EP3573948B1 - Methods of preparing cytotoxic benzodiazepine derivatives - Google Patents

Methods of preparing cytotoxic benzodiazepine derivatives Download PDF

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EP3573948B1
EP3573948B1 EP18704352.6A EP18704352A EP3573948B1 EP 3573948 B1 EP3573948 B1 EP 3573948B1 EP 18704352 A EP18704352 A EP 18704352A EP 3573948 B1 EP3573948 B1 EP 3573948B1
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compound
formula
salt
reacting
carboxylic acid
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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EP3573948A1 (en
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Baudouin GÉRARD
Richard A. Silva
Michael Louis Miller
Manami Shizuka
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Immunogen Inc
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Immunogen Inc
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Priority to HRP20230002TT priority Critical patent/HRP20230002T1/hr
Priority to RS20221193A priority patent/RS63871B1/sr
Priority to SI201830832T priority patent/SI3573948T1/sl
Priority to EP22199432.0A priority patent/EP4148044A1/en
Publication of EP3573948A1 publication Critical patent/EP3573948A1/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K5/00—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K5/04—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing only normal peptide links
    • C07K5/06—Dipeptides
    • C07K5/06008—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being neutral
    • C07K5/06017—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aliphatic
    • C07K5/06026—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aliphatic the side chain containing 0 or 1 carbon atom, i.e. Gly or Ala
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C201/00—Preparation of esters of nitric or nitrous acid or of compounds containing nitro or nitroso groups bound to a carbon skeleton
    • C07C201/06—Preparation of nitro compounds
    • C07C201/16—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D519/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing more than one system of two or more relevant hetero rings condensed among themselves or condensed with a common carbocyclic ring system not provided for in groups C07D453/00 or C07D455/00
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C201/00—Preparation of esters of nitric or nitrous acid or of compounds containing nitro or nitroso groups bound to a carbon skeleton
    • C07C201/06—Preparation of nitro compounds
    • C07C201/12—Preparation of nitro compounds by reactions not involving the formation of nitro groups
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C205/00—Compounds containing nitro groups bound to a carbon skeleton
    • C07C205/13—Compounds containing nitro groups bound to a carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being further substituted by hydroxy groups
    • C07C205/19—Compounds containing nitro groups bound to a carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being further substituted by hydroxy groups having nitro groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings and hydroxy groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D207/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D207/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D207/44—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D207/444—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having two doubly-bound oxygen atoms directly attached in positions 2 and 5
    • C07D207/448—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having two doubly-bound oxygen atoms directly attached in positions 2 and 5 with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms directly attached to other ring carbon atoms, e.g. maleimide
    • C07D207/452—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having two doubly-bound oxygen atoms directly attached in positions 2 and 5 with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms directly attached to other ring carbon atoms, e.g. maleimide with hydrocarbon radicals, substituted by hetero atoms, directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
    • C07D487/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D487/04—Ortho-condensed systems
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D519/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing more than one system of two or more relevant hetero rings condensed among themselves or condensed with a common carbocyclic ring system not provided for in groups C07D453/00 or C07D455/00
    • C07D519/04—Dimeric indole alkaloids, e.g. vincaleucoblastine
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C07B2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to specific properties of organic compounds
    • C07B2200/07—Optical isomers
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
    • Y02P20/55—Design of synthesis routes, e.g. reducing the use of auxiliary or protecