EP3591333B1 - Tandem charge for a missile and anti-shock cap for a main charge of a tandem charge - Google Patents

Description

The present invention relates to a tandem charge for a missile.

So-called tandem charges contain a pre-charge and a main charge, which is used to combat hard target structures such as bunkers or the like. The pre-charge, which is usually provided as a pre-hollow charge, initially creates a deep crater in the target material, into which the main charge penetrates. This "pre-drilling" by means of the pre-hollow charge significantly increases the effective power of the main charge on the one hand and reduces the risk of slipping from the target at inclined angles of incidence ("ricochet" effect) on the other hand. Such a pre-shaped charge is designed to be correspondingly large.

the DE 36 03 620 C1 describes a tandem shaped charge. A fixed protective hood made of steel is proposed between a pre-hollow charge and a main hollow charge, which completely surrounds the main hollow charge and thus provides, on the one hand, a free space for spike formation and, on the other hand, protection from plumes and fragments as well as the shock wave in the event of detonation of the pre-hollow charge.

the DE 36 01 051 C1 describes a tandem charge with a pre-hollow charge and a main hollow charge, a vapor shield being provided between the pre-hollow charge and the main hollow charge. A sleeve which can be displaced with respect to the main hollow charge is arranged on the vapor shield, the ignition device of the main hollow charge being triggered by the sleeve striking it. the EP 2 327 952 A1 and the DE 41 26 793 C1 describe further tandem loads.

Against this background, the present invention is based on the object of providing a tandem charge with improved shock properties.

According to the invention, this object is achieved by a tandem charge for a missile with the features of claim 1 or 8.

Accordingly, a tandem charge is provided for a missile. The tandem charge comprises a pre-charge, in particular a pre-shaped charge, and a main charge which has a shell with a tip aligned with the pre-charge. In addition, a cap is provided which is placed on the tip and is designed to repel shock waves that arise when the subpoena detonates.

The idea on which the present invention is based consists in providing the tip of a shell of a main charge with an additional shock-repellent cap. In this way, the properties of the tip can be freely modified without having to take into account the boundary conditions that apply to the design of the tip. In particular, a shape or geometry and a material selection of the cap for shock repellency can be selected in an optimized manner. In this way, coupling of the shock wave into the envelope is effectively reduced. This greatly reduces the load on components of the main charge that are arranged within the shell, in particular a safety device and / or an ignition system that is usually arranged on a rear side, as well as mechanical components such as threads and the like.

The main charge can have a wide variety of configurations. In particular, the present invention is applicable to both main charged cargoes with a protective hood or shell as well as for penetrator main charges with a penetrator shell. The cap is specially designed to accommodate the respective tip of a sheath, in particular with a recess which corresponds to the negative shape of the tip.

The solution according to the invention of a cap applied to the tip of the shell of the main charge advantageously requires only a small amount of space and does not require any change in the main charge per se. Advantageously, the main charge is therefore not subject to any restrictions on the power side or in terms of functionality.

In addition, according to the invention, the cap according to the invention can also be retrofitted to existing tandem loads. In an existing system, this only needs to be placed on the tip of the shell of the main charge, which is made possible in a simple manner by the small installation space and without the need for other changes. Of course, a suitable fastening of the cap can be provided as required.

Advantageous refinements and developments emerge from the further subclaims and from the description with reference to the figures.

According to a further development, the main charge is designed as a penetrator charge and the shell is provided as a penetrator shell with a tip correspondingly shaped as a penetrator tip. Since the penetration performance of a penetrator depends essentially on the shape of the penetrator tip, this generally cannot be subjected to any geometric changes in order to repel shock. With the solution according to the invention, this can be counteracted in that the penetrator tip remains unchanged and yet an optimized one thanks to the cap Shock rejection in the event of detonation of the summons is enabled. This means that the shock wave can only get into the envelope to a greatly reduced extent.

According to one embodiment, the tip is bi-conical, the cap covering at least one front cone of the tip. In particular, the cap is designed in two parts with an inner and an outer cap, the front cone being covered with the inner cap and the rear cone together with the inner cap being covered with the outer cap. In this way, a cap that is specially designed for bi-conical penetrator tips and yet easy to manufacture and apply is advantageously provided. If necessary, different materials can be provided for the inner and the outer cap, in particular a plastic for the inner cap and copper or a heavy metal, for example tungsten heavy metal, for the outer cap, in order to achieve additional reflection of the shock wave at the material transition.

According to one embodiment, the cap has a pointed end with a shape that tapers at a more acute angle than an angle of the tip. In this way, a significantly smaller part of an incident shock wave, in particular corresponding to the product of the incident shock wave with the sine of the angle of incidence, is transmitted into the envelope than in the case of an obtuse angle, the sine of which would be significantly larger. The remainder of the shock wave that is not transmitted into the shell then slides along the cap or shell without transmission.

According to the invention, the cap has a different material than the shell. Different materials usually have different shock wave impedances. This is especially true for materials with different densities, because the shock wave impedance depends, among other things, on the density of a material. At material transitions, seams or the like, at which there is a density jump in the case of different materials, there are thus also impedance jumps. Such jumps in impedance lead to partial transmission and partial reflection of the shock wave. Appropriate selection of the material for the cap, with the largest possible impedance difference between the cap and the shell, in particular with a higher density and shock wave impedance than the tip, can therefore additionally reduce the shock wave transmission into the shell.

According to an advantageous embodiment, the cap contains a heavy metal. In particular, it can be a tungsten heavy metal. In this way, a high density and thus a shock wave impedance that is high compared to the usually metallic shell is provided, which advantageously creates an impedance jump at the material transition and thus contributes to reducing the transmission of a shock wave into the shell.

According to a first aspect of the invention, the cap has a multilayer structure made of materials of different shock wave impedance. In this way, the effect of only partial transmission and partial reflection at material transitions can already be used several times within the cap, so that an additional reduction in the transmission of a shock wave into the shell is made possible.

According to a further development, the multilayer structure contains at least one plastic layer and at least one metal layer, in particular a copper or heavy metal layer. Because of the very different densities, there is a high impedance difference between the plastic layer and the metal layer. Compared to plastic, copper already has a relatively high impedance (density of 8.9 g / cm ³ ). In the case of a heavy metal, however, this difference can be increased significantly, for example by using tungsten heavy metal (density of up to approx. 18 g / cm ³ ). This increases the impedance difference and thereby the degree of reflection.

According to a second aspect of the invention, the cap is designed in such a way that it breaks when a shock wave generated when the subpoena detonates is rejected, so that the tip of the casing is exposed. This can be achieved, for example, by using a brittle material and / or one or more predetermined breaking points in the material. Thus, after the shock wave is rejected, the tip of the envelope is released. In particular in the case of a penetrator sheath, this is particularly advantageous since the penetration performance, which is greatly increased per se by means of the precharge, is thus not impaired by the cap.

According to a further development, the cap contains a sintered material, in particular sintered heavy metal. This can be provided both in the case of a solid cap and in the case of a multilayer structure of the cap. This is preferably a tungsten heavy metal, which is designed to be so brittle that it is broken down in the event of a load occurring when the shock wave is rejected. In this regard, the material properties can be adjusted in the sintering process. For example, in the case of tungsten heavy metal, the material can be designed to be brittle in a targeted manner by setting the sinter matrix proportions and sintering times. For this purpose, for example, the proportion of tungsten material can be more than 90%, in particular in a range from 90% to 98%, and only the remainder can be provided as a matrix, for example containing nickel and / or iron. For example, suitable sintering times can range from 4 to 8 hours lie. Of course, deviations are possible depending on the other conditions used, such as pressure and temperature, among others.

According to one embodiment of the shock-absorbing cap, the recess is designed to taper conically in accordance with a shape of the tip, the tapering end of the second side tapering at an angle that is more acute than the recess. Thus, the cap provides a geometry that tapers to a point compared to the tip of the shell, so that a portion of the shock wave transmitted into the shell is already reduced purely by the geometric configuration of the cap.

