EP3697876A1 - Zusammensetzung zur kühlung und schmierung eines antriebssystems eines fahrzeuges - Google Patents

Zusammensetzung zur kühlung und schmierung eines antriebssystems eines fahrzeuges

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Publication number
EP3697876A1
EP3697876A1 EP18785985.5A EP18785985A EP3697876A1 EP 3697876 A1 EP3697876 A1 EP 3697876A1 EP 18785985 A EP18785985 A EP 18785985A EP 3697876 A1 EP3697876 A1 EP 3697876A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
composition
cooling
electric
lubricating
use according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP18785985.5A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP3697876B1 (de
Inventor
Julien Guerin
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
TotalEnergies Onetech SAS
Original Assignee
Total Marketing Services SA
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Publication date
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Publication of EP3697876A1 publication Critical patent/EP3697876A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP3697876B1 publication Critical patent/EP3697876B1/de
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M169/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by containing as components a mixture of at least two types of ingredient selected from base-materials, thickeners or additives, covered by the preceding groups, each of these compounds being essential
    • C10M169/02—Mixtures of base-materials and thickeners
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M169/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by containing as components a mixture of at least two types of ingredient selected from base-materials, thickeners or additives, covered by the preceding groups, each of these compounds being essential
    • C10M169/04—Mixtures of base-materials and additives
    • C10M169/041—Mixtures of base-materials and additives the additives being macromolecular compounds only
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M107/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a macromolecular compound
    • C10M107/02—Hydrocarbon polymers; Hydrocarbon polymers modified by oxidation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M119/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the thickener being a macromolecular compound
    • C10M119/02—Hydrocarbon polymers; Hydrocarbon polymers modified by oxidation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M119/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the thickener being a macromolecular compound
    • C10M119/04—Lubricating compositions characterised by the thickener being a macromolecular compound containing oxygen
    • C10M119/06—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M119/12—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to a carboxyl radical, e.g. acrylate
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2205/003—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions used as base material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2205/006—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions used as thickening agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2205/02—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers
    • C10M2205/022—Ethene
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2205/02—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers
    • C10M2205/024—Propene
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2205/02—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers
    • C10M2205/028—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers containing aliphatic monomers having more than four carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2205/02—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers
    • C10M2205/028—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers containing aliphatic monomers having more than four carbon atoms
    • C10M2205/0285—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers containing aliphatic monomers having more than four carbon atoms used as base material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2205/04—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing aromatic monomers, e.g. styrene
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2205/04—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing aromatic monomers, e.g. styrene
    • C10M2205/046—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing aromatic monomers, e.g. styrene used as thickening agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2205/06—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing conjugated dienes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2205/06—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing conjugated dienes
    • C10M2205/066—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing conjugated dienes used as thickening agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2209/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2209/006—Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions used as thickening agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2209/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2209/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M2209/08—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to a carboxyl radical, e.g. acrylate type
    • C10M2209/084—Acrylate; Methacrylate
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2020/00—Specified physical or chemical properties or characteristics, i.e. function, of component of lubricating compositions
    • C10N2020/01—Physico-chemical properties
    • C10N2020/02—Viscosity; Viscosity index
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2020/00—Specified physical or chemical properties or characteristics, i.e. function, of component of lubricating compositions
    • C10N2020/01—Physico-chemical properties
    • C10N2020/069—Linear chain compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2020/00—Specified physical or chemical properties or characteristics, i.e. function, of component of lubricating compositions
    • C10N2020/01—Physico-chemical properties
    • C10N2020/071—Branched chain compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2020/00—Specified physical or chemical properties or characteristics, i.e. function, of component of lubricating compositions
    • C10N2020/01—Physico-chemical properties
    • C10N2020/073—Star shaped polymers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/04—Oil-bath; Gear-boxes; Automatic transmissions; Traction drives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/14—Electric or magnetic purposes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2060/00—Chemical after-treatment of the constituents of the lubricating composition
    • C10N2060/02—Reduction, e.g. hydrogenation

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of compositions for lubricating and cooling a drive system of an electric or hybrid vehicle. It aims in particular to provide a composition with both lubrication and cooling properties for a drive system of an electric or hybrid vehicle, especially for the cooling and lubrication of an electric motor.
  • electric vehicle within the meaning of the present invention is meant a vehicle comprising an electric motor as the only means of propulsion in contrast to a hybrid vehicle which comprises a combustion engine and an electric motor as combined propulsion means.
  • motorization system in the sense of the present invention is meant a system comprising the mechanical parts necessary for the propulsion of an electric vehicle.
  • the motorization system thus more particularly includes an electric motor, a battery and possibly a transmission.
  • compositions In general, it is necessary to implement, in electric or hybrid vehicles, compositions to meet the double constraint of cooling and lubrication of the various parts of the engine system. These requirements are typically fulfilled by the implementation of two distinct means, lubricating compositions on the one hand, and cooling fluids on the other hand.
  • lubricant compositions also called “lubricants” are commonly used in engines for the main purpose of reducing the frictional forces between the various moving metal parts in the engines. They are also effective to prevent premature wear or damage to these parts, especially their surface.
  • a lubricant composition is conventionally composed of one or more base oils, which are generally associated with several additives dedicated to boosting the lubricant performance of the base oils, such as friction-modifying additives.
  • cooling is carried out on one or more parts of the engine generating heat and / or heat sensitive parts of the engine, in order to avoid reaching dangerous temperatures.
  • Liu et al. (EVS28, "Comparison of Thermal Performance between Direct Coil Cooling and Water Jacket Cooling for Electric Traction Motor Based on the Lumped Parameter Themal Network and Experimentation", International Electric Vehicle Symptosium and Exhibition) thus compare, by analytical and experimental methods, the thermal performance of a conventional water cooling system via an external cooling jacket and those of a direct flow of oil for an electric traction motor.
  • Bennion et al. (“Convective Heat Transfer Coefficients of Automatic Transmission Fluid Jets with Implications for Electric Machine Thermal Management", National Renewable Energy Laboratory) study more precisely the parameters influencing convective heat transfer coefficients for jet cooling of a transmission fluid Automatically (ATF) on surfaces representative of the wound windings of an electric motor.
  • ATF transmission fluid Automatically
  • WO 2011/113851 discloses the use of a lubricating composition comprising a base oil, preferably a polyalphaolefme (PAO) or GTL, for cooling an electric motor of a hybrid vehicle or of a vehicle equipped with a recovery system of the kinetic energy (in English "Kinetic Energy Recovery System", or KERS).
  • a base oil preferably a polyalphaolefme (PAO) or GTL
  • PAO polyalphaolefme
  • GTL a recovery system of the kinetic energy
  • KERS Korean “Kinetic Energy Recovery System”
  • the compositions described being optimized for engines of hybrid vehicles or KERS systems, they will have insufficient cooling properties for implementation in a fully electric drive system. Indeed, a motor of an electric vehicle is subjected to much greater stress than an electric motor of a hybrid vehicle, by a higher frequency of use, which implies the use of an oil with increased cooling properties.
  • EP 2520637 discloses a lubricating composition comprising at least one ester or ether for cooling an electric motor and lubricating gears.
  • the esters may exhibit oxidation instability.
  • the esters may pose compatibility problems with the varnishes and seals commonly used in electric motors, which causes deterioration thereof.
  • the winding of an electric motor is generally coated with a varnish. Since a lubricant composition is in direct contact with the winding, it is essential that it be inert with respect to this varnish.
  • JP 2012/184360 describes a lubricant composition comprising a synthetic base oil and a fluorinated compound for cooling an electric motor.
  • the hydrochlorofluorocarbons present in these compositions are organic gases having a significant negative impact on the ozone layer and are potent greenhouse gases. Fluorinated gases are also subject to several regulations designed to severely limit their use.
  • the motor vehicle electric drive systems proposed by the manufacturers are, to date, essentially cooled by cooling. air, water or compositions comprising water and a glycol.
  • the present invention aims precisely to provide a new composition for simultaneously satisfying one and the other functionality, lubricate and cool, while overcoming the disadvantages of the prior art.
  • the inventors have discovered that it is possible to perform the dual function of lubrication and cooling by using a mixture of a base, formed of one or more oils, chosen from polyalphaolefms, much more fluid than known lubricating compositions, thickened by one or more specific polymers.
