EP3755671A1 - Transparenter artikel aus glaskeramik mit hoher oberflächenqualität sowie verfahren zu dessen herstellung - Google Patents
Transparenter artikel aus glaskeramik mit hoher oberflächenqualität sowie verfahren zu dessen herstellungInfo
- Publication number
- EP3755671A1 EP3755671A1 EP19707729.0A EP19707729A EP3755671A1 EP 3755671 A1 EP3755671 A1 EP 3755671A1 EP 19707729 A EP19707729 A EP 19707729A EP 3755671 A1 EP3755671 A1 EP 3755671A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- glass
- article
- flat
- glass ceramic
- substrate
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 239000002241 glass-ceramic Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 155
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 91
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 44
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 160
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 127
- 238000002468 ceramisation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 76
- 238000009499 grossing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 74
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 claims description 49
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 43
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 21
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000010411 cooking Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000007730 finishing process Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002667 nucleating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910018068 Li 2 O Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000502 Li-aluminosilicate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfurous acid Chemical compound OS(O)=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910021495 keatite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007600 charging Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000006112 glass ceramic composition Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 101100117488 Neurospora crassa (strain ATCC 24698 / 74-OR23-1A / CBS 708.71 / DSM 1257 / FGSC 987) mip-1 gene Proteins 0.000 claims 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 32
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 29
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 29
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 15
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 14
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 8
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000000156 glass melt Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000002679 ablation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000007517 polishing process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000012805 post-processing Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000006060 molten glass Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000010899 nucleation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000006911 nucleation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000006125 LAS system Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910006404 SnO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910000420 cerium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000005357 flat glass Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 3
- BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoceriooxy)cerium Chemical compound [Ce]=O.O=[Ce]=O BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010970 precious metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003082 abrasive agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000000806 elastomer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004904 shortening Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004381 surface treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000006061 abrasive grain Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001464 adherent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000149 argon plasma sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 244000052616 bacterial pathogen Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011362 coarse particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004040 coloring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010431 corundum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000006063 cullet Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006735 deficit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004031 devitrification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BNIILDVGGAEEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-L disodium hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].OP([O-])([O-])=O BNIILDVGGAEEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000397 disodium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019800 disodium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007786 electrostatic charging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009970 fire resistant effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005329 float glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007667 floating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000383 hazardous chemical Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002452 interceptive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003475 lamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002346 layers by function Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium oxide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-2] FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001947 lithium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012858 resilient material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000284 resting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010079 rubber tapping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001509 sodium citrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- NLJMYIDDQXHKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-K sodium citrate Chemical compound O.O.[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O NLJMYIDDQXHKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- BBMHARZCALWXSL-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium dihydrogenphosphate monohydrate Chemical compound O.[Na+].OP(O)([O-])=O BBMHARZCALWXSL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- FQENQNTWSFEDLI-UHFFFAOYSA-J sodium diphosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O FQENQNTWSFEDLI-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 239000001488 sodium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940048086 sodium pyrophosphate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019818 tetrasodium diphosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001577 tetrasodium phosphonato phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012876 topography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009827 uniform distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001771 vacuum deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C10/00—Devitrified glass ceramics, i.e. glass ceramics having a crystalline phase dispersed in a glassy phase and constituting at least 50% by weight of the total composition
- C03C10/0018—Devitrified glass ceramics, i.e. glass ceramics having a crystalline phase dispersed in a glassy phase and constituting at least 50% by weight of the total composition containing SiO2, Al2O3 and monovalent metal oxide as main constituents
- C03C10/0027—Devitrified glass ceramics, i.e. glass ceramics having a crystalline phase dispersed in a glassy phase and constituting at least 50% by weight of the total composition containing SiO2, Al2O3 and monovalent metal oxide as main constituents containing SiO2, Al2O3, Li2O as main constituents
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
- B24B7/00—Machines or devices designed for grinding plane surfaces on work, including polishing plane glass surfaces; Accessories therefor
- B24B7/20—Machines or devices designed for grinding plane surfaces on work, including polishing plane glass surfaces; Accessories therefor characterised by a special design with respect to properties of the material of non-metallic articles to be ground
- B24B7/22—Machines or devices designed for grinding plane surfaces on work, including polishing plane glass surfaces; Accessories therefor characterised by a special design with respect to properties of the material of non-metallic articles to be ground for grinding inorganic material, e.g. stone, ceramics, porcelain
- B24B7/24—Machines or devices designed for grinding plane surfaces on work, including polishing plane glass surfaces; Accessories therefor characterised by a special design with respect to properties of the material of non-metallic articles to be ground for grinding inorganic material, e.g. stone, ceramics, porcelain for grinding or polishing glass
- B24B7/242—Machines or devices designed for grinding plane surfaces on work, including polishing plane glass surfaces; Accessories therefor characterised by a special design with respect to properties of the material of non-metallic articles to be ground for grinding inorganic material, e.g. stone, ceramics, porcelain for grinding or polishing glass for plate glass
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B13/00—Rolling molten glass, i.e. where the molten glass is shaped by rolling
- C03B13/04—Rolling non-patterned sheets continuously
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B32/00—Thermal after-treatment of glass products not provided for in groups C03B19/00, C03B25/00 - C03B31/00 or C03B37/00, e.g. crystallisation, eliminating gas inclusions or other impurities; Hot-pressing vitrified, non-porous, shaped glass products
- C03B32/02—Thermal crystallisation, e.g. for crystallising glass bodies into glass-ceramic articles
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C1/00—Ingredients generally applicable to manufacture of glasses, glazes, or vitreous enamels
- C03C1/004—Refining agents
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C19/00—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by mechanical means
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C2204/00—Glasses, glazes or enamels with special properties
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a transparent article of glass ceramic with high surface quality and a method for its preparation.
- Typical transparent glass ceramics are based on the LAS system with the main components lithium oxide, aluminum oxide and silicon dioxide.
- the production of such a LAS glass ceramic usually involves providing a green glass made of a melt, wherein the green glass can be formed into an article or to a glass ceramic disk. The green glass is then heated to a nucleation temperature, so that a multiplicity of nuclei are produced in the green glass with the aid of nucleators. Thereafter, the temperature is raised to an optimum crystallization temperature
- an article of glass ceramic can be created, which in its properties, for example, allows use as an attachment disk for fireplaces.
- a chimney panel is described, which is suitable for both outdoor and indoor use.
- DE 20 2014 004 209 U1 also describes a fireplace viewing pane with a glass or glass ceramic pane.
- an attachment of a metallic material is proposed.
- the document DE 103 44 439 B3 describes a method for the production of
- the document DE 10 2010 023 407 A1 describes a glass-ceramic article with a high chemical resistance to a corrosive atmosphere.
- the document GB 1 322 796 describes a surface treatment of glass articles by means of a polishing process.
- JP 2013/1 12554 A describes a polishing process for glass substrates.
- the publication JP 2015/176753 A describes a cooking plate with a back-polished surface, which allows to apply a coating.
- the document DE 10 2010 043 326 A1 describes a method for strength-enhancing ceramization of a floated, crystallizable glass. Due to the process caused by the flooding cracks in the surface of the floated, crystallizable glass, wherein the
- Formiergasatmospreheat is assumed above the float bath as a trigger for the cracks. These cracks are very deep and reduce the strength of the later product, so that the cracks on the surface of the float glass can not be economically eliminated either before or after the ceramization by polishing.
