DE102018006741B4 - Tandem charge for a missile - Google Patents

Abstract

Tandem charge (1) for a missile, with: a pre-charge (2), in particular pre-shaped charge; anda main charge (3) which has a casing (4) and an explosive charge (11) accommodated within the casing;wherein the casing (4) has an initiating element (12; 13; 14; 16) on an inside which is used to reinforce the Transmission of detonation of the summons (2) resulting in the shell (4) coupled shock waves in the explosive charge (11) is formed.

Description

The present invention relates to a tandem charge for a missile.

So-called tandem charges contain a subpoena and a main charge, which is used to combat hard target structures such as bunkers or the like. The preliminary charge, which is usually provided as a preliminary hollow charge, first creates a deep crater in the target material, into which the main charge penetrates. This “pre-drilling” using the pre-shaped charge significantly increases the effective power of the main charge on the one hand and reduces the risk of the target slipping off the target at oblique impact angles (“ricochet” effect) on the other. Such a pre-shaped charge is designed to be correspondingly large.

the DE 36 03 610 C1 describes a tandem shaped charge. A fixed protective hood made of steel is proposed here between a pre-shaped charge and a main shaped charge, which completely surrounds the main shaped charge and thus provides free space for the formation of spikes on the one hand and protection against vapors and fragments as well as the shock wave in the event of detonation of the pre-shaped charge on the other.

Furthermore describes the DE 42 23 143 A1 a tandem shaped charge with an explosive charge glued into the main shaped charge. the DE 32 27 766 C2 describes a warhead with a piezoelectric fuse that can be triggered by shock waves introduced via a ballistic hood. the DE 38 30 347 A1 describes a warhead with a shaped charge, which is formed by a projectile-forming liner representing the shaped charge cone and a layer arranged in front of it with a low sound impedance (lower than that of the liner). the U.S. 4,063,512A describes a tandem charge with a buffer on the inside of a main charge envelope to isolate the explosive contents from the impact effect. Another tandem load is in the U.S. 5,003,883A describe. Other charges that are not designed as a tandem charge are in the U.S. 3,013,495A , U.S. 8,978,560 B1 and U.S. 2,425,418 A described.

Against this background, the object of the present invention is to provide an improved tandem charge.

According to the invention, this object is achieved by a tandem charge for a missile having the features of patent claim 1.

Accordingly, a tandem charge for a missile is provided. The tandem charge includes a subpoena, in particular a pre-shaped charge, and a main charge, which has a shell and an explosive charge accommodated within the shell. On the inside, the casing has an introduction element which is designed to increase the transmission into the explosive charge of shock waves that occur when the summons is detonated and that are coupled into the casing.

The finding on which the invention is based is that modern explosive charges have very high initiation thresholds, which are far above the shock wave amplitudes.

The idea on which the present invention is based consists in introducing or dissipating a shock wave coupled into the casing in a targeted manner into the explosive charge and thus removing it from the casing. This is achieved by means of the introduction element, which ensures high transmission of the shock cell into the explosive charge. Thus, according to the invention, the transmission amplitude is increased.

In this way, transmission of the shock wave within the envelope is effectively reduced. A load on components of the main charge coupled to the casing, in particular a safety device and/or an ignition system usually arranged on a rear side, as well as mechanical components such as threads and the like, is thus greatly reduced.

According to the invention, therefore, the shock wave is increasingly coupled into the explosive charge and propagates there. Through this shock wave transmission into the explosive charge, the shock wave splits up and thereby usefully loses energy. Furthermore, the explosive charge has a certain amount of damping, which is why back-transmission into the shell is negligible. The energy remaining in the shell is thus significantly weakened overall.

The main charge can have a wide variety of configurations. In particular, the present invention is applicable to penetrator main charges having a penetrator shell.

Advantageous refinements and developments result from the further dependent claims and from the description with reference to the figures.

According to one embodiment, the sheath has a tip aligned with the subpoena and the initiation element is arranged in the region of the tip. Because at the top the biggest Part of the shock wave is coupled in, the greatest effect can be achieved here by means of the introduction element.

According to one embodiment, the shell is designed to ensure flush contact between the shell and the explosive charge for transmission of the shock waves from the shell into the explosive charge. Alternatively or additionally, the explosive charge is designed to ensure flush contact between the shell and the explosive charge for transmission of the shock waves from the shell into the explosive charge. Such a design is provided in particular in the area of the introduction element. This is used for transmission, because transmission from the shell into the explosive charge is only effectively possible if there is such a flush contact between the explosive charge and the shell. Without such contact, for example in the case of an air gap between the explosive charge and the case, the shock wave can no longer penetrate the explosive charge and remains trapped in the case (so-called "shock wave trapping"). The design of the casing and/or explosive charge according to the invention avoids “shock wave trapping”, thus ensuring effective transmission of the shock wave into the explosive charge. This leads to an increase in the shock wave susceptibility of the explosive charge.