  • the present invention describes the use, for cooling and lubricating a drive system of an electric or hybrid vehicle, of a composition having a kinematic viscosity measured at 100 ° C. according to ASTM D445 of between 3 and 10 mm. 2 / s (cSt), and comprising at least:
  • a base oil or a mixture of base oils, having a kinematic viscosity measured at 100 ° C. according to ASTM D445 ranging from 1.5 to 8.0 mm 2 / s; and at least one thickening polymer chosen from polymeric esters; homopolymers or copolymers, hydrogenated or non-hydrogenated, linear or starred, styrene, butadiene and isoprene; polyacrylates; polymethacrylates, linear or comb; and olefin copolymers, especially ethylene / propylene copolymers.
  • the present invention relates, according to a first of its aspects, to the use, for cooling and lubricating a drive system of an electric or hybrid vehicle, of a composition having a kinematic viscosity measured at 100 ° C. according to the ASTM D445 standard between 3 and 10 mm 2 / s (cSt), and comprising at least:
  • base oil from 70% to 90% by weight of base oil, or of a mixture of base oils, having a kinematic viscosity measured at 100 ° C. according to ASTM D445 ranging from 1.5 to 8.0 mmVs and selected from polyalphaolefins;
  • At least one thickening polymer chosen from polymeric esters; homopolymers or copolymers, hydrogenated or non-hydrogenated, linear or starred, styrene, butadiene and isoprene; polyacrylates; polymethacrylates, linear or comb; and olefin copolymers, especially ethylene / propylene copolymers.
  • composition according to the invention implemented in a motorization system of an electric or hybrid vehicle, makes it possible to jointly access good properties in terms of cooling and lubrication of the parts of the motorization system.
  • a composition according to the invention makes it possible to cool and lubricate an electric motor of an electric or hybrid vehicle. It proves particularly effective for cooling the power electronics and / or the rotor and / or the stator of an electric motor. It also lubricates the bearings between the rotor and the stator of an electric motor of an electric or hybrid vehicle.
  • composition according to the invention makes it possible to ensure the lubrication of the transmission, when it is present, in particular the reducer, of an electric or hybrid vehicle.
  • composition according to the invention advantageously makes it possible to effectively cool the battery present in an electric or hybrid vehicle.
  • the composition is injected under relatively high pressure into the zones to be cooled, the resulting shear at the injector advantageously reducing the viscosity of the fluid at the injection zone, with respect to the kinematic viscosity. at rest, and thus, to further increase the cooling potential of the composition.
  • a composition according to the invention has the advantage of being easy to formulate. It has, in addition to the joint properties of cooling and lubrication, a good stability, in particular oxidation, as well as good deaeration properties. The composition thus advantageously retains good cooling properties over time.
  • it also has good anticorrosive properties and makes it possible to limit the risks of deterioration of the joints or varnishes present in the motorization system.
  • the present invention also relates to a method for cooling and lubricating a motorization system of an electric or hybrid vehicle, comprising at least one step of contacting at least one mechanical part of said system with a composition according to the invention. invention as described above.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic representation of a drive system of an electric or hybrid vehicle.
  • FIG. 2 is a graph showing the thermal properties of compositions according to the invention, CL1 and CL2 (respectively ⁇ and +) and outside the invention, CCI (A), tested according to Examples 1 and 2 below.
  • CL1 and CL2 (respectively ⁇ and +) and outside the invention, CCI (A)
  • CCI (A) tested according to Examples 1 and 2 below.
  • bearing one must be understood as “comprising at least one”.
  • composition implemented according to the invention comprises at least:
  • a base oil from 70% to 90% by weight of a base oil, or a mixture of base oils, of kinematic viscosity measured at 100 ° C. according to ASTM D445 ranging from 1.5 to 8.0 mm 2 / s and selected from the polyalphaole fines;
  • one or more thickening polymers chosen from polymeric esters; homopolymers or copolymers, hydrogenated or non-hydrogenated, linear or starred, styrene, butadiene and isoprene; polyacrylates; polymethacrylates (PMA), linear or comb, and olefin copolymers, especially ethylene / propylene copolymers.
  • fluid base will be used to designate the oil or the mixture of base oils having a kinematic viscosity measured at 100 ° C. according to ASTM D445 ranging from 1.5 to 8. mm 2 / s.
  • the combination base fluid / polymer (s) thickener (s) provides access to a composition having good cooling properties, further increased by the effect of the shear applied at the injection while satisfying a rheological behavior, particularly in terms of viscosity, capable of providing good lubricating properties.
  • a composition according to the invention has a kinematic viscosity, measured at 100 ° C. according to ASTM D445, of between 3 and 10 mm 2 / s, preferably between 3 and 9 mm 2 / s.