- the document DE 33 45 316 A1 describes a glass ceramic for use as window glass in wood or coal stoves. To cracks and cracks in the surface of the glass ceramic, which occur when the glass-ceramic is exposed to a sulfuric acid-containing atmosphere to reduce or prevent, the glass-ceramic is leached with an additional processing step at the surface. This additional process step is very complex and also involves risks, as hazardous substances are used.
- carrier plates as well as the Keramleitersformen generally have a very smooth, specially adapted, flat surface.
- air cushions can form between the very smooth, flat support plates and the fine waves of the substrates, on which the substrate can slide.
- fully automatic transport systems as they are typically encountered today, such as roller conveyors or chain belts, it may then come to relative movements between the substrate and the carrier plate or Keramleitersform. This in turn can become a local one
- Glass melt promoted green glass remain on the surface of the green glass or, for example due to electrostatic charge, can adhere to the surface. This adhesion is further enhanced by the high reactivity of the surface of the green glass when it comes directly from the melt. These often very small particles are initially barely perceptible, but cause great problems during subsequent ceramization or subsequent finishing, as they can lead to scratches on the surface.
- a further disadvantage is the fact that a reduction of the surface layer, which may be lithium-depleted, in particular in the case of an article made of glass ceramic due to production, too a significant reduction in resistance to chemical products from combustion can result.
- a process for producing a flat, transparent glass ceramic article for use for example, as a bullet-resistant visor, ie in a laminate, as a cooking surface, as a stove or chimney pane, as a pane for oven doors, as a carrier plate for precious metal coatings, as a display cover, or as an unprinted or printed cooking or work surface or table, in particular large format with at least 0.7 nf, preferably at least 1, nf nf surface, which on the one hand makes it possible to at least reduce complex post-processing such as a fine machining of the surface, which it but also allows others to produce such substrates with high strength and durability.
- a glass-ceramic article produced in this way should, in addition to the reduction in fine waviness, also have a flawless, undamaged surface as far as possible. This means that the surface generated should also be as free of scratches or other, with the human eye perceptible damage.
- the mechanical properties, in particular the strength, of the article made of glass ceramic should remain as unchanged as possible. Preferably, it should be equal to or even higher than the strength of an unpolished glass ceramic article, even if an additional polishing step is performed. In addition, should also be given a good shock resistance.
- Combustion residues remain as unchanged as possible and are at least at the level of a non-polished lens.
- Combustion products especially against sulfur-containing exhaust gases are made possible, which may contain compounds of sulfurous acid or even sulfuric acid.
- the glass-ceramic articles produced in this way should be able to be used, in particular, in areas which are characterized by high temperature fluctuations and / or by mechanical stress, for example as cooking utensils, as a glass-ceramic cooking surface or in the field of fire protection.
- This object is surprisingly simple by a method for producing a flat, transparent article made of glass ceramic for use as a viewing window, for example as a bullet-proof visor, also in the layer composite, as a cooking surface, as a stove or fireplace visor, as a disc for oven doors, as a support plate for precious metal Coatings, as a display cover, or as an unprinted or printed cooking or work surface or table, in particular large format with at least 0.7 nf, preferably at least 1, 0 nf surface, and a flat, transparent article of glass-ceramic according to one of the independent claims.
- a method for producing a flat, transparent article made of glass ceramic for use as a viewing window for example as a bullet-proof visor, also in the layer composite, as a cooking surface, as a stove or fireplace visor, as a disc for oven doors, as a support plate for precious metal Coatings, as a display cover, or as an unprinted or printed cooking or work surface or table, in particular large format with at least 0.7
- the invention accordingly provides a method for producing a flat, transparent article of glass ceramic for use as a viewing window, comprising the following steps:
- the method may optionally downstream of the processing of a further surface of the article of glass-ceramic, in particular that surface which is opposite to the surface finished before the ceramizing surface, and which stood during the ceramization in contact with a substrate.
- a mixture with a composition suitable for later ceramification is typically fed to a glass melting plant and melted.
- Glass bodies can be produced therefrom by means of various methods, the glass coming directly from the glass melt also being referred to as so-called green glass. Under green glass is therefore understood a glass, which directly or
- the green glass comes directly from the molten glass. If the green glass is referred to as "ceramizable”, this means in the context of the invention that this green glass is suitable for being ceramized in a ceramization process and converted into a glass ceramic, but also that this ceramization process has just not yet occurred or not yet completed.
- the crystal formation also referred to as crystallization or ceramification
- the ceramizable green glass contains nucleating agents for crystal formation in order to be ceramizable, the crystalline fraction is still very small.
- the crystalline fraction of the ceramizable green glass is less than 20% by volume, preferably less than 10% by volume and more preferably less than 5% by volume.
- a ceramizable green glass is mentioned below, this is initially understood to mean a rolled ceramizable green glass obtained continuously from a glass melt. If this ceramizable green glass is separated, for example By means of scratches and breakages, these isolated sections are also referred to as a substrate or substrate of ceramizable green glass.
- the smoothing finish of the at least one surface of the ceramizable green glass can basically not only take place on a substrate of ceramizable green glass, but also directly on a rolled, continuously produced glass ribbon, ie even before separation as a substrate. Due to the better handling, however, the smoothing fine machining on corresponding isolated substrates offers.
- the ceramizable green glass can be based on the lithium aluminosilicate system (LAS glass ceramic) and have nucleating agents, which may preferably comprise TiO 2 and / or ZrO 2 , or else SnO 2 .
- the ceramizable green glass can have the following composition range (in% by weight):
- the ceramizable green glass hereinafter also referred to as crystallizable starting glass, is melted and refined from a mixture of cullet and powdery vegetable raw materials according to the above-mentioned composition.
- the glass melt reaches temperatures of 1 .550 ° C to a maximum of 1 .750 ° C, usually up to 1 .700 ° C. Occasionally, a high-temperature refining above 1 .700 ° C, usually used at temperatures around 1 .900 ° C.
- the glass After melting and refining, the glass usually undergoes hot forming by rolling, casting, pressing or floating to form a flat substrate of ceramizable green glass.
- This flat substrate may comprise two approximately planar, oppositely disposed side surfaces, hereinafter also referred to as the surface, and thus be plate-shaped or disc-shaped.
- roll forming for hot forming is advantageous for making flat substrates such as plates or slices from the molten glass.
- Common rolling processes comprise at least one pair of rollers rotating in opposite directions, which can also be used here.
- a plurality of rollers connected in series can be used, in which gradually the desired thickness is achieved.
- the method according to the invention for the production of a flat, transparent article of glass-ceramic accordingly comprises for the
- Hot forming a rolling process i. the ceramizable green glass passes through at least one pair of rollers rotating in opposite directions. These rolls are also referred to below as forming rolls.
- transport rollers also referred to as transport rollers, are used, on which the ceramizable green glass can rest and which can be driven to transport overhead ceramizable green glass.
- the coldest range critical in roll forming is the contact of the molten glass with the noble metal die before the glass is shaped and cooled by the rolls into the flat substrates. This contact of the hot glass melt with the much cooler forming rollers and / or the transport rollers can very often lead to a fine waviness on the rolled substrate.
- the waviness or fine waviness thus denotes an unevenness of the at least one surface of the ceramizable green glass, which can occur periodically at longer intervals than the roughness and which thus represents a deviation from an ideal, planar surface.