According to one embodiment, the shell has a local compensation cavity, which is designed and arranged in such a way that any undesired gas inside the shell, in particular air, can be pressed into the compensation cavity by a compression element of the main charge. Alternatively or additionally, the explosive charge can also have such a compensating cavity. In this way, the formation of an air gap or air cushion can be effectively avoided, especially in the event that the compression element is no longer able to press the air out of the casing. Thus, despite the presence of gases or air, the undesired gap and thus a loss of contact between the casing and the explosive charge is avoided.

According to one embodiment, the compensating cavity is designed as a local recess of the introduction element provided in the area of the tip. Alternatively or additionally, the compensating cavity can be designed as a local recess in the explosive charge provided in the area of the tip. Due to the shape of the explosive charge, which generally tapers towards the tip, a gas will mostly collect in the area of the tip due to the pressure of the compression element. Thus, the arrangement of the local recess in the area of the tip effectively avoids gas accumulation.

According to a development, the recess is designed as a blind hole or as a groove. In particular, it can be a blind hole or groove that widens into the material, with an opening to the contact surface between the explosive charge and the casing being smaller than a diameter or a bulge of the recess in the material of the initiation element or the explosive charge.

According to one embodiment, the explosive charge has a vent leading from the introduction element. As an alternative or in addition, the sleeve can have a vent leading out from the introduction element. The ventilation is in particular a ventilation groove or a ventilation channel. The ventilation groove can be provided, for example, on the surface of the interface between the explosive charge and the casing. A ventilation duct can be routed through the material of the explosive charge or the casing, for example. The ventilation is designed and arranged in such a way that any undesired gas, in particular air, located inside the envelope can be pressed out of the envelope by a pressure applied with a compression element of the main charge. For this purpose, the ventilation preferably extends from the introduction element in the area of the tip to the rear of the main charge. In this way, the formation of an air gap or air cushion can be effectively avoided.

According to one development, the main charge has a deflagrative ignition system, with the venting being integrated into the deflagrative ignition system. A deflagration is to be understood as meaning a rapid combustion process or a greatly weakened “detonation”, in particular weakened by around one order of magnitude. Such ignition systems range in particular from a tail of a main charge to the area of a tip of the explosive charge. In particular, such ignition systems run symmetrically in the center of the explosive charge. The ventilation, in particular a ventilation channel, can thus be routed from the area of the tip of the explosive charge or the area of the initiation element in the ignition system to the rear of the main charge and thus out of the casing. Advantageously, deflagrative ignition systems can thus be used in a simple manner for an additional function to ensure that shock wave trapping is avoided, by integrating a ventilation channel therein. According to one embodiment, the introduction element has an inner side facing the explosive charge with a blunt geometry in the area of the tip. In particular, it is a flattened geo metry. The angle at which a shock wave is transmitted from the shell to the explosive charge has a major impact on the amplitude of the coupled shock wave. A blunt or flattened design of the explosive charge in the area of the tip thus greatly increases the transmitted amplitude or transmission amplitude and thus increases the shock wave susceptibility of the explosive charge in a targeted manner. In this way, the proportion of shock wave energy that remains in the envelope is reduced. The other components of the main charge, in particular in the rear area of a penetrator main charge, are thus advantageously spared.

According to one embodiment, the introduction element is formed integrally with the shell. The introduction element, in particular with its geometry which is flattened on the inside of the sleeve in the area of the tip, is provided directly in the material of the sleeve. In this way, no additional components are advantageously necessary.

According to a further embodiment, the introduction element is designed as an insert arranged between the casing and the explosive charge. The insert is preferably designed to fit the inner shape of the shell so that it complements the shell seamlessly and without any gaps. In this way, the introduction element can advantageously also be retrofitted for existing cases. Furthermore, the properties of the introduction element, in particular a material of the introduction element, can thus be freely adjusted.

According to a further development, the insert has a different material from the shell, in particular with a lower density and a lower shock wave impedance. Different materials usually have different shock wave impedances. This is especially true for materials with different densities, since the shock wave impedance depends significantly on the density of a material, among other things. At material transitions, seams or the like, at which there is a density jump in the case of different materials, there are also impedance jumps. Such jumps in impedance lead to partial transmission and partial reflection of a shock wave. A correspondingly skilful selection of material for the insert with the lowest possible impedance difference compared to the shell and the explosive charge, in particular with a lower density and shock wave impedance than the shell, and preferably also a higher density and shock wave impedance than the explosive charge, can therefore reduce the shock wave transmission into the explosive charge additionally promote. This also leads to an increase in the shock wave susceptibility of the explosive charge.

According to a development, the insert is designed as a plastic element, in particular as a plastic cap that can be inserted into the shell. Such a plastic advantageously has a correspondingly low density and impedance difference to the shell and is therefore particularly suitable.

According to one embodiment, the explosive charge has an initiation threshold that is at least one order of magnitude higher than the shock wave amplitude of the shock waves that are coupled into the envelope and that occur when the summons is detonated. The difference is preferably at least a power of ten. In particular, typical orders of magnitude of shock wave amplitudes are in the range of 1 kbar, with initiation thresholds of possible explosive charges being in the range of significantly more than 10 kbar.

According to one embodiment, the explosive charge is designed as a plastic-bound explosive charge. Such explosive charges advantageously have very high initiation thresholds, in particular in the range from 10 to 100 kbar or several tens of kbar.

According to one embodiment, a cap placed on the tip of the casing is provided, which is designed to deflect shock waves generated when the subpoena detonates. In this way, the properties of the tip can be freely modified without having to take account of the boundary conditions that apply to the design of the tip. In particular, a shape or geometry and a choice of material for the cap can thus be selected in an optimized manner for shock deflection. In this way, coupling of the shock wave into the envelope is effectively reduced, so that from the outset only a weakened shock wave couples into the envelope. Advantageously, the cap takes up little space and does not require any change in the main charge itself. The main charge is thus advantageously not subject to any restrictions on the performance side and in terms of functionality.

According to a development, the main charge is designed as a penetrator charge and the shell is provided as a penetrator shell with a tip shaped accordingly as a penetrator tip. Since the penetration performance of a penetrator essentially depends on the shape of the penetrator tip, this can generally not be subjected to any geometric changes to deflect shocks. This can be counteracted with the cap, in that the penetrator tip remains unchanged and the cap nevertheless enables optimized shock deflection when the subpoena detonates. This ensures that the shock wave can only reach the envelope to a greatly reduced extent.

According to one embodiment, the cap has a pointed end with a shape that tapers at a more acute angle compared to an angle of the tip. In this way, a significantly smaller part of an incident shock wave, in particular corresponding to the product of the incident shock wave with the sine of the impact angle, is transmitted into the envelope than with a more obtuse angle, the sine of which would be significantly larger. The rest of the shock wave that is not transmitted into the shell then slides along the cap or the shell without transmission.

According to one embodiment, the cap has a different material than the shell. Different materials usually have different shock wave impedances. This is especially true for materials with different densities, since the shock wave impedance depends significantly on the density of a material, among other things. At material transitions, seams or the like, at which there is a density jump in the case of different materials, there are also impedance jumps. Such jumps in impedance lead to partial transmission and partial reflection of the shock wave. A suitably skilful choice of material for the cap with the greatest possible impedance difference of the cap compared to the shell, in particular with a higher density and shock wave impedance than the tip, can therefore additionally reduce the shock wave transmission into the shell.

According to an advantageous embodiment, the cap contains a heavy metal. In particular, it can be a tungsten heavy metal. In this way, a high density and thus a shock wave impedance that is high in comparison to the generally metallic shell is provided, which advantageously creates an impedance jump at the material transition and thus contributes to reducing the transmission of a shock wave into the shell.

In one embodiment, the cap is designed to rupture upon deflection of a shock wave produced upon detonation of the subpoena, exposing the tip of the sheath. This can be realized, for example, by using a brittle material and/or one or more predetermined breaking points of the material. Thus, after deflecting the shock wave, the tip of the sheath is released. In the case of a penetrator shell in particular, this is particularly advantageous, since the penetration performance, which per se is greatly increased by means of the subpoena, is therefore not impaired by the cap.

According to a development, the cap contains a sintered material, in particular sintered heavy metal. This is preferably tungsten heavy metal, which is designed to be so brittle that it is broken up when a load occurs when the shock wave is deflected. In this regard, the material properties can be adjusted in the sintering process. For example, in the case of tungsten heavy metal, the material can be made brittle in a targeted manner by adjusting the sintering matrix proportions and sintering durations. For this purpose, for example, the proportions of the tungsten material can be more than 90%, in particular in a range from 90% to 98%, and only the remainder can be provided as a matrix, for example containing nickel and/or iron. For example, suitable sintering times may range from 4 to 8 hours. Depending on the process conditions, such as pressure and temperature, deviations are of course possible.

The above configurations and developments can be combined with one another as desired, insofar as this makes sense. Further possible configurations, developments and implementations of the invention also include combinations of features of the invention described above or below with regard to the exemplary embodiments that are not explicitly mentioned. In particular, the person skilled in the art will also add individual aspects as improvements or additions to the respective basic form of the present invention.

• 1 eine schematische Darstellung einer erfindungsgemäßen Tandemladung;
• 2 eine beispielhafte Penetrator-Tandem-Ladung;
• 3 eine schematische Darstellung der Transmission von Schockwellen in die Hülle bei Detonation der Vorhohlladung;
• 4 eine schematische Darstellung einer Hauptladung gemäß einer Ausführungsform;
• 5 eine schematische Darstellung einer Hauptladung gemäß einer weiteren Ausführungsform;
• 6 eine schematische Darstellung einer Hauptladung gemäß einer noch weiteren Ausführungsform;
• 7 eine schematische Darstellung einer Hauptladung gemäß einer weiteren Ausführungsform;
• 8 eine schematische Darstellung einer Hauptladung gemäß einer weiteren Ausführungsform;
• 9 eine schematische Darstellung einer Hauptladung mit Kappe;
• 10 eine Detaildarstellung von durch die Kappe gemäß 9 erzielten geometrischen Maßnahmen zur Schockabweisung;
• 11 eine schematische Darstellung einer Hauptladung mit Kappe gemäß einer weiteren Ausführungsform; und
• 12 ein Diagramm des Schockwellendruckverlaufs über der Partikelgeschwindigkeit für unterschiedliche Werkstoffe.