According to one embodiment, the cap contains a heavy metal. In particular, it can be a tungsten heavy metal. A high shock wave impedance of the cap, which differs from the material of the tip, is thus advantageously provided.

According to the first aspect of the invention, the cap has a multilayer structure made of materials of different shock wave impedance. For example, plastics come into consideration as the material of low shock wave impedance and, for example, copper or heavy metals, in particular tungsten heavy metal, as material of high shock wave impedance. In this way, a multiplicity of impedance jumps is provided within the cap, the reflected portion of the shock wave increasing and the portion transmitted into the envelope advantageously further decreasing.

According to the second aspect of the invention, the cap is designed in such a way that it breaks when a shock wave generated when a subpoena detonates is rejected. The tip of a sheath, in particular in the case of a Penetrator sheath, to be released after rejection. In this way, an optimal penetrator performance is advantageously guaranteed.

According to a further development, the cap contains a sintered material which is designed to be so brittle that it is broken down in the event of a load occurring when the shock wave is rejected. In the case of sintered materials, the material properties can advantageously be set in the sintering process. In particular, it can be a sintered heavy metal, preferably a tungsten heavy metal. The material can thus advantageously be designed to be brittle in a targeted manner by setting the sinter matrix proportions and sintering times. Furthermore, a high density and thus a high shock wave impedance are thus provided.

The above configurations and developments can be combined with one another as desired, provided that it makes sense. In particular, all the features of a tandem charge according to the invention relating to the cap can be transferred to a shock-repellent cap, and vice versa. Further possible configurations, developments and implementations of the invention also include combinations, which are not explicitly mentioned, of features of the invention described above or below with regard to the exemplary embodiments. In particular, the person skilled in the art will also add individual aspects as improvements or additions to the respective basic form of the present invention.

Fig. 1

eine schematische Darstellung einer erfindungsgemäßen Tandemladung;

Fig. 2

eine schematische Einzeldarstellung einer schockabweisenden Kappe;

Fig. 3

eine beispielhafte Penetrator-Tandem-Ladung ohne Kappe;

Fig. 4

eine schematische Darstellung der Transmission von Schockwellen in die Hülle bei Detonation der Vorhohlladung.

Fig. 5

eine schematische Darstellung eines Abschnitts einer Hauptladung gemäß einer Ausführungsform;

Fig. 6

eine Detaildarstellung von durch die Kappe erzielten geometrischen Maßnahmen zur Schockabweisung;

Fig. 7

eine schematische Darstellung eines Abschnitts einer Hauptladung gemäß einer weiteren Ausführungsform;

Fig. 8

ein Diagramm des Schockwellendruckverlaufs über der Partikelgeschwindigkeit für unterschiedliche Werkstoffe;

Fig. 9

eine Abwandlung der Ausführungsform nach Fig. 5; und

Fig. 10

eine schematische Darstellung eines Abschnitts einer Hauptladung gemäß einer noch weiteren Ausführungsform.

The present invention is explained in more detail below with reference to the exemplary embodiments specified in the schematic figures. It shows:

Fig. 1

a schematic representation of a tandem charge according to the invention;

Fig. 2

a schematic individual representation of a shock-absorbing cap;

Fig. 3

an exemplary tandem penetrator charge without a cap;

Fig. 4

a schematic representation of the transmission of shock waves into the envelope when the pre-hollow charge detonates.

Fig. 5

a schematic representation of a portion of a main charge according to an embodiment;

Fig. 6

a detailed representation of geometric measures for shock repulsion achieved by the cap;

Fig. 7

a schematic representation of a portion of a main charge according to a further embodiment;

Fig. 8

a diagram of the shock wave pressure curve over the particle speed for different materials;

Fig. 9

a modification of the embodiment according to Fig. 5 ; and

Fig. 10

a schematic representation of a portion of a main charge according to yet another embodiment.

