EP3721464A1 - Source d'électrons à commande optique améliorée - Google Patents
Source d'électrons à commande optique amélioréeInfo
- Publication number
- EP3721464A1 EP3721464A1 EP18811032.4A EP18811032A EP3721464A1 EP 3721464 A1 EP3721464 A1 EP 3721464A1 EP 18811032 A EP18811032 A EP 18811032A EP 3721464 A1 EP3721464 A1 EP 3721464A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- tip
- electrons
- electron source
- dimensional semiconductor
- semi2d
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
- H01J37/26—Electron or ion microscopes; Electron or ion diffraction tubes
- H01J37/28—Electron or ion microscopes; Electron or ion diffraction tubes with scanning beams
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J1/00—Details of electrodes, of magnetic control means, of screens, or of the mounting or spacing thereof, common to two or more basic types of discharge tubes or lamps
- H01J1/02—Main electrodes
- H01J1/30—Cold cathodes, e.g. field-emissive cathode
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J1/00—Details of electrodes, of magnetic control means, of screens, or of the mounting or spacing thereof, common to two or more basic types of discharge tubes or lamps
- H01J1/02—Main electrodes
- H01J1/30—Cold cathodes, e.g. field-emissive cathode
- H01J1/304—Field-emissive cathodes
- H01J1/3042—Field-emissive cathodes microengineered, e.g. Spindt-type
- H01J1/3044—Point emitters
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J29/00—Details of cathode-ray tubes or of electron-beam tubes of the types covered by group H01J31/00
- H01J29/46—Arrangements of electrodes and associated parts for generating or controlling the ray or beam, e.g. electron-optical arrangement
- H01J29/48—Electron guns
- H01J29/481—Electron guns using field-emission, photo-emission, or secondary-emission electron source
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J3/00—Details of electron-optical or ion-optical arrangements common to two or more basic types of discharge tubes or lamps
- H01J3/02—Electron guns
- H01J3/021—Electron guns using a field emission, photo emission, or secondary emission electron source
- H01J3/022—Electron guns using a field emission, photo emission, or secondary emission electron source with microengineered cathode, e.g. Spindt-type
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J35/00—X-ray tubes
- H01J35/02—Details
- H01J35/04—Electrodes ; Mutual position thereof; Constructional adaptations therefor
- H01J35/06—Cathodes
- H01J35/065—Field emission, photo emission or secondary emission cathodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
- H01J37/02—Details
- H01J37/04—Arrangements of electrodes and associated parts for generating or controlling the discharge, e.g. electron-optical arrangement or ion-optical arrangement
- H01J37/06—Electron sources; Electron guns
- H01J37/073—Electron guns using field emission, photo emission, or secondary emission electron sources
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J2201/00—Electrodes common to discharge tubes
- H01J2201/30—Cold cathodes
- H01J2201/304—Field emission cathodes
- H01J2201/30403—Field emission cathodes characterised by the emitter shape
- H01J2201/30407—Microengineered point emitters
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J2201/00—Electrodes common to discharge tubes
- H01J2201/30—Cold cathodes
- H01J2201/304—Field emission cathodes
- H01J2201/30403—Field emission cathodes characterised by the emitter shape
- H01J2201/30407—Microengineered point emitters
- H01J2201/30411—Microengineered point emitters conical shaped, e.g. Spindt type
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J2201/00—Electrodes common to discharge tubes
- H01J2201/30—Cold cathodes
- H01J2201/304—Field emission cathodes
- H01J2201/30403—Field emission cathodes characterised by the emitter shape
- H01J2201/30407—Microengineered point emitters
- H01J2201/30415—Microengineered point emitters needle shaped
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J2201/00—Electrodes common to discharge tubes
- H01J2201/30—Cold cathodes
- H01J2201/304—Field emission cathodes
- H01J2201/30403—Field emission cathodes characterised by the emitter shape
- H01J2201/30434—Nanotubes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J2201/00—Electrodes common to discharge tubes
- H01J2201/30—Cold cathodes
- H01J2201/304—Field emission cathodes
- H01J2201/30446—Field emission cathodes characterised by the emitter material
- H01J2201/30453—Carbon types
- H01J2201/30469—Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J2237/00—Discharge tubes exposing object to beam, e.g. for analysis treatment, etching, imaging
- H01J2237/06—Sources
- H01J2237/063—Electron sources
- H01J2237/06325—Cold-cathode sources
- H01J2237/06333—Photo emission
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J2237/00—Discharge tubes exposing object to beam, e.g. for analysis treatment, etching, imaging
- H01J2237/06—Sources
- H01J2237/063—Electron sources
- H01J2237/06325—Cold-cathode sources
- H01J2237/06341—Field emission
Definitions
- the invention relates to optically controlled electron sources for applications such as time-resolved electron microscopy / spectroscopy / electron diffraction, pulsed X-ray sources, or pulsed sources for accelerators.
- Electron emission by tunneling effect by a very fine metal tip P, is used in electron microscopes, according to the schematic diagram described in FIG. 1.
- the emitter in the form of an FO wire, one end of which is cut in the form of PO point, is disposed in a vacuum chamber and is a Cath cathode.
- the electrons are extracted from the tip by the application of an electric field Eext by applying a potential difference Vext (typically 1 to 5 kV) between the Cath cathode and the extrector Extra, then are accelerated to an Anode A by a electric field E0 obtained by applying a potential difference V0 between the Cath cathode and the anode A, V0 being typically between 10kV and 500 kV.
- Vext typically 1 to 5 kV
- V0 typically between 10kV and 500 kV.
- a SF system is used to focus the electron beam on a sample Ech.
- a diaphragm can be used to select a small beam angular extent.
- the electron beam scans the sample line by line and a secondary electron detector measures the secondary electron current.
- a transmission electron microscope as described in FIG. 1, the thickness of the sample is small ( ⁇ 100 nm) and the beam transmitted is analyzed with an Ana analyzer either by imaging or by electron energy spectroscopy. either by diffraction spectrum analysis.
- an X-ray tube in one mode the electrons are braked when they enter the anode, creating a continuous braking radiation or Bremsstrahlung effect.
- the RX sources are based on the impact of an energy electron beam of 10 to 500 keV.
- the energetic electrons interact with the core electrons of the target atoms (anode).
- the induced electron reorganization is accompanied by emission of photons of characteristic energy.
- Micro / nano focus X-ray sources are based on a single source of electrons.
- a set of PO peaks is conventionally used on a substrate S in the form of a network, which impact an anode A as shown schematically in FIG. 2.
- the metal used for the point or points is tungsten W, well known for its chemical stability, good conductivity and its resistance properties to strong electric fields and high temperatures.
- the radius of curvature at the top of the tip is then 20 to 120 nm. It is also possible to use molybdenum as the metal.
- Figure 3a shows the probability f (E) for an electron to occupy an energy state E in the metal Met of the tip. All levels are occupied to the level of fermi E F.
- NV level is Vac vacuum level.
- the output work of the electrons of the metal is equal to NV - E F.
- the curve 32 represents the potential V (x) seen by the electron of the metal subjected to an electric field E0, as a function of its position (the effect of the image load is neglected)
- V (x) NV-e.EO.x
- This curve 32 illustrates the width of the barrier that must cross the electrons to tear the metal, depending on their energy.
- the thickness of the tunnel barrier is of the order of 2 nm and electrons 30 are emitted by tunnel effect from the Fermi level in the vacuum, while their energy level E F is lower than the vacuum level NV.
- the typical electric field at the top of a tip in a microscope is 5 V / nm.
- Figure 3b illustrates the intensity 1 (E) of electrons emitted as a function of their energy E (in eV).
- the width of the energy distribution 1 (E) measures the quality of the electron source. The finer it is, the more electrons are homogeneous in energy, and the lower the chromatic aberrations. In electron microscopy, the resolution of the images is even better than the chromatic aberrations are weak.
- the width at half height of the energy distribution 1 (E) of the emitted electrons FWHM is 0.2 eV at a low current and reaches approximately 0.35 eV for a current of the order 10 mA. Note that the emission is highly localized: it comes from a quarter of the surface of the apex.
- a pulsed laser beam F L is focused on a tungsten tip PM subjected to an electric field E0.
- the polarization of the laser is controlled.
- the laser beam focused on the tip induces an optical electric field in the vicinity thereof.
- the PM tip emits electrons according to various mechanisms described below.
- the analysis of electron energy emitted in the axis of the tip is carried out with a hemispheric analyzer AE.
- the electron beam impacts a pierced plate covered with a phosphorescent material to visualize the different emitting zones of the tip.
- the positioning of the plate makes it possible to select the electron beam emitted by a given zone (part of this beam passes through an opening) and to study it with the electron energy analyzer.
- the pulses of duration 80 fs and more induce so-called weak optical fields, that is to say less than 2 V / nm.
- so-called strong optical fields that is to say higher than 3 V / nm, are obtained.
- the electric field E0 is relatively weak (less than 2 V / nm), that is to say that it is not possible with this E0 field only to have the field emission from the Fermi E F level .
- An electron acquires energy by absorption of one or more photons
- photoemission When the electron acquires enough energy to pass over the barrier, typically by a multi-photon absorption (three photons, 3PE, in the example of Figure 5) is called photoemission (first mechanism).
- the optical field is said to be "weak", ie less than 3V / nm at the top of the tip.
- Figure 6 illustrates the energy distribution of electrons emitted solely by photoemission.
- the field E0 is small enough here that a field emission from the Fermi level is not possible.
- the electric field E0 is small enough that the photo-assisted field emission mechanism is negligible.
- the half-height width of the energy distribution of the emitted electrons 1 (E) is of the order of 0.7 eV.
- Electron-electron elastics induce a very rapid spread (a few fs) of the energy distribution of the electrons in the material and thus of the electrons emitted.
- FIG. 7 illustrates the energy distribution of the electrons emitted according to the second mechanism, namely photo-assisted field emission.
- the field E0 is such that one is at the limit of the field emission, that is to say that a weak or very weak emission of field is possible starting from the level of Fermi (E0 typically around 2 V / nm).
- the energy distribution of the electrons having absorbed 2 photons and emitted by photo-assisted field effect is of the order of 0.5 eV. Because of the high density of electrons in tungsten, the very numerous electron-electron elastic collisions induce a very rapid spread (a few fs) of the energy distribution of the electrons in the material and therefore of the electrons emitted.
- FIG. 8 Another type of electron emission, illustrated in FIG. 8, is observed when the electric field E0 is strong, typically at least equal to 2V / nm, and the optical field (oscillating electric field induced by the focused beam) is also strong. at least equal to 3V / nm.
- the optical field adding to the field E0 we obtain a relatively large oscillation of the potential, that is to say the potential barrier seen by the electrons , schematized by the arrow 80 of FIG.
- the energy distribution of the electrons is relatively wide (greater than or equal to 0.5 eV).
- An example is a distribution of 0.7 eV wide for recent experiments with a tungsten tip irradiated with a laser of wavelength 400 nm and pulse duration 50 fs, subjected to an electric field of 0.1 V / nm (Feist et al., Nature 521, 200 (2015)).
- the mechanism is a two-photon photoemission
- An object of the present invention is to overcome the aforementioned drawbacks by providing an optically controlled electron source having an improved electron energy distribution emitted.
- the present invention relates to an optically controlled electron source comprising at least one tip made of a conductive material whose surface of the apex and its vicinity is covered with at least one monolayer of a two-dimensional semiconductor, a monolayer comprising between one and five atomic planes.
- the conductive material is a metal chosen from tungsten and molybdenum and the peak radius of curvature is between 20 nm and 150 nm.
- the conductive material is graphitic, the tip comprising a carbon nanotube.
- the number of monolayers of the two-dimensional semiconductor is between 1 and 5.
- the two-dimensional semiconductor is a transition metal dichalcogenide, of chemical formula MX 2 , with M metal and X chalcogen, comprising three atomic planes.
- the transition metal dichalcogenide is chosen from: MOS 2 WS 2 s MoSe 2 , WSe 2 ; MoTe 2 , WTe 2 .
- the two-dimensional semiconductor has a band gap of between 0.8 eV and 3 eV.
- the difference between the fermi level and the valence band of the two-dimensional semiconductor is less than 20% of the value of the forbidden band (E G ) of said two-dimensional semiconductor.
- the two-dimensional semiconductor is p-doped. .
- the invention relates to a scanning microscope comprising an optically controlled electron source according to the invention, the tip being obtained from a wire whose one end is cut in the form of a peak or consisting of a raw carbon nanotube on a tip.
- the invention relates to an X-ray source comprising an electronically controlled electron source according to the invention, the source comprising a plurality of points arranged in a network on a substrate.
- the invention relates to a method of manufacturing an optically controlled electron source comprising the steps of:
- -re represents the surface of the apex and its vicinity of at least one monolayer of a two-dimensional semiconductor, a monolayer comprising between one and five atomic planes.
