EP3679428A1 - Verfahren zur herstellung eines hologramms, sowie ein sicherheitselement und ein sicherheitsdokument - Google Patents
Verfahren zur herstellung eines hologramms, sowie ein sicherheitselement und ein sicherheitsdokumentInfo
- Publication number
- EP3679428A1 EP3679428A1 EP18766203.6A EP18766203A EP3679428A1 EP 3679428 A1 EP3679428 A1 EP 3679428A1 EP 18766203 A EP18766203 A EP 18766203A EP 3679428 A1 EP3679428 A1 EP 3679428A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- virtual
- hologram
- zones
- motifs
- substrate
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 9
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 176
- 230000005672 electromagnetic field Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 130
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 93
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 66
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims description 54
- 230000033001 locomotion Effects 0.000 claims description 42
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 claims description 34
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims description 31
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 claims description 27
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 230000010076 replication Effects 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 12
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000036961 partial effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005316 response function Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000000609 electron-beam lithography Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000009713 electroplating Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007641 inkjet printing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001459 lithography Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002120 photoresistant polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000006798 recombination Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005215 recombination Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007646 gravure printing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 229910001635 magnesium fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 150
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 38
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 24
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 10
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 10
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 9
- 241000282320 Panthera leo Species 0.000 description 8
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000005670 electromagnetic radiation Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000004922 lacquer Substances 0.000 description 6
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 6
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 4
- 210000003128 head Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 239000004973 liquid crystal related substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 241000510091 Quadrula quadrula Species 0.000 description 3
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000001427 coherent effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 206010016256 fatigue Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 238000001000 micrograph Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 241000251468 Actinopterygii Species 0.000 description 2
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002318 adhesion promoter Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012790 adhesive layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002238 attenuated effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 2
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001026 inconel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003252 repetitive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000411 transmission spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000007328 Hericium erinaceus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000000588 Hericium erinaceus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001620634 Roger Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002457 bidirectional effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003384 imaging method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002329 infrared spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052976 metal sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003909 pattern recognition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013589 supplement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009182 swimming Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012549 training Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010981 turquoise Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002211 ultraviolet spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001429 visible spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
- B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
- B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
- B42D25/30—Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery
- B42D25/328—Diffraction gratings; Holograms
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
- G03H1/04—Processes or apparatus for producing holograms
- G03H1/08—Synthesising holograms, i.e. holograms synthesized from objects or objects from holograms
- G03H1/0808—Methods of numerical synthesis, e.g. coherent ray tracing [CRT], diffraction specific
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
- B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
- B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
- B42D25/30—Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery
- B42D25/305—Associated digital information
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
- B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
- B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
- B42D25/30—Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery
- B42D25/324—Reliefs
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
- B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
- B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
- B42D25/30—Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery
- B42D25/351—Translucent or partly translucent parts, e.g. windows
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
- G03H1/02—Details of features involved during the holographic process; Replication of holograms without interference recording
- G03H1/0236—Form or shape of the hologram when not registered to the substrate, e.g. trimming the hologram to alphanumerical shape
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
- G03H1/04—Processes or apparatus for producing holograms
- G03H1/08—Synthesising holograms, i.e. holograms synthesized from objects or objects from holograms
- G03H1/0891—Processes or apparatus adapted to convert digital holographic data into a hologram
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T15/00—3D [Three Dimensional] image rendering
- G06T15/50—Lighting effects
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T17/00—Three dimensional [3D] modelling, e.g. data description of 3D objects
- G06T17/10—Constructive solid geometry [CSG] using solid primitives, e.g. cylinders, cubes
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
- G03H1/0005—Adaptation of holography to specific applications
- G03H1/0011—Adaptation of holography to specific applications for security or authentication
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
- G03H1/02—Details of features involved during the holographic process; Replication of holograms without interference recording
- G03H1/024—Hologram nature or properties
- G03H1/0244—Surface relief holograms
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
- G03H1/02—Details of features involved during the holographic process; Replication of holograms without interference recording
- G03H1/024—Hologram nature or properties
- G03H1/0248—Volume holograms
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
- G03H1/02—Details of features involved during the holographic process; Replication of holograms without interference recording
- G03H1/0276—Replicating a master hologram without interference recording
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
- G03H1/04—Processes or apparatus for producing holograms
- G03H1/10—Processes or apparatus for producing holograms using modulated reference beam
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
- G03H1/04—Processes or apparatus for producing holograms
- G03H1/20—Copying holograms by holographic, i.e. optical means
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
- G03H1/22—Processes or apparatus for obtaining an optical image from holograms
- G03H1/24—Processes or apparatus for obtaining an optical image from holograms using white light, e.g. rainbow holograms
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
- G03H1/26—Processes or apparatus specially adapted to produce multiple sub- holograms or to obtain images from them, e.g. multicolour technique
- G03H1/2645—Multiplexing processes, e.g. aperture, shift, or wavefront multiplexing
- G03H1/265—Angle multiplexing; Multichannel holograms
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
- G03H1/26—Processes or apparatus specially adapted to produce multiple sub- holograms or to obtain images from them, e.g. multicolour technique
- G03H1/28—Processes or apparatus specially adapted to produce multiple sub- holograms or to obtain images from them, e.g. multicolour technique superimposed holograms only
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
- G03H1/04—Processes or apparatus for producing holograms
- G03H1/08—Synthesising holograms, i.e. holograms synthesized from objects or objects from holograms
- G03H1/0841—Encoding method mapping the synthesized field into a restricted set of values representative of the modulator parameters, e.g. detour phase coding
- G03H2001/085—Kinoform, i.e. phase only encoding wherein the computed field is processed into a distribution of phase differences
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
- G03H1/04—Processes or apparatus for producing holograms
- G03H1/20—Copying holograms by holographic, i.e. optical means
- G03H2001/207—Copying holograms by holographic, i.e. optical means with modification of the nature of the hologram, e.g. changing from volume to surface relief or from reflection to transmission
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
- G03H1/22—Processes or apparatus for obtaining an optical image from holograms
- G03H1/2202—Reconstruction geometries or arrangements
- G03H2001/2223—Particular relationship between light source, hologram and observer
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
- G03H1/22—Processes or apparatus for obtaining an optical image from holograms
- G03H1/2202—Reconstruction geometries or arrangements
- G03H2001/2244—Means for detecting or recording the holobject
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
- G03H1/22—Processes or apparatus for obtaining an optical image from holograms
- G03H1/2249—Holobject properties
- G03H2001/2263—Multicoloured holobject
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
- G03H1/22—Processes or apparatus for obtaining an optical image from holograms
- G03H1/2249—Holobject properties
- G03H2001/2273—Pseudo-dynamic holobject, e.g. due to angle multiplexing and viewer motion
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
- G03H1/22—Processes or apparatus for obtaining an optical image from holograms
- G03H1/2249—Holobject properties
- G03H2001/2284—Superimposing the holobject with other visual information
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
- G03H1/26—Processes or apparatus specially adapted to produce multiple sub- holograms or to obtain images from them, e.g. multicolour technique
- G03H2001/2605—Arrangement of the sub-holograms, e.g. partial overlapping
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
- G03H1/26—Processes or apparatus specially adapted to produce multiple sub- holograms or to obtain images from them, e.g. multicolour technique
- G03H1/2645—Multiplexing processes, e.g. aperture, shift, or wavefront multiplexing
- G03H2001/266—Wavelength multiplexing
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
- G03H1/26—Processes or apparatus specially adapted to produce multiple sub- holograms or to obtain images from them, e.g. multicolour technique
- G03H1/30—Processes or apparatus specially adapted to produce multiple sub- holograms or to obtain images from them, e.g. multicolour technique discrete holograms only
- G03H2001/306—Tiled identical sub-holograms
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H2210/00—Object characteristics
- G03H2210/20—2D object
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H2210/00—Object characteristics
- G03H2210/30—3D object
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H2210/00—Object characteristics
- G03H2210/40—Synthetic representation, i.e. digital or optical object decomposition
- G03H2210/44—Digital representation
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H2210/00—Object characteristics
- G03H2210/40—Synthetic representation, i.e. digital or optical object decomposition
- G03H2210/45—Representation of the decomposed object
- G03H2210/452—Representation of the decomposed object into points
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H2210/00—Object characteristics
- G03H2210/40—Synthetic representation, i.e. digital or optical object decomposition
- G03H2210/45—Representation of the decomposed object
- G03H2210/454—Representation of the decomposed object into planes
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H2210/00—Object characteristics
- G03H2210/50—Nature of the object
- G03H2210/52—Alphanumerical
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H2210/00—Object characteristics
- G03H2210/50—Nature of the object
- G03H2210/53—Coded object not directly interpretable, e.g. encrypted object, barcode
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H2210/00—Object characteristics
- G03H2210/50—Nature of the object
- G03H2210/55—Having particular size, e.g. irresolvable by the eye
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H2222/00—Light sources or light beam properties
- G03H2222/10—Spectral composition
- G03H2222/14—Broadband source, e.g. sun light
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H2222/00—Light sources or light beam properties
- G03H2222/10—Spectral composition
- G03H2222/17—White light
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H2224/00—Writing means other than actinic light wave
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H2250/00—Laminate comprising a hologram layer
- G03H2250/14—Forming layer onto which a surface relief hologram is formed
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H2250/00—Laminate comprising a hologram layer
- G03H2250/33—Absorbing layer
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H2250/00—Laminate comprising a hologram layer
- G03H2250/42—Reflective layer
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H2260/00—Recording materials or recording processes
- G03H2260/14—Photoresist
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H2270/00—Substrate bearing the hologram
- G03H2270/10—Composition
- G03H2270/12—Fibrous, e.g. paper, textile
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H2270/00—Substrate bearing the hologram
- G03H2270/20—Shape
- G03H2270/21—Curved bearing surface
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H2270/00—Substrate bearing the hologram
- G03H2270/30—Nature
- G03H2270/32—Transparent
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for producing a hologram, as well as a security element and a security document.
- Security elements provided optically variable effects of laymen easily and clearly recognizable, so that the layman can easily determine the authenticity of a security element equipped with such a security document and manipulations or fakes on the
- diffractive structures for example, diffraction gratings or holograms.
- Holograms are usually produced by holographic methods. For this purpose, for example, a three-dimensional model is illuminated with a coherent light beam and superimposed on the light reflected from the three-dimensional model with a coherent reference light beam and recorded thereby forming interference pattern. Furthermore, methods for producing holograms are known, which are based on mathematical calculations. For example, from the
- EP 0 766 103 B1 describes a method for producing a hologram, in which the procedure is as follows: One or more picture templates are described in
- Subareas in particular stripe-shaped subareas decomposed.
- an associated diffraction grating is determined and then these determined diffraction gratings are scanned into one another in order to generate a corresponding holographic representation.
- the present invention has for its object to provide a method for
- Tamper resistance and / or the security against counterfeiting of the hologram can be improved, as well as to provide an improved security element and an improved security document.
- the object is achieved by a method for producing a hologram, in particular a hologram for security elements and / or
- One or more virtual hologram planes are placed in front of and / or behind one or more virtual models, and / or one or more virtual hologram planes are arranged to intersect one or more virtual models,
- One or more virtual light sources are arranged on one or more subregions of the surface of one or more of the virtual models,
- One or more virtual electromagnetic fields are calculated from at least one of the virtual light sources in one or more zones of the one or more virtual hologram planes,
- From the one or more phase images is a height profile of
- Hologram calculated and the height profile of the hologram is to
- Security element has a substrate in which the height profile of a
- Hologram is introduced.
- the hologram is one or more
- the one or more phase images are calculated from one or more total virtual electromagnetic fields in one or more zones of one or more virtual hologram planes.
- Each of the virtual total electromagnetic fields is in each case calculated based on the sum of two or more virtual electromagnetic fields, in each case starting from at least one virtual light source, preferably starting from at least two virtual light sources, in the respective zone.
- the two or more virtual light sources are disposed on one or more portions of the surface of one or more virtual models.
- the one or more virtual hologram planes are in front of and / or behind one or more of the virtual ones Models arranged and / or one or more of the virtual hologram planes intersect one or more of the virtual models.
- the object is achieved by a security document which has at least one such security element.
- Such a method for producing a hologram is characterized in that holograms can be produced at low cost, which are characterized by high complexity and / or optical effects, which can not be realized with the known methods. This further provides the advantage that the holograms produced by this method can not be imitated or reproduced with the known methods or only with great effort.
- the security elements and security documents according to the invention are thus characterized by a significantly improved manipulation security and / or
- virtual is meant in particular "computer simulated”.
- the virtual hologram plane is a hologram plane simulated by a computer.
- Such computer-simulated holograms are also called
- CGH computer generated holograms
- virtual hologram plane is a plane in a virtual space, in particular a three-dimensional space, which through the
- Coordinate axes x, y, z is determined, understood.
- the coordinate axes x, y, z are preferably orthogonal to each other, whereby each of the coordinate axes x, y, z determined directions is perpendicular, ie, arranged at a right angle to each other.
- Z can assume zero or nonzero values.
- discrete virtual points virtual points in the virtual space which are spaced at equal or different distances from each other, more particularly, adjacent ones of the discrete virtual points are spaced at equal or different distances from each other.
- a “virtual model” is one or more one-dimensional curved or straight lines and / or one or more two-dimensional curved or non-curved surfaces and / or one or more
- the one or more virtual models are preferably arranged in the virtual space.
- the virtual points on the virtual models can act as virtual light sources in computer-aided simulation. Under "virtual light source”, the origin of one of the virtual
- Phase image is understood to mean an image, in particular a two-dimensional image, which represents the phases of the one or more electromagnetic waves
- the phase in a virtual point (xh, yh) in one of the hologram planes is assigned to a corresponding point of one of the corresponding phase images.
- the phase images have the same resolution as the corresponding zones and / or virtual hologram levels.
- a virtual 2D model two-dimensional
- One or more of the two-dimensional surfaces are particularly open, such as a
- a 2D model corresponds to a subregion of the surface of a three-dimensional body, eg a human head.