The present invention is explained in more detail below with reference to the exemplary embodiments given in the schematic figures. They show:

• 1 a schematic representation of a tandem charge according to the invention;
• 2 an exemplary penetrator tandem charge;
• 3 a schematic representation of the transmission of shock waves into the shell upon detonation of the pre-shaped charge;
• 4 a schematic representation of a main charge according to an embodiment;
• 5 a schematic representation of a main charge according to a further embodiment;
• 6 a schematic representation of a main charge according to yet another embodiment;
• 7 a schematic representation of a main charge according to a further embodiment;
• 8th a schematic representation of a main charge according to a further embodiment;
• 9 a schematic representation of a main charge with cap;
• 10 a detail view of through the cap according to 9 achieved geometric shock rejection measures;
• 11 a schematic representation of a main charge with a cap according to a further embodiment; and
• 12 a diagram of the shock wave pressure curve over the particle speed for different materials.

The accompanying figures are intended to provide a further understanding of embodiments of the invention. They illustrate embodiments and, together with the description, serve to explain principles and concepts of the invention. Other embodiments and many of the foregoing advantages will become apparent by reference to the drawings. The elements of the drawings are not necessarily shown to scale with respect to one another.

In the figures of the drawing, elements, features and components that are the same, have the same function and have the same effect--unless stated otherwise--are each provided with the same reference symbols.

1 shows a schematic representation of a tandem charge according to the invention 1.

It is a tandem charge 1 for a missile 10. A missile 10 is only symbolically shown in sections here and can be implemented in a variety of ways. For example, it can be a guided missile of the most varied type.

The tandem charge 1 has a precharge 2 and a main charge 3. The subpoena 2 shown only schematically is in particular a pre-charge, although other types of subpoena are also conceivable. The main charge 3 shown only partially and schematically can be a penetrator main charge, for example, although other types of main charge, for example a main hollow charge, are also conceivable.

The main charge 3 has a shell 4 and an explosive charge 11 accommodated within the shell. The casing 4 has on an inner side an introduction element 12 which is designed to reinforce the introduction of shock waves, which occur when the subpoena 2 detonates and are coupled into the casing 4 , into the explosive charge 11 .

An initiation threshold of the explosive charge 11 is intended to be very much higher than a possible amplitude of a shock wave triggered by the subpoena. The explosive charge 11 preferably has an initiation threshold that is at least one order of magnitude higher than the shock wave amplitude of the shock waves that are coupled into the envelope 4 when the summons 2 detonates. In particular, the initiation threshold is more than a power of ten above the shock wave amplitude.

For example, typical shock wave amplitudes are in the order of 1 kbar. In contrast, typical initiation thresholds of modern plastic-bound explosive charges are several 10 kbar. An increased introduction of a shock wave by means of the introduction element 12 into the explosive charge 11 is therefore not critical for the explosive charge 11 and advantageously relieves the shell 4 and the further components of the main charge connected thereto.

2 shows an example penetrator tandem charge 100.

Purely by way of example, the mechanism of action of shock waves upon detonation of a subpoena 2 is explained on the basis of this tandem penetrator charge 100 . The main charge 103 is designed here as a penetrator charge and the preliminary charge 102 as a hollow charge.

A penetrator tip 105 faces the subpoena 102 . It is comparatively blunt, as this is necessary for optimal penetration. A penetrator sleeve 104 extends from the tip to a rear closure thread 106, in which a closure 109 with a safety device SE and an ignition system ZS are installed. A compression element 101 for compressing the explosive charge 111 is also provided between the closure 109 and the explosive charge 111 of the penetrator charge 103 .

The subpoena 102 in this example is designed in a conventional manner as a preshaped charge with a shaped charge cone 110 and explosives 112 arranged behind it, as well as an ignition system 108, as is known per se to the person skilled in the art and does not require any further explanation.

3 shows a schematic representation of the transmission of shock waves 107 into the envelope 104 upon detonation of the subpoena 102.

As a side effect, the detonation of the subpoena 102 couples shock waves 107 into the penetrator shell 104 via the air. The nose shape of the shell 4, which includes the tip 5, greatly affects the shock wave transmission into the shell material. The more acute the shape of the nose is, ie the more acute the angle of the tip 5 tapers, the lower the shock wave amplitudes reach the casing material. However, the nose shape also significantly influences the penetration ability of a penetrator main charge 103, so that the shape of the tip 5 can hardly be changed, at least for penetrator main charges.