  • the composition used is a non-Newtonian fluid.
  • the term “Newtonian fluid” is understood to mean a fluid for which there is a linear relationship between the imposed mechanical stress (force exerted on the fluid per unit area) and the shear of the fluid (ie say fluid velocity gradient).
  • a “non-Newtonian fluid” is therefore a fluid that is not a Newtonian fluid.
  • a composition according to the invention implements a fluid base, formed of one or more base oils, selected from polyalphao-thin and having a kinematic viscosity, measured at 100 ° C according to ASTM D445, ranging from from 1.5 to 8 mm 2 / s, in particular from 1.5 to 6.1 mm 2 / s, more particularly from 1.5 to 4.1 mm 2 / s, even more particularly from 1.5 to 2 , 1 mmVs.
  • the base oils may be chosen from oils of mineral or synthetic origin belonging to groups I to V according to the classes defined in the API classification (or their equivalents according to the ATIEL classification) and presented in Table A below or their mixtures.
  • Mineral base oils include all types of base oils obtained by atmospheric and vacuum distillation of crude oil, followed by refining operations such as solvent extraction, desalting, solvent dewaxing, hydrotreating, hydrocracking, hydroisomerization and hydrofinishing. .
  • Mixtures of synthetic and mineral oils can also be used.
  • the lubricating bases used to produce compositions according to the invention must, in addition to meeting the above-mentioned viscosity criterion, have properties, in particular of viscosity index, sulfur content or oxidation resistance, adapted to a specific reaction. use for drive systems of an electric or hybrid vehicle.
  • the base oils may also be selected from synthetic oils, such as certain esters of carboxylic acids and alcohols, and from polyalphaole fines (PAO).
  • synthetic oils such as certain esters of carboxylic acids and alcohols, and from polyalphaole fines (PAO).
  • the oil or the base oils of a composition used according to the invention are chosen from polyalphaole fines (PAO).
  • PAOs used as base oils are for example obtained from monomers comprising from 4 to 32 carbon atoms, for example from octene or decene.
  • the weight average molecular weight of PAO can vary quite widely. Preferably, the weight average molecular weight of the PAO is less than 600 Da. The weight average molecular weight of the PAO may also range from 100 to 600 Da, from 150 to 600 Da, or from 200 to 600 Da.
  • the PAOs implemented in the context of the invention having a kinematic viscosity, measured at 100 ° C. according to ASTM D445, ranging from 1.5 to 8 mm 2 / s, are sold commercially by Ineos under the brands Durasyn ® 162, Durasyn ® 164, Durasyn ® 166 and Durasyn ® 168.
  • a composition implemented according to the invention is free of polyalkylene glycol (PAG) obtained by polymerization or copolymerization of alkylene oxides comprising from 2 to 8 carbon atoms, in particular from 2 to 4 carbon atoms. carbon atoms.
  • PAG polyalkylene glycol
  • the fluid base of a composition implemented according to the invention comprises a content strictly less than 30% by mass.
  • base oils of ester and ether type in particular less than 25% by weight of base oils of ester and ether type, in particular less than 10% by mass.
  • the fluid base of a composition used according to the invention is free of ester type oils.
  • a composition implemented according to the invention comprises a fluid base formed of one or more base oils having a kinematic viscosity measured at 100 ° C according to ASTM D445 between 1.5 and 8 mmVs.
  • a composition of the invention may be free of a base oil or mixture of base oils not meeting the kinematic viscosity criterion measured at 100 ° C. according to ASTM D445, in particular oil-free or mixture of base oils having a viscosity greater than 9 mm 2 / s.
  • the fluid base provides the cooling potential of the composition implemented according to the invention.
  • the fluidity of the base provides good cooling properties during the implementation of the composition for a drive system of an electric or hybrid vehicle.
  • the cooling properties of the composition used are still advantageously increased by the shear applied to the composition at the injection which brings the fluid to a lower level of viscosity than at rest.
  • the impact of the implementation of thickening polymers according to the invention on the cooling capacity of the composition is controlled.
  • a lubricating composition may comprise from 60% to 90% by weight, base oil, or mixture of base oils, having a kinematic viscosity measured at 100 ° C according to ASTM D445 ranging from 1.5 to 8 mm 2 / s, relative to the total weight of the composition.
  • a composition used according to the invention more particularly comprises from 70% to 90% by weight, preferably from 80% to 90% by weight of base oil, or mixture of base oils, having a measured kinematic viscosity. 100 ° C according to ASTM D445 ranging from 1.5 to 8 mm 2 / s, relative to the total weight of the composition.