The accompanying figures are intended to provide a further understanding of the embodiments of the invention. They illustrate embodiments and, in conjunction with the description, serve to explain principles and concepts of the invention. Other embodiments and many of the advantages mentioned result in terms of the drawings. The elements of the drawings are not necessarily shown to scale with one another.

In the figures of the drawing, identical, functionally identical and identically acting elements, features and components - unless stated otherwise - are each provided with the same reference symbols.

Fig. 1 shows a schematic representation of a tandem charge 1 according to the invention.

It is a tandem charge 1 for a missile. A missile 10 is shown here symbolized only in sections and can be implemented in a variety of ways. For example, it can be a guided missile of the most varied of types.

The tandem charge 1 has a pre-charge 2 and a main charge 3. The only schematically shown pre-charge 2 is in particular a pre-hollow charge, but other types of pre-charge are also conceivable. The main charge 3, shown only in sections and schematically, can be, for example, a main hollow charge or a penetrator main charge, but other types of main charge are also conceivable.

The main charge 3 has a casing 4 with a tip 5 aligned with the pre-charge 2. A cap 6 is placed on the tip 5 and is designed to repel shock waves that occur when the summons 2 detonates.

Fig. 2 shows a schematic individual representation of a shock-repellent cap 6.

It is a shock-repellent cap 6 for a main charge 3 of a tandem charge 1 according to FIG Fig. 1 . The cap 6 has a first side which is formed with a recess 8 for receiving a tip 5 of a casing 4 of a main charge 3. On a second side, the cap 6 has a tapered end 7 for repelling shock waves.

The cap 6 serves to reduce the transmission of shock waves into the shell 4 of the main charge 3, which occur when the precharge 2 detonates. In this way, a significantly smaller proportion of the shock waves are transmitted into the shell 4. Thus, a load on components arranged within the casing 4, in particular a safety device and / or an ignition system and mechanical components such as threads or the like of the main charge 3, is greatly reduced.

Different configurations of the cap 6 can be provided for shock wave repulsion, in particular different geometrical configurations and different material configurations, which in relation to FIG Figures 5 to 10 will be discussed in more detail.

Fig. 3 FIG. 10 shows an exemplary tandem penetrator charge 100.

Purely by way of example, the mechanism of action of shock waves upon detonation of a summons 2 is explained on the basis of this tandem penetrator charge 100. The penetrator tandem charge 100 shown here is designed without the cap 4 according to the invention. A penetrator tip 105 is designed to be comparatively blunt, since this is necessary for optimal penetration performance. A penetrator sheath 104 extends from the tip to a rear locking thread 106, in which a lock 109 with a safety device SE and an ignition system ZS are installed. In addition, a compression element 101 for compressing the explosive is provided between the closure 109 and the explosive of the penetrator charge 103.

The pre-shaped charge 102 in this example is designed in a conventional manner with a shaped charge cone 110 and an explosive and ignition system 108 arranged behind it, as is known per se to the person skilled in the art and does not require any further explanation.

Fig. 4 shows a schematic representation of the transmission of shock waves 107 into the envelope when the pre-hollow charge 102 detonates.

As a side effect, as a result of the detonation of the pre-hollow charge 102, shock waves 107 are coupled into the penetrator casing 104 via the air. These shock waves 107 run further back in the penetrator sheath 104, are reflected there and hit the thread 106 and the closure 109 or the safety device SE and the ignition system ZS several times.

The nose shape of the sheath 4, which contains the tip 5, has a strong influence on the shock wave transmission into the sheath material. The more pointed the shape of the nose, that is to say the more acute the angle of the tip 5, the lower the shock wave amplitudes get into the casing material. However, the shape of the nose also significantly influences the penetration capacity of a main penetrator charge 103, so that the shape of the tip 5 can hardly be changed, at least for main penetrator charges.

Fig. 5 shows a schematic representation of a section of a main charge 3 according to an embodiment.