The comparatively blunt shape of the tip thus results in an increased coupling of shock waves 107 into the shell 104. These shock waves 107 travel further to the rear in the penetrator shell 104, are reflected there and hit the thread 106 and the closure 109 or the security device SE and the ignition system ZS.

A certain proportion of the shock waves 107 is transmitted further into the explosive charge 111 by the shell. The amount of this proportion depends on several factors, in particular on whether there is continuous flush contact between the explosive charge 111 and the casing 104 and also decisively on the geometry at the interface between the casing 104 and the explosive charge 111, in particular in the area of the tip 105 Furthermore, the transmittance also depends on the impedance difference present at the interface, i.e. on the difference in shock wave impedance of the materials of the shell 104 and the explosive charge 111.

The shock waves 107′ transported into the explosive charge 111 are distributed over the comparatively large volume of the explosive charge 111 and are also damped therein. This results in a slower propagation of the shock waves 107' in the explosive charge 111.

4 shows a schematic representation of a main charge 3 according to an embodiment.

It is a penetrator main charge, which is essentially as in relation to 2 described is formed. Accordingly, the main charge 3 has an envelope 4 with a tip 5 aligned with the subpoena 2 . Furthermore, an introduction element 13 is provided in this embodiment.

The introduction element 13 is here formed integrally, that is to say in one piece, with the casing 4 . It is arranged in the area of the tip 5 on an inner side of the casing 4 facing the explosive charge 11 and has a geometry that is bluntly flattened in the area of the tip. The flattened shape of the geometry can be seen from the conventional geometry shown in dashed lines.

Conventionally, in the longitudinal section shown here, the sleeve 4 is parabolic on the inside in the area of the tip 5 and accordingly has a high curvature in a central area. With the flattened shape of the introduction element 13, on the other hand, this central area is flattened and therefore has no or only a minimal curvature. In this way it is achieved that an angle of arrival of the shock waves transmitted via the shell 4 in the area of the tip is very much more favorable for introduction into the explosive charge 11 . In this way, the portion of the shock waves transmitted into the explosive charge 11 is advantageously increased.

5 shows a schematic representation of a main charge 3 according to a further embodiment.

This embodiment differs from 4 in that an additional introduction element 14 is provided here, which is designed as an insert arranged between the actual casing 4 and the explosive charge 11 . In particular, it is a cap inserted into the shell.

Like in the 5 as can be seen, the insert 14 is fully conformed to the internal shape of the shell 4 and alters the original geometry on the inside of the shell 4 in a manner which results in a more blunt shape. In this way, a curvature in the center is greatly reduced here.

In the illustrated embodiment, the curvature of the inside around the center is kept substantially constant in the area of the insert. However, other types of blunt geometries would also be possible in further embodiments. In particular, the insert 14 could also be in the manner of an insert element 13 according to 4 be flattened.

$$\text{Us}=\text{c}+\text{up}$$

ρ = Materialdichte, Us = Schockwellengeschwindigkeit, c = Schallgeschwindigkeit,
up = PartikelgeschwindigkeitThe insert 14 is preferably made of a material that is different from the shell 4 . Every material has an intrinsic shock wave impedance, which is derived as follows: $$\text{I}=\mathrm{\rho }*\text{us}$$

$$\text{us}=\text{c}+\text{up}$$

ρ = material density, Us = shock wave velocity, c = speed of sound,
up = particle speed

This results in a shock wave pressure p of: $$\text{p}=\text{I}*\text{up}$$

At material transitions or seams of different materials, there are jumps in density and thus also jumps in impedance, which leads to partial shock wave transmissions and reflections. By selecting a material for the insert with a low impedance difference to the shell 4, the shock wave transmission into the explosive charge 11 can thus be further increased optionally or in addition to geometric measures.

Preferably, therefore, the insert 14 comprises a material with a lower density and a lower shock wave impedance than the shell 4 . In this way, the proportion of a shock wave coupled into the explosive charge 11 can be further increased.

The shell 4 of a main charge, in particular a penetrator main charge, is generally made of a metal. For example, the insert 14 can therefore be designed as a plastic element, in particular as a plastic cap.

6 shows a schematic representation of a main charge 3 according to yet another embodiment.

According to this embodiment, the shell 4 is designed in a special way to ensure flush contact between the shell 4 and the explosive charge 11 for transmission of the shock waves from the shell 4 into the explosive charge 11 .

For this purpose, the casing 4 interacts with a compression element 17 due to its special design. The compression element 17 is prestressed via a thread 18 and a closure 19 of the casing 4 so that the explosive charge 11 is pressed into the casing 4 in order to avoid a gap between the explosive charge 11 and the casing 4 . The prestress serves in particular to compensate for any shrinkage of the explosive charge 11 caused by aging.