  • a composition used according to the invention further comprises one or more polymers, called thickening polymers.
  • the polymer (s) are selected for their ability to thicken the fluid base according to the invention to provide the desired lubricating properties for the composition.
  • the thickening polymers according to the invention may in particular be chosen from polymers known as "viscosity index improvers” (VI) ".
  • Such viscosity index improvers are for example described in WO 9418288, EP 2 363 454, EP 2 164 885, EP 0 699 694, WO 2007/003238 and WO 2007/025837.
  • the one or more thickening polymers are distinct from the oil or said base oils as described above.
  • polymers chosen from polymeric esters; homopolymers or copolymers, linear or starred, hydrogenated or non-hydrogenated, styrene, butadiene and isoprene; polyacrylates; polymethacrylates, linear or comb, and olefin copolymers, especially ethylene / propylene copolymers.
  • the thickening polymer may be more particularly chosen from polymethacrylates, linear or comb, hydrogenated copolymers, styrene, butadiene and isoprene, linear or starred, and mixtures thereof.
  • the thickening polymer may be more particularly chosen from combed polymethacrylates, hydrogenated, starred copolymers, styrene, butadiene and isoprene, and mixtures thereof.
  • polymethacrylate comb polymers within the meaning of the invention are described in patent applications, EP 2 164 885, EP 0 699 694, WO 2007/003238 and WO 2007/025837; and the structures and definitions of these polymers as described in these documents are incorporated in the description of the present application.
  • Polymethacrylate comb polymers within the meaning of the invention are for example sold commercially by Evonik under the trademark Viscoplex ® 3-200.
  • Viscoplex ® 3-200 star-hydrogenated copolymers, styrene, butadiene and isoprene, for the purposes of the invention, are described in patent application EP 2 363 454 and the structures and definitions of these polymers as described in US Pat. EP 2,363,454 are incorporated in the description of the present application.
  • the hydrogenated, starred copolymers of styrene, butadiene and isoprene, within the meaning of the invention are for example sold by Infneum under the trademark SV ® 261.
  • the use of the polymer (s) thickener (s) ensures a thickening of the appropriate composition to provide, when implemented for a drive system of an electric or hybrid vehicle, a level of protection against wear, that is to say, lubrication, satisfactory, without affecting the cooling potential of the composition.
  • the content of polymer (s) thickener (s) in a composition according to the invention is from 0.5% to 10% by weight, relative to the total weight of the composition, preferably from 1% to 8% by weight. % by weight, more preferably 1.5% to 5% by weight.
  • This amount refers to the amount of active polymer material.
  • the polymer used in the context of the present invention may be in the form of a dispersion in one or more mineral oil (s) or synthetic (s).
  • a composition used according to the invention may comprise from 1 to 25% by weight, preferably from 2 to 20% by weight, more preferably from 4 to 20% by weight of dilute thickening polymer (s). (s) in one or more base oil (s), based on the total weight of the composition.
  • a composition used according to the invention comprises at least one base oil chosen from PAOs and at least one polymer chosen from combed polymethacrylates, hydrogenated copolymers, styrene, butadiene and polyesters. isoprene, starred, and mixtures thereof.
  • base oil chosen from PAOs
  • it is combined, in a composition used according to the present invention, with at least one polymer chosen from comb polymethacrylates.
  • the base oil when chosen from PAOs, it is combined, in a composition used according to the present invention, with at least one polymer chosen from hydrogenated copolymers, styrene, butadiene and isoprene. , stars.
  • composition implemented according to the invention is formed, in other words consists of a mixture:
  • a base oil or mixture of base oils, having a kinematic viscosity measured at 100 ° C. according to ASTM D445 ranging from 1.5 to 8 mm 2 / s;
  • composition implemented according to the invention is formed:
  • one or more base oils having a kinematic viscosity measured at 100 ° C. according to ASTM D445 ranging from 1.5 to 8 mm 2 / s;
  • an implementation composition may further comprise one or more additives as further defined in the following text.
  • the additives that can be incorporated in a composition according to the invention can be chosen from friction modifiers, detergents, anti-wear additives, extreme pressure additives, dispersants, antioxidants, pour point improvers, antifoams and mixtures thereof.