With the cap 6 according to the invention, the conflict of objectives of the nose shape of the main charge 3 can be resolved. The cap 6 enables measures for shock wave damping in a novel way, which can include both geometric measures and measures in the combination of materials.

In the embodiment shown, a cap 6, which is applied to the tip 5 of the casing 4 of the main charge 3 and which repels the shock waves from the casing 4 to a large extent, is therefore provided. This inventive solution of a tandem charge or a shock-repellent cap 6 is not limited to penetrator main charges, but can be used for various types of main charges 3, for example also for main hollow charges with a protective cover.

Fig. 6 shows a detailed representation of the geometric measures achieved by the cap 6 for shock rejection.

The cap 6 has a pointed end 7 with a shape tapering at a more acute angle β compared to an angle α of the tip 5 of the sheath 4. Due to the shock waves SO falling obliquely on the tip 5, only part of the incident shock wave is transmitted into the envelope 4. The transmitted portion corresponds to the sine of the angle of incidence. While with the original blunt tip 5 a comparatively high proportion Sα = S0 * sinα is transmitted through the envelope 4, this proportion is significantly reduced to Sβ = S0 * sinβ due to the more acute angle β (and smaller sinβ) with the cap 6. The remainder SR (SR = SO - Sβ), which makes up the main part of the original shock wave, now slides off the more pointed geometry. The smaller / more acute outer cap angle β is therefore beneficial for the repulsion of shock waves.

On the other side of the cap 6, this has, as already in relation to Fig. 2 explained and in Fig. 5 shown, a recess 8, which is designed to taper conically in accordance with the shape of the tip 5. The tapering end 7 of the cap 6 tapers at an angle β that is more acute than that of the recess 8.

An example is in Figures 5 and 6 a bi-conical tip 5 of the sheath 4 is sketched, the cap 6 only covering the first front cone 9A and the second rear cone 9B remaining free. In further embodiments, however, other shapes of the tip 5 and the cap 6 are also conceivable, with the cap 6 always producing a more acute angle.

Fig. 7 shows a schematic representation of a section of a main charge 3 according to a further embodiment.

In this embodiment, the tip 5 is also designed bi-conically. However, the cap 6 is formed in two parts here and has an inner cap 6A and an outer cap 6B. The front cone 9A of the tip 5 is the same here as according to FIG Fig. 6 covered with the inner cap 6A. In addition, however, the rear cone 9B together with the inner cap 6A is also covered with the outer cap 6B. In this way, an even more acute angle γ is provided overall and thus an even smaller proportion of the shock wave is transmitted into the envelope 4. In addition, other forms of the tip 5 and other forms of the cap 6, in particular adapted to different types of tips of a penetrator or a different type of main charge 3, are conceivable.

$$\mathrm{Us}=\mathrm{c}+\mathrm{up}$$

• p = Materialdichte, Us = Schockwellengeschwindigkeit, c = Schallgeschwindigkeit,
• up = Partikelgeschwindigkeit

Optionally or in addition to the shape of the cap 6, shock wave rejection can also be achieved by a clever selection of the material for the cap 6. Every material has an intrinsic shock wave impedance, which is derived as follows: $$\mathrm{I.}=\mathrm{\rho }*\mathrm{Us}$$

$$\mathrm{Us}=\mathrm{c}+\mathrm{up}$$

• p = material density, Us = shock wave speed, c = speed of sound,
• up = particle speed

This results in a shock wave pressure p as follows: $$\mathrm{p}=\mathrm{I.}*\mathrm{up}$$

At material transitions or seams of different materials, there are density jumps and thus also impedance jumps, which leads to partial shock wave transmissions and reflections. By selecting a material with high impedance jumps, the shock wave transmission into the shell 4 can thus optionally or in addition to geometric measures be further reduced.

The cap 6 therefore preferably has a material that differs from the sheath 4. In particular, the cap can be a material with a higher density and have a higher shock wave impedance. For example, the cap 6 can contain copper or a heavy metal for this purpose.