In the event that a gas, for example air, enters the shell 4, the introduction element 16 of the shell 4 according to this embodiment has a local compensating cavity 15 for accommodating such a gas. The compensation cavity 15 is designed and arranged in such a way that any gas that is undesirably located within the envelope 4 is pressed into the compensation cavity 15 by the compression element 17 of the main charge 3 .

Due to the pretension applied to the explosive charge 11 with the compression element 17, any gas will usually collect in the area of the tip 5 within the envelope. The compensating cavity 15 is therefore designed as a local recess of the introduction element 16 provided in the area of the tip 5 , here for example in the form of a blind hole drilled into the casing 4 .

In further embodiments, it would also be conceivable to provide other types of local recesses as compensation cavity 15, in particular grooves or the like. It would also be conceivable to provide a local recess with a smaller opening diameter and a larger bulge in the material of the shell 4 in order to keep an influence on the explosive charge 11 or an interface between the shell 4 and the explosive charge 11 as small as possible.

7 shows a schematic representation of a main charge 3 according to a further embodiment.

According to this embodiment, the explosive charge 11 is designed to ensure flush contact between the shell 4 and the explosive charge 11 for the transmission of the shock waves from the shell 4 into the explosive charge 11 . Correspondingly, a compensating cavity 15 is provided in the explosive charge 11 here. This is provided here in the form of a plurality of local recesses in the explosive charge 11 which, in the embodiment shown, are designed, for example, as grooves introduced on the surface of the explosive charge 11 .

Of course, other configurations of compensating cavities 15 are also conceivable here in further embodiments, in particular in the form of channels, slots or recesses with a smaller opening diameter and a larger belly, blind holes or the like in the explosive charge 11 located in the material of the explosive charge 11.

8th shows a schematic representation of a main charge according to a further embodiment.

This embodiment differs from 6 and 7 in that a vent 20 is provided here instead of the compensation cavity. The ventilation 20 runs here, for example, as a ventilation channel within the explosive charge 11, starting from the introduction element 16 to the rear of the main charge 3 and ensures that any gas that is undesirably located within the casing 4, in particular air, can be pressed out of the casing 4 by a pressure applied by the compression element 17 of the main charge 3.

In the embodiment shown, the ventilation channel is integrated into a so-called deflagrative ignition system, which is provided for igniting the main charge 3 . Deflagrative ignition systems are known per se to those skilled in the art and offer the possibility of switching between classic ignition with detonation or deflagration.

The deflagrative ignition system 21 runs here from a rear of the main charge located behind the compression element to a tip of the explosive charge 11 and thus to the introduction element 16 of the envelope 4. In this course, the ventilation 20 is now an integrated channel or as a kind trachea formed.

9 shows a schematic representation of a main charge 3 with cap 6.

This embodiment of a main charge is based on the embodiment shown in FIG 4 . In addition, a cap 6 is placed on the tip 5 of the shell 4, which is designed to deflect shock waves produced when the subpoena 2 detonates.

The conflicting objectives of the nose shape of the main charge 3 in the case of a penetrator main charge can be resolved with the cap 6 . The cap 6 enables additional measures for shock wave damping, which can include both geometric measures and measures in the combination of materials.

For this purpose, the cap has a pointed end 7 and a recess 8 shaped to correspond to the tip 5 . It preferably contains a material with a high density, in particular a significantly higher density than the shell, for example a heavy metal.

10 shows a detail view of through the cap according to FIG 9 achieved geometric measures for shock rejection.

At the pointed end 7 , the cap 6 has a shape that tapers at a more acute angle β compared to an angle α of the tip 5 of the sleeve 4 . Due to the shock waves S0 striking the tip 5 at an angle, only part of the incident shock wave S0 is transmitted into the envelope 4 . The transmitted portion corresponds to the sine of the angle of incidence. While with the original blunt tip 5 a comparatively high proportion Sα=S0*sinα is transmitted through the cover 4, this proportion is significantly reduced to Sβ=S0*sinβ due to the more acute angle β (and smaller sinβ) with the cap 6. The remainder SR (SR = S0 - Sβ), which accounts for the main part of the original shock wave S0, now slides off the more pointed geometry. The smaller/more acute outer cap angle β is therefore beneficial for deflecting shock waves.

On the other side of the cap 6, this has a depression 8, which is designed to taper conically in accordance with the shape of the tip 5. The pointed end 7 of the cap 6 runs at an angle β that is more acute than the depression 8 .

An example is in 9 and 10a bi-conical tip 5 of the sheath 4 outlined, with the cap 6 covering only the first anterior cone 9A and leaving the second posterior cone 9B free. In further embodiments, however, other shapes of the tip 5 and the cap 6 are also conceivable, with the cap 6 always producing a more acute angle.

As an option or in addition to the shape of the cap 6, a shock wave deflection can also be achieved by skillfully selecting the material of the cap 6. By selecting a material with high impedance jumps, the shock wave transmission into the shell 4 can thus be further reduced, optionally or in addition to geometric measures. The cap 6 is therefore preferably made of a material that is different from the shell 4 . In particular, the cap can have a material with a significantly higher density and a higher shock wave impedance. For example, the cap 6 can contain copper or a heavy metal.