  • additives may be introduced in isolation and / or in the form of a mixture similar to those already available for sale for commercial vehicle engine lubricant formulations with a performance level as defined by US Pat. ACEA (Association of European Automobile Manufacturers) and / or TAPI (American Petroleum Institute), well known to those skilled in the art.
  • ACEA Association of European Automobile Manufacturers
  • TAPI American Petroleum Institute
  • Anti-wear additives and extreme pressure additives protect friction surfaces by forming a protective film adsorbed on these surfaces.
  • the anti-wear additives are chosen from phosphosulfur additives such as metal alkylthiophosphates, in particular zinc alkylthiophosphates, and more specifically zinc dialkyldithiophosphates or ZnDTPs.
  • the preferred compounds have the formula Zn ((SP (S) (OR 2 ) (OR 3 )) 2 , in which R 2 and R 3 , which may be identical or different, independently represent an alkyl group, preferably an alkyl group containing from 1 to 18 carbon atoms.
  • Amino phosphates are also anti-wear additives which can be used in a composition according to the invention.
  • the phosphorus provided by these additives can act as a poison of the catalytic systems of automobiles because these additives are ash generators.
  • additives not providing phosphorus such as, for example, polysulfides, especially sulfur-containing olefins.
  • a composition used according to the invention may comprise from 0.01 to 6% by weight, preferably from 0.05 to 4% by weight, more preferably from 0.1 to 2% of antiwear additives and extreme additives. pressure, in mass relative to the total mass of composition.
  • a composition used according to the invention is free of antiwear additives and extreme pressure additives.
  • a composition used according to the invention is advantageously free of phosphate additives.
  • a composition used according to the invention may comprise at least one friction modifying additive.
  • the friction modifying additive may be chosen from a compound providing metal elements and an ash-free compound.
  • the compounds providing metal elements mention may be made of transition metal complexes such as Mo, Sb, Sn, Fe, Cu and Zn, the ligands of which may be compounds hydrocarbon compounds comprising oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur or phosphorus atoms.
  • the ashless friction modifier additives are generally of organic origin and may be selected from monoesters of fatty acids and polyols, alkoxylated amines, alkoxylated fatty amines, fatty epoxides, borate fatty epoxides; fatty amines or fatty acid glycerol esters.
  • the fatty compounds comprise at least one hydrocarbon group comprising from 10 to 24 carbon atoms.
  • a composition used according to the invention may comprise from 0.01 to 2% by weight or from 0.01 to 5% by weight, preferably from 0.1 to 1.5% by weight or from 0.1 to 2% by weight. mass of friction modifying additive, relative to the total mass of the composition.
  • composition according to the invention is free of friction modifier additive.
  • a composition used according to the invention may comprise at least one antioxidant additive.
  • the antioxidant additive generally serves to retard degradation of the composition in use. This degradation can notably result in the formation of deposits, the presence of sludge or an increase in the viscosity of the composition.
  • Antioxidant additives act in particular as radical inhibitors or destroyers of hydroperoxides.
  • antioxidant additives commonly used, mention may be made of antioxidant additives of phenolic type, antioxidant additives of amine type, antioxidant phosphosulfur additives. Some of these antioxidant additives, for example phosphosulfur antioxidant additives, can be ash generators. Phenolic antioxidant additives may be ash-free or may be in the form of neutral or basic metal salts.
  • the antioxidant additives may especially be chosen from sterically hindered phenols, sterically hindered phenol esters and sterically hindered phenols comprising a thioether bridge, diphenylamines, diphenylamines substituted with at least one C 1 -C 12 alkyl group, ⁇ , ⁇ '-dialkyl-aryl diamines and mixtures thereof.
  • the sterically hindered phenols are chosen from compounds comprising a phenol group of which at least one carbon The vicinal carbon bearing the alcohol function is substituted with at least one C 1 -C 10 alkyl group, preferably a C 1 -C 6 alkyl group, preferably a C 4 alkyl group, preferably with the ter-butyl group.
  • Amino compounds are another class of antioxidant additives that can be used, optionally in combination with phenolic antioxidant additives.
  • amine compounds are aromatic amines, for example aromatic amines of formula NR 4 R 5 R 6 in which R 4 represents an optionally substituted aliphatic or aromatic group, R 5 represents an optionally substituted aromatic group, R 6 represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group or a group of formula R 7 S (O) z R 8 in which R 7 represents an alkylene group or an alkenylene group, R 8 represents an alkyl group, a alkenyl group or an aryl group and z represents 0, 1 or 2.