- the invention also relates to a method for generating electrons with low energy dispersion from an electronically controlled electron source comprising at least one tip of conductive material configured to be able to emit electrons by emission of field and whose surface of the apex and its vicinity is covered with at least one monolayer of a two-dimensional semiconductor, a monolayer comprising between one and five atomic planes, and comprising the steps of: -position the at least one tip in a vacuum chamber and apply an electric field so that said tip is configured to be at the limit of a generation of electrons by field emission,
- the invention also relates to a method for generating electrons with low energy dispersion from an optically controlled electron source comprising at least one tip of conductive material configured to be able to emit electrons by emission of electrons. field and whose surface of the apex and its vicinity is covered by at least one monolayer of a two-dimensional semiconductor, a monolayer comprising between one and five atomic planes, and comprising the steps of:
- the elementary energy of a photon or the total energy (Etph) consisting of the sum of the elementary energies of a determined number (n) of photons is substantially equal the difference in energy between the conduction band of the two-dimensional semiconductor and the fermi level of the conductor, so that an electron of the metal passes into the conduction band by absorption of said photon or said determined number of photons,
- the electric field at the apex of the tip is less than 2V / nm.
- the optical wave which illuminates the apex creates an electric field in the vicinity of the tip of less than 2 V / nm.
- the method according to the invention further comprises a step of cooling the at least one tip.
- Figure 1 describes the principle of electron emission by tunnel effect, applied to a transmission electron microscope.
- Figure 2 describes the principle of field emission applied to a strong flux X-ray source (based on an electron source consisting of a set of spikes).
- Figure 3 schematizes the principle of field emission.
- Figure 3a shows the probability of occupation of a state of energy by an electron in the metal M of the tip.
- Figure 3b illustrates the intensity of electrons emitted as a function of their respective energies.
- Figure 4 illustrates the implementation and characterization of the optically controlled field emission.
- FIG. 5 illustrates a type of electron emission in the so-called weak electric field, by photoemission (first mechanism) and / or assisted photo field emission (second mechanism).
- Figure 6 illustrates the energy distribution of electrons emitted by photoemission.
- Figure 7 illustrates the energy distribution of electrons emitted by photoassisted field emission.
- FIG. 8 illustrates another type of electron emission under strong electric field and strong optical field, called optical emission regime.
- Figure 9 describes the energy distribution of emitted electrons in the optical emission regime.
- Figure 10 illustrates an optically controlled electron source according to the invention.
- Figure 11a illustrates a monolayer of a transition metal dichalcogenide.
- FIG. 11b illustrates a two-dimensional semiconductor structure consisting of 3 atomic planes.
- FIG. 12 schematizes the emission of electrons by a point of a source according to a first variant of the invention.
- FIG. 13 schematizes the emission of electron by a point of a source according to a second variant of the invention.
- Figure 14 illustrates the electron emission by a tip of an electron source according to the invention made from a metal tip.
- FIG. 15 illustrates the emission of electron by a tip of an electron source according to the invention made from a carbon nanotube tip.
- FIG. 10 An electronically controlled electron source 10 according to the invention is illustrated in FIG.
- the source 10 comprises at least one tip P made of a conductive material whose surface of the apex and the surface in the vicinity of the apex is covered with at least one monolayer ("monolayer" in English) L of a semiconductor two-dimensional, semi-2D
- a monolayer L of two-dimensional semiconductor comprises one to five atomic planes AL, the number of planes being a function of its atomic structure, that is to say of the elementary cell of the two-dimensional semiconductor.
- optically controlled electron source means an electron source comprising at least one emitting tip, this point being subjected to an electric field E0 and illuminated by a focused laser beam (see FIGS. 1, 2 and 4).
- the conductive material is a metal Me.
- the metal Me of the tip P is Tungsten W or Molybdenum Mo because of their very good electrical and thermal properties, as explained above.
- the radius of curvature of the tip is between 20 nm and 150 nm.
- the material is graphitic, the tip P has a tubular shape and is a CNT carbon nanotube mono or multi-wall.
- 2D semiconductors have been developed recently. They have a planar structure and are composed of one to a few monolayers L, each monolayer comprising some atomic planes, the number of planes being determined by the structure of the elementary cell of the 2D semiconductor. The chemical bonds within a monolayer are covalent.
