cool the legs and the core, but they can be difficult to achieve depending on the length and the width of the legs.
  • Ducts 30 and 30' are more efficient for cooling the core and easier to produce, but they do not allow the legs to be cooled.
  • An advantage of the interconnection of all or part of the conduits 20, 30 and 40 is the creation of passages P′ allowing easy circulation of a fluid through the block.
  • Block 100 can rest stably on horizontal plane ground on its three support points SP1, SP2 and SP3.
  • One or more of the conduits may end in a dead end, such as conduits 30' and 40', instead of forming P passages such as conduits 20, 30 and 40.
  • the type and size conduits can play a role in the animal species colonizing the block once it is installed in its final location.
  • the section of a duct can be constant along its direction of extension.
  • the geometries of the ducts, their number and their dimensions are to be adapted according to the priorities of the project concerned, for example the robustness of the block, its longevity, the speed of production of the blocks, savings in concrete or the reconquest of the site by target animal species.
  • Rockfill blocks can have a more complex geometry than that of the stone block.
  • figure 1C but the principles described above apply equally regardless of the complexity of their geometry.
  • the figures 2A to 4B and 6 illustrate the case of a block 200 according to the invention based on that described in the patent FR 2 791 370 .
  • the block has three planes of symmetry, xoz, xoy, and yoz, corresponding respectively to cutting planes A-A', B-B' and C-C'.
  • the section plane AA' is normal to the view planes of the Figures 3A, 3B and 4A
  • the section plane BB' is normal to the view planes of Figures 3A, 3B and 4B
  • the cut plane CC' is normal to the view planes of the figures 4A and 4B .
  • the shape of the block 200 can be described as being established around a central part PC with a massive core 201, represented by the figure 2B in the same direction as the figure 2A , of cubic shape, having a first front face 110 and a second rear face 120 opposite to each other, a third lower face 130 and a fourth upper face 140 opposite to each other, and a fifth face left side 150 and a sixth right side face 160 opposite to each other.
  • the first and second faces 110 and 120 of the core are each provided with a front tab 310 projecting perpendicular to these faces.
  • Each front leg 310 has the general shape of a truncated pyramid having four substantially identical side faces 312 and a front face 314 parallel to the faces 110 and 120 of the core.
  • each front leg 310 The four side faces 312 of each front leg 310 are each extended by a widening facet 315 contiguous to widening facets 215 of the side legs to increase the robustness of the block.
  • the facets of widening are localized in areas of birth of the legs.
  • Each of the third and fourth faces 130 and 140 serves as a support for a lateral tab 210 in the form of an anvil.
  • the two lateral tabs 210 project perpendicularly from the two opposite faces 130 and 140 of the core, each of these two lateral tabs extending in two opposite lateral directions, left and right, parallel to the two opposite faces 130 and 140 and perpendicular to the directions of extension of the two front legs 310; these two lateral legs 210 each comprise a table 212 parallel to the faces 130 and 140 of the core 100, two front faces 214 opposite and parallel two by two to the faces 110 and 120 of the core, and can extend to cover the lateral faces opposite 150 and 160 from the core.
  • Each side leg 210 has the general shape of an anvil having a transverse indentation 216 extending over the entire width of the table separating it into two portions.
  • the front faces 214 of the side tabs 210 and the front faces 314 of the front tabs 310 can have a rough surface formed by pyramidal protrusions 400, which can contribute to reinforcing the block's ability to grip.
  • the pyramidal protuberances 400 of the front faces 214 are not represented in the figures 4A and 4B .
  • corner edges of the side and front legs are folded down and form chamfers.
  • the block comprises four conduits 610 and four conduits 620 joining in the core and emerging each in one of the widening facets 315 of the front tabs 310, in other words, opening into areas where the legs originate, between one of the front tabs and one of the side tabs; two conduits 630 joining and joining the conduits 610 and 620 in the core and each opening into the front face 314 of one of the two front legs 310, forming a through conduit which crosses the core and which opens at the ends of the front legs 310; and eight ducts 640 forming two to two four passages between the front and rear sides of the block at the front faces 214 of the side legs 210.
  • an effective ventilation of the core by convection can take place through the passages P and P′ formed by the ducts 610, 620 and 630 which meet inside it.
  • each side leg 210 can be used to lay the block on a flat and horizontal ground, parallel to the xoy plane of the figure 2A , for storage before use.
  • the ducts 610 form passages with rising orientations and are particularly effective for cooling the core of the block by convection.
  • the block 200 can be characterized by the following dimensions, as indicated in the figure 3A at 4D.
  • the side legs 210 can be characterized by widths 10(210) of 0.26, 11(210) of 0.29, 12(210) of 0.34, 13(210) of 0.27, 14(210) of 0.34, and by heights h1(210) of 0.17, h2(210) of 0.28, h3(210) of 0.01 and h4(210) of 0.01 and h5(210) of 0.01;
  • the front legs 310 can be characterized by widths 10(310) of 0.23, 11(310) of 0.25, 12(310) of 0.33, 13(310) of 0.51 and 14(310) of 0.43 and by heights hl(310) of 0.22, h2(310) of 0.30 and h3(310) of 0.01, h3(310);
  • the pyramidal protuberances 400 can be characterized by having a base width 1(400) of 0.01 and a height h(400) of 0.003.
  • conduits 610, 620, 630 and 640 being tapered with a draft angle of substantially 5°, it is preferred that the conduits 610, 620 and 630 have, respectively, diameters ⁇ at the outer surfaces of the block between 0.05 and 0.10 for ⁇ (610), between 0.6 and 0.12 for ⁇ (620) and between 0.04 and 0.08 for ⁇ (630) .
  • the upper limits of the duct diameters given above correspond to a compromise in which the cooling capacities of the ducts are maximized without a significant reduction in the robustness of the block.
  • these upper limits may be exceeded if, depending on the intended application, it is acceptable to modify the geometry of the block 200 to redistribute the structural volumes of this block, for example with the aim of increasing the porosity of the block, the latter corresponding to the volume of the openings formed in the block relative to the external volume of the block; increasing the number of ducts and/or their dimensions, and therefore their volumes, increases the porosity of the block, zero for a total absence of openings therein.