Copper already has a relatively high impedance (density, shock wave impedance I = pUs) and is therefore given here as an example. However, tungsten heavy metal (WSM), for example, proves to be even more advantageous. On the one hand, tungsten heavy metals have much higher densities of up to approx. 18 g/cm ³ than copper (density of 8.9 g/cm ³ ). On the other hand, they have another advantage, which is that tungsten heavy metal is produced by sintering. Material properties can be adjusted through the sintering process, which can be adapted to a large extent to the required conditions.

The cap 6 can therefore advantageously be designed in such a way that it breaks when a shock wave produced when the subpoena 2 is detonated is rejected, so that the tip 5 of the casing 4 is exposed. In this way, an impairment penetrating power of a Penetrator charge. This can be set, for example, if the cap 6 contains a sintered material, in particular sintered heavy metal, preferably tungsten heavy metal, which is designed to be so brittle that it is broken up when a load occurs when the shock wave is deflected. In the case of tungsten heavy metal, for example, the material can be made brittle in a targeted manner by adjusting the sintering matrix proportions, in particular 90-98% tungsten in a matrix containing nickel, iron, etc. and the sintering durations, in particular 4-8 hours. Thus, on the one hand, after the detonation of the subpoena 2, a large part of the shock wave caused thereby is rejected and reflected at the pointed cap 6, and the cap 6 is then broken up into small particles. Particularly in the case of a penetrator main charge 103, penetration into a target is therefore not affected.

In addition, composite or alternating combinations of materials for the cap 6 are also possible.

11 shows a schematic representation of a main charge 3 with a cap 6 according to a further embodiment.

This embodiment is based on a main charge 3 according to 6 . For the rest, it is in the same way as in relation to 9 and 10 described provided with a cap 6. The embodiment shown here thus differs from 9 through the insert 14 inserted between the explosive charge 11 and the actual casing 4.

In addition to those already related to 6 In addition to the advantages described with regard to the geometry, the choice of material for the insert 14 can also contribute to an increased transmission of shock waves into the explosive charge 11 . To this end, the shock wave impedance of the insert 14 is preferably between that of the casing 4 and the explosive charge 11, as in relation to FIG 12 explained in more detail.

12 shows a diagram of the shock wave pressure curve over the particle speed for different material combinations.

The shell 4 is assumed to be metal M, for which a metal curve M based on the impedance of metal is drawn. The cap 6 is assumed to be heavy metal SM, for which a heavy metal curve SM based on the impedance is also drawn in. A material curve for plastic K for the insert 14 and a material curve PBX for a plastic-bound explosive of the explosive charge 11 are also shown.

An air shock wave L hitting the material always has the same shock wave pressure and the same particle velocity as the material at the point of impact, so that there is a hypothetical or actual intersection with the reflected air shock wave L' with every material curve. The actual point of intersection a or A with the heavy metal SM forms the starting point for the analysis shown in the diagram.

In the case of material combinations, the transitions must also be taken into account, which are each represented by a reflection of the material curve marked with an apostrophe (') into which the shock wave couples, up to an intersection with the material curve of the material following a transition. As explained below, there are significant differences in transmission due to the use of plastic.

• 1) Eine Kappe aus Schwermetall SM auf einer Spitze einer Hülle aus Metall M, die in direktem Kontakt mit einer kunststoffgebundenen Sprengladung PBX steht; und
• 2) Eine Kappe aus Schwermetall (SM) auf einer Spitze einer Hülle aus Metall (M) mit einem zwischen Hülle und Sprengladung angeordneten Einsatz aus Kunststoff (K), der in Kontakt mit einer kunststoffgebundenen Sprengladung (PBX) steht.

Two material combinations are shown in the figure as an example:

• 1) A heavy metal SM cap on a tip of a metal M shell in direct contact with a plastic-bound explosive charge PBX; and
• 2) A heavy metal (SM) cap on a metal (M) case tip with a plastic (K) insert placed between the case and the explosive charge in contact with a plastic bonded explosive (PBX) charge.

Example 1) can be traced using the impedance jumps with the intersection points a → b → c (SM' → M' → PBX). At point c, this results in a low pressure p(1) coupled into the explosive charge PBX.

The second example 2) with the additional insert made of plastic K results analogously to A → B → C → D (SM' → M' → K' → PBX) with a pressure p(2) applied to the explosive charge PBX, which in compared to p(1) is higher. The impedance jumps at the material transitions B → C and C → D, which are smaller than b->c, were used or the plastic of the insert is selected in such a way that the shock wave impedance lies between that of the shell 4 or its metal M and the explosive charge 11 or its explosive PBX.

Material selection of the other components can also be adjusted in this regard. For example, it is also conceivable to design the explosive charge 11 accordingly in order to keep an impedance difference to the envelope 4 or to a possible insert 14 as small as possible. In particular, the selection and nature of a plastic binder of a plastic-bound explosive PBX of the explosive charge 11 could influence, in particular increase, the shock wave impedance in this regard.