- DCMT Metal Transition Dichalcogenides or TMDCs in English
- MX 2 Metal Transition Dichalcogenides
- chalcogenous X such as S, Te or Se
- FIG. 11a illustrates a monolayer L of a DMCT composed of 3 atomic planes, a plane of metal atoms M (clear) sandwiched between two atomic planes X (dark).
- FIG. 11b illustrates a stack of three monolayers L of a semi-2D material of DMCT type MS 2 (S suffers).
- monolayers stack up and are bonded by van der Waals forces.
- DCMTs The electronic properties of DCMTs depend on their chemical formula, they can be metallic or semiconductors.
- Examples of semiconductor DCMTs applicable to the invention are: MOS 2 ; WS 2 ; MoSe 2 , WSe 2 ; MoTe 2 , WTe 2 .
- DCMTs vary according to the number of monolayers (value and structure, direct or indirect, band gap for example). For example, the value of the band gap increases as the number of monolayers decreases.
- 2D Phosphides BPs, FePS3, FePSe3, MnPSe3, GeP, ...
- the number of monolayers deposited on the apex of the tip is typically between 1 and 5.
- Two-dimensional semiconductor materials have the particularity of having a stable surface. These 2D materials are different from conventional solid 3D materials for which, on the surface, the atoms have unsatisfied chemical bonds, called pendent bonds. Conventionally, the properties of the surface of the 2D materials are different from the properties of the bulk materials. For the 2D semiconductors deposited on a plane surface, all the atoms of a monolayer are connected to each other by covalent bonds, there are no bonds hanging on its surface.
- the emission of electrons by the tip P according to the invention is carried out by a photo-assisted field emission, as described below.
- the combination metal tip (Tungsten, Molybdenum, ..) or carbon nanotube type with an ultra thin 2D semiconductor (1 to a few monolayers) makes it possible to benefit, on the one hand, from the very good electrical and thermal conductivity of the metal tip and, secondly, to optically control the emission of electrons from the conduction band BC of the 2D semiconductor, according to a mechanism explained below.
- the surface of a 2D semiconductor does not have dangling bonds. This property makes it possible to obtain a very good structural stability of the apex of the tip P which is subjected to a strong field electrical and heating during the emission of electrons. In these extreme conditions, the monolayer (s) of 2D material provide (s) the chemical stability of the tip P.
- a 2D semiconductor has no or very few surface states.
- the surface curvature of the emitter is then very low, which reduces the energy dispersion of the emitted electrons.
- the quantum efficiency of a 2D semiconductor is relatively high (a few% to 10% for a monolayer), the optical absorption can be improved by plasmonic effects at the top of the tip.
- the 2D monolayer is typically obtained by sulfurization of the tungsten tip.
- the semi-semiconductor Semi2D has a band gap E G of between 0.8 eV and 3 eV.
- the WS 2 and MOS 2 have a gap of approximately 2eV.
- the semi2D monolayer on the tip P covers a large part of it, but only the part deposited in the vicinity of the apex is useful for the emission of electrons.
- the electron emission mechanism of the tip P of the source according to a first variant of the invention is described in FIG. 12, for the case of a mono photon absorption.
- Electrons of the valence band BV then populate the bottom of the conduction band BC which was empty. Since the potential barrier at the bottom of the conduction band is of small thickness, the photoexcited electrons passed from the valence band BV to the conduction band BC then have a high probability of being emitted by tunnel effect. .
- the electron current emitted is proportional to the light power absorbed at the top of the tip.
- the optical field induced near the tip is "weak" is less than 3V / nm. At equilibrium, as electrons move from the valence band BV to the conduction band BC and are emitted, electrons of the metal are injected into the valence band of the 2D semiconductor.
- Figure 12 illustrates in a nonlimiting manner the case in which the electrons pass from BV to BC by a single-photon absorption, but a transition from BV to BC by multiphoton absorption is also possible.
- Eph the elementary energy of the photon of F L.
- the elementary energy of the photon Eph (1 PE) of FL is greater than the gap E G , but must not be too much greater than the gap E G to obtain a peak of energy (electrons emitted) very fine.
- the elementary energy of the photon Eph (2PE) of FL is greater than half of the gap E G , but must not be too much greater than this half gap E G / 2 to obtain a peak of energy (emitted electrons) very fine.