Copper already has a relatively high impedance (density, shock wave impedance I = pUs) and was therefore given here as an example. However, tungsten heavy metal (WSM), for example, has proven to be even more advantageous. On the one hand, tungsten heavy metals have a ^{much higher density than copper (density of 8.9 g / cm 3} ) of up to approx. 18 g / cm ³ . On the other hand, they have another advantage that consists in the fact that tungsten heavy metal is produced by sintering. The sintering process can be used to set material properties that can be adapted to a large extent to the required conditions.

The cap 6 can therefore advantageously be designed in such a way that it breaks when a shock wave that occurs when the precharge 2 detonates is rejected, so that the tip 5 of the sheath 4 is exposed. In this way, an impairment of the penetration performance of a penetrator charge is avoided. This can be adjusted, for example, if the cap 6 contains a sintered material, in particular sintered heavy metal, preferably tungsten heavy metal, which is designed to be so brittle that it is broken down when the shock wave is rejected. In the case of tungsten heavy metal, for example, by setting the sinter matrix proportions, in particular 90-98% tungsten in a matrix containing nickel, iron, etc. and the sintering times, in particular 4-8 hours, the material can be made specifically brittle. Thus, on the one hand, after detonation of the pre-charge 2, a large part of the shock wave caused thereby is rejected and reflected at the pointed cap 6 and then the cap 6 is broken down into small particles. In particular in the case of a main penetrator charge 103, the penetration into a target is thus not influenced.

In addition, composite or alternating material combinations are also possible.

Fig. 8 shows a diagram of the shock wave pressure curve p over the particle speed up for different material compositions.

The shell 4 is assumed to be metal M, for which a metal curve M based on the impedance of metal is drawn. The cap 6 is assumed to be a heavy metal SM, for which a heavy metal curve SM based on the impedance is also shown. Furthermore, a material curve for plastic K is shown for the case of any material combinations.

An air shock wave hitting the material always has the same shock wave pressure and the same particle velocity as the material at the point of impact, so that with each material curve there is a hypothetical or actual point of intersection with the reflected air shock wave L '.

First, a reference shock wave pressure p-reference is drawn in the metal curve M, which represents a direct coupling of the air shock wave into the envelope 4 or its tip 5, as is the case, for example, in FIG Fig. 4 would be the case without cap 6.

In the case of material combinations, the transitions must also be taken into account, which are each marked by a reflection of the material curve into which the shock wave is coupled, marked with an apostrophe, up to an intersection with the material curve of the material following a transition.

1. 1) Eine Kappe aus Schwermetall SM auf einer Spitze aus Metall M
2. 2) Eine Kappe aus Schwermetall (SM) auf einer Spitze aus Metall (M) mit dazwischen angeordneter Kunststoffschicht (K)

As an example, two material combinations are shown in the illustration:

1. 1) A cap made of heavy metal SM on a tip made of metal M
2. 2) A heavy metal cap (SM) on a metal tip (M) with a plastic layer (K) in between

Example 1) can be traced via the impedance jumps with the intersection points a -> b (SM '-> M). This results in a lower pressure p (1) coupled into the metal M at point b compared with the reference pressure p-reference.

The second example 2) with the additional plastic layer K results analogously to A -> B -> C (SM '-> K' -> M) with a pressure p (2) applied to the metal, which in comparison with p ( 1) is even lower. The larger impedance jumps in the material transitions were used, here in particular the transitions A -> B between heavy metal SM and plastic K.

Fig. 9 shows a modification of the embodiment according to FIG Fig. 5 .

A possible configuration for example 2) is shown here only by way of example, in that the inner cap 6A is made of plastic and the outer cap 6B is made of heavy metal.

Fig. 10 shows a schematic representation of a portion of a main charge according to yet another embodiment.

The cap 6 here has a multilayer structure made of materials A, B of different shock wave impedances. For example, the multilayer structure in the material A also contains at least one plastic layer K and in the material B at least one metal layer, in particular a copper or heavy metal layer SM.