  • the porosity of the block can also be increased by the formation of an internal cavity Cav, located in the core and into which the ducts open, as illustrated in the figure 6 .
  • This internal cavity can have a characteristic dimension l Cav greater than the diameters of the ducts, and has the advantages of resulting in lower concrete consumption, a reduction in the emission of heat of hydration at the level of the core and better evacuation. of it.
  • conduits in a concrete block for rockfill according to the invention makes it possible to easily modulate the porosity or permeability of a structure made up of such blocks considered as a whole so that it has a heterogeneous porosity.
  • Hydraulic protection works comprising sets of identical blocks positioned next to each other in a homogeneous matrix, such as for example the breakwaters described in the patent application US 2015/0050086 .
  • the figures 5A1 and 5A2 represent, respectively, a cross section and a view from above of a coastal protection structure 500 consisting of a dike comprising, below a capping 510 surmounting an embankment 502 resting on a ground 503, an inclined shell 520 and made up of blocks for rockfill which covers and protects the embankment from external attacks; these blocks can be sized differently in different longitudinal portions of the carapace in order to meet the robustness requirements of these different portions while limiting oversizing.
  • a first longitudinal portion 504 and a second longitudinal portion 506 of the carapace 520 can be made up of blocks of the same shape but of different dimensions and weights, for example blocks of 6 m 3 for part 504 and blocks of 4 m 3 for part 506.
  • the interface between two longitudinal portions of the carapace is made abruptly, as illustrated by the figure 5B1 which shows a horizontal section X1-Y1 of the shell, passing directly from blocks 522 4 identical to each other in the longitudinal portion 504 to blocks 522 6 identical to each other in the longitudinal portion 506, which naturally leads to the use of oversized blocks on at least part of the armor layer of part 504 along the limit L1: in the example taken here, 6 m 3 blocks are used on a part of the armor layer where it might be acceptable to use smaller and/or lighter blocks.
  • blocks 525 according to the invention, the porosities of which are different depending on the positions of the blocks in the horizontal section X1-Y1, c ie at a given vertical position in the shell.
  • the blocks 525 4b having a higher porosity than the blocks 525 4a but can be of the same external shape and have the same external dimensions as these, so that the longitudinal portion 504 comprises two longitudinal portions 504 'and 504 "as indicated on the figure 5B2 , the blocks of the longitudinal portion 504′′ having a higher porosity than the blocks of the longitudinal portion 504′.
  • This strip of blocks with relatively high porosity allows both a saving in concrete and an improvement in the behavior of the breakwater by reinforcing its capacities directly linked to the porosity such as the energy dispersion of the swell and the resistance to overtopping by the waves; moreover, its constitution does not necessarily lead to additional difficulties in the placement of the blocks since they can all have the same external shape and the same external dimensions for the same portion longitudinal.
  • the blocks 522 4 are all conventionally dimensioned to withstand the stresses undergone in fact only by a median part PM of the shell, located below of an upper part PH and above a lower part PB as illustrated by the figure 5C1 , the middle part undergoing the most important loads due to the swell
  • the blocks are identical over the entire height of the carapace, oversized in relation to the weight and robustness requirements in the lower part and in the upper part of the carapace.
  • blocks according to the invention of different porosities depending on their vertical positions in the shell, as illustrated by the figure 5C2 , makes it possible to produce a shell having modular characteristics in the vertical direction by using blocks 525 of the same external geometry and of the same external dimensions, the lower part PB of the shell being made up of blocks 525 b having a first porosity, the part median PM of 525 m blocks having a second porosity and the upper part PH of 525 h blocks having a third porosity, the first and third porosities preferably being higher than the second porosity.
  • the functional advantages of this configuration are multiple; high porosity of the 525 b blocks in the lower PB part encourages the ecological conquest of the blocks by underwater animal species; a low porosity of the blocks 525 m in the middle part PM favors the robustness of the blocks to resist strong mechanical stresses imposed by the swell at this level of the structure as well as a high weight to resist the thrust of the swell; a high porosity of the 525 h blocks in the upper part PH, improves the dispersion of wave energy and limits the crossing of the structure by the waves.
  • a shell having only two of these three lower, middle and upper parts for example a shell comprising only the lower and middle parts or only the middle and upper parts.
  • a coastal protection structure 500 comprising a shell formed of concrete blocks and characterized in that, at a given vertical position in the shell, the blocks have a greater porosity higher in a first longitudinal portion 504" of the structure than in a second longitudinal portion 504' of the structure, and/or, in a given longitudinal portion of the shell, the blocks have a higher porosity in a lower part PB and in an upper part PH than in a middle part PM located above the lower part and below the upper part, as described in the figures 5A1 to 5C2 and the corresponding text.
  • a block 525 4a and a block 525 m can have zero porosity, equal to or less than 2%, 5%, 10% or 30%; a 525 4b block can have a porosity at least 2 percentage points higher, 5 percentage points, 10 percentage points, or 20 percentage points to the porosity of a 525 4a block; a 525 b block and/or a 525 h block can independently have porosities at least 2 percentage points, 5 percentage points, 10 percentage points, or 20 percentage points greater than the porosity of a 525 m block.
  • blocks 525 of the same type, according to the invention including the number and sizes of the ducts, and therefore the porosity and the weight, vary, without causing any particular difficulty in the installation of these blocks since their external dimensions can be the same.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Revetment (AREA)
EP19717542.5A 2018-03-19 2019-03-18 Ouvrage hydraulique comprenant une carapace Active EP3768897B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR1852335A FR3078984B1 (fr) 2018-03-19 2018-03-19 Bloc de beton ajoure pour enrochement
PCT/FR2019/050602 WO2019180359A1 (fr) 2018-03-19 2019-03-18 Ouvrage hydraulique comprenant une carapace

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP3768897A1 EP3768897A1 (fr) 2021-01-27
EP3768897B1 true EP3768897B1 (fr) 2022-02-16

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EP19717542.5A Active EP3768897B1 (fr) 2018-03-19 2019-03-18 Ouvrage hydraulique comprenant une carapace

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EP (1) EP3768897B1 (es)
ES (1) ES2912890T3 (es)
FR (1) FR3078984B1 (es)
PT (1) PT3768897T (es)
WO (1) WO2019180359A1 (es)

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR890006927A (ko) * 1987-10-23 1989-06-16 이준용 호안 방파제의 개량 테트라포드(tetrapod)
FR2791370B1 (fr) * 1999-03-22 2001-05-25 Sogreah Bloc de carapace a surface rugueuse

Family Cites Families (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2766592A (en) 1950-03-10 1956-10-16 Neyrpic Ets Artificial blocks for structures exposed to the action of moving water
FR1148412A (fr) * 1953-07-06 1957-12-09 Neyrpic Ets Perfectionnements aux blocs artificiels pour la construction d'ouvrages hydrauliques
US3091087A (en) * 1958-11-14 1963-05-28 Grenobloise Etude Appl Blocks for protecting hydraulic constructions
JPS58178707A (ja) * 1982-04-13 1983-10-19 Takenaka Komuten Co Ltd 消波工
US5441362A (en) 1993-09-30 1995-08-15 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Concrete armor unit for protecting coastal and hydraulic structures and shorelines
NZ331225A (en) * 1998-08-03 1998-12-23 Brett Kerry Mason Permeable interlocking concrete block for retaining walls having six sides with vertical central front face bordered by rearward angled faces and a fixing toe
WO2004046048A1 (ja) * 2002-11-20 2004-06-03 Takahashi, Masanori 浄化ブロック
JP2006008431A (ja) * 2004-06-23 2006-01-12 Abekogyosho Co Ltd コンクリートの養生方法
US9644334B2 (en) 2013-08-19 2017-05-09 Stable Concrete Structures, Inc. Methods of and systems for controlling water flow, breaking water waves and reducing surface erosion along rivers, streams, waterways and coastal regions

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR890006927A (ko) * 1987-10-23 1989-06-16 이준용 호안 방파제의 개량 테트라포드(tetrapod)
FR2791370B1 (fr) * 1999-03-22 2001-05-25 Sogreah Bloc de carapace a surface rugueuse

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR3078984B1 (fr) 2022-05-13
PT3768897T (pt) 2022-05-10
FR3078984A1 (fr) 2019-09-20
EP3768897A1 (fr) 2021-01-27
WO2019180359A1 (fr) 2019-09-26
ES2912890T3 (es) 2022-05-30

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