- a virtual 3D model is in particular the closed surface a three-dimensional body understood, such as the surface of a sphere.
- the virtual electromagnetic field emanating from two or more of the virtual light sources, in particular starting from all of the virtual light sources, has the same intensity and / or the same intensity distribution over the entire solid angle.
- Intensity is understood to mean the proportion of the total radiant power emitted by one or more of the virtual light sources into a predetermined solid angle, wherein the radiant power is used in particular as the
- Energy amount is considered, which is transported within a predetermined time interval of an electromagnetic field, in particular one or more of the virtual electromagnetic fields.
- the radiant power is given in units of watts.
- intensity distribution is understood to mean the respective radiation power in one or more different solid angles
- the respective radiation powers of one or more of the different solid angles are, in particular, different from each other.
- the solid angle range is specified in particular in the dimensionless unit Steradiant.
- the entire solid angle corresponds to the surface of the unit sphere, ie a sphere with radius one, ie 4 ⁇ .
- the virtual electromagnetic field originating from two or more of the virtual light sources, in particular starting from all of the virtual light sources, has different intensities and / or different ones
- the virtual electromagnetic field emanating from one or more of the virtual light sources in particular emanating from all the virtual light sources, an isotropic or anisotropic intensity distribution over one or more solid angles, in particular over the entire solid angle on.
- anisotropic intensity distribution is understood to mean an intensity distribution whose radiant power differs from at least one second solid angle in at least one first solid angle.
- one or more or all of the virtual light sources have in particular one or more or all of the virtual point light sources, the same intensity and / or the same intensity distribution.
- one or more of the virtual light sources form a virtual point light source, wherein the virtual point light sources preferably radiate a virtual spherical wave.
- a point illuminated with a plane wave emits a spherical wave.
- the interference pattern which arises here in the hologram plane, is called Fresnel zone plate.
- the hologram of a single point is therefore a Fresnel zone plate. If an object consists of several points, each point generates its own in the hologram recording or the hologram calculation own Fresnel zone plate. These Fresnel zone plates overlap and together form the hologram of the object.
- spherical wave is meant a wave which extends from a light source, in particular a virtual light source, into the entire solid angle in
- the virtual light source is preferably considered as a point source of the spherical wave.
- the beam cone of the virtual light source by means of one or more virtual apertures to a solid angle range of ⁇ 45 °, preferably to a solid angle range of ⁇ 35 ° particularly preferably to a solid angle range of ⁇ 25 ° and particularly preferably ⁇ 15 °, limited.
- one or more of the virtual apertures has a circular, elliptical, square, rectangular or annular opening. It is possible that the virtual irises have other shapes, such as star-shaped.
- the one or more solid angle ranges are in particular symmetrical or asymmetrical around the surface normal, in particular around the middle one
- One or more of the solid angle ranges in particular span an angle range of 0 ° to 45 °, preferably an angle range of 0 ° to 30 °, particularly preferably an angle range of 0 ° to 15 °, to the respective surface normals of the assigned virtual hologram planes, in particular to the middle one Surface normal, up.
- a solid angle range can span an angle range of 5 ° to 30 °, particularly preferably 5 ° to 15 °.
- the solid angle range is divided into equidistant or non-equidistant angular ranges. For example, a solid angle range of 0 ° to 30 ° at
- the one or more virtual diaphragms restrict one or more of the virtual electromagnetic fields, in particular the solid angles of one or more of the virtual electromagnetic fields, of one or more virtual light sources such that the virtual total virtual electromagnetic field summed up by the virtual electromagnetic fields only in the corresponding ones one or more zones of one or more virtual
- Hologram levels is calculated. This leads to an advantageous reduction of the required calculation time on a computer.
- the virtual electromagnetic field Ui which emanates from an i-th virtual point light source at the point (xi, y, zi) at a point (xh, yh, Zh) of the at least one zone, in particular the at least one zone in the
- Exponential function denotes the imaginary unit.
- the z-component z can still be varied by a random amount, preferably in the range ⁇ 10 times that used for the calculation
- Wavelength ⁇ more preferably ⁇ 5 times ⁇ and particularly preferably ⁇ 0.5 times ⁇ . This has the advantage that the calculated phase image has no or greatly reduced periodic structural components, which lead to undesired diffraction effects and / or color effects.
- one of the zones may be determined from one or more intersections of one or more solid angles and one or more hologram planes.
- a solid angle region which spans a certain volume can intersect several hologram planes arranged one after the other and / or arranged next to one another, so that the zone associated with this solid angle is made up of corresponding intersections of the
- the virtual light sources which are arranged on one or more of the subareas of the surface of one of the virtual models, are periodically arranged in at least one direction on one or more of the subareas of the surface of the virtual model and / or in at least one direction randomly or pseudo- randomly arranged on one or more of the subregions of the surface of the virtual model.
- the virtual light sources are first arranged in a flat plane and then projected virtually on the surface of the object to be displayed.
- the virtual light sources are preferably arranged within a closed mold surrounding the virtual 2D model, in particular outside the virtual 2D model.
- the surrounding or surrounded form preferably forms a geometric shape, for example a circle or a rectangle, in particular a free-form surface.
- On The hologram generated thereby preferably displays a negative image of the surface of the virtual 2D model.
- the distribution of the virtual light sources randomly or pseudo-randomly distributed in at least one direction to follow a Gaussian distribution, in particular an asymmetrical distribution.
- the virtual light sources are arranged on one or more of the subregions of the surface of the virtual model in the form of point clouds or undulations.
- the distances of adjacent virtual light sources are preferably between 5 ⁇ and 500 ⁇ , more preferably between 10 ⁇ and 200 ⁇ .
- the virtual light sources can be arranged as a one-dimensional raster, in particular a line raster, or a two-dimensional raster, in particular a dot raster.
- one or more of the virtual light sources are in the form of micro symbols.
- the micro symbols are selected from: letter, portrait, image, alphanumeric character, character, geometric freeform, square, triangle, circle, star, moon, denomination,
- country-specific symbol e.g., Swiss cross, federal eagle, maple leaf
- curved line or outline e.g., a contour of country borders
- one or more of the virtual light sources may take the form of micro symbols, such as one or more letters, portraits, pictures, alphanumeric characters, characters, geometric freeforms, squares, Triangles, circles, star, moon, denomination, country-specific symbol (eg Swiss cross, federal eagle, maple leaf), curved lines or outlines (eg a contour of country borders), in which the virtual light sources are arranged at predetermined intervals along the contours of the micro symbols become.
- micro symbols such as one or more letters, portraits, pictures, alphanumeric characters, characters, geometric freeforms, squares, Triangles, circles, star, moon, denomination, country-specific symbol (eg Swiss cross, federal eagle, maple leaf), curved lines or outlines (eg a contour of country borders), in which the virtual light sources are arranged at predetermined intervals along the contours of the micro symbols become.
- the lateral dimensions of the micro symbols are on one or more of the subregions of the surface of one or more of the virtual models between 5 ⁇ and 500 ⁇ , in particular between 10 ⁇ and 200 ⁇ .
- Micro symbols are used, only one or more of the underlying virtual models are detected and not the microsymbols that make up the model.
- the micro symbols are detectable only by a magnifying optics, preferably a magnifying glass or a camera, wherein it can be detected that the motifs are composed of micro symbols.
- the use of a hologram plane in particular the use of two or more virtual hologram levels is provided, wherein each of the virtual hologram levels has one or more of the zones.
- the two or more virtual ones differ from the two or more virtual ones.
- Hologram planes in terms of their orientation, positioning, dimension and / or curvature. Furthermore, the two or more virtual hologram planes differ in particular in the respective zones with respect to their
- Orientation is understood in particular to mean the angle or the angles of the respective surface normals spanned by the hologram planes with respect to one or more of the axes defined by the coordinates (x, y, z).
- positioning in particular the location of one or more of
- Hologram planes and / or one or more points (xh, yh, Zh), in particular one or more points (xh, yh, Zh 0), one or more of the virtual ones
- Hologrammebenen understood in the by the coordinates (x, y, z) spanned virtual space.
- dimension is understood to mean the extent or the dimensions of the one or more hologram planes along the directions in the virtual space defined by the coordinates (x, y, z).
- curvature is understood to mean, in particular, a local deviation of a curve from a straight line .
- the curvature of a curve is understood to mean, in particular, a change in direction per continuous length and / or path of a sufficiently short curve segment or curve.
- a circle with a radius R has the same everywhere
- Curvature namely 1 / R.
- the curvature changes from curve point to curve point.
- Curve point to curve point continuously so that in particular the curves have no kinks and / or discontinuities.
- the curvature of a curve in a point P thus indicates how much the curves of the immediate vicinity of the point P deviate from a straight line.
- the amount of curvature is referred to as the radius of curvature and this corresponds to the reciprocal of the amount of a local
- the radius of curvature is the radius of the circle that just touches the tangent point P and / or in a local environment of the circle
- Tangential point P represents the best approximation.
- a curve is, for example, the two-dimensional surface of a sphere or a circular surface.
- a virtual model is provided, more preferably, two or more virtual models are provided.
- each of the one or more virtual models is associated with one of the virtual hologram levels.
- the one or more virtual electromagnetic fields emanating from the one or more virtual light sources of the associated virtual model are calculated.
- the virtual model or each of the one or more virtual models is associated with one or more of the virtual hologram levels, and in the one or more zones of the respective virtual hologram level, those of the one or more virtual light sources of the associated virtual model (s) outgoing one or more virtual electromagnetic fields calculated.
- the total virtual electromagnetic fields of two or more of the zones, in particular of two or more of the zones, which are zones of different ones of the virtual hologram planes, are superimposed.
- the zones which are zones of different ones of the virtual hologram planes
- Hologram levels are superimposed based on a given reference direction.
- the one or more virtual models are each associated with one or more motifs generated by the provided holograms.
- the geometric shape of the one or more geometrical shaping motifs generated by the provided hologram corresponds to one or more of the virtual models, if necessary additionally influenced by a transformation function, which in particular comprises a reduced, enlarged or geometrically distorted image.
- a hologram is preferably understood to mean a structure which, when illuminated with visible and / or non-visible light, generates one or more motifs in the region of the visible and / or invisible light. In this case, the hologram can be recognizable to a human observer and / or can be detected by an optical sensor.
- the subjects when viewed, may take the form of one or more letters, portraits, landscape or architectural representations, images, barcode, QR code, alphanumeric characters, characters, geometric freeforms, squares, triangles, circles, curved lines, and / or Outline or take the form of combinations of one or more of the above forms and / or their negatives.
- the one or more motifs each consist of one or more patterns and / or superimposed, the patterns preferably having a geometry and / or shape, which in each case are selected or combined in particular from: line, straight line, motif , Image, Triangle, Barcode, QR Code, Wave, Square, Polygon, Curved Line, Circle, Oval, Trapezoid, Parallelogram, Rhombus, Cross, Sickle, Branch Structure, Star, Ellipse, Random, Pseudo-Random, Mandelbrot, especially Fractal or
- the corresponding optically variable appearance of the one or more of the one or more virtual themes will be provided to the corresponding one or more virtual hologram layers
- the optically variable appearance is preferably influenced by the corresponding choice of the parameters and arrangement of the virtual light sources, by which the coloration and brightness of the motifs and their course is also influenced or determined accordingly.
- provided hologram can be generated.
- Phase images do not overlap two or more zones with respect to the given reference direction, so preferably two or more of
- Motifs provided to different zones in the provided hologram with respect to the given reference direction are generated in separate surface areas of the provided hologram.
- any direction with respect to the coordinate axes x, y, z can be selected.
- one or more of the virtual hologram planes have a non-zero curvature in one or more of the zones at least along a reference direction.
- the virtual hologram planes are curved in particular convex or concave.
- the virtual hologram planes have a local curvature, the one associated with the local curvature Radius of curvature in particular between 5 mm and 50 mm, preferably between 10 mm and 30 mm.
- the local curvature can in particular be circular-segment-shaped or parabolic-segment-shaped.
- the geometry corresponds to one or more of the virtual ones
- Hologram levels in one or more of the zones each have a lateral surface of a cylinder segment or a free-form surface.
- Two-dimensional surface understood in a three-dimensional space, which is flat or curved in at least one direction.
- a saddle surface or a curved circular surface are
- open freeform surfaces For example, open freeform surfaces.
- one or more of the virtual hologram planes in one or more of the zones have a predetermined curvature.
- the total virtual electromagnetic field in the one or more zones is calculated based on the virtual electromagnetic fields of one or more first of the one or more virtual models, respectively.
- the hologram provided is partially or completely detectable in the case of bending or bending of the substrate in accordance with the curvature profile of the one or more zones for an observer and / or for a sensor.
- one or more first motifs associated with one or more first virtual models are bent or bent in accordance with the
- Curvature course of the one or more zones for the observer partially or completely detectable.
- these one or more first motifs are not or at least difficult to detect for the observer if the substrate is not bent or curved, but is flat.
- a sensor comes, for example, a photodetector, a camera, in particular a CCD or CMOS chip, which electromagnetic radiation from the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum or one or more
- the senor may be the camera of a smartphone or other mobile device or even a stationary device with a camera.
- the illumination of the hologram can be done by the LED lamp of the smartphone or the other device. This has the advantages that, firstly, strongly directed illumination is present when the image is captured by the camera and, secondly, that the direction of the illumination relative to the sensor is comparatively well defined.
- IR infrared radiation from one or more parts of the Infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum
- the one or more first motifs exhibit bending
- the overall motif in particular one or more motifs, preferably one or more first motifs includes.
- such a designed security element in the form of a strip in bending or curvature shows a strip-shaped cutout of a bridge. If a security element designed in this way is applied to a security document, for example to a banknote, which
- the design of the banknote in the flat state preferably appears incomplete, since the subject in the strip-shaped security element in particular difficult or impossible to grasp.
- the missing part of the bridge is now preferably also visible and complements or completes the design of the banknote.
- the one or more first motifs are in bending or
- Curvature of the substrate according to the curvature of the one or more zones for an observer and / or for a sensor completely above and / or below and / or within the plane defined by the substrate plane detectable.