- the ripple may occur periodically, repetitively, with longer intervals as seen in relation to the depth.
- a fine waviness with a wavelength in the range of about 5 mm to about 500 mm can occur, which is the distance between two adjacent troughs or wave peaks.
- the concrete wavelength is dependent on various process parameters, such as the diameter of the forming rollers and / or transport rollers or the temperature difference between the surface of the forming rollers and / or transport rollers and the
- This fine waviness on the rolled flat substrate can lead to damage on the surface of the glass ceramic article during the subsequent ceramification, which can significantly limit the usability of the article, for example as a viewing window, and / or reduce the yield. This will be briefly outlined below.
- the substrates can be stored on a smooth base serving as a firing aid, also referred to as a support plate.
- the carrier plates may generally be made of a high temperature stable material comprising a ceramic or glass ceramic material. The latter are usually so-called base plates made of glass ceramics, which contain predominantly keatite mixed crystals (KMK).
- a carrier plate of keatite is z. B. in US 7,056,848 B2 and DE 102 26 815 B4 described by the same applicant.
- microstructures In addition to the fine waves, other unfavorable surface properties may be present, such as microstructures, which will be discussed below.
- the laying of the flat substrate with the microstructures on the carrier plate can lead to the fact that between the microstructures or the fine waves on the surface of the
- Substrates and the very smooth, even surface of the support plate form air cushions on which the substrate can slide.
- Damage to the surface of the substrate lead, for example in the form of fine scratches in the region of the wave crests due to the relative movements to each other, and thus to a strong decrease in strength. Glass-ceramic surfaces that have been damaged by scratches break much faster when they come under tension.
- the above-mentioned microstructuring of the surface of the ceramic green ceramic is attributed to the temperature difference between the surface of the forming rollers and / or transport rollers on the one hand and the ceramizable green glass on the other hand.
- texturing of the surface of the ceramizable green glass superimposed on the fine waves can thus occur, which can lead to a "porosity" which looks similar to the surface of an orange and is accordingly also referred to as "orange peel".
- the wavelength of this microstructure is less than 1 mm, often in a range between 0.002 mm to 0.005 mm.
- This microstructuring can influence the viewing through the later article made of glass ceramic more or less strongly and in the worst case even make it impossible to use the article made of glass ceramic as a viewing window.
- the porosity of the surface causes, when viewed through the finished article of glass-ceramic, for example on an object lying on the other side of the article, this is perceived as blurred.
- Ceramization a fine machining of the surface, in particular a polishing of the surface made.
- This layer which can set off during the ceramization from the surface of the substrate, is reduced or even completely removed. This layer can be produced by a suitable adjustment of the furnace parameters during the ceramization.
- this layer has a high resistance to acid or acidic gases, such as
- Combustion products may arise, for example, in the combustion chambers of chimneys. Therefore, a particularly high resistance to such sulfur-containing exhaust gases, the
- Compounds of sulfurous acid or even sulfuric acid may contain, of high importance for an article of glass ceramic, which is to be used as a chimney panel.
- Fine machining such as a polishing or lapping, can lead to further damage to the surface, in particular to scratches, so-called “comet scratches”. Accordingly, these particles which were previously invisible to the human eye can lead to clearly visible, undesired surface phenomena of the finished article.
- the microscopic particles may be manufacturing relics or other extraneous materials formed during hot forming, such as particles from the transport rollers. If such small particles detach from the transport roller, for example, they may adhere to the surface upon contact with the ceramizable green glass, for instance as a result of electrostatic charging. Although these very small particles are hardly or not at all visually discernible to the human eye, they can cause great problems during subsequent finishing, that is, after ceramization, since they are moved on the surface as a result of polishing, and thus scratch can cause the surface. To make matters worse, that these overlying or adherent particles during the Ceramization penetrate deeper into the material and thus can cause even deeper scratches.
- a smoothing finish, in particular a polishing or lapping at least one surface of the ceramizable green glass causes the fine ripple can be reduced so much that the substrates of ceramizable green glass no longer slide on the smooth surface and the surfaces no longer due to the resulting
- a smoothing fine machining of the surface of the ceramizable green glass is extremely advantageous in that particles which adhere or rest on this surface can be removed.
- microtexturing of the surface ie the "orange peel”
- range peel can furthermore be very advantageously removed.
- At least one surface of a ceramizable green glass is subjected to a fine machining, in particular a polishing or a lapping process, wherein the ceramizable green glass was produced in the rolling process and wherein in the course of
- This surface has been in contact with at least one shaping roller and / or with transport rollers, and wherein the crystalline fraction of the ceramizable green glass is less than 20% by volume, preferably less than 10% by volume and particularly preferably less than 5% by volume. % is. According to the invention, it is therefore provided to carry out a smoothing fine machining on at least one surface of the substrate of ceramizable green glass.
- Process stage is therefore no article of glass ceramic present, since the ceramization has not yet occurred. This is surprising inasmuch as it has hitherto been assumed that such machining methods can only be used with already ceramized articles, since the fine machining can lead to a further surface modification of the machined surfaces.
- the smoothing finish is therefore preferably carried out such that only the fine ripple is reduced to a predetermined extent.
- the surface of the substrate can be maintained in the machined area to a certain degree in its original quality, as far as the fine processing refers only to the reduction of the wave crests but does not completely smooth them.
- the original roughness of the surface of the substrate can therefore be preserved unchanged in this first embodiment, in particular in the troughs.
- the removal of material can be carried out to a depth, measured from the surface, preferably a wave crest, which represents about half the amplitude of the waves, which can represent a good compromise between the extent of fine machining on the one hand and reducing the ripple on the other.
- This method can be used very economically and is preferably used for articles made of glass ceramic or product groups in which a very good transparency and the absence of a microstructure is not required. These can be, for example, colored or volume-colored glass ceramics. A slight fine waviness of the treated surface is therefore also retained and thus allows rapid economic processing. The fine machining is therefore not, as is generally the case with a grinding or smoothing of the surface by means of polishing, the goal of a complete removal of the wave crests, but tolerate a residual fine waviness of the surface.
- this also means that the mechanical strength remains at a high level and a lithium-depleted surface can be retained on the surface.
- the end product, so the substrate after ceramification, compared to the chemical products from the combustion residues is still resistant.
- the fine ripple can be reduced to an extent that the substrates of green glass barely or ideally no longer slide on the smooth support plates when they are placed on the support plate with this reworked surface. In this way, it can be achieved that the surfaces are scratched significantly less, or in the ideal case no longer by being placed on the carrier plate and the transport, in particular during the ceramization.
- the removal of material may be of varying strength, preferably more in the region of the wave crests and weaker in the region of the wave troughs in order to reduce the fine waviness.
- Microstructuring especially a possible orange peel removed.
- the removal therefore preferably takes place to a depth at which microstructures are removed as completely as possible.
- erosion with a depth in a range from about 0.1 to about 5 ⁇ m, preferably from 0.1 to 1 ⁇ m, measured from the surface, is sufficient to ensure the presence of pores and particles remove.
- the fine machining can be realized in a time-saving and therefore cost-effective manner.
- a full surface material removal leads to particularly favorable that on the surface of the ceramizable green glass existing particles can be removed, which are present in the troughs.