- the choice of the number of monolayers makes it possible to adjust the forbidden band of the DCMT and thus to optimize the absorption as a function of the wavelength of the laser used to illuminate the tip.
- total energy of the Etph photons is called the sum of the n elementary energies Eph of the photons making it possible to reach the n-photon absorption conduction band.
- the electronic affinity E G for MoS 2 and WS 2 is between 3.9 and 4.5 eV.
- the transmission mechanism according to a second variant of the invention is described in FIG. 13, for the case of a mono photon absorption.
- the energy of the photons Eph delivered by the laser is equal to or slightly greater than the energy difference D between the conduction band of the semi2D and the Fermi level of the conductive material E F (Cond).
- Figure 13 illustrates in a non-limiting manner the case of a single-photon absorption, but a multi-photon absorption is covered by the invention.
- the total energy Etph consisting of the sum of the elementary energies of a determined number n of photons is substantially equal to
- the electrons of the metal go directly into the conduction band. This mechanism is called internal photoemission. It has the advantage of emitting electrons for a lower photon energy than for the first one. variant, which makes it possible to use a laser having a longer wavelength.
- the energy of the photon Eph is not too much greater than the difference in energy between the BC and the Fermi level of the conductive material.
- the excess energy is low, preferentially less than 200 meV:
- the polarization of the laser is controlled so as to better control the emitting sites.
- the semi2D BC conduction band is sparsely populated, ie its fermi E F (semi2D) level is close to BV , such as:
- the Fermi level is close to the BV at less than 0.4 eV.
- Sem2D semiconductor is p-doped.
- DCMTs such as MoS2 and WS2 are generally p-doped, presumably because of sulfur vacancies that are electron donor type.
- MoS2 can be p-doped, for example, by substitution of molybdenum atoms by niobium atoms with a hole concentration of ⁇ 3 c 19 cm-3.
- the 2D semiconductor with its gap acts as an optically controlled switch, allowing only the emission of photo-assisted field and making difficult remission of "pure" field.
- the Fermi level is close to the BC, and it is difficult in this case to have only a photoassisted emission and not (or very little) pure field emission.
- the overall emission efficiency is much greater than that of photoemission or photo-assisted field emission mechanisms that rely on multi-photon absorption.
- the invention relates to an electron microscope comprising an electron source 100 according to the invention.
- the tip P is obtained from a metal wire FM, one end of which is cut into the shape of a point P, as illustrated in FIG. 14.
- the tip P consists of a carbon nanotube CNT that is grown on a metal tip, as shown in Figure 15.
- the source of FIGS. 14 or 15 photoassisted with F L laser pulses can be used in a transmission electron microscope for the analysis of the crystal structure of proteins or protein-based submicron crystals.
- the use of laser pulses and thus the emission of electron packets allows the analysis of such structures by minimizing the deleterious thermal effects.
- the invention relates to an X-ray source comprising an optically controlled electron source 100, the source comprising one or a plurality of points P arrayed on a substrate, which can be used for imaging or time-resolved fluorescence (pulsed RX source, source 100 illuminated by a pulsed laser).
- pulsed RX sources which is activated one by one, allows images to be obtained from different angles and to reconstruct a 3D RX image (tomosynthesis).
- the invention relates to a method of manufacturing an optically controlled electron source comprising the steps of:
- the manufacture of the electron source 100 comprises two main stages, the first consisting in manufacturing the metal point or nanotubes or carbon nanotubes, the second consisting in depositing on this or these points one or several semiconductor monolayers. 2D semi.
- the manufacture of individual metal tips can be performed by electrochemical etching of a wire (tungsten, molybdenum, ...) typically of diameter 0.1 to 0.5 mm in a chemical liquid (eg soda).
- a wire tungsten, molybdenum, ...) typically of diameter 0.1 to 0.5 mm in a chemical liquid (eg soda).
- tungsten this technique is the same as that used for the manufacture of STM tips.
- an oxide layer can be created at the tip. It can then be removed by vacuum annealing at 850 ° C.
- a first method is the chalcogenation of metal tips in a sealed ampoule.
- the metal tips Mo, W, Zr, Hf, Pt, Nb, Ta, etc.
- the chalcogen sulfur, selenium or tellurium
- the ampoule is placed in an oven so as to evaporate the chalcogen. It reacts with the tips to form a transition metal dichalcogenide (DCMT).