- the distance between one or more of the first motifs and the plane spanned by the substrate is preferably between -30 mm and +30 mm, preferably between -15 mm and +15 mm, particularly preferably between -10 mm and +10 mm, more preferably between -5 mm and +5 mm and even more preferably between -3 mm and +3 mm.
- two or more of the virtual hologram planes in one or more of the first zones have a different curvature profile and / or a different orientation relative to the curvature profile in one or more second of the zones. Preference is given to the virtual
- the curvature of the one or more first and second zones is not the same in particular.
- the total virtual electromagnetic fields in the one or more first zones are respectively based on the virtual
- the total virtual electromagnetic fields in the one or more second zones are each based on the virtual
- Curvature of the substrate according to the curvature of the one or more first zones for an observer and / or a sensor partially or completely detectable.
- the one or more second motifs assigned to one or more second virtual models may be partially or completely detectable in the case of bending or bending of the substrate in accordance with the curvature course of the one or more second zones for an observer and / or a sensor.
- the one or more first motifs exhibit bending
- the overall motif in particular one or more motifs, preferably one or more first and / or second motives comprises.
- electromagnetic fields of the one or more first virtual models are calculated and / or that the total virtual electromagnetic fields in the one or more second zones respectively based on the virtual
- electromagnetic fields of the one or more second virtual models are calculated so that a first part of the one or more first virtual models associated with one or more first motifs and / or that a second part of the one or more second virtual models associated with one or more second motives, with bending or bending of the substrate,
- the one or more first motifs generate a first overall motif comprising the first part of the one or more first motifs and / or preferably the one or more second motifs generate a second global motif comprising the second part of the one or more second motifs , It is also possible for the first overall motif and / or the second overall motif to form the overall motif.
- the total virtual electromagnetic fields in the one or more first zones are respectively based on the virtual
- the total virtual electromagnetic fields in the one or more second zones are respectively based on the virtual
- the one or more first motifs associated with one or more first virtual models are thereby partially or completely detectable when the substrate is aligned in accordance with the alignment of the one or more first zones for an observer and / or a sensor.
- the one or more second motifs assigned to the one or more second virtual models are partially or completely detectable when the substrate is aligned in accordance with the alignment of the one or more second zones for an observer and / or a sensor.
- two or more of the zones are each one of the virtual ones
- one or more of the virtual models can be detected partially or completely by an observer and / or by a sensor as a sequence of one or more motifs associated with the one or more virtual models when tilting and / or rotating the substrate.
- the sequence of one or more virtual models can be detected partially or completely by an observer and / or by a sensor as a sequence of one or more motifs associated with the one or more virtual models when tilting and / or rotating the substrate.
- Motion effect understood, in which an observer and / or a sensor detects the apparent change in the position of one or more of the motifs, wherein the substrate is tilted and / or rotated in the same direction along which the optical movement effect is detected.
- orthoparallactic motion effect is meant, in particular, an optical motion effect in which an observer and / or a sensor detects the apparent change in the position of a plurality of the motives, wherein the substrate is tilted and / or rotated in a direction perpendicular to the direction stands, along which the optical motion effect can be detected.
- An antiparallactic movement effect can also be realized in which the substrate is tilted to the right, but the object seems to move to the left.
- associated virtual models of the corresponding virtual hologram plane or the corresponding virtual hologram planes are spaced.
- the motifs float upon tilting and / or rotation of the substrate a distance between 0.01 mm and 30 mm, in particular between 0.1 mm and 10 mm, and in particular between 0.5 mm and 5 mm to the respective
- the optical effect of the hologram provided depends inter alia on the roughness of the substrate to which it is preferably applied. The rougher the substrate, the more washed-out the hologram provided, or preferably the motifs of the hologram, appear in particular.
- the provided hologram is calculated such that the influences of the roughness of the substrate on the optical effect
- This precompensation can be achieved inter alia by reducing the distance of the motifs from the virtual hologram plane.
- one or more of the virtual models may be partially or fully detectable by an observer and / or by a sensor as a sequence of one or more motifs associated with the one or more virtual models.
- one or more of the motifs have different or the same
- Substrate spanned plane is preferably between -30 mm and +30 mm, preferably between -15 mm and +15 mm, particularly preferably between -10 mm and +10 mm, more preferably between -5 mm and +5 mm and even more preferably between -3 mm and +3 mm.
- one or more of the virtual models associated with one or more motifs are partially or completely detectable by an observer and / or by a sensor from different observation directions.
- a QR code Quick Response
- One or more of the dots or one or more of the strips are preferably arranged at different distances from the plane spanned by the substrate, in particular above and / or below and / or within the plane spanned by the substrate.
- barcode is meant in particular a sequence of machine-readable
- one or more information can be coded into the sequence of areas and gaps.
- barcodes with optical readers in particular cameras containing CCD chips, preferably with smartphone cameras, bar code readers or scanners, read and / or electronically
- QR code is understood to mean, in particular, a bidirectional sequence of machine-readable first regions, which provide a first color, and second regions, which provide a second color or no color , in particular binary, be coded into the two-dimensional sequence of first and second regions
- the first regions are preferably white and the second regions are preferably contrasting thereto, in particular darker than the first areas.
- the first and second areas are each square and / or rectangular.
- barcodes and / or QR codes with optical readers in particular cameras containing CCD chips, preferably with smart phone cameras, bar code readers or scanners, are read in and / or electronically
- one or more parts of the grid of dots and / or stripes in particular a barcode, preferably a QR code, can be detected by an observer and / or by a sensor from two or more different angles, the grid is composed of dots and / or stripes in the electronic finishing from the various angle-dependent images of the grid of dots and / or stripes to the authenticity of a grid of dots and / or stripes having
- a hologram is preferably provided, the motifs of which, when tilting and / or rotating the substrate which has the provided hologram, correspond to those in the calculation of the hologram
- an observer and / or a sensor detects from different viewing directions of the provided hologram and / or at different tilt angles and / or rotational angles of the provided
- Holograms different motives or arrangements of motives. Such a provided hologram provides an optical through its high complexity variable motion effect, which is extremely difficult for a counterfeiter to imitate.
- the hologram can be seen from the perspective of the camera of the smartphone taking into account the camera geometry and camera optics as well as the camera flash as a virtual light source depending on the position of the smartphone
- Security document comprising the provided hologram.
- the hologram can be designed so that the subject is not or hardly recognizable in undirected lighting for the human viewer and / or the sensor. Preferably this is the case in the
- Calculation of the hologram object used a two-dimensional - that is, flat - object such as a motif, such as an icon, one or two or more letters, a logo or a bar code, which more preferably a virtual distance from the virtual hologram plane of more than 10 mm, in particular more than 20 mm and more preferably more than 40 mm and even more preferably more than 100 mm.
- the software of the smartphone can now take two pictures of such a hologram.
- the illumination with the camera flash is a strongly directed lighting in which the subject is recognizable.
- the software checks with suitable pattern recognition whether, in the area of the hologram, the motif is present in the image which was recorded with illumination by the camera flash. On the other hand, it checks whether this subject in the image without illumination is not good enough to
- Smartphone or with another mobile device or even with a stationary device with a camera possible.
- the distance of the smartphone to the security document comprising the provided hologram is between 5 cm and 50 cm, preferably between 20 cm and 30 cm, particularly preferably between 23 cm and 27 cm.
- one or more motifs which are each assigned to one of the virtual models, can be detected by a sensor and / or an observer of the provided hologram.
- one or more motifs of a first set of subjects are detectable in a flat or non-curved arrangement of the substrate for an observer and / or a sensor.
- one or more motifs of a second set of motifs on bending or bending of the substrate according to the curvature course or one of the virtual hologram planes in or in one of the zones can be partially or completely detected by an observer and / or sensor.
- the motifs of the first set of motifs and the motifs of the second set of motifs are partially or completely different.
- first and second motifs preferably results in a sense that can be grasped by a viewer.
- a denomination symbol eg, " €" or "$”
- a value eg, "50”
- a banknote may be the second motif if the substrate is bent or curved Motif be recognizable.
- the first motif and the second motif are included
- one or more motives of a third set of subjects upon tilting and / or rotation of the substrate partially or completely constitute a parallactic one detectable by an observer and / or a sensor
- one or more motives of a fourth set of motifs upon tilt and / or rotation of the substrate provide an orthoparallactic motion effect detectable by an observer and / or a sensor.
- Motifs and motives of the fourth set of motives partially or completely different.
- one or more motifs of a fifth set of motifs have the same spatial distances or different spatial distances to one or more motifs of a sixth set of motifs.
- the motifs of the fifth set of motifs and the motifs of the sixth set of motifs are partially or completely different.
- one or more motifs of a seventh set of motifs and / or one or more motifs of an eighth set of motifs overlap each other completely or partially.
- one or more motifs of the seventh set of motifs and / or one or more motifs of the eighth set of motifs are completely or partially spatially separated.
- the motives of the seventh set of motives and the motives of the eighth set of motives are partially or completely different.
- the one or more of the virtual models appear
- the one or more of the virtual models associated with one or more subjects when viewed perpendicular to the plane defined by the substrate plane, in particular when viewed vertically by an observer and / or a sensor, white.
- the color of the one or more virtual models associated with one or more motifs in tilting and / or rotation of the substrate changes.
- the one or more of the virtual models sit down
- true color image is to be understood in particular as meaning a hologram provided which, when illuminated in incident light observation and / or transmitted light viewing, displays an associated true color at least in regions.
- true color is to be understood in this case in particular a color, which
- a true color image shows at least partially a true color when illuminated.
- the intensities of the at least one red, the at least one green and / or the at least one blue motif of the respectively associated first, second and third virtual models are respectively determined according to the course of the spectrum of the incident light and / or the course of the
- response function of the human eye is understood to mean, in particular, the function which describes how the color of incoming radiation in a specific frequency range or in a specific wavelength range is transformed into a detected or perceived color in the eye.
- a total virtual electromagnetic field based on the sum of two or more, in particular all, of the virtual electromagnetic fields in the respective zone multiplied by one or more complex conjugate virtual reference fields of one or more virtual Reference light sources calculated in the one or more zones.
- one or more of the virtual reference fields simulate anisotropic or nonisotropic illumination of the 2D model and / or the SD model.
- One or more of the virtual reference fields preferably simulate the illumination with the one or more reference virtual fields associated with one or more reference light sources.
- the propagation direction comprises one or more of the virtual
- Reference fields an angle between 10 ° and 50 °, in particular between 15 ° and 45 °, more preferably 30 ° to 40 ° to the surface normal or to the mean surface normal of one or more of the virtual hologram planes.
- the beam cone has one or more of the virtual
- Reference light sources an opening angle between 0 and 45 °, more preferably 0 ° and 15 °.
- one or more of the virtual reference light sources a spacing to one or more of the virtual hologram planes between 0.01m and 10m, more preferably 0.1m and 2m, and most preferably 0.2m and 1m.
- the virtual reference light sources a spacing to one or more of the virtual hologram planes between 0.01m and 10m, more preferably 0.1m and 2m, and most preferably 0.2m and 1m.
- the virtual reference light sources an opening angle between 0 and 45 °, more preferably 0 ° and 15 °.
- one or more of the virtual reference light sources a spacing to one or more of the virtual hologram planes between 0.01m and 10m, more preferably 0.1m and 2m, and most preferably 0.2m and 1m.
- the virtual reference light sources an opening angle between 0 and 45 °, more preferably 0 ° and 15 °.
- Reference light source infinitely spaced away from the hologram plane.
- the reference light source radiates plane waves to the hologram plane.
- the propagation direction of an electromagnetic wave in particular the propagation direction of each of the one or more virtual electromagnetic fields, in particular the
- beam cone is meant in particular a solid angle into which an electromagnetic wave, in particular one or more of the virtual
- LED Light emitting diode
- the hologram provided is for an observer and / or a sensor only one
- Hologram level spanned surface normal is arranged.
- the hologram provided in these cases has a strong achromatic color impression.
- one or more solid angle regions in particular the entire solid angle region in which one or more of the motifs are completely or partially detectable by an observer and / or by a sensor, are arranged symmetrically around the surface normal, in particular around the mean surface normal, the hologram plane.
- One or more of the solid angle ranges preferably span an angle range of 0 ° to 30 °, preferably of 0 ° to 20 °, particularly preferably of 0 ° to 15 °, to the surface normals, in particular to the mean surface normal.
- “Mean surface normal” is understood to be the mean value of the surface normal at every point of a curved curve or one or more partial regions of a curved curve.
- the hologram provided can have one or more of the motifs, the motifs being able to be detected by an observer and / or a sensor only when illuminated with an almost collimated light source, in particular with a collimated light source.
- the hologram provided when illuminated with diffused light sources or with a plurality of extended light sources (eg, fluorescent tubes), the hologram provided appears as a washed-out area.
- An almost directionally radiating light source is, for example, an LED ceiling light or an LED lamp of a smartphone or other mobile device or stationary device with a camera and / or a lighting device.
- the distances of the virtual models corresponding to the motifs from one or more of the virtual hologram planes are greater than 10 mm, in particular greater than 20 mm, preferably greater than 40 mm and particularly preferably greater than 100 mm. is.
- the hologram provided depends in particular on the roughness of the substrate to which it is preferably applied.
- Substrate the more washed-out appears particularly hologram provided, or preferably the motifs of the hologram.
- This precompensation can be inter alia by a particular
- a “collimated light source” is preferably understood to mean at least one light source and / or at least one radiation source, which light
- electromagnetic radiation and / or two or more or all photons of the electromagnetic radiation at an angle of and / or at a mean angle of and / or from a predetermined direction by less than 10 °, in particular by or less than 5 °, preferably from
- Such a hologram provided optimized for the illumination with almost collimated light sources is preferably rastered into a design, in particular into a Kinegram® or a Trustseal®. This ensures that only the design in all lighting with not nearly collimated light sources by an observer and / or a sensor can be detected and provided
- Holograms with a nearly collimated light source are the one or more motives of the provided hologram, preferably at different distances the substrate, which includes the design and the provided hologram, detectable by an observer and / or a sensor.
- Such a hologram provided optimized for the illumination with almost collimated light sources is preferably present as at least one design element.
- it can be 100% area in one eye of a
- Design element may be provided in the form of a lion.
- the intended motif When illuminated with a collimated light source, the intended motif preferably appears only in the eye of the lion.
- the hologram for example, with 50% area ratio, rastered throughout the design.
- the intended motif When lighting with a collimated light source, the intended motif preferably appears in the entire design.
- the one or more motifs and / or the intended motif appear here preferably repetitive, in particular repetitive.
- a design includes one or more design elements. It is also possible that a design comprises in particular a design element.
- electromagnetic fields of the one or more first virtual models are calculated and / or that the total virtual electromagnetic fields in the one or more second zones respectively based on the virtual
- holograms disappear.
- no movement of the motifs can be detected if the diameter of the solid angle detected by the observer and / or the sensor is less than 20 °, preferably less than 10 °.
- the motifs appear and disappear depending on the tilt angle. It is possible that no movement of the motifs for an observer and / or a sensor as a function of the tilt angle of the substrate, which comprises at least the provided hologram, is detectable.
- one or more of the phase images are preferably transformed into one or more associated height profiles, in particular linearly transformed.
- the height profile of the hologram provided is calculated by means of superimposition and / or screening of the height profiles assigned to the one or more phase images.
- the hologram introduced into a substrate.
- the associated height profiles are preferably superimposed and / or screened in the substrate.
- the associated height profiles and / or the height profile of the provided hologram is encoded as a gray scale image.
- the gray values are assigned height values, in particular normalized height values.
- the Gray values and / or altitude values preferably have a minimum altitude value of 0 and a maximum altitude value of 2 ⁇ .
- the difference between the minimum height value of the height profile introduced into the substrate and the maximum height value of the height profile introduced into the substrate corresponds to an optical path difference of half or a multiple of half a reference wavelength, in particular in the case of forming the provided hologram as a reflection hologram.
- the difference between the minimum height value of the height profile introduced into the substrate and the maximum height value of the height profile introduced into the substrate corresponds to an optical path difference of one
- Reference wavelength or a multiple of a reference wavelength preferably in the case of the formation of the provided hologram as
- the associated height profiles and / or the height profile of the provided hologram in the substrate in particular in a substrate comprising a photoresist layer, by means of a method selected from:
- the associated height profiles and / or the height profile of the provided Hologrannnns is introduced into the substrate by means of a replication method, in particular by means of thermal replication or UV replication.
- the associated height profiles and / or the height profile of the provided hologram by means of the methods electroplating, recombination and roll-to-roll replication in a film, in particular in at least one
- Metal layer and / or a transparent high or low refractive layer film having introduced.
- high-index layer is a layer with a high refractive index, in particular with a refractive index about 1, 5 referred.
- low-refractive layer is a layer with a low refractive index, in particular with a refractive index less than 1, 5 referred.
- HRI High Refractive Index
- the one or more height profiles can still be combined with other layers, in particular be embedded between these other layers.
- Such further layers may include protective layers, adhesion promoter layers, adhesive layers, barrier layers, decorative layers, reflection layers.
- the layers can be arranged on a carrier substrate (for example of polyester, in particular PET), detachable or non-detachable.
- a carrier substrate for example of polyester, in particular PET
- one or more of the decorative layers have one or more of the following layers:
- One or more of the decorative layers preferably have one or more metallic layers, which are preferably not provided on the entire surface but only partially in the security element.
- the metallic one Layers may be opaque, translucent or semitransparent.
- the metallic layers are preferably formed by different metals, which have significantly different reflection and / or
- the metal layers are formed of aluminum, copper, gold, silver, chromium, tin or an alloy of these metals.
- the metallic regions can be screened and / or configured with locally different layer thicknesses.
- the one or more metal layers are preferably patterned in the form that they comprise one or more pixels in which the metal of the metal layer is provided and comprise a background region in which the metal of the metal layers is not provided.
- Image elements may in this case preferably be in the form of alphanumeric characters, but also of graphics and complex representation of objects.
- One or more of the decorative layers furthermore comprise, in particular, one or more color layers, in particular translucent colors.
- These color layers are preferably color layers which are applied by means of a printing process and which comprise one or more dyes and / or pigments which are incorporated in a binder matrix.
- the color layers, in particular colors can be transparent, clear, partially scattering, translucent or non-transparent or opaque.
- one or more of the decorative layers preferably have one or more optically active relief structures, which are preferably each incorporated into the surface of a replicated lacquer layer.
- These relief structures are preferably diffractive relief structures, such as holograms, diffraction gratings, Fresnel freeform surfaces, diffraction gratings with symmetrical or asymmetrical profile shapes and / or zero-order diffraction structures.
- These relief structures may also be isotropic and / or anisotropic
- diffusing matte structures blaze grids and / or substantially in reflection and / or acting in transmission relief structures, such as microlenses, microprisms or micromirrors.
- One or more of the decorative layers have, in particular, one or more liquid-crystal layers which, on the one hand, depend on the polarization of the incident light and, on the other hand, are wavelength-selective
- Reflection and / or transmission of the incident light depends on the
- HRI layer is in particular a layer with a high
- Understood refractive index which consists for example wholly or partially of T1O2 or ZnS or consists of a vapor-deposited layer of a metal oxide, metal sulfide, titanium dioxide, etc.
- an HRI layer has a layer thickness of 10 nm to 150 nm.
- the associated height profiles and / or the height profile of the provided hologram is introduced into a thin-film structure, in particular into a Fabry-Perot layer structure.
- the thin film structure is applied to the replicated height profile of the hologram.
- the Fabry-Perot layer structure preferably has at least one first semitransparent absorber layer, at least one transparent spacer layer and at least one second
- thin-film structure is understood in particular to mean a structure of thin-film elements which generates a viewing-angle-dependent color shift effect, based on an arrangement of layers having an optical thickness in the
- ⁇ is the wavelength of the light and m is an integer.
- These layers preferably comprise a spacer layer, in particular arranged between an absorption layer and a reflection layer or are preferably formed by a layer comprising thin-film layer pigments.
- spacer layer is meant in particular a transmissivity in the infrared, visible and / or ultraviolet wavelength range, which is between 10% and 70%, preferably between 10% and 50%, preferably a non-negligible part of the incident electromagnetic waves, in particular of the incident light is absorbed.
- the first semitransparent absorber layer preferably has a layer thickness between 5 nm and 15 nm.
- the absorber layer is preferably made
- the transparent spacer layer preferably has a layer thickness between 300 nm and 600 nm.
- the spacer layer is preferably made of polymer, S1O2
- the transparent spacer layer consists of a printed polymer layer, which is applied in particular by gravure printing, slot casting or inkjet printing.
- the opaque mirror layer preferably has a layer thickness between 5 nm and 50 nm.
- the mirror layer is preferably made of aluminum, silver, copper, tin or chromium.
- the associated height profiles and / or the height profile of the provided hologram is introduced or applied in or on an opaque substrate, in particular in or on opaque paper documents or in or on opaque paper banknotes.
- “opaque” means that no light in the infrared, visible and / or ultraviolet wavelength range or only negligible amount of light in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wavelength range, in particular less than 10%, more preferably less than 5%, through the opaque substrate, in particular through the opaque paper documents, preferably through the opaque paper banknotes, is transmitted.
- the associated height profiles and / or the height profile of the provided hologram in at least one window area, in particular in or on at least one window area of an ID1 card, or in or on a transparent substrate, in particular in or on a transparent
- Hologram at least from the front and back and / or at
- the window region may in particular be an opening of the substrate and / or a non-perforated transparent region of the substrate.
- transparent is meant in particular a transmissivity in the infrared, visible and / or ultraviolet wavelength range, which is between 70% and 100%, preferably between 80% and 95%, preferably a negligible part of the incident electromagnetic waves, in particular the incident light is absorbed.
- ID1 card is understood to mean a security document or a card with a dimension of 85.6 mm ⁇ 53.99 mm, the dimensions of the security document or card corresponding to the ID1 format. Cards with rounded corners according to the ID1 format between 2.88 mm and 3.48 mm.
- the substrate is provided with a translucent color layer which has the function of a color filter.
- a translucent color layer can also be effected only after introduction of the height profile and application of a metal layer and / or a transparent high-refractive or low-refractive layer.
- the translucent color layer changes the achromatic white appearance of the provided hologram into a monochromatic appearance for an observer and / or sensor.
- the hologram is in the substrate by exposure of a
- volume hologram material introduced the object wave emanating from the hologram associated height profile and / or the associated height profiles.
- the associated height profiles and / or the height profile of the hologram are transformed into the course of the Bragg planes of the volume hologram generated thereby.
- the optically variable effect of the hologram is in particular transmitted to the volume hologram, and the optically variable effect of the volume hologram can be detected by an observer and / or sensor, preferably in the color of the laser light used for the illumination.
- the exposure of the master to generate the volume hologram is effected by one or more, in particular monochromatic Laser, for example, one or more red, yellow, green, turquoise or blue laser.
- volume hologram is used.
- the wavelength of all the virtual light sources preferably all of the virtual point light sources, coincides with the wavelength of the laser.
- the difference between the minimum depth and the maximum depth or the minimum height and the maximum height of the assigned height profile and / or the height profile of the hologram introduced into the master preferably corresponds to half the optical wavelength or a multiple of half the optical wavelength of the laser, in particular Execution of the master as a reflection hologram.
- the height profile of at least one further optically variable structure is selected from a diffractive relief structure, in particular a diffraction grating, a Fresnel freeform lens, a zero-order diffraction structure, a blaze Grid, one
- Micromirror structure an isotropic or anisotropic matte structure, a
- the associated height profiles and / or the height profile of the hologram is introduced into one or more first regions of the substrate and the height profile of the at least one further optically variable structure
- the one or more first regions do not overlap the one or more second regions.
- the one or more first regions and the one or more second regions are disposed adjacent to one another. More preferably, the one or more first regions and the one or more second regions are nested and / or one of the first or second regions encloses another of the first or second regions.
- the viewing angle determines in which spatial angle the hologram provided can be detected by an observer and / or a sensor.
- the hologram is recognizable near the direct reflection.
- the hologram provided is calculated so that it can be seen when tilting the substrate, the viewing angle with respect to the surface normal, which is spanned by the plane of the substrate, between 15 ° ⁇ 10 ° to 25 ° ⁇ 10 °, preferably 20 ° ⁇ 10 °.
- the hologram provided may also be calculated to be visible upon severe tilting of the substrate, the viewing angle with respect to the surface normal being preferably between 30 ° ⁇ 25 ° to 65 ° ⁇ 25 °, more preferably 20 ° ⁇ 15 ° to 75 ° ⁇ 15 °, more preferably 10 ° ⁇ 5 ° to 85 ° ⁇ 5 °.
- the light is incident on the substrate perpendicularly, that is to say parallel to the plane normal defined by the plane of the substrate, and that the motifs of the hologram provided hereby, in particular at an oblique angle, preferably between 30 ° ⁇ 25 ° and 65 ° ⁇ 25 ° °, more preferably 20 ° ⁇ 15 ° to 75 ° ⁇ 15 °, particularly preferably 10 ° ⁇ 5 ° to 85 ° ⁇ 5 °, are detectable by an observer and / or a sensor.
- the motives of the provided hologram from the antiparallel or reverse direction of an observer and / or a Sensor can be detected, such as the direction of incidence of the light, which preferably occurs at an oblique angle to the substrate.
- the hologram provided is provided with a surface relief, e.g. a Fresnel freeform lens rastered into each other.
- a surface relief e.g. a Fresnel freeform lens rastered into each other.
- one and the same 3D object of the same size is preferably realized with both structure types.
- the 3D object may be the view of a mountain, e.g. of the Matterhorn, his.
- the rasterized or superimposed combination of the two effects results in a more complex appearance than the respective appearance of only one of the two effects. This increases the counterfeiting expenditure of the security element comprising the provided hologram, and / or the
- Freeform lens and the dynamic parts are executed as a provided hologram.
- a provided hologram For example, one could provide the body of a lion, especially the legs, as a surface relief and provide the lion's head as a provided hologram.
- the head of the lion When tilting the security element, in particular, the head of the lion will provide a movement or an optically variable effect and, for example, easily rotate about the plane spanned by the surface normal of the substrate axis, while the body of the lion is particularly static or only a weakly optically variable effect provides.
- Observation distance of the provided hologram is preferably between 0.1 cm and 40 cm, in particular between 1 cm and 10 cm. Further, the provided hologram is calculated such that an observer and / or a sensor detects the one or more motives of the provided hologram while observing the provided hologram in the direction of a light source. This optical effect resembles in particular the observation of a room through a keyhole.
- Fig. 2 shows schematically a method step
- Fig. 3 shows a microscope image of a height profile
- Fig. 5 shows a height profile
- Fig. 6 shows a perspective view of a height profile
- Fig. 7 shows schematically a security document
- Fig. 8 shows schematically a method step
- Fig. 9 shows schematically a method step
- Fig. 10 shows a photograph of a hologram.
- Fig. 10a shows a photograph of a design shows a photograph of a design
- Fig. 14 shows a photograph of a curved hologram showing a photograph of a hologram
- FIG. 26 shows a photograph of a curved hologram shows schematically a process step Fig. 26 schematically shows a process
- Fig. 27 shows schematically a process
- Fig. 28 schematically shows a process
- FIG. 1 shows a method of a method for producing a hologram, in particular a hologram for security elements and / or security documents.
- a first virtual hologram plane 10a is arranged with respect to a direction z to the right of a first virtual model 20a.
- a second virtual hologram plane 10b is arranged with respect to the direction z such that the second virtual hologram plane 10b intersects the second virtual model 20b.
- a third virtual hologram plane 10c is arranged with respect to the direction z on the left to a third virtual model 20c.
- Hologram plane runs parallel to the x / y plane.