- only one surface of the ceramizable green glass is finished prior to the ceramization, so for example polished or lapped.
- this refers to that surface which had the most contact with forming rolls and / or transport rolls during hot forming since there is the greatest risk of build up.
- this relates to the underside of the ceramizable green glass, which rests on the transport rollers and which thus has the most frequent contact with other surfaces.
- a smoothing fine machining can take place, for example, with a removal tool having at least one removal surface, wherein material can be removed from the surface of the substrate to be machined from ceramizable green glass.
- the removal tool can have at least one Abtrags simulation which is perpendicular to an axis about the axis
- Abtrags predictions rotates and the Abtragswerkmaschinemaschine along predetermined paths, for example, with constant feed but different process parameters such as pressure and rotational speed, is guided over the surface to be machined, and wherein the webs overlap each other.
- a bound or loose abrasive can be added as an abrasive or polishing agent and / or a coolant.
- This document presents a method for smoothing a surface of a flat glass or glass ceramic substrate in which
- Rotation speed are passed over the surface to be reworked, wherein the webs overlap each other, and wherein
- At least a first removal tool grinds the nachzubeyde surface with a bonded abrasive abrasive as a first grain and
- At least one second removal tool polishes the surface sanded by the at least one first removal tool with a second, loose abrasive as polishing agent with a finer grain compared to the first abrasive, wherein the second abrasive comprises a slurry, and wherein
- reworked surface is introduced during grinding.
- Such Abtragsreae with several Abtragswerkmaschineen, which are engaged in time, are particularly economical to operate.
- the removal tool comprises a flexible Abtragskopf instead of a rigid Abtragskopfes. Conceivable here are about flexible polishing heads, which compensate for a ripple and can cause a constant contact pressure over the surface.
- Fine grinding tools started in the workpiece and started after processing the first tracks of the second material-removing process by retracting the polishing benches in the pre-treated by the fine grinding tool workpiece. Finally, the first material-removing process is also the first to be completed by the Fierausfahren the fine grinding, before the polishing benches after driving off the last tracks out of the tool. Thus, although the tools partially process the workpiece at the same time, they do not simultaneously process the same surface area.
- An exemplary apparatus for smoothing post-processing of flat substrates of ceramizable green glass is based on
- the at least one removal tool has Abtrags vom and a rotary drive, with which the Abtrags vom are rotated in each case about an axis perpendicular to the Abtrags simulation, wherein
- the movement mechanism is formed so that the at least one removal tool along predetermined paths, in particular with the same feed, but possibly also different process parameters such as pressure and Rotation speed are passed over the surface to be machined, wherein in several Abtragstechnikmaschineen the webs overlap each other, and wherein
- At least one removal tool having a polishing head as Abtrags simulation, wherein a feed device is provided, which the polishing head, a loose
- This slurry is fed by means of a feeder and the Abtrags Phantom the surface to be machined during polishing.
- At least one second removal tool is provided, wherein the first removal tool has a removal surface with an abrasive of a first bonded grain, and wherein the second removal tool has a polishing head as Abtrags II, wherein the feed means the polishing head with a second, loose Abrasiv with respect to the first An abrasive of finer grain size in the form of a slurry feeds.
- This method is well suited for the post-processing of flat glass ceramic substrates, but can also surprisingly be used for the smoothing finishing of flat substrates of ceramizable green glass as explained above.
- the substrates can have thicknesses in the range of 1 to 10 mm and thickness variations up to 200 micrometers.
- the disks preferably have an area greater than 1 m 2 , since the high efficiency of the process according to the invention has an effect especially on large-area substrates.
- the webs are furthermore preferably rectilinear.
- the duration of action of the ablation tools on the surface areas can be determined precisely.
- this goal may be shared with another
- Abtragswerkmaschine be moved during the removal with the edge of the Abtrags vom beyond the edge of the substrate, while the axis of rotation remains on the substrate.
- the at least one removal tool is moved beyond the edge at least up to one third of the diameter of the removal surfaces.
- Removal tools are guided over the surface of the substrate to be reprocessed so that the surface areas are passed first by at least one first, then temporally thereafter by at least one second removal tool on a machine without handling effort between the two processing steps.
- the slurry used as abrasive for the polish can also act as abrasive and / or coolant for the grinding head or the first removal tool for both process steps. It is equally advantageous that it is possible to circulate the slurry without sacrificing quality without running the risk of receiving scratches from the removal surface of the first tool in the polishing step due to the release of abrasive particles. It is noteworthy that even a single grain of the coarser, first grained abrasive on the polishing head can negate the overall polishing result.
- the slurry is operated in circulation, wherein the remaining after the grinding or polishing steps slurry again collected and fed back to the Abtragswerkmaschineen.
- a circulation feeder for the slurry is provided, wherein the circulation feeder means for collecting the remaining after grinding and polishing slurry and means for refeeding the
- a slurry is generally a suspension or dispersion of an abrasive in a liquid.
- the slurry used is preferably a suspension of cerium oxide in water. But are also other abrasives and liquids, such as oils and additives to prevent sedimentation and agglomeration of
- Abrasive grains in the water Suitable are various phosphates, such as. Monosodium phosphate hydrate (NaFi 2 PO 4 ), disodium phosphate (Na 2 HPO 4 ), sodium pyrophosphate (Na 4 P 2 O 7), as well as organic salts such as sodium citrate (CeFisNasOz or C ⁇ F NaOS).
- phosphates such as. Monosodium phosphate hydrate (NaFi 2 PO 4 ), disodium phosphate (Na 2 HPO 4 ), sodium pyrophosphate (Na 4 P 2 O 7), as well as organic salts such as sodium citrate (CeFisNasOz or C ⁇ F NaOS).
- the abrasive of a first grain preferably has a grain size of at least 8
- Microns more preferably a grain size of at most 40 microns.
- an abrasive is used whose grain size is preferably less than 2 microns in normal distribution. The above sizes are in each case based on the average diameter of the grains.
- diamond foils or diamond-tipped metal discs have proven. However, it is also possible to use other abrasives, for example corundum, silicon carbide, etc.
- other abrasives for example corundum, silicon carbide, etc.
- the polishing tool has felt or an elastomer, preferably polyurethane, proven best.
- a separating device which is connected upstream of the device for re-feeding the slurry, and with which coarse and fine fractions of the solids are separated in the slurry.
- the slurry from the recirculations of the slurry discharged from the overall process generally has
- a centrifuge or a cyclone is particularly suitable.
- the coarse fraction of solids especially but no share of the abrasive first grain has more guaranteed.
- a sedimentation basin as a separating device is conceivable, which, however, acts more slowly than a centrifuge or a cyclone, so that a total of a larger amount of slurry is to be provided here. Regardless of the type of separator is then advantageous only the proportion of the slurry with finer solids supplied to the Abtragswerkmaschinemaschineen again.
- the removal surface of the at least one first removal tool has a larger diameter than the removal surface of the at least one second removal tool.
- a diameter of the first ablation surface of greater than 500 millimeters is favorable for glass / glass ceramic plates, in particular with the mentioned area greater than 1 m 2 .
- Diameter of the removal surface of the at least one second removal tool is then chosen correspondingly smaller than 500 millimeters. In terms of uniform removal, it is still favorable if the of the
- Overlaid cutters overlap at least 20%, preferably by at least one third of their width, or their diameter. This preferably applies in each case separately for the webs traveled by the one or more ablation tools as well as for the webs traveled by the second ablation tool (s). If the webs overlap too little, visible stripes of different heights along the webs can be produced.