In the embodiment shown, the individual layers are each applied in a cone-like manner, starting from the front conical shape 9A of the tip 5. Overall, there is thus a comparison to Figures 5 and 6 same external geometry of the cap 6. However, this is to be understood purely as an example. Of course, a different geometry of the cap 6 could also be implemented with a multilayer structure. In particular, the inner and / or the outer cap 6A, 6B according to FIG Fig. 9 be formed with such a multilayer structure.

Although the present invention has been fully described above on the basis of preferred exemplary embodiments, it is not restricted thereto, but rather can be modified in many different ways.

In particular, the shape of the tip 5 of the sheath 4 and, accordingly, also the shape of the recess 8 of the cap 6 are not restricted to the illustrated embodiments. For example, instead of a conical or bi-conical shape of the tip 5, the invention can also provide a rounded tip 4 and a correspondingly shaped recess 8.

List of reference symbols

1

Tandem cargo

2

Subpoena

3

Main charge

4th

covering

5

top

6th

cap

7th

pointed end

8th

deepening

9A, 9B

cone

10

Missile

100

Penetrator tandem charge

101

Compression element

102

Pre-shaped charge

103

Explosive charge

104

Penetrator sheath

105

Penetrator tip

106

Locking thread

107

Shock waves

108

Ignition system

109

Clasp

110

Shaped charge cone

α, β, γ

angle

AWAY

materials

K

Plastic curve

L '

Reflected air shock wave

M.

Metal curve

p

Shock wave pressure

SM

Heavy metal curve

u, up

Particle velocity

Claims (10)

1. Tandem charge (1) for a missile, comprising:

   a pre-charge (2), in particular a hollow pre-charge;

   a primary charge (3), which has a shell (4) comprising a tip (5) orientated towards the pre-charge (2); and

   a cap (6) , which is placed on the tip (5) and formed to deflect shock waves which occur upon detonation of the pre-charge (2), the cap (6) being of a different material from the shell (4), and the cap (6) having a multilayer construction of materials (A, B) of different shockwave impedance.
2. Tandem charge according to claim 1, wherein the primary charge (3) is formed as a penetrator charge (103) and the shell (4) is provided as a penetrator shell (104) having a tip (5) accordingly formed as a penetrator tip (105).
3. Tandem charge according to claim 2, wherein the tip (5) is formed biconically and the cap (6) covers at least a front cone (9A) of the tip (5), in particular being formed in two parts with an inner and an outer cap (6A, 6B), and covers the front cone (9A) with the inner cap (6A) and the rear cone (9B) and inner cap (6A) with the outer cap (6B).
4. Tandem charge according to any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the cap (6) has a sharp end (7) having a shape tapering at an angle (β) more acute than an angle (α) of the tip (5).
5. Tandem charge according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the cap (6) has a different material, having a higher density and a higher shockwave impedance, from the shell (4).
6. Tandem charge according to claim 5, wherein the cap (6) contains a heavy metal.
7. Tandem charge according to claim 1, wherein the multilayer construction contains at least one plastics material layer (K) and at least one metal layer (SM), in particular a copper or heavy metal layer.
8. Tandem charge (1) for a missile, comprising:

   a pre-charge (2), in particular a hollow pre-charge;

   a primary charge (3), which has a shell (4) comprising a tip (5) orientated towards the pre-charge (2); and

   a cap (6) , which is placed on the tip (5) and formed to deflect shock waves which occur upon detonation of the pre-charge (2), the cap (6) being of a different material from the shell (4), and the cap (6) being configured in such a way that it breaks apart upon deflection of a shockwave which occurs upon detonation of the pre-charge (2), in such a way that the tip (5) of the shell (4) is exposed.
9. Tandem charge according to claim 8, wherein the cap (6) has a different material, having a higher density and a higher shockwave impedance, from the shell (4).
10. Tandem charge according to claim 8, wherein the cap (6) contains a sintered material, in particular sintered heavy metal, preferably tungsten heavy metal, which is configured brittle in such a way that it is broken apart upon a load which occurs upon deflection of the shockwave.

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