- the first, second and third virtual models 20a, 20b, 20c are similar to the surface of a human head, the surface being approximated by a grid structure.
- first, second and third virtual models 20a, 20b, 20c are respectively formed as a virtual 2D model or as a 3D virtual model.
- one or more virtual hologram planes 10a, 10b, 10c are arranged in front of and / or behind one or more virtual models 20a, 20b, 20c, and / or one or more virtual hologram planes 10a, 10b, 10c intersect in particular one or more virtual models 20a, 20b, 20c. Further, it is possible to provide a plurality of models 20a, 20b, 20c on different virtual hologram planes 10a, 10b, 10c for producing a hologram.
- FIG. 2 shows further method steps for producing a hologram, wherein in two subregions 21 a, 21 b of the surface of a virtual model 20 d, which is similar to the shape of the above models 20 a, 20 b, 20 c, respectively one virtual light source 30 a and 30 b in one Distance zi or Z2 are arranged to a virtual hologram plane 10d.
- a virtual electromagnetic field 40a, 40b is calculated in each case from one of the virtual light sources 30a, 30b into one or more zones 11a, 11b of the virtual hologram plane 10d.
- the virtual light sources 30a, 30b radiate in particular as virtual
- the virtual electromagnetic fields 40a, 40b which emanate from the two virtual light sources 30a, 30b, preferably have an isotropic or an anisotropic intensity distribution over one or more solid angles, in particular over the entire solid angle.
- the virtual electromagnetic fields 40a, 40b emanating from the two virtual light sources 30a, 30b have the same intensity and / or the same intensity distribution over the entire solid angle. Further, it is possible that the virtual electromagnetic fields 40a, 40b emanating from the two virtual light sources 30a, 30b are different Intensities and / or different intensity distributions over one or more solid angles, in particular over the entire solid angle, have.
- a virtual electromagnetic field Ui is preferred starting from an ith virtual point light source at a point (xi, yi, zi) at a point (xh, yh, Zh) of the at least one zone 11a or 11b, in particular by means of Equation exp (ikr) ⁇ -
- the virtual light sources 30a, 30b which are arranged in the respective subregions of the surface 21a, 21b of the virtual model 20d, are arranged in at least one direction periodically on the two subregions of the surface 21a, 21b of the virtual model 20d, and / or arranged in at least one direction randomly or pseudo-randomly on the two subregions of the surface 21 a, 21 b of the virtual model 20 d.
- the distances of the adjacent virtual light sources 30a, 30b are in particular between 5 ⁇ and 500 ⁇ , preferably between 10 ⁇ and 200 ⁇ .
- the arrangement of the virtual light sources 30a, 30b takes place as a cross grid, wherein the two virtual light sources 30a, 30b to each other between 5 ⁇ and 500 ⁇ , in particular between 10 ⁇ and 200 ⁇ . It is possible that the two virtual light sources 30a, 30b take the form of
- micro-symbols in particular selected from: letter, portrait, image, alphanumeric character, character, geometric freeform, square, triangle, star, moon, circle, denomination, country-specific symbol (e.g.
- the lateral dimensions of the micro symbols are on the portions of the surface 21 a, 21 b of the virtual model 20 d between 5 ⁇ and 500 ⁇ , in particular between 10 ⁇ and 200 ⁇ .
- the virtual model 20d or each of the two or more virtual models 20a, 20b, 20c becomes two or more of the virtual ones
- the total virtual electromagnetic fields 41 of two of the zones 11a, 11b, in particular of two of the zones 11a, 11b, which zones of different virtual hologram planes 10a, 10b are also preferred , 10c, 10d are superimposed, in particular based on a predetermined reference direction.
- Phase images 50 do not overlay two or more zones 1 1 a, 1 1 b with respect to the predetermined reference direction, so that preferably two or more of different zones 11a, 11b in the provided hologram 1
- Holograms 1 are generated.
- a total virtual electromagnetic field based on the sum of the two virtual electromagnetic fields 40a, 40b in the respective zones 11a, 11b and a virtual reference field 43 is calculated in each of the two zones 11a, 11b .
- the virtual electromagnetic fields 40a, 40b in the respective zone 11a or 11b are preferably multiplied by the complex conjugate virtual reference field 43, which originates in particular from a virtual reference light source 33, and the total electromagnetic fields in the respective zone 11 a or 1 1 b calculated.
- the virtual reference field 43 preferably simulates a non-isotropic illumination of the virtual 3D model 20d, in particular the illumination with the virtual reference field 43 of the associated reference light source 33.
- the illumination of the virtual 3D model 20d with a flashlight is preferred by means of the virtual reference field 43 with the LED flash of a smartphone, wherein the distance between the light source and the virtual hologram plane 10d is in particular between 5 cm and 35 cm and preferably between 15 cm and 25 cm.
- the propagation direction or the propagation direction of the virtual reference field 43 preferably has an angle between 10 ° and 50 °, in particular between 15 ° and 45 °, more preferably 30 ° to 40 ° to the surface normal or the mean surface normal of the virtual hologram plane 10d and / or the beam cone of the virtual reference light source 33 has in particular one
- Aperture angle between 0 ° and 45 ° degrees, more preferably 0 ° and 15 ° and / or the virtual reference light source 33 preferably has a spacing to the virtual hologram plane 10d between 0.01 m and 10 m, more preferably 0.1 m and 2 m, and more preferably 0.2 and 1 m.
- a spacing to the virtual hologram plane 10d between 0.01 m and 10 m, more preferably 0.1 m and 2 m, and more preferably 0.2 and 1 m.
- the virtual reference light source 33 is spaced infinitely far away from the hologram plane 10d.
- the reference light source 33 radiates plane waves to the hologram plane 10d.
- one or more phase images are calculated from the total virtual electromagnetic fields in the one or more zones 11a, 11b.
- a height profile of the hologram is calculated from the one or more phase images, and the height profile of the hologram for providing the hologram is introduced into a substrate.
- FIGS. 3 and 4 show exemplary microscope images, each of a different section of a height profile 60a or 60b of the hologram. As a virtual model, the outline or national borders of Switzerland were chosen.
- FIG. 5 shows a height profile introduced into a substrate as gray scale image 61 a.
- the underlying virtual model corresponds to the outline or the
- provided hologram transformed one or more of the phase images in one or more associated height profiles, in particular linearly transformed.
- the height profile 60a, 60b of the hologram provided by Overlay and / or screening of the one or more phase images associated height profiles created.
- Provision of the hologram are introduced into a substrate, wherein the associated height profiles in the substrate are preferably superimposed and / or rasterized.
- FIG. 6 shows the height profile 61 a shown in FIG. 5 as a perspective 3D view.
- the lateral extensions of the high profile 61 a in the direction x, y and y are each 96 ⁇ , 72.2 ⁇ and 0.6 ⁇ .
- the associated height profiles and / or the height profile 60a, 60b of the provided hologram are encoded as a gray-scale image in which the gray values are assigned height values, in particular normalized height values.
- the minimum height values preferably have a value of 0 and the maximum height values have a value of 2 ⁇ .
- the difference between the minimum height value of the height profile 60a, 60b introduced into the substrate and the maximum height values of the height profile 60a, 60b introduced into the substrate corresponds to an optical height
- Reflection hologram is provided.
- Transmission hologram corresponds to the difference between the minimum
- Height value of the height profile 60a, 60b introduced into the substrate and the maximum height value of the height profile 60a, 60b introduced into the substrate preferably an optical path difference of a reference wavelength or a multiple of a reference wavelength.
- the associated height profiles and / or the height profiles 60a, 60b of the provided hologram in the substrate in particular in a substrate comprising a resist layer, in particular a photoresist layer, preferably by a method selected from: laser beam lithography and
- Electron beam lithography introduced. In both methods, this will be the
- Replication method in particular by means of thermal replication or
- the associated height profiles and / or the height profiles 60a, 60b of the hologram provided by means of the methods electroplating, recombination and roll-to-roll replication in a film, in particular in at least one
- the film preferably has an HRI layer.
- the metal layer and / or high or low refractive index layer is usually applied to the height profile (s) on the film after the roll-to-roll replication step.
- FIG. 7 shows a security document 1 b comprising a substrate 2, which has a security strip 65, wherein the security strip 65 comprises three optically variable structures 63.
- the optically variable structures 63 are formed as a number "25", as a portrait, and as a fictive denomination sign tff.
- the optically variable structures "25" and tff are designed to illuminate diffractive surfaces when exposed to light, and the visual impression of the portrait, which is designed as a fresnel freeform surface, becomes detectable when the surface relief is illuminated for an observer and / or a sensor the security strip 65 in addition to the
- Security element 1 a which includes the associated height profile and / or one or more height profiles 60 a, 60 b of the hologram 1, introduced the height profile of at least one further optically variable structure 63, in particular selected from: a diffractive relief structure, in particular one
- Diffraction grating a fresnel free-form lens, a zero-order diffraction structure, a blaze grating, a micromirror structure, an isotropic or anisotropic matt structure, and / or a microlens structure.
- the document body of the security document 1 b is preferably multi-layered and comprises the substrate 2, which is formed by a paper substrate and / or plastic substrate.
- the security strip 65 is preferably also multi-layered and comprises a carrier substrate (for example made of polyester, in particular PET), which may be removable or non-removable, and one or more polymeric lacquer layers, for example a replication layer, into which height profiles can be replicated. Furthermore, the security strip 65 may also comprise one or more protective layers and / or one or more decorative layers and / or one or more adhesive or adhesion-promoting layers and / or one or more
- One or more of the decorative layers have, for example, one or more of the following layers:
- One or more of the decorative layers preferably have one or more metallic layers, which are preferably not provided on the entire surface but only partially in the security element.
- the metallic layers may be opaque, translucent or semitransparent.
- the metallic layers are preferably formed by different metals, which have significantly different reflection and / or
- the metal layers are formed of aluminum, copper, gold, silver, chromium, tin or an alloy of these metals.
- the metallic regions can be screened and / or configured with locally different layer thicknesses.
- the one or more metal layers are preferably patterned in the form that they comprise one or more pixels in which the metal of the metal layer is provided and comprise a background region in which the metal of the metal layers is not provided.
- Image elements may in this case preferably be in the form of alphanumeric characters, but also of graphics and complex representation of objects.
- One or more of the decorative layers furthermore comprise, in particular, one or more color layers, in particular translucent colors.
- These color layers are preferably color layers which are applied by means of a printing process and which comprise one or more dyes and / or pigments which are incorporated in a binder matrix.
- the color layers, in particular colors can be transparent, clear, partially scattering, translucent or non-transparent or opaque.
- one or more of the decorative layers preferably have one or more optically active relief structures, which are preferably each incorporated into the surface of a replicated lacquer layer.
- These relief structures are preferably diffractive relief structures, such as, for example, holograms, diffraction gratings, Fresnel free-form surfaces, diffraction gratings with symmetrical or asymmetrical profile shapes and / or zero-order diffraction structures.
- These relief structures may also be isotropic and / or anisotropic
- one or more of the decorative layers has one or more
- These layers can be used, for example, by
- Thin-film elements in particular of Fabry-Perot thin-film elements, which generate a viewing angle-dependent color shift effect, based on an arrangement of layers having an optical thickness in the range of half wavelength or K / 2 ( ⁇ is the wavelength of the light or Wavelength of an electromagnetic wave) or a quarter
- Constructive interference in an interference layer with a refractive index n and a thickness d is calculated as follows:
- ⁇ is the wavelength of the light and m is an integer.
- These layers comprise a spacer layer, in particular arranged between an absorption layer and a reflection layer or may preferably be formed by a layer comprising thin-film layer pigments.
- One or more of the decorative layers have, in particular, one or more liquid-crystal layers which, on the one hand, depend on the polarization of the incident light and, on the other hand, are wavelength-selective
- Reflection and / or transmission of the incident light depends on the
- the security strip 65 has a security element 1 comprising a provided hologram 1, wherein the security element 1 has a carrier substrate with a replication layer into which the height profile 60 of a
- Hologram 1 is introduced.
- the hologram 1 is one or more
- Phase images calculated wherein the one or more phase images of one or more virtual electromagnetic total fields 41 in one or more zones 1 1 one or more virtual hologram levels 10 are calculated.
- Each of the virtual electromagnetic total fields 41 is in one or more of the zones 1 1 based on the sum of two or more virtual
- One or more of the virtual electromagnetic fields 40 from at least one virtual light source 30 are calculated in one or more of the zones 11.
- One or more of the virtual light sources 30 are on one or more portions of the
- One or more of the virtual hologram planes 10 are located in front of and / or behind one or more of the virtual models 20 and / or one or more of the virtual hologram planes 10 intersect one or more of the virtual models 20.
- the motif 22 of the hologram 1 is formed as a steering wheel, wherein the motif 22 is arranged for an observer and / or a sensor depending on the viewing angle and / or tilt angle of the substrate 2 in front of and / or behind the substrate 2 and / or the substrate 2 intersects ,
- the motif 22 is arranged for an observer and / or a sensor depending on the viewing angle and / or tilt angle of the substrate 2 in front of and / or behind the substrate 2 and / or the substrate 2 intersects ,
- Hologram 1 becomes the corresponding virtual model of a steering wheel
- the virtual hologram plane preferably the plane of the substrate.
- Hologram level is between -50 mm and +50 mm, in particular
- the motif 22 is preferably selected from: letters, portraits, pictures, alphanumeric characters, characters, landscape representations,
- Structural representations geometric freeforms, squares, triangles, circles, curved lines, representation of buildings, landscape representations and / or outlines.
- FIG. 8 shows in the upper part of the figure a star-shaped motif 220 of a provided hologram 1, which extends over the plane spanned by the axes x and y.
- the star-shaped motif 220 of the provided hologram 1 is at three different distances or heights hi, i2 and i3 with respect to the plane xy spanned by the substrate 2, which is spanned by the axes x and y, by an observer and / or a sensor detectable.
- FIG. 9 shows the star-shaped motif 220 from FIG. 8, which extends over the plane x / y spanned by the axes x and y.
- the lower part of FIG. 9 shows the star-shaped motif 220 at a distance or height h 4 from the plane x / y spanned by the substrate 2.
- the motif 220 is for an observer and / or sensor only from the
- Solid angle ⁇ detectable, which is spanned by the angle ⁇ .
- Solid angle ⁇ is arranged symmetrically around the surface normal N of the plane x / y.
- the solid angle ⁇ is restricted by a virtual aperture such that the virtual
- Hologram level or the level x / y are provided.
- the angle ⁇ is in an angular range of 0 ° to 30 °, preferably in an angular range of 0 ° to 20 °, more preferably in a range of 0 ° to 15 °.
- the associated height profiles and / or one or more of the height profiles 60, 60a, 60b of the provided hologram 1 become
- the Fabry-Perot thin-film system has at least one first semitransparent absorption layer, at least one transparent spacer layer and at least one second semitransparent layer
- the first semitransparent absorption layer preferably consists of aluminum, silver, copper, tin, nickel, inconel (corrosion resistant nickel-base alloys from Special Metals Corporation, Huntington, West Virginia, USA), titanium or chromium and / or has a layer thickness between 5 nm and 15 nm on.
- the transparent spacer layer preferably has a layer thickness between 300 nm and 600 m and / or consists of polymer, SiO 2 or MgF 2.
- the opaque reflection layer preferably has a layer thickness between 5 nm and 50 nm.
- the transparent spacer layer consists of a printed one
- Polymer layer which is applied in particular as a paint by gravure, slot casting or inkjet printing.
- the printed polymer layer preferably compensates, in particular partially, for the hologram 1 provided in the thin-layer system 60a, 60b, wherein the flow behavior and / or the
- Height profiles 60a, 60b determined.
- the color effect is greatly attenuated by interference effects in the area of the provided hologram 1 in the thin-film system for an observer and / or for a sensor and / or an observer and / or or a sensor detect a mixed color, which is especially gray.
- This optical effect is preferably provided as a design element, such as
- FIG. 10 shows a photograph of a provided hologram 1 in a thin-layer system, which has a circular pattern 221 that can be detected by an observer and / or by a sensor.
- the motif 221 of the provided hologram 1 can not be detected by an observer and / or for a sensor, since there is no height profile of the hologram 1 there.
- the thin-film system consequently has a defined lacquer layer in the inner region 2c and the outer region 2d, so that an observer and / or a sensor in the inner region 2c and the outer region detects the color effect of the thin-film system.
- the motif 221 appears significantly weaker in color or even colorless gray or achromatic white.
- the motif 221 is arranged in a perfect register with the inner region 2c and the outer region 2d.
- the inner area 2c and / or the outer area 2d have a color change effect provided by interference effects of the thin-film system for an observer and / or a sensor when tilting and / or changing the viewing direction with respect to the
- the area of the circular motif 221 in this case has in particular no color change effects provided by interference effects of the thin-film system during tilting and / or when changing the viewing angle.
- a green interference color may be detectable in the inner region 2c and the outer region 2d for an observer and / or a sensor and not in the region of the circular motif 221. For example, when tilted, the green interference color changes to blue.
- the associated height profiles and / or the height profiles, 60a, 60b of the provided hologram 1 in at least one window area, in particular in or on at least one window area of an ID1 card, or in or on a transparent substrate, in particular in or on a transparent polymer banknote, introduced or applied.
- the height profiles 60a, 60b of the provided hologram 1 at least from the front and
- volume hologram material introduced wherein the object wave emanates from the height profile associated with the hologram.
- the associated height profiles and / or the height profiles 60a, 60b of the hologram 1 are in this case in particular transformed into the course of the Bragg planes of the volume hologram generated thereby.
- FIGS. 10a and 10b each show a photograph of a design 3b, in particular of the same design, which comprises a provided hologram 1.
- the hologram 1 is included in the circular area of the design 3b with an area ratio of 100%.
- the provided hologram 1 has a two-letter or "UT" motif 240 detectable by an observer and / or a sensor, The hologram is provided such that when illuminated with non-collimated light, for example in diffused illumination , the motif 240 is not detectable, as shown in particular in Figure 10a., However, if the provided hologram with a
- Collimated light source such as a LED lamp of a smartphone, illuminated so appears the intended subject "UT", as shown in Figure 10b.
- Total fields in the one or more first zones are respectively calculated based on the virtual electromagnetic fields of the one or more first virtual models and / or that the virtual electromagnetic Total fields in the one or more second zones are respectively calculated based on the virtual electromagnetic fields of the one or more second virtual models such that one or more first motifs associated with the one or more first virtual models and / or the one or more second virtual ones Models associated with one or more second motifs, in particular according to the curvature of the one or more zones, first zones and / or second zones, for an observer and / or for a sensor, especially in lighting with non-collimated light, preferably in diffuse lighting, not can be detected, and / or for an observer and / or for a sensor, in particular when illuminated with collimated light, preferably at
- Lighting with an LED lamp particularly preferably when illuminated with a LED lamp of a smartphone, are detectable.
- electromagnetic fields of the one or more first virtual models are calculated and / or that the total virtual electromagnetic fields in the one or more second zones respectively based on the virtual
- electromagnetic fields of the one or more second virtual models are calculated so that a first part of the one or more first virtual models associated with one or more first motifs and / or that a second part of the one or more second virtual models associated with one or more second motives, with bending or bending of the substrate,
- the curvature profile of the one or more zones, first zones and / or second zones, for an observer and / or for a sensor can be detected, and / or in the flat or not bent or not curved state of the substrate, in particular according to the curvature the one or more zones, first zones and / or second zones, for an observer and / or for a sensor not, in particular partially detectable, preferably wherein the one or more first motifs a first overall motif comprising the first part of the one or more generate first motives and / or preferably the one or more second motifs generate a second overall motif comprising the second part of the one or more second motifs.
- FIG. 11 shows a safety element 1a, with respect to the plane of the drawing or the plane spanned by the axes x and y, vertical viewing.
- the security element 1a comprises three design elements 3a, wherein one of the design elements 3a has the number "42" and a square shape with a double frame and respective diagonal lines in the corners of the square shape which connect respectively aligned corners of the two frames.
- Hologram 1 are not detectable when viewed vertically of the security element 1 a for an observer and / or for a sensor.
- the first motif 22a and the second motif 22b are, as indicated by the dashed lines, covered by the three design elements 3a.
- FIG. 12 shows the security element 1 a tilted along the axis y to the right.
- the first motif 22a and the second motif 22b are no longer located in the first and second regions 2a, 2b, respectively.
- the first motif 22a is located to the left of the three design elements 3a and the second motif 22b is located below the three design elements 3a.
- the first motif 22a is detectable for an observer and / or for a sensor
- the second motif 22b is covered by the three design elements 3b, indicated by the dashed lines, and thus can not be detected by an observer and / or a sensor.
- FIG. 13 shows the security element 1 a tilted along the axis y to the left.
- the first motif 22a and the second motif 22b are no longer located in the first and second regions 2a, 2b, respectively.
- the first motif 22a is located below the three design elements 3a and the second motif 22b is located to the right of the three design elements 3a.
- the second motif 22b is for an observer and / or for a sensor can be detected and the first motif 22a is covered by the three design elements 3a, indicated by the dashed line, and thus can not be detected by an observer and / or a sensor. It is possible that one or more of the three design elements 3a also
- Motifs of the provided hologram 1 are.
- the motifs of the three design elements 3a are calculated here in such a way in the calculation of the hologram 1 that the perspective or perspective visual impression of the motifs of the three design elements for an observer and / or a sensor does not change with an arbitrary viewing angle.
- the associated height profiles and / or one or more of the height profiles 60, 60a, 60b of the hologram 1 are introduced into the first region 2a of the substrate 2 and that the height profile of one or more of the further optically variable structures 63 in the second area 2b of the substrate 2 are introduced.
- the second region 2b and the first region 2a overlap at least partially, wherein the first region 2a and / or the second region 2b preferably consists of a contiguous region or of a plurality of non-contiguous regions.
- the first region 2a does not overlap the second region 2b.
- the first region 2 a and the second region 2 b are arranged adjacent to one another or more preferably arranged nested one inside the other.
- the first area 2a encloses the second area 2b or the second area 2b encloses the first area 2a.
- FIGs 14 and 15 show the security document 1 b shown in Figure 7 in perspective, wherein the security document 1 b a
- Security element 1 a comprises, which has a provided hologram 1.
- FIG. 14 shows a first motif 222 of the provided hologram 1 when the security document 1 b is tilted by the angle ⁇ i with respect to the axis y.
- FIG. 15 shows a second motif 223 of the provided hologram 1 when the security document 1 b is tilted by the angle ⁇ 2 with respect to the axis y.
- the provided hologram 1 is preferably calculated such that, depending on the viewing angle and / or tilt angle of the security document 1 b, different motifs of the provided hologram 1 can be detected by an observer and / or sensor.
- the hologram provided when tilting the security document 1 b to the left or to the right or about the axis y a change or flip between at least two motifs or a sequence of motifs or between the first and the second motif 222, 223rd
- the dollar sign-shaped first motif 222 for an observer and / or sensor detectable while tilting the security document 1 b in the figure 15, for example, the motif 223, which is designed as the number "5", for an observer and / or sensor can be detected
- the first and / or second motifs 222, 223 are preferably at the same position or at
- Security document 1 b arranged.
- an observer and / or a sensor detects the first and / or the second motif 222, 223 above or below the plane defined by the security element 1 b, wherein the first motif 222 and / or the second motif 223 above the security element 1 B spanned level is detectable or the second motif 223 and / or the first motif 222 is detected below the plane spanned by the security element 1 b level.
- the three design elements 3 a in the plane defined by the security element 1 b can be detected by an observer and / or sensor. As a result, these design elements 3a represent an optical reference for the observer and / or sensor.
- Tilting of the security document 1 b about the axis x for an observer and / or a sensor can be detected.
- the hologram provided when tilting the security document 1 b up or down or about the axis x a change or flip between at least two motifs or a sequence of motifs or the first and the second motif 222, 223rd
- first subject 222 and / or the second subject 223 may be for an observer and / or sensor above or below that indicated by the
- Security document 1 b spanned level detectable.
- the first motif 222 and / or the second motif 223 can be detectable by the surface normal of the plane spanned by the security document 1 b for an observer and / or a sensor when the security document 1 b is rotated.
- the hologram provided when turning the security document 1 b in the plane of the security document 1 b shows a change or flip between at least two motifs or a sequence of motifs or the first and second motifs 222, 223, wherein the first motif 222 and / or the second motif 223 for an observer and / or sensor can be detected below or above the plane defined by the security element 1b.
- two or more of the zones 1 1 are each assigned to one of the virtual hologram levels 10 and the virtual electromagnetic
- Total fields 41 in the one or more zones 1 1 each based on the virtual electromagnetic fields 40 of the one or more zones 1 1 calculated.
- one or more of the virtual models 20 are tilted and / or rotation of the substrate 2 or the security document 1b partially or completely by an observer and / or a sensor as a sequence of the one or more virtual models 20 associated with one or more motifs 22 or the first motif 222 and the second motif 223rd detectable.
- this sequence of the one or more motifs 22 or of the first motif 222 and the second motif 223 constitutes a parallactic motion effect or a
- such a sequence of the one or more virtual models 20 is a combination of a
- one or more of the motifs 22 or the first motif 222 and the second motif 223 have in particular different or the same
- the distance between one or more of the motifs 22 or of the first motif 222 and of the second motif 223, in particular of the geometric centroids of one or more of the virtual motifs 22 or the first motif 222 and the second motif 223, and by the substrate 2 or the security document 1 b plane spanned preferably between -50 mm and +50 mm, preferably between -25 mm and +25 mm, in particular preference between -15 mm and +15 mm.
- the total virtual electromagnetic fields 41 in the one or more first zones 1 1 a are respectively based on the virtual
- the virtual total electromagnetic fields 41 are preferred the one or more second zones 1 1 b respectively based on the virtual electromagnetic fields 40 of the one or more second virtual
- Models 20b calculated.
- the first motif 222 assigned to the one or more first virtual models 20a is thereby partially or completely aligned when aligning the substrate 2 or the security document 1b according to the alignment of the one or more first zones 1a 1 for an observer and / or a sensor detectable and the one or more second virtual models 20b associated second motif 223 is preferably in alignment of the substrate 2 or security document 1 b according to the orientation of a plurality of second zones 1 1 a for an observer and / or a sensor partially or completely detected ,
- one or more of the motifs 22 or the first motif 222 and the second motif 223 assigned to one or more of the virtual models 20 can be partially or completely detected by an observer and / or a sensor from different observation directions.
- the motifs 22 or the first motif 222 and the second motif 223 when viewed from the different observation directions combine to form a grid of dots or stripes, in particular a linear barcode or a 2D barcode, preferably a QR code.
- one or more of the points or one or more of the strips are preferably arranged at different distances from the plane spanned by the substrate 2 or the security document 1 b, in particular above and / or below and / or within and through the substrate 2
- the security document 1 b arranged spanned level is preferably arranged at different distances from the plane spanned by the substrate 2 or the security document 1 b, in particular above and / or below and / or within and through the substrate 2
- the security document 1 b arranged spanned level.
- FIGs 16 and 17 show the security document 1 b shown in Figure 7 in perspective, wherein the security document 1 b a
- Security element 1 a comprises, which has a provided hologram 1.
- FIG. 16 shows a first motif 224 of the provided hologram 1 in a plane orientation of the security document 1 b.
- FIG. 17 shows a second motif 225 of the provided hologram 1 in the case of bending or bending of the security document 1 b along the hologram
- the first motif 224 is formed as a $ symbol and the second motif 225 is formed as the number "5".
- the geometry of the two-dimensional curved curve K corresponds to the geometry of the hologram 1 provided in the calculation
- the geometry of one or more of the virtual hologram levels 10 in one or more of the zones 1 1 each corresponds to a lateral surface of a cylinder segment or a freeform surface.