- the removal tools can be moved back and forth during the removal in the direction along the tracks, wherein the disc to be machined is moved intermittently relative to the Abtragswerkmaschineen transverse to the tracks.
- the finishing method it is possible to provide a substrate of ceramizable green glass which has at least one very flat, smooth surface with low fine waviness and low roughness.
- the smoothing finish can be done directly after rolling, ie after hot forming.
- the fine waviness of the flat substrate of ceramizable green glass is therefore lower after the smoothing finish than before, ie directly after the hot forming.
- a waviness clearly visible to the eye for the end product made of glass ceramic is composed of two parameters. On the one hand, the amplitude is decisive.
- a ripple visible to the eye is given, for example, at amplitudes greater than 50 m ⁇ ti in conjunction with wavelengths of less than 135 mm.
- ceramizable green glass is at most 500 miti, preferably at most 50 miti, and most preferably at most 10 miti measured as a height difference between a trough and an adjacent wave crest.
- a minimal waviness of about 0.1 mm to 0.2 mm seems to be uncritical for the ceramization, but on the other hand to favor a firmer and more stable support of the substrate on the support plate. Therefore, the waviness of the substrate after the fine machining is preferably at least 0.1 mm or at least 0.2 mm.
- the achievable waviness of the wavelengths is between 50 and 500 mm, preferably between 60 and 200 mm.
- the roughness of the smoothing finishing process-treated surface of the substrate according to the first embodiment, in which wave crests are mainly removed, does not substantially change.
- the maximum roughness Ra is at most 0.5 miti in the worst case, usually in the range of 0.2 miti - 0.5 mhi.
- the roughness of the surface of the substrate treated with the smoothing finishing method according to the second embodiment in which the material removal is full-surface is less than the original roughness and is Ra ⁇ 0.02 miti, preferably Ra ⁇ 0.010 mhi.
- the ceramization process is carried out in order to obtain the flat, transparent article of glass ceramic.
- This can in the following short outlined type and Way, as it is also described in the publication WO 2012/019833 by the same applicant and which is hereby incorporated in its entirety.
- a highly transparent and at the same time high-strength glass-ceramic article can be produced, which distinguishes its short residence times in the nucleation and crystallization phase.
- the flat substrate comprising the ceramizable starting glass in which the nucleating agents are contained is provided, and the substrate is subjected to a temperature treatment, wherein the starting glass is first heated to a nucleating temperature in the range of 700 to 810 ° C and the residence time in this temperature range between 3 and 120 minutes, then the starting glass with the germs formed by the
- Nucleation temperature is heated to 810 to 880 ° C, wherein the heating rate of 0.1 to 5.0 K / min and then the at least partially already ceramized starting glass is heated to temperatures in the range between 880 and 970 ° C, which at least partially crystallized starting glass after heating for several minutes in this
- a particular advantage of the above-mentioned method for ceramization is the homogeneous crystallization, which is understood to mean a uniform distribution of the crystals or crystallites in the residual glass phase and very similar grain sizes.
- the crystals have grain sizes whose standard deviation is less than +/- 5%, preferably less than +/- 3% and particularly preferably less than +/- 2%.
- Suitable LAS glasses are glass ceramics having a composition range as stated above.
- the ceramization may take place in the aforementioned furnace types, i. a heating in 750 ° C to 980 ° C can be realized in 1 to 5 h, so that a flat plate with high-quartz mixed crystals (HQMK) as the main crystal phase and a degree of crystallinity of 50% to 90% and a crystallite size between 20 nm to 100 nm is created.
- HQMK high-quartz mixed crystals
- the flat substrate of ceramizable green glass is placed on the base or support plate in such a way that the smoothing aftertreated surface rests on the support plate. Accordingly, the surface of the flat substrate treated with the smoothing finishing method is in contact with the support plate during ceramization.
- this support plate side of the substrate is in later use generally the back. This is due to the fact that despite the fine processing of the substrate by the contact of the surface with the base small grooves, adhering particles or imprints can be left behind.
- This side is therefore preferably used in the end product as the back, which faces away from the user.
- This back or bottom of the substrate is the side on which e.g. when used as a transparent cooking surface, the coloring, underside coating is made and which represents the viewer facing away from the viewer when installed as a hob, while the (usually additionally decorated during the ceramizing process) top of the glass ceramic pane facing the viewer.
- the backs of the relevant LAS glass ceramic panes can be subjected to a lamination process.
- the page in question for example, ion exchange Be subjected to processes or come into contact with other glasses in an electric field.
- the flat substrate of ceramizable green glass can be placed on the substrate such that the smoothing surface does not rest on the substrate. Accordingly, it is also sufficient to process only one surface of the ceramizable green glass with the smoothing finishing process, which makes the process particularly favorable.
- the smoothing after machined surface of the ceramizable substrate is therefore not in contact with the substrate during the ceramization, but is facing away from the pad and thus exposed directly to the furnace atmosphere.
- the surface of the glassy surface described below can be formed during the ceramization, this surface being free of undesirable particles formed on the underside during the hard-working process due to the preceding finishing, and / or furthermore free of pores or microstructures, which is useful for a good look.
- This side of the article of glass-ceramic therefore has the desired particularly high chemical resistance to the attack of combustion products and can, for example when used as
- a 200 nm to 2,000 nm thick, lithium-depleted, mostly predominantly amorphous, glassy surface zone can usually form on the upper side of the LAS glass-ceramic pane in question, if the above-mentioned as the main crystal phase in the resulting glass-ceramic microstructure High-quartz mixed crystals are present.
- the method described above it is possible to provide a flat, highly transparent article made of glass ceramic for use as a viewing window, in particular when using LAS starting glasses, with salient surface properties. Due to its properties, this can basically also be used as a viewing window, for example for vehicles.
- the surface quality of the flat article of glass-ceramic produced according to the invention can be characterized on the basis of various parameters and product properties.
- the invention accordingly also provides a flat, transparent article of glass-ceramic, preferably produced or producible by the abovementioned method.
- the glass ceramic article according to the invention is characterized by two very smooth surfaces running parallel, wherein the at least one surface can have a very high degree of gloss, which can be reproduced as DOI value, determined according to the ASTM D 5767 standard.
- the articles of glass-ceramic produced by the process according to the invention have a very high transparency, so that, for example, they can also be used in the layer composite
- the glass ceramic article according to the invention can have a transmission in the visible wavelength range based on a wall thickness of 4 mm greater than 0.75 at 400 nm, greater than 0.845 at 450 nm, greater than 0.893 at 550 nm, greater than 0.90 at 600 nm and greater than 0.90 at 700 nm wavelength.
- this article has very high levels of chemical resistance to the attack of combustion products, especially sulfur-containing off-gases containing sulfuric acid or sulfuric acid compounds, and which are e.g. arise in the wood and coal combustion. Therefore, a good resistance to
- the waviness of the article of glass-ceramic is at most 500 miti, preferably at most 50 miti, and particularly preferably at most 10 miti measured as a height difference between a trough and an adjacent wave crest.
- the achievable waviness of the wavelengths is between 50 and 500 mm, preferably between 60 and 200 mm.