  • Sulfurized alkyl phenols or their alkali and alkaline earth metal salts can also be used as antioxidant additives.
  • antioxidant additives is copper compounds, for example copper thio- or dithio-phosphates, copper and carboxylic acid salts, dithiocarbamates, sulphonates, phenates, copper acetylacetonates. Copper salts I and II, succinic acid or anhydride salts can also be used.
  • a composition used according to the invention may contain all types of antioxidant additives known to those skilled in the art.
  • composition used according to the invention comprises at least one ash-free antioxidant additive.
  • a composition used according to the invention may comprise from 0.5 to 2% by weight of at least one antioxidant additive, relative to the total mass of the composition.
  • a composition used according to the invention may also comprise at least one detergent additive.
  • the detergent additives generally make it possible to reduce the formation of deposits on the surface of the metal parts by dissolving the secondary oxidation and combustion products.
  • the detergent additives that can be used in a composition used according to the invention are generally known to those skilled in the art.
  • the detergent additives may be anionic compounds comprising a long lipophilic hydrocarbon chain and a hydrophilic head.
  • the associated cation may be a metal cation of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal.
  • the detergent additives are preferably chosen from the alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts of carboxylic acids, the sulphonates, the salicylates, the naphthenates and the phenate salts.
  • the alkali and alkaline earth metals are preferably calcium, magnesium, sodium or barium.
  • metal salts generally comprise the metal in stoichiometric amount or in excess, therefore in an amount greater than the stoichiometric amount. It is then overbased detergent additives; the excess metal bringing the overbased character to the detergent additive is then generally in the form of an oil insoluble metal salt, for example a carbonate, a hydroxide, an oxalate, an acetate, a glutamate, preferably a carbonate .
  • an oil insoluble metal salt for example a carbonate, a hydroxide, an oxalate, an acetate, a glutamate, preferably a carbonate .
  • a composition used according to the invention may for example comprise from 2 to 4% by weight of detergent additive, relative to the total mass of the composition.
  • a composition used according to the invention may also comprise at least one pour point depressant additive.
  • pour point depressant additives By slowing down the formation of paraffin crystals, pour point depressant additives generally improve the cold behavior of the composition.
  • pour point depressant additives mention may be made of alkyl polymethacrylates, polyacrylates, polyarylamides, polyalkylphenols, polyalkylnaphthalenes and alkylated polystyrenes.
  • composition used according to the invention may comprise at least one dispersing agent.
  • the dispersing agent may be chosen from Mannich bases, succinimides and their derivatives.
  • a composition used according to the invention may for example comprise from 0.2 to 10% by weight of dispersing agent, relative to the total mass of the composition.
  • composition as described above can be implemented, because of its joint properties in terms of cooling and lubrication, both as lubricant and cooling fluid for a drive system of an electric or hybrid vehicle .
  • the invention relates to the use of a composition as defined above for cooling and lubricating an electric motor of an electric or hybrid vehicle, and its various parts in particular in motion.
  • the invention also applies to the battery of an electric or hybrid vehicle.
  • the drive system of an electric or hybrid vehicle comprises in particular the electric motor part (1).
  • This typically comprises a power electronics (11) connected to a stator (13) and a rotor (14).
  • the stator comprises coils, in particular copper coils, which are fed alternately with an electric current. This makes it possible to generate a rotating magnetic field.
  • the rotor itself comprises coils, permanent magnets or other magnetic materials, and is rotated by the rotating magnetic field.
  • the power electronics (11), the stator (13) and the rotor (14) of an electric motor (1) are parts whose structure is complex and generates a large amount of heat during operation of the engine. It is therefore imperative to ensure cooling of the electric motor, in particular the power electronics.
  • the bearing (12) generally integrated between the stator (13) and the rotor (14), is subjected to high mechanical stress and poses fatigue wear problems. It is therefore necessary to lubricate the bearing in order to increase its service life.
  • composition implemented according to the invention makes it possible to ensure, within an electric or hybrid vehicle, both the function of lubricating and protecting the members in contact against wear and the function cooling.
  • the invention particularly relates to the use of a composition as described above for cooling and lubricating an electric motor of an electric or hybrid vehicle.
  • a composition as described above for cooling and lubricating an electric motor of an electric or hybrid vehicle.