- one or more of the virtual hologram planes 10 in one or more of the zones 11 have a predetermined curvature.
- Total electromagnetic field 41 is preferably calculated in the one or more zones 1 1, based in each case on the virtual electromagnetic fields 40 of one or more first of the one or more virtual models 20 a.
- the hologram 1 provided is partially or completely detectable upon deflection or curvature of the substrate 2 or of the security document 1 b according to the curvature profile of the one or more zones 1 1 for an observer and / or a sensor.
- the one or more first patterns 22a associated with the one or more first virtual models 20a or the first subject 224 and the second subject 225 are bent or warped, respectively, of the substrate 2 and the security document 1b according to the curvature of the one or more zones 1 1 for the observer or the sensor partially or completely detectable.
- FIG. 18 shows a security document 1 b comprising a provided hologram 1 which is illuminated by a light source 72, in particular being illuminated in incident light.
- the light emanating from the hologram 1 has certain propagation directions 44 marked with the angles CM, C (2, co) to the eye of an observer 70.
- FIG. 19 shows the security document 1 b shown in FIG. 18, wherein the security document 1 b is bent about the axis y, so that the security document 1 b is bent around the axis y
- the virtual hologram plane is simulated by a virtual hologram plane having a curvature in accordance with the curved surface.
- FIG. 20 shows three virtual hologram planes 10a, 10b, 10c, wherein the virtual hologram plane 10a has a concave curvature and the virtual hologram plane 10a
- Hologram level 10c has a convex curvature.
- two or more of the virtual hologram levels 10a, 10b, 10c each have one or more zones 11.
- the virtual hologram planes 10a, 10b, 10c differ in particular with respect to their orientation, positioning, dimension and / or curvature, wherein the virtual hologram planes 10a, 10b, 10c in the respective zones 1 1 differ with respect to their orientation, positioning, dimension and / or curvature.
- one or more of the virtual hologram planes 10a, 10b, 10c in one or more of the zones 11 at least along a reference direction x or y have a non-zero curvature.
- one or more of the virtual hologram planes 10a, 10b, 10c has a local curvature, wherein the curvature radius associated with the local curvature lies in particular between 5 mm and 50 mm, preferably between 10 mm and 30 mm.
- the local curvature can in particular be circular-segment-shaped or parabolic-segment-shaped.
- FIG. 21 shows the photograph of a planar security element 1 a comprising a provided hologram 1 which has a motif 226 in the form of the letter "B."
- the security element 1 a extends along the axes x and y.
- FIG. 22 shows the security element 1 a shown in FIG. 21 comprising the provided hologram 1, wherein the security element 1 a is bent along the axis y with a radius of curvature of 0.75 inch and, in addition to the motif 226, the motifs 227 and 228, each in the form of the letter "A” and "C", respectively.
- the motif 226 is slightly compressed in Figure 22 due to the curvature in the y direction.
- the effect shown is a flip in which the motif 226 in the curved state of the security element 1a is supplemented by the motifs 227 and 228 ("image completion").
- the distance of the subject 226 from the virtual hologram plane and the angle ⁇ in the case of the subject 226 are 10 mm and ⁇ 10 °, respectively (viewing direction along the direction x) and ⁇ 15 ° (viewing direction along the direction y).
- the distance of the motifs 227, 228 from the virtual hologram plane and the angle ⁇ in the case of the motifs 227, 228 are 10 mm or ⁇ 8 ° (viewing direction along the direction x) and ⁇ 8 ° (viewing direction along the direction y). Due to the bending of the security element 1 a is along the axis y
- the compressed motif 226 between the other subjects 227 and 228 detectable.
- the motifs 227 and 228 are not detectable in the planar state of the security document 1 a by an observer and / or a sensor when the security document 1 a is viewed vertically.
- each of the two or more virtual models 20 is associated with one of the virtual hologram levels 10a, 10b, 10c.
- the one or more virtual electronic fields 40 emanating from the one or more virtual light sources 30 of the associated virtual model 20 are preferably calculated in the one or more zones 11 of the respective virtual hologram levels 10a, 10b, 10c.
- one or more of the motifs 226, 227, 228 are bent or curved in the case of the substrate 2 or the security element 1a according to FIG.
- the distance between one or more of the motifs 226, 227, 228 and the plane defined by the substrate 2 or the security element 1 a lies between -50 mm and +50 mm, preferably between -25 mm and +25 mm, particularly preferably between -15 mm and +15 mm.
- two or more of the virtual hologram planes 10a, 10b, 10c in one or more of the first zones 1 1 a a different curvature and / or a different orientation to the curvature and / or the orientation in one or more second of the zones 1 1 b on.
- the total virtual electromagnetic fields 41 in the one or more first zones 11a are respectively based on the virtual
- the total virtual electromagnetic fields 41 become
- the motif 226 assigned to the first virtual model 20b is partially or completely detectable in the case of bending or bending of the substrate 2 or the security element 1a according to the curvature of the one or more first zones 11a for an observer and / or a sensor.
- the motifs 227 and 228 associated with the two second virtual models 20b are deformed at the time of curvature
- Substrate 2 and the security element 1 a according to the curvature of the one or a plurality of second zones 1 1 for an observer and / or a sensor partially or completely detectable.
- one or more of the motifs 226, 227, 228 are detectable by an optical sensor and / or a human observer of the provided hologram 1, the motif 226 being associated with the first virtual model 20a and the motifs 227, 228 in the second virtual model 20b assigned, .
- a motif of a first set of motifs 226, in a flat or non-curved arrangement of the substrate 2 and the security element 1 a for an observer and / or a sensor detectable and / or are one or two motifs of a second set of subjects 227, 228 in bending or curvature of the substrate 2 or the security element 1 a according to the curvature of the or one of the virtual hologram planes 10a, 10b, 10c in or in one of the zones 1 1 partially or completely for an observer and / or or sensor detectable.
- the motifs of the first set of motifs 226 and the motifs of the second set of motifs 227, 228 preferably differ partially or completely.
- a motif of a third set of motifs 226 partially or completely provides a parallactic motion effect detectable by an observer and / or a sensor upon tilting and / or rotation of the substrate 2 or the security element 1a and / or one or two motifs fourth set of motifs 227, 228 provide tilting and / or rotation of the
- Substrate 2 and the security element 1 a one of an observer and / or detectable by a sensor antiparallaktischen or orthoparallaktischen
- the motif is the third set of
- Motifs 226 and the motifs of the fourth set of motifs 227, 228 partially or completely different.
- a motif of a fifth set of motifs 226 has the same spatial distances or different spatial distances to one or two motifs of a sixth set of motifs 227, 228.
- Motifs 227, 228 partially or completely different.
- a motif of a seventh set of motifs 226 and / or one or two motifs of an eighth set of motifs 227, 228 overlap
- the motifs of the seventh set of motifs 226 and the motifs of the eighth set of motifs 227, 228 are partially or completely different.
- FIG. 23 shows the photograph of a planar security element 1 a, which has a provided hologram 1, wherein the provided hologram 1 comprises a motif 229.
- the motif 229 is formed as a bird in flight and designed for a bent state. As can be seen in the photograph, only parts of bird 229a are recognizable. Thus, the subject 229 does not appear complete to a viewer and / or sensor.
- FIG. 24 shows the photograph of the security element 1 a shown in FIG. 23 in a bent state.
- the motif 229 is now completely recognizable.
- the provided hologram 1 is calculated by a suitable choice of the distance of the subject 229 of the virtual hologram plane 10 and the solid angle, which is determined by the angle ⁇ , such that the subject 229 in the planar state of the security element 1 a partially, in particular as a narrow strip, for an observer and / or sensor can be detected and the subject 229 is not fully detectable.
- the distance of the subject 229 from the virtual curved hologram plane and the angle ⁇ are 10 mm and ⁇ 8 °, respectively (viewing direction along the direction x) and ⁇ 8 ° (looking along the direction y).
- the radius of curvature of the hologram plane is 0.75 inches.
- Security element 1 a above or below the plane spanned by the security element 1 a curved plane seems to float.
- the angle ⁇ determines the solid angle at which an observer and / or a sensor detects the hologram 1 provided.
- the provided hologram 1 is in particular calculated such that an observer and / or a sensor detects it only at a certain angle and / or one or more angular ranges.
- the angle ⁇ is in a range of 30 ° ⁇ 25 ° to 65 ° ⁇ 25 °, more preferably 20 ° ⁇ 15 ° to 75 ° ⁇ 15 °, particularly preferably 10 ° ⁇ 5 ° to 85 ° ⁇ 5 °, wherein the angle ⁇ preferably on the angle between the maximum solid angle and by the virtual hologram plane and / or by the security element 1 a and / or by the security document 1 b
- FIG. 25 shows a security element 1 a in cross-section, which is a
- FIG. 26 shows a cross section of the security element 1 a, which is a
- provided hologram 1 has.
- one or more of the motifs are in one or more
- Solid angle ranges in particular the entire solid angle range of an observer 70 and / or by a sensor completely or partially detectable.
- the one or more solid angle ranges are in particular symmetrical or asymmetrical around the surface normal, in particular around the middle one
- the virtual hologram plane 10 is arranged.
- One or more of the solid angle ranges in particular span an angle range of 0 ° to 30 °, preferably an angle range of 0 ° to 20 °, particularly preferably one
- Angular range from 0 ° to 15 °, to the respective surface normal of the associated virtual hologram planes 10, in particular to the mean surface normal on.
- provided hologram 1 has a surface relief, e.g. a Fresnel freeform surface, to grids.
- a surface relief e.g. a Fresnel freeform surface
- the subject may be the view of a mountain, such as the Matterhorn.
- the combination of the two effects provided by the screening is provided in particular a more complex visual appearance for an observer and / or sensor than if the respective visual appearance were provided only by the hologram or the surface relief. Such a combination significantly increases counterfeiting costs of a security element or security document.
- the body of a lion might be the first part a motif as a surface relief, for example, as a Fresnel freeform surface, trained and the head of the lion are designed as a second part of a motif as a provided hologram, wherein when tilting the security element, which has the lion motif, the first part of the motif is optically static or almost static and the second part of the motif provides a motion effect.
- FIG. 27 shows a method step in the calculation of the provided hologram 1, wherein the virtual model 201 has virtual light sources 300, 301, in particular point light sources, on the surface of which virtual electromagnetic fields are in identical zones 11a, 11b on a virtual
- FIG. 28 shows the observation of a subject 230 of one provided
- the hologram plane 10e and the plane spanned by the substrate 2 is arranged.
- the light source 72 radiates along the propagation directions 44 light in the direction of the hologram plane 10e or the plane spanned by the substrate 2 in the eye of the observer 70 from.
- the distance between the eye of the observer 70 and the hologram plane 10e or the plane spanned by the substrate 2 is preferably between 25 cm and 30 cm.
- the motif 230 is preferably completely detectable when the substrate is positioned in transmitted light at a distance between 25 cm and 30 cm in front of the eye of the observer 70.
- This optical effect resembles a "keyhole effect" in which a space observed through a keyhole also becomes fully detectable only when an observer's eye is positioned as close to the keyhole as possible Hologram 1 when detected by an observer and / or achromatic sensor, in particular white, appears when the difference between the incidence of light and the
- Viewing angle from which the observer or the sensor detects the provided hologram 1 is small. If the provided hologram 1, for example, perpendicular or from a parallel direction with respect to the surface normal, which is spanned by the substrate 2, considered and is the
- Illumination angle more than 30 ° to the plane spanned by the substrate 2, so chromatic aberrations occur.
- the border areas of the motif or motifs associated with the provided hologram 1 appear in particular colored and the central areas preferably white, but out of focus.
- Detection by an observer and / or sensor depending on the size of monochrome or rainbow color appear when the viewing angle with respect to the plane defined by the substrate 2 level is between 38 ° and 42 °.
- the colors of the subjects for the observer or sensor are dependent on the amount of the viewing angle.
- the one or more of the virtual models 20 associated with one or more motifs 22 appear white when viewed perpendicularly the plane spanned by the substrate 2.
- the subjects 22 are at a viewing angle of 30 ° to 34 ° with respect to the angle of incidence of the light at a wavelength of 440 nm to 460 nm in the color blue
- the color changes and / or the colors of the one or more motifs 22 assigned to one of the plurality of virtual models 20 change when the substrate 2 is tilted and / or rotated.
- the motifs 22 of a hologram 1 provided in this way have a high image sharpness when illuminated with a point light source and detected by an observer and / or sensor since no chromatic imaging errors occur. For example, in the case of horizontal tilting, one such provided
- Hologram 1 to the left is the letter “A", the letter “B” tipped over and the letter “C” tilted to the right to be detectable as a motive
- a hologram 1 thus provided can be provided with another
- Hologram 1 are combined so that the so provided
- Hologram 1 associated motifs 22 are covered in color under a viewing angle of 40 ° with respect to the plane defined by the substrate 2 and the color associated with the further provided hologram 1 motif
- FIG. 29 shows a method step in the calculation of the provided hologram 1, the virtual model having virtual light sources 300, 301 which emit light onto a virtual hologram plane 10f. Further, Figure 29 shows the use of an aperture with an elongated keyhole through which the projected light of all zones must pass. It therefore restricts the parallax in the vertical direction (typical for rainbow ramgrams), but not in the other direction.
- the one or more motifs 22 assigned to the provided hologram 1 can be detected by an observer and / or sensor in true colors.
- the motifs 22 assigned to the one or more virtual models 20 are composed of at least one red motif of a third virtual model, of at least one green motif of a fourth virtual model and of at least one blue motif of a fifth virtual model
- a hologram 1 provided in this way is preferably also called a true color hologram.
- the intensities of the at least one red, the at least one green and / or the at least one blue motif are the corresponding
- Weighted response function of the human eye It is possible that slight or strong color distortions or color changes that can be detected by an observer and / or sensor occur when tilting and / or rotating the true color hologram about a specific axis. In particular, the associated motifs appear in false colors. Investigations have shown that the better the color stability, the greater the angle of incidence of the light with respect to the plane spanned by the substrate 2 is provided.