- they can also be high-strength and thus as a glass ceramic for
- the article of glass ceramic according to the invention can assume all known geometric sizes and shapes (flat, round, angularly deformed, 3-D deformed) and have further elements such as decorative colors, coatings and design edge cuts (for example flat facets).
- the present invention accordingly describes a method for producing a flat, transparent glass ceramic article and a flat, transparent article
- Glass ceramic which is suitable for use as a bullet-proof pane, cooking surface, stove and chimney pane, as a glass ceramic object for high or extreme low-temperature applications, as a furnace window for incinerators, as white goods, as a pane for oven doors, as a support plate for precious metal coatings and thus as a cooking surface for induction or gas heating, as a support plate for
- Vacuum coating processes in particular for solar functional layers, as transparent oven pane, fire protection pane, microwave shelf, as a support plate in the display and in the solar industry, or as unprinted or printed cooking or countertop or table, in particular large format with at least 0.7 nf, preferably at least 1, 0 nf surface, and can be used in other applications with particular changing temperature load.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a curved chimney pane in an oblique view
- 3a, 3b by way of example each show a plan view of a substrate before the ceramization
- Fig. 5 schematically shows a transverse view of a Fl ouform suitssbacterbacters
- 8a, 8b and 8c are transverse views of a section of a substrate of ceramizable
- 9a, 9b are schematic representations of different polishing heads
- a flat, transparent article of glass-ceramic in particular for use as a viewing window, can be produced.
- FIG. 1 shows, purely by way of example, schematically a curved fireplace visor 40 of glass-ceramic in an oblique view.
- Fig. 2 is also purely exemplary schematically a straight Kam Centerpipe 50 shown in an oblique view.
- the fireplace viewing panels 40, 50 are formed with holding means 41, 51, which allow the chimney panel 40, 50 particularly easy to install in a fireplace.
- the illustrated chimney panes 40, 50 represent purely by way of example selected glass ceramic articles according to the invention and are produced by the method according to the invention.
- the production comprises the production of a molten glass, wherein a mixture with a composition suitable for the later ceramicizing and producing a glass ceramic is fed to a glass melting plant and melted.
- Hot molding is made of a glass body made of ceramic green glass
- the ceramizable green glass is based on the lithium aluminosilicate system and includes nucleating agents, preferably TiO 2 and / or ZrO 2 , or SnO 2 .
- the composition range (in% by weight) shown below is particularly suitable:
- the ceramizable green glass produced by the rolling process is suitable for use in one
- the crystal formation has not yet taken place, or at least not appreciably.
- the ceramizable green glass produced in this way accordingly contains nucleating agents for crystal formation, the crystalline fraction is still very small.
- the crystalline fraction of the ceramizable green glass is less than 20% by volume, preferably less than 10% by volume and particularly preferably less than 5% by volume.
- the ceramizable green glass is fed continuously from the molten glass to at least a pair of forming rollers to obtain the desired thickness. This can be done in a single rolling step, but also in several steps with several,
- the ceramizable green glass is on transport rollers, which are used for transport. After reaching the intended thickness, the rolled ceramizable green glass is singulated by scribing it and breaking it along these scribe edges to obtain ceramizable green glass substrates.
- a smoothing finish in particular a polishing or a lapping process, the crystalline fraction of the ceramizable green glass being less than 20% by volume, preferably less than 10% by volume. and more preferably less than 5% by volume.
- the wave crests are removed on the surface of the ceramizable green glass in the course of the smoothing finishing, whereas according to a second embodiment of the invention over the entire surface of the ceramizable green glass material is removed over the entire surface.
- the material has been removed from the surface of ceramizable green glass prior to ceramization by the smoothing finishing with at least one removal tool having at least one removal surface.
- the smoothing with at least one removal tool having at least one removal surface.
- Fine machining was carried out on that side of the ceramizable green glass, which later during operation represents the side with the required high chemical resistance.
- the surfaces 53 and 43 were additionally smoothed after the ceramization. Since the structure of the underside of the substrate or the rear side 42, 52 facing the combustion space is relevant for the impact resistance, the impact resistance was not adversely affected by this additional processing.
- the flat substrate of ceramizable green glass is this polished immediately after scribing and breaking or cutting into appropriate large formats on the melting tank on the surface with cerium oxide or other known polishing agents for glass.
- the smoothing finish is performed such that only the fine ripple is reduced to a predetermined extent.
- the material removal takes place here to a depth measured from the surface, which represents about half the amplitude of the waves.
- the smoothing finishing is carried out in such a way that, albeit less, material removal takes place over the entire surface.
- material is removed not only in the area of the wave crests, but also in the area of the wave troughs, so that ultimately a new surface is created by the smoothing finishing.
- only that surface is finely worked before the ceramization, which in contact with at least one during the hot forming
- Forming roll and / or with transport rollers and consequently is the side which can be most likely contaminated with particles.
- the first embodiment is characterized in that the fine waviness of the surface of the substrate of ceramizable green glass is reduced by the smoothing fine machining.
- This embodiment offers the great advantage that not only the fine ripple is reduced, but also that the disturbing air cushions do not or hardly form during the ceramization and therefore no further damage occurs during ceramization as a result of relative movements between the substrate and the substrate.
- This embodiment is particularly suitable for colored ceramizable green glass for producing colored articles made of glass ceramic, in which no high demands are made on the review.
- ceramizable green glass is at most 500 miti, preferably at most 50 miti, and most preferably at most 10 miti measured as a height difference between a trough and an adjacent wave crest. Furthermore, a slight ripple can be maintained and, after the fine machining, preferably at least 0.1 mm or at least 0.2 mm.
- the waviness of the wavelengths is between 50 and 500 mm, preferably between 60 and 200 mm and particularly preferably smaller than 135 mm.
- the roughness of the smoothing finishing process-treated surface of the substrate according to the first embodiment, in which wave crests are mainly removed, does not substantially change.
- the maximum roughness Ra is at most 0.5 miti, preferably between 0.2 miti - 0.5 miti, preferably at most 0.4 miti, particularly preferably at most 0.3 mip
- the roughness of the surface treated with the smoothing finishing method of the substrate according to the second embodiment, in which the material removal occurs over the entire surface is less than the original roughness and Ra ⁇ 0.02 miti, preferably Ra ⁇ 0.010 pm.
- Tables 1 and 2 show by way of example measured roughness values of a surface of a ceramizable green glass before the smoothing finish and thereafter.
- Table 1 Measured roughness values of a surface of a ceramizable green glass prior to the smoothing finish
- Table 2 Measured roughness values of a surface of a glass-ceramic article according to the invention after the smoothing finish
- the values of the average roughness Ra and the average roughness Rz which are listed in Table 2, show the achievable qualities of glass ceramic articles produced according to the invention on the basis of two examples.
- the articles were finished with different polishing agents 1 and 2 smoothing.
- the surface referred to as the top surface according to the second embodiment of the invention was processed over the entire surface before the ceramization, whereas the surface referred to as the bottom was machined after the ceramization.
- the polishes 1 and 2 used are based on a slurry with a suspension of cerium oxide (CeO 2) in water.
- the two polishes 1 and 2 differ in the middle
- D50 laser Particle size D50
- D50 laser Particle size D50
- the smoothing finish is done with a removal tool.
- the removal tool has at least one removal surface which is perpendicular to an axis about an axis
- Abtrags predictions rotates.