  • it makes it possible to cool the power electronics and / or the rotor and / or the stator of the electric motor. It also provides lubrication bearings between the rotor and the stator of an electric motor of an electric or hybrid vehicle.
  • a drive system of an electric or hybrid vehicle may also comprise a transmission, and in particular a speed reducer (3) which makes it possible to reduce the rotational speed at the output of the electric motor and to adapt the speed transmitted to the wheels, allowing at the same time to control the speed of the vehicle.
  • This reducer is subjected to high frictional stresses and therefore needs to be lubricated appropriately to prevent it from being damaged too quickly.
  • the invention also relates to the implementation of a composition as described above for lubricating the transmission, in particular the gearbox, in an electric or hybrid vehicle.
  • composition according to the invention can thus be used to lubricate and cool both the electric motor and the transmission, in particular the gearbox, in an electric or hybrid vehicle.
  • the electric motor is typically powered by an electric battery (2).
  • Lithium-ion batteries are the most widespread in the field of electric vehicles. The development of more and more powerful batteries and the size of which is smaller and smaller implies the appearance of the cooling problem of this battery. Indeed, since the battery exceeds temperatures of the order of 50 to 60 ° C, there is a high risk of ignition or explosion, the battery. There is also a need to maintain the battery at a temperature above about 20 to 25 ° C to prevent the battery from discharging too quickly and to prolong its life.
  • a composition of the invention can thus be implemented to cool the battery of an electric or hybrid vehicle.
  • the uses described above can be combined, a composition as described above that can be used both as a lubricant and a cooling fluid for the engine, the battery and the transmission of an electric vehicle or hybrid.
  • the invention has the advantage of allowing the implementation of a single composition combining the lubricating and cooling properties, as a lubricant and cooling fluid in an electric or hybrid vehicle.
  • the invention also relates to a method of cooling and lubricating a drive system of an electric or hybrid vehicle comprising at least one step of contacting at least one mechanical part of the electric motor and / or the battery and / or transmission with a composition as defined above.
  • the cooling with a composition used according to the invention can be implemented by any method known to those skilled in the art.
  • Examples of direct implementation include cooling by jet, by spray or by formation of a fog from the composition according to the invention under pressure and by gravity, in particular on the rotor winding and / or or stator.
  • the composition is injected by jet under fairly high pressure into the cooling zones of the motorization system, as for example described in Liu et al. and Bennion et al. above.
  • the shear resulting from this injection makes it possible to reduce the viscosity of the fluid at the level of the injection zone, with respect to the kinematic viscosity at rest, and thus to further increase the cooling potential of the composition.
  • oil circulation systems commonly used in electric motors can be employed, as for example described in WO 2015/116496.
  • composition according to the invention make it possible to define uses according to the invention which are also particular, advantageous or preferred.
  • compositions are mixed according to the nature and the quantities of products (expressed in mass percentage) presented in the following Table 1.
  • Viscoplex ® 3-200 under the trademark Viscoplex ® 3-200;
  • thermal exchange coefficient of the fluid heat transfer per unit area and temperature
  • the principle of the test is to project a jet of oil by means of a nozzle perpendicularly on a metal plate heated by induction.
  • a thermal camera placed above the plate, records the temperature profile during the projection of the oil. From the values of variation of the temperature on the plate, it is then possible to calculate the average heat exchange coefficient of the composition.
  • compositions according to the invention make it possible, not only to lubricate, but also to cool a motorization system of an electric or hybrid vehicle.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
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  • Emergency Medicine (AREA)
  • Lubricants (AREA)
EP18785985.5A 2017-10-20 2018-10-19 Verwendung einer zusammensetzung zur kühlung und schmierung eines antriebssystems eines fahrzeuges Active EP3697876B1 (de)

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FR1759909A FR3072685B1 (fr) 2017-10-20 2017-10-20 Composition pour refroidir et lubrifier un systeme de motorisation d'un vehicule
PCT/EP2018/078706 WO2019077105A1 (fr) 2017-10-20 2018-10-19 Composition pour refroidir et lubrifier un système de motorisation d'un véhicule

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EP3697876B1 (de) 2023-10-04
WO2019077105A1 (fr) 2019-04-25
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KR20200073240A (ko) 2020-06-23
CN111373021A (zh) 2020-07-03
FR3072685B1 (fr) 2020-11-06
FR3072685A1 (fr) 2019-04-26
JP7260555B2 (ja) 2023-04-18
US20200248095A1 (en) 2020-08-06

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