- banknotes and / or identity documents which are a
- Security element 1 a comprising a provided hologram 1 and / or a true color hologram, have detected by an observer and / or sensor at an illumination angle of 30 ° to 45 ° to the plane defined by the substrate 2. In particular, this illumination angle of over 70 ° are very unnatural.
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Computer Graphics (AREA)
- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
- Geometry (AREA)
- Software Systems (AREA)
- Holo Graphy (AREA)
- Credit Cards Or The Like (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102017120536.5A DE102017120536B4 (de) | 2017-09-06 | 2017-09-06 | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Hologramms, sowie ein Sicherheitselement und ein Sicherheitsdokument |
PCT/EP2018/073904 WO2019048499A1 (de) | 2017-09-06 | 2018-09-05 | Verfahren zur herstellung eines hologramms, sowie ein sicherheitselement und ein sicherheitsdokument |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP3679428A1 true EP3679428A1 (de) | 2020-07-15 |
Family
ID=63528762
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP18766203.6A Pending EP3679428A1 (de) | 2017-09-06 | 2018-09-05 | Verfahren zur herstellung eines hologramms, sowie ein sicherheitselement und ein sicherheitsdokument |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US11679616B2 (de) |
EP (1) | EP3679428A1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP2020532767A (de) |
AU (1) | AU2018327592B2 (de) |
DE (1) | DE102017120536B4 (de) |
MA (1) | MA42220B2 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2019048499A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102019121821A1 (de) * | 2019-08-13 | 2021-02-18 | Bundesdruckerei Gmbh | Wert- oder sicherheitsprodukt, verfahren zu dessen herstellung und vorrichtung zur rekonstruktion und erfassung eines reflexionshologramms eines solchen |
DE102020101559A1 (de) * | 2020-01-23 | 2021-07-29 | Kurz Digital Solutions Gmbh & Co. Kg | Verfahren zum Authentifizieren eines Sicherheitsdokuments |
DE102020127879A1 (de) * | 2020-10-22 | 2022-04-28 | Bundesdruckerei Gmbh | Verfahren zur echtheitsverifikation eines aus mehreren teilen gebildeten sicherheitsmerkmals eines wert- oder sicherheitsprodukts |
GB2602796B (en) * | 2021-01-11 | 2023-08-23 | De La Rue Int Ltd | Optical devices and methods of manufacture thereof |
DE102021106085A1 (de) | 2021-03-12 | 2022-09-15 | Leonhard Kurz Stiftung & Co. Kg | Transferfolie, ein Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Transferfolie und ein Verfahren zur Herstellung eines mit einer Transferfolie dekorierten Kunststoffartikels |
WO2023200369A1 (ru) * | 2022-04-11 | 2023-10-19 | Акционерное общество "Гознак" (АО "Гознак") | Многослойная структура для защиты идентификационных документов |
Family Cites Families (33)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1995004948A1 (en) | 1993-08-06 | 1995-02-16 | Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation | A diffractive device |
US6007888A (en) | 1998-05-08 | 1999-12-28 | Kime; Milford B. | Directed energy assisted in vacuo micro embossing |
GB9810399D0 (en) | 1998-05-14 | 1998-07-15 | Rue De Int Ltd | Holographic security device |
JP4387515B2 (ja) | 1999-10-04 | 2009-12-16 | 大日本印刷株式会社 | ホログラム記録媒体およびその製造方法 |
US7773842B2 (en) * | 2001-08-27 | 2010-08-10 | Greiner Christoph M | Amplitude and phase control in distributed optical structures |
US8174743B2 (en) | 2000-07-03 | 2012-05-08 | Optaglio Limited | Optical security device |
JP3964665B2 (ja) | 2001-12-17 | 2007-08-22 | 大日本印刷株式会社 | 計算機ホログラムの作成方法 |
DE10236891A1 (de) * | 2002-08-12 | 2004-03-25 | Giesecke & Devrient Gmbh | Holographisch-optisches Element und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung |
EP1484652B1 (de) | 2002-12-18 | 2013-10-23 | Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd. | Synthetisches Hologramm und zugehöriges Herstellungsverfahren |
DE10349000A1 (de) | 2003-10-17 | 2005-05-19 | Giesecke & Devrient Gmbh | Sicherheitselement mit Farbkippeffekt |
EP1826632B1 (de) * | 2006-02-22 | 2015-12-30 | tesa scribos GmbH | Verfahren zum Berechnen von computergenerierten Hologrammen auf einer unebenen Fläche |
DE102006016139A1 (de) | 2006-04-06 | 2007-10-18 | Ovd Kinegram Ag | Mehrschichtkörper mit Volumen-Hologramm |
EP2068209A1 (de) | 2006-08-31 | 2009-06-10 | Alps Electric Co., Ltd. | Hologrammaufzeichnungsverfahren und hologrammaufzeichnungseinrichtung |
JP4930696B2 (ja) * | 2006-09-01 | 2012-05-16 | 大日本印刷株式会社 | 計算機合成ホログラム及びその作製方法 |
DE102007057658A1 (de) * | 2007-02-07 | 2009-06-04 | Leonhard Kurz Stiftung & Co. Kg | Sicherheitselement |
CN101241204B (zh) | 2007-02-09 | 2010-10-06 | 深圳市泛彩溢实业有限公司 | 圆筒式全息图的制作方法、制作装置及制得的全息图 |
US7633631B2 (en) | 2007-04-04 | 2009-12-15 | Nikon Corporation | Three-dimensional microscope and method for obtaining three-dimensional image |
DE102007039591A1 (de) | 2007-08-22 | 2009-02-26 | Giesecke & Devrient Gmbh | Gitterbild |
WO2009066771A1 (ja) | 2007-11-22 | 2009-05-28 | National University Corporation Kyoto Institute Of Technology | デジタルホログラフィ装置及び位相板アレイ |
DE102008017652A1 (de) | 2008-04-04 | 2009-10-08 | Leonhard Kurz Stiftung & Co. Kg | Sicherheitselement sowie Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Sicherheitselements |
TW201007393A (en) * | 2008-07-21 | 2010-02-16 | Seereal Technologies Sa | Light modulating device |
DE102008052067A1 (de) * | 2008-10-17 | 2010-04-22 | Ovd Kinegram Ag | Volumenhologramm mit Expansionsmittelschicht bzw. Kontraktionsmittelschicht |
JP5674127B2 (ja) | 2008-11-19 | 2015-02-25 | 国際先端技術総合研究所株式会社 | エンボスホログラムチップ及びその製造方法 |
EP2585973A2 (de) * | 2010-06-25 | 2013-05-01 | Omarco Network Solutions Limited | Erhöhung der sicherheit flexibler substrate |
DE102010025775A1 (de) | 2010-07-01 | 2012-01-05 | Giesecke & Devrient Gmbh | Sicherheitselement sowie Wertdokument mit einem solchen Sicherheitselement |
US20130038916A1 (en) * | 2011-08-11 | 2013-02-14 | Sabic Innovative Plastics Ip B.V. | Method of making multiplexed transmission holograms |
DE102012105444A1 (de) | 2012-06-22 | 2013-12-24 | Ovd Kinegram Ag | Sicherheitselement mit diffraktiver Struktur |
DE102012108169A1 (de) | 2012-09-03 | 2014-05-28 | Ovd Kinegram Ag | Sicherheitselement sowie Sicherheitsdokument |
KR101960838B1 (ko) | 2012-11-26 | 2019-03-21 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 홀로그램 패턴 생성 장치 및 방법 |
US9323219B2 (en) * | 2013-12-28 | 2016-04-26 | Vadim RAKHOVSKY | Method of microlithography with the use of divergent/convergent beams for holographic restoration of an image |
DE102015100520A1 (de) * | 2015-01-14 | 2016-07-28 | Leonhard Kurz Stiftung & Co. Kg | Mehrschichtkörper und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung |
DE102015005969A1 (de) | 2015-05-08 | 2016-11-10 | Giesecke & Devrient Gmbh | Optisch variables Sicherheitselement |
EP3507629A4 (de) * | 2016-08-31 | 2020-05-13 | Viavi Solutions Inc. | Artikel mit angewinkelten reflektierenden segmenten |
-
2017
- 2017-09-06 DE DE102017120536.5A patent/DE102017120536B4/de active Active
-
2018
- 2018-04-11 MA MA42220A patent/MA42220B2/fr unknown
- 2018-09-05 EP EP18766203.6A patent/EP3679428A1/de active Pending
- 2018-09-05 WO PCT/EP2018/073904 patent/WO2019048499A1/de unknown
- 2018-09-05 AU AU2018327592A patent/AU2018327592B2/en active Active
- 2018-09-05 US US16/644,832 patent/US11679616B2/en active Active
- 2018-09-05 JP JP2020513732A patent/JP2020532767A/ja active Pending
-
2023
- 2023-05-01 US US18/141,511 patent/US20230286312A1/en active Pending
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE102017120536B4 (de) | 2023-12-14 |
DE102017120536A1 (de) | 2019-03-07 |
MA42220A1 (fr) | 2019-10-31 |
RU2020112484A3 (de) | 2021-12-30 |
MA42220B2 (fr) | 2021-08-31 |
RU2020112484A (ru) | 2021-10-06 |
WO2019048499A1 (de) | 2019-03-14 |
JP2020532767A (ja) | 2020-11-12 |
US20230286312A1 (en) | 2023-09-14 |
US11679616B2 (en) | 2023-06-20 |
US20200384791A1 (en) | 2020-12-10 |
AU2018327592B2 (en) | 2024-02-15 |
AU2018327592A1 (en) | 2020-03-12 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
DE102017120536B4 (de) | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Hologramms, sowie ein Sicherheitselement und ein Sicherheitsdokument | |
EP3422056B1 (de) | Dekorelement sowie sicherheitsdokument mit einem dekorelement | |
EP3078004B1 (de) | Verfahren zum authentifizieren eines sicherheitselements | |
EP2507069B1 (de) | Sicherheitselement, wertdokument mit einem solchen sicherheitselement sowie herstellungsverfahren eines sicherheitselementes | |
EP1893416B1 (de) | Sicherheitsdokument | |
AT519643A2 (de) | Synthese von Überlagerungsformbildern durch Licht, das mit Lenslet-Schichten interagiert | |
DE10328760A1 (de) | Optisches Sicherheitselement | |
EP3242801B1 (de) | Verfahren zur herstellung eines sicherheitselements sowie ein sicherheitselement | |
DE112016001989T5 (de) | Hervorhebung, Gegenstand, Vorlageplatte und Verfahren zum Erzeugen der Vorlageplatte | |
DE112016001961T5 (de) | Hervorhebung, gegenstand, vorlageplatte und verfahren zum erzeugen der vorlageplatte | |
WO2005038500A1 (de) | Verfahren zum erzeugen eines ebenen oder gekrümmten gitterbilds und gegenstand mit einem gitterbild | |
US20230264510A1 (en) | Optical switch devices | |
EP1676156A2 (de) | Optisch variable beugungsstruktur und verfahren zu ihrer herstellung | |
EP3600903A2 (de) | Sicherheitselement und verfahren zur herstellung eines sicherheitselements | |
WO2020078664A1 (de) | Optisch variables element, sicherheitsdokument, verfahren zur herstellung eines optisch variablen elements, verfahren zur herstellung eines sicherheitsdokuments | |
DE10348619A1 (de) | Verfahren zum Erzeugen eines Gitterbilds und Gegenstand mit einem Gitterbild | |
DE102018123482A1 (de) | Optisch variables Element, Sicherheitsdokument, Verfahren zur Herstellung eines optisch variablen Elements, Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Sicherheitsdokuments | |
DE102010008874A1 (de) | Sicherheitselement mit Volumenhologramm | |
DE102004006771A1 (de) | Verfahren zum Erzeugen eines ebenen oder gekrümmten Gitterbilds und Gegenstand mit einem Gitterbild | |
RU2777614C2 (ru) | Способ изготовления голограммы, а также защитный элемент и защищенный документ | |
WO2009056358A1 (de) | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur herstellung von hologrammen mit individuell belichteter wasserzeichenartiger struktur | |
EP2215529A1 (de) | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur herstellung von hologrammen mit individuell belichteter wasserzeichenartiger struktur | |
WO2024208714A1 (de) | Sicherheitsdokument und verfahren zur herstellung eines sicherheitsdokuments |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: UNKNOWN |
|
STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: THE INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATION HAS BEEN MADE |
|
PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: REQUEST FOR EXAMINATION WAS MADE |
|
17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 20200330 |
|
AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR |
|
AX | Request for extension of the european patent |
Extension state: BA ME |
|
DAV | Request for validation of the european patent (deleted) | ||
DAX | Request for extension of the european patent (deleted) | ||
PUAG | Search results despatched under rule 164(2) epc together with communication from examining division |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009017 |
|
STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: EXAMINATION IS IN PROGRESS |
|
17Q | First examination report despatched |
Effective date: 20220614 |
|
B565 | Issuance of search results under rule 164(2) epc |
Effective date: 20220614 |
|
RIC1 | Information provided on ipc code assigned before grant |
Ipc: B42D 25/351 20140101ALI20220610BHEP Ipc: B42D 25/328 20140101ALI20220610BHEP Ipc: B42D 25/324 20140101ALI20220610BHEP Ipc: B42D 25/305 20140101ALI20220610BHEP Ipc: G03H 1/00 20060101ALI20220610BHEP Ipc: G03H 1/30 20060101ALI20220610BHEP Ipc: G03H 1/26 20060101ALI20220610BHEP Ipc: G03H 1/28 20060101ALI20220610BHEP Ipc: G03H 1/24 20060101ALI20220610BHEP Ipc: G03H 1/22 20060101ALI20220610BHEP Ipc: G03H 1/10 20060101ALI20220610BHEP Ipc: G03H 1/20 20060101ALI20220610BHEP Ipc: G03H 1/02 20060101ALI20220610BHEP Ipc: G03H 1/08 20060101AFI20220610BHEP |