- a DCMT is chosen and also the thickness of the DCMT so as to obtain a 2D semiconductor material.
- an ampoule is used in a 2-zone furnace, a first part of the ampoule comprising the chalcogen and being in the first zone heated to 100-200 ° C, a second part of the bulb comprising the tips and is found in the second zone heated from 700 to 1000 ° C.
- a second method involves the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of transition metal dichalcogenides (DCMTs).
- the deposition of DCMT can be obtained by gas phase transport techniques, close to chemical vapor deposition (CVD).
- the main approaches are 3 in number:
- the growth tends to progress laterally, because the surface of the DCMT does not comprise dangling bonds likely to fix the atoms of M or X.
- the edges of march of the clusters 2D have unsatisfied bonds, which effectively trap deposited atoms, thereby promoting 2D lateral growth.
- other synthetic methods can be used, such as the decomposition of sulfur salts such as ammonium thiomolybdate, (NH 4 ) 2 MOS 4 , which has the particularity of containing the two elements of the compound MX 2 .
- a third method consists of CVD growth from metallo-organic precursors (MOCVD).
- Chalcogenation of the metal tips is carried out using a metallo-organic precursor, for example (C 2 H 5 ) 2 X.
- X being sulfur, selenium or tellurium.
- Deposition can also be carried out by supplying the two metallo-organic precursors, for example Mo (CO) 6 for molybdenum and W (CO) 6 for tungsten with (C 2 H 5 ) 2 X (X being sulfur, selenium or tellurium).
- Mo (CO) 6 for molybdenum
- W (CO) 6 for tungsten with (C 2 H 5 ) 2 X (X being sulfur, selenium or tellurium).
- a fourth method is to use ALD ("atomic layer deposition”) synthesis techniques, which conceptually lend themselves to deposition of materials of very low thickness.
- ALD is a deposition technique developed in the 1970s and resembles the CVD in that it also uses gaseous sources. However, the operating principle is different, and an ALD growth cycle (for example for a binary material consisting of 2 elements) consists of 4 steps, namely:
- precursors it is therefore necessary for the precursors to be adsorbed on the surface and for the adsorption to be self-limited to a single monolayer of precursor of element 1 (i) and then element 2 (iii).
- This monolayer is generally decomposed thermally (pyrolyzed) so as to deliver the element that one seeks to deposit.
- the excess precursor and the decomposition products are removed during the purge phases of the reactor.
- the ALD deposition of MoS 2 can use as precursor MoCI 5 and H 2 S.
- the invention relates to a method for generating electrons with low energy dispersion, from an optically controlled electron source comprising at least one tip P of conductive material, configured to be able to emit electrons by field emission and whose surface in the vicinity of the apex is covered with at least one monolayer of a semidimensional semiconductor, this monolayer comprising between one to five atomic planes.
- the method has a first step of positioning at least one tip in a vacuum chamber and applying an electric field E0 so that said tip is configured to be at the boundary of an electron generation by field emission.
- the method comprises a second step of illuminating the apex of the tip with an optical wave F L such that the elementary energy of a photon Eph or the total energy Etph consisting of the sum of the elementary energies of a determined number of photons (n) is substantially equal to the energy difference D between the conduction band BC of the semi2D and the Fermi level of the conducting material E F (Cond), so that an electron of the metal passes in the band of conduction BC of semi2D by absorption of said photon or said determined number of photons. A fraction of the electrons of the conduction band BC is then emitted by said tip P by emission of photo-assisted field.
- the applied electric field E0 is less than 2V / nm.
- the optical wave which illuminates the apex creates an electric field in the vicinity of the tip less than 2 V / nm.
- the electron generation method further comprises a step of cooling the at least one tip, to further reduce the energy dispersion of the emitted electrons.
- Degeneracy d can be defined as the average number of electrons in the same state of the phase space. Because of the Pauli exclusion principle, d is necessarily less than or equal to 1.
- the degeneracy is proportional to the transparency of the tunnel barrier (Kodama et al. Physics Rev. A 57 2781 (1998), Eq.1 1) and that the brightness of the source is proportional to the product of the degeneracy by the energy dispersion (Kodama et al., Phys Rev A 57 2781 (1998), Eq.8).
- the best value of degeneracy in the literature for a field emission source is 10 4 .
- the present invention proposes that the electron emission is done by tunneling assisted by the absorption of the energy of 1 or more photons.