- the removal tool is guided along predetermined paths, for example with constant feed but different process parameters such as pressure and rotational speed, over the surface to be reprocessed, wherein the webs overlap each other.
- bound and / or loose abrasive is used as
- Fig. 3a shows purely by way of example a device 1 a of a possible embodiment for smoothing fine machining of the substrate 3 of ceramizable green glass. The method, or the corresponding established for carrying out this method
- nachzubesden surface 31 of a glass or glass-ceramic disc 3 is removed, wherein the removal tools 6, 10 have Abtrags vom 7, 1 1, which rotate about an axis perpendicular to the Abtrags simulation 7, 1 1, wherein
- nachzubesde surface 31 are guided, wherein the tracks 8, 12 overlap each other, and wherein
- the nachzubeyde surface 31 grinds with an abrasive of a first grain
- Fig. 3a only one of the tools 6, 10 traversed by lanes 8, 12 is shown as a hatched area in each case. In total, for processing the entire surface 31 the removal tools 6, 10 guided along parallel paths over the surface.
- a meander-shaped movement is carried out by the tools 6, 10 relative to the surface 31.
- the removal tools 6, 10 are moved back and forth along the tracks 8, 12, respectively, and after each forward or backward movement the substrate is advanced a little along the direction of advance 15.
- both the tracks 8, as well as the tracks 12 overlap each other, the feed is smaller than the diameter of the
- the overlap of the webs 8, as well as the webs 12 is preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least one third of the diameter of the Abtrags simulation, or corresponding thereto the respective web width.
- FIG. 3b shows a device 1b of a possible further embodiment for smoothing fine machining of the substrate 3 of ceramizable green glass, the device 1b being based on a single removal tool 6.
- Fig. 4 shows a comparison of the impact resistance of unpolished and polished material, which was prepared according to the method.
- Clearly recognizable is an increase in strength, which in the example is at least 20%, for the inventively polished material, which was polished on the side relevant to the shock resistance before ceramization.
- ceramization is carried out to produce the flat, transparent article made of glass ceramic.
- the substrate of ceramizable green glass is placed after the smoothing finishing with this surface on the pad or support plate.
- the relative movement of the applied substrate during passage through the roller furnace is greatly reduced or ideally no longer takes place by reducing the fine ripple.
- the substrate of ceramizable green glass after the smoothing finishing with this surface up on the
- the curved design of the chimney pane 40 according to FIG. 1 is based on a ceramicization downstream of the article of glass-ceramic.
- a gravity-lowering of the article made of glass-ceramic therefore follows in a corresponding form.
- the exemplary embodiments of the glass ceramic article produced according to the invention shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 comprise a front side 43, 53 and an oppositely disposed rear side 42, 52 which, in the exemplary embodiments, face the combustion chamber.
- this represents the side which has been finished and which is during the
- Fig. 5 shows first schematically in a transverse view an example of a section of a Fl supplyform justifyshabilitmaschinen by means of two counter-acting forming rollers 90, which are in operation in a marked "R" rotational movement and roll ceramizable green glass. Between these shaping rollers 90, ceramizable green glass 80 (not shown) moves out of the glass melt in the form of a flat, continuous glass ribbon. Of course, more than one set of forming rollers 90 can be used to roll the ceramizable green glass to the predetermined thickness. The ceramizable green glass 80 is guided over transport rollers 92, which are also drawn only as examples. In the illustration, four transport rollers 92 are shown.
- the rolled ceramizable green glass 80 is shown with characteristic waves or fine waves, reference numeral 81 designating a wave crest and reference numeral 82 a wave trough.
- the rolled surfaces of the ceramizable green glass 80 also have a
- the rolled surfaces of the ceramizable green glass 80 have particles 84 which may be manufacturing relics or other contaminants. These can be on the Surface rest or adhere, but preferably occur on the bottom, since this side is in contact with the glass.
- the illustrated waves, microstructures and particles are shown purely by way of example and therefore may be present in different shapes, sizes and shapes.
- the particles 84 may only be present on one surface, in particular the underside, and not on both.
- FIGS. 6a and 6b show, purely by way of example, the problem of viewing through two different articles of glass ceramic.
- Fig. 6a an article of glass-ceramic 97 is shown, in which the above-described surface impairments considerably impair the viewing and lead to a "blurred" impression on the human eye when viewed, with blurred, not clearly outlined contours one on top of the other Page of the item lying object.
- the article of glass-ceramic 87 in FIG. 6b which was produced by the method according to the invention, is different.
- a clear view is possible, without the contours are blurred and not clearly outlined.
- FIG. 7 schematically illustrates important method steps using the example of the second
- Embodiment of the invention starting from the hard shaping until the article of glass-ceramic is obtained.
- this side 86 of the ceramizable green glass 80 is extremely advantageous
- the ceramizable green glass 80 is separated and separated into sections, and the ceramizable green glass 100 substrates thus produced are finish-finished with the lower surface 86 facing upward smoothing.
- the substrate 100 with the underside 86 which was in contact with the transport rollers 92 during the hot forming, is turned upwards and then finished with a smooth finish. After the finishing, a substrate 101 with a
- This smoothing finely machined surface 86a accordingly has a slightly reduced waviness with respect to the original surface 86 of the ceramizable green glass.
- the microstructures, in particular the open pores 83, and / or the particles 84 on this surface 86a are completely removed.
- this substrate of ceramizable green glass 101 for preparing the ceramization on a pad in the example, a support plate 95, placed.
- the present surface 85 with which the substrate 101 rests on the carrier plate 95, has been the former surface 85 of the ceramizable green glass 80 during the hot forming and now represents the underside. Consequently, this surface 85 can still, at least partially,
- Microstructures and / or particles include.
- the glassy, lithium-depleted zone can be formed very advantageously on the upper side of the substrate 101, ie on the surface 86a, which has the particularly high chemical resistance later in use of the article.
- This surface 86a is characterized by the fact that it is free of pores and particles as a result of the smoothing finishing and requires no further post-processing.
- Fine machining after the ceramization makes it possible to remove particles which have formed during the ceramization and adhere to the surface 85.
- the embodiment of the glass ceramic article 87 shown in FIG. 7 shows such processing, wherein the one surface 86a before the ceramization and the opposite surface 85a after the ceramization have been finished smoothing.
- FIGS. 8 a, 8 b and 8 c show the difference of the smoothing finish according to the two embodiments according to the invention using the example of a section of a ceramizable green glass 100.
- FIG. 8a a section of a substrate of ceramizable green glass 100 is shown by way of example in FIG. 8a.
- a surface 85, 86 is shown for simplicity, which in principle may have been both the top and the bottom of the ceramizable green glass in the hard-work configuration.
- waves are shown for reasons of clarity; the presentation of microstructures and particles was omitted.
- Fig. 8b shows the same section of a substrate of ceramizable green glass 101 a, in which a surface 85, 86 according to the first embodiment has been finished smoothing.
- material 88 of the wave crests was removed, whereas the wave troughs 82 were preserved.
- the surface in the region of the troughs 82 still has the former nature, whereas the waviness has decreased by ablation of the material of the wave crests and formation of corresponding flattened regions.