Although the present invention has been fully described above on the basis of preferred exemplary embodiments, it is not restricted to them, but rather can be modified in a variety of ways.

In particular, the measures presented in the individual exemplary embodiments can also be combined with one another. For example, according to 6 and 7 provided recesses are combined with each other. Furthermore, instead of being in the shell 4 or in the explosive charge 11, the recesses could also be in the insert 14 according to the embodiment 5 be provided.

In addition, each of the embodiments according to 1 until 8th can be combined with the cap 6, in particular also according to the embodiments 6 and 7 .

Furthermore, the shape of the tip 5 of the sleeve 4 and accordingly also the shape of the recess 8 of the cap 6 is not limited to the illustrated embodiments. For example, instead of a cone shape or bi-cone shape of the tip 5, the invention can also provide a rounded tip 4 and a correspondingly shaped recess 8.

Reference List

1

tandem load

2

subpoena

3

main charge

4

Covering

5

Top

6

cap

7

pointed end

8th

deepening

9

cone

10

missile

11

explosive charge

12

introductory element

13

introductory element

14

introductory element

15

compensating cavity

16

introductory element

17

compression element

18

thread

19

closure

20

ventilation

21

deflagrative ignition system

100

Penetrator tandem charge

101

compression element

102

subpoena

103

main charge

104

penetrator shell

105

penetrator tip

106

locking thread

107

shock waves

107'

transmitted shock waves

108

ignition system

109

closure

110

shaped charge cone

111

explosive charge

112

explosive

α, β

angle

K

plastic curve

K'

Reflected plastic curve

L'

Reflected air shockwave

M

metal curve

M'

Reflected metal curve

p

shock wave pressure

PBX

explosive charge curve

SM

heavy metal curve

SM'

Reflected heavy metal curve

and

particle speed

Claims (15)

Tandem charge (1) for a missile, with: a pre-charge (2), in particular pre-shaped charge; and a main charge (3) having an envelope (4) and an explosive charge (11) housed within the envelope; wherein the cover (4) on an inside a Einlei processing element (12; 13; 14; 16) which is designed to increase the transmission of shock waves generated in the shell (4) and coupled into the explosive charge (11) when the subpoena (2) detonates. tandem charge after claim 1 wherein the sheath has a tip (5) aligned with the subpoena (2) and the introduction element (12; 13; 14; 16) is arranged in the region of the tip (5). tandem charge after claim 1 or 2 , The shell (4) and the explosive charge (11), in particular in the region of the introduction element (12; 13; 14; 16), are formed, a flush contact between the shell (4) and the explosive charge (11) for the transmission of To ensure shock waves from the shell (4) in the explosive charge (11). tandem charge after claim 3 , wherein the casing (4) and/or the explosive charge (11) has a local compensating cavity (15) which is designed and arranged in such a way that any gas, in particular air, that is undesirably inside the casing (4) can be forced through a compression element ( 17) of the main charge (3) can be pressed into the compensation cavity (15). tandem charge after claim 4 , wherein the compensating cavity (15) is designed as a local recess in the introduction element (16) and/or the explosive charge (11) provided in the region of the tip (5). tandem charge after claim 5 , wherein the recess is designed as a blind hole or as a groove. tandem charge after claim 3 , wherein the casing (4) and/or the explosive charge (11) has a ventilation (20) extending from the introduction element, in particular a ventilation groove or a ventilation channel, which is designed and arranged in such a way that any unwanted things can get inside the casing (4 ) contained gas, in particular air, can be pressed out of the envelope (4) by means of a pressure applied with a compression element (17) of the main charge (3). tandem charge after claim 7 , The main charge (3) having a deflagrative ignition system (21) and the ventilation (20) being integrated into the deflagrative ignition system (21). tandem charge after claim 2 or 3 , wherein the introduction element has an inner side facing the explosive charge with a geometry that is blunt, in particular flattened, in the area of the tip. tandem charge after claim 9 , wherein the introduction element is formed integrally with the shell. tandem charge after claim 9 wherein the introduction element is designed as an insert arranged between the casing (4) and the explosive charge (11). tandem charge after claim 11 , wherein the insert has a different material to the shell (4), in particular with a lower density and a lower shock wave impedance. tandem charge after claim 12 , wherein the insert is designed as a plastic element, in particular as a plastic cap that can be inserted into the shell. Tandem charge according to one of the preceding claims, in which the explosive charge (11) has an initiation threshold which is at least one order of magnitude, preferably at least a power of ten, above the shock wave amplitude of the shock waves coupled into the casing (4) that occur when the subpoena (2) detonates , wherein the explosive charge (11) is designed in particular as a plastic-bound explosive charge. Tandem charge after one of claims 2 until 14 , With a cap (6) placed on the tip (5) being provided, which is designed to deflect shock waves produced when the subpoena (2) detonates.

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