- the emission of electrons is therefore done for energies where the tunnel barrier is thinner, that is to say where the probability of emission is higher, which leads to an exponential increase in degeneracy.
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Abstract
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR1701284A FR3074955B1 (fr) | 2017-12-07 | 2017-12-07 | Source d'electrons a commande optique amelioree |
| PCT/EP2018/083342 WO2019110502A1 (fr) | 2017-12-07 | 2018-12-03 | Source d'électrons à commande optique améliorée |
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| EP (1) | EP3721464A1 (fr) |
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| DE10245052A1 (de) * | 2002-09-26 | 2004-04-08 | Leo Elektronenmikroskopie Gmbh | Elektronenstrahlquelle und elektronenoptischer Apparat mit einer solchen |
| GB0412538D0 (en) * | 2004-06-04 | 2004-07-07 | Council Cent Lab Res Councils | Time resolving microscope and chemical specificity microscope |
| EP1705684A1 (fr) * | 2005-03-22 | 2006-09-27 | ICT Integrated Circuit Testing Gesellschaft für Halbleiterprüftechnik mbH | Emetteur stabilisé et méthode pour le stabiliser |
| US7888654B2 (en) * | 2007-01-24 | 2011-02-15 | Fei Company | Cold field emitter |
| JP4975095B2 (ja) * | 2007-03-29 | 2012-07-11 | 株式会社アドバンテスト | 電子銃及び電子ビーム露光装置 |
| FR2926924B1 (fr) * | 2008-01-25 | 2012-10-12 | Thales Sa | Source radiogene comprenant au moins une source d'electrons associee a un dispositif photoelectrique de commande |
| US8518542B2 (en) * | 2009-05-26 | 2013-08-27 | Life Technology Research Institute, Inc. | Carbon film and carbon film structure |
| FR3002526B1 (fr) * | 2013-02-22 | 2015-10-16 | Thales Sa | Procede de fabrication d'un nanotube de carbone multi-parois; nanotube, source d'electrons et dispositif associes |
| JP6192097B2 (ja) * | 2013-05-31 | 2017-09-06 | 国立研究開発法人物質・材料研究機構 | フォトカソード型電子線源、その作成方法及びフォトカソード型電子線源システム |
| US9837239B2 (en) * | 2013-11-07 | 2017-12-05 | Gregory Hirsch | Techniques for optimizing nanotips derived from frozen taylor cones |
| CN106383250B (zh) * | 2016-10-11 | 2020-05-19 | 中山大学 | 一种采用二维原子晶体材料的扫描隧道显微镜探针 |
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- 2018-12-03 EP EP18811032.4A patent/EP3721464A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
Non-Patent Citations (5)
| Title |
|---|
| BERNATSKII D P ET AL: "Field emission microscopy of graphene on iridium point emitter", TECHNICAL PHYSICS LETTERS, NAUKA/INTERPERIODICA, MO, vol. 37, no. 12, 29 December 2011 (2011-12-29), pages 1158 - 1160, XP019996584, ISSN: 1090-6533, DOI: 10.1134/S1063785011120182 * |
| LOH TAMIE A J ET AL: "Ultrathin MoS2and WS2layers on silver nano-tips as electron emitters", APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747, vol. 109, no. 13, 26 September 2016 (2016-09-26), XP012212192, ISSN: 0003-6951, [retrieved on 20160926], DOI: 10.1063/1.4963260 * |
| See also references of WO2019110502A1 * |
| TINGHSUN CHANG ET AL: "Enhanced electron field emission properties from hybrid nanostructures of graphene/Si tip array", RSC ADVANCES, vol. 5, no. 4, 1 January 2015 (2015-01-01), pages 2928 - 2933, XP055592558, DOI: 10.1039/C4RA13363C * |
| ZHU N L ET AL: "Anomalous improved electron field emission from hybridised graphene on Mo tip arrays", 2017 19TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID-STATE SENSORS, ACTUATORS AND MICROSYSTEMS (TRANSDUCERS), IEEE, 18 June 2017 (2017-06-18), pages 870 - 873, XP033130847, DOI: 10.1109/TRANSDUCERS.2017.7994187 * |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR3074955B1 (fr) | 2021-01-08 |
| WO2019110502A1 (fr) | 2019-06-13 |
| FR3074955A1 (fr) | 2019-06-14 |
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