- FIG. 8c shows the section of a substrate of ceramizable green glass 101b shown in FIG. 8a. Shown in the illustration with the hatched area 89 is that material which is removed according to the second embodiment of the invention. In the case of the smoothing finely processed substrate 101b, material is thus removed over the entire surface of a surface. Accordingly, here in the area of wave crests 81 as well as in the area of Wellentäler 82 material removed, and a new surface 1 10 is created, which replaces the former surface 85, 86. This new surface further comprises wave troughs 82a and wave crests 81a.
- Figures 9a and 9b show in a schematic representation two polishing heads 60, 70 in a transverse view, which can be used as removal tools 6, 10 for the smoothing finishing. While the polishing head 60 has a rigid Abtrags spectrum 62, the polishing head 70 is formed as a flexible Abtragskopf and this has a flexible
- the flexible intermediate layer 71 may comprise a resilient material, such as a flexible polyurethane.
- a resilient material such as a flexible polyurethane.
- the flexible polishing head 70 is particularly well suited because it can evenly spread material distributed over the surface.
- the use of the rigid polishing head 60 results in material being first being removed in the region of the wave crests, and is therefore suitable for smoothing fine machining according to the first embodiment.
- FIGS. 10 and 11 show exemplary embodiments of the removal surfaces of flexible polishing heads 70.
- polishing pads 120 are shown, which are formed as quarter circles. Between these four segments each of polishing pads 120 small trenches 121 are formed, which support the material transport during the removal.
- the polishing pads 120 may comprise a felt or an elastomer, preferably polyurethane.
- Figures 12 and 13 show a plan view of a transverse section of two articles
- FIG. 12 shows a cross-section of a section of an article of glass-ceramic in which material has been removed from the surface to a depth of approximately 6 mm. There is no glassy surface zone left; the glass ceramic 132 extends to the surface 133.
- the transverse section shown in FIG. 13 is a section of a glass-ceramic article which has been produced according to the invention.
- a glassy surface zone 131 can be seen, which has a thickness of approximately 100 nm, and which then merges into the actual glass ceramic 132.
- the transition region of the glassy surface zone 131 to the glass ceramic 132 is represented by the dashed line 134, wherein the transition is fluid.
- This glassy surface zone 131 leads to the high chemical resistance of the glass ceramic article produced according to the invention.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102018103661.2A DE102018103661A1 (de) | 2018-02-19 | 2018-02-19 | Transparenter Artikel aus Glaskeramik mit hoher Oberflächenqualität sowie Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung |
PCT/EP2019/054100 WO2019158776A1 (de) | 2018-02-19 | 2019-02-19 | Transparenter artikel aus glaskeramik mit hoher oberflächenqualität sowie verfahren zu dessen herstellung |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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EP3755671A1 true EP3755671A1 (de) | 2020-12-30 |
Family
ID=65576321
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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EP19707729.0A Withdrawn EP3755671A1 (de) | 2018-02-19 | 2019-02-19 | Transparenter artikel aus glaskeramik mit hoher oberflächenqualität sowie verfahren zu dessen herstellung |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20200377405A1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP3755671A1 (de) |
CN (1) | CN111989300B (de) |
DE (1) | DE102018103661A1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2019158776A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN109963689B (zh) * | 2016-11-18 | 2021-12-28 | Agc株式会社 | 曲面板的加工装置、及加工了外周部的曲面板的制造方法 |
Family Cites Families (16)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB1322796A (en) | 1970-07-14 | 1973-07-11 | English Electric Co Ltd | Surface-devitrified glass |
DE3345316A1 (de) * | 1982-12-20 | 1984-06-20 | Corning Glass Works, Corning, N.Y. | Glaskeramik, besonders fuer fensterglas in holz- und kohleoefen |
DE10226815B4 (de) | 2001-06-23 | 2004-09-09 | Schott Glas | Brennhilfsmittel für die thermische Behandlung von Gütern aus unterschiedlichen Materialien bei Einbrenn-Temperaturen und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung |
US7056848B2 (en) | 2001-06-23 | 2006-06-06 | Schott Ag | Nonporous keatite glass ceramic support plate for transporting products during heat treatment, method of making same and method of transporting products therewith |
DE10344439B3 (de) | 2003-09-25 | 2005-02-10 | Schott Ag | Verfahren zum Herstellen von breit facettierten Glas-/Glaskeramikplatten und Glas-/Glaskeramikplatten mit breitem Facettenschliff |
DE102009015089B4 (de) * | 2009-03-31 | 2012-05-24 | Schott Ag | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Keramisierung von Gläsern, Glaskeramikartikel und seine Verwendung |
DE102010023407B4 (de) | 2010-06-11 | 2017-02-02 | Schott Ag | Glaskeramik-Gegenstand für die Herstellung von Photovoltaik-Elementen |
DE102010027461B4 (de) * | 2010-07-17 | 2019-08-22 | Schott Ag | Lithiumhaltige, transparente Glaskeramik mit geringer Wärmedehnung, einer weitestgehend amorphen, an Lithium verarmten, überwiegend glasigen Oberflächenzone und hoher Transmission, ihre Herstellung und Verwendung |
DE102010033041A1 (de) | 2010-08-02 | 2012-02-02 | Schott Ag | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Nachbearbeiten von Glas- oder Glaskeramikscheiben |
DE102010043326B4 (de) * | 2010-11-03 | 2013-08-14 | Schott Ag | Verfahren zur festigkeitssteigernden Keramisierung eines gefloateten kristallisierbaren Glases, keramisiertes Floatglas und Verwendung des keramisierten Floatglases |
JP2013112554A (ja) | 2011-11-28 | 2013-06-10 | Nippon Electric Glass Co Ltd | ガラス板研磨装置 |
CH707926A1 (de) * | 2013-04-17 | 2014-10-31 | Saint Gobain | Herstellung einer Scheibe aus keramischem Glas. |
DE102013018465A1 (de) | 2013-11-05 | 2015-05-07 | Schott Ag | Körper aus einem sprödbrüchigen Material und einem metallischen Material sowie ein Verfahren zur Herstellung einer stoffschlüssigen Verbindung eines sprödbrüchigen Materials und eines metallischen Materials |
JP6430133B2 (ja) | 2014-03-14 | 2018-11-28 | 日本電気硝子株式会社 | 調理器用トッププレート |
DE102014226986B9 (de) * | 2014-12-23 | 2017-01-12 | Schott Ag | Glaskeramisches Substrat aus einer transparenten, eingefärbten LAS-Glaskeramik und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung |
DE102016216305B4 (de) | 2015-09-04 | 2023-04-20 | Schott Ag | Verwendung einer transparenten Glaskeramikscheibe als Kaminsichtscheibe in einem Kaminofen |
-
2018
- 2018-02-19 DE DE102018103661.2A patent/DE102018103661A1/de active Pending
-
2019
- 2019-02-19 WO PCT/EP2019/054100 patent/WO2019158776A1/de unknown
- 2019-02-19 CN CN201980026844.4A patent/CN111989300B/zh active Active
- 2019-02-19 EP EP19707729.0A patent/EP3755671A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2020
- 2020-08-19 US US16/997,658 patent/US20200377405A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE102018103661A1 (de) | 2019-08-22 |
CN111989300B (zh) | 2023-02-21 |
CN111989300A (zh) | 2020-11-24 |
US20200377405A1 (en) | 2020-12-03 |
WO2019158776A1 (de) | 2019-08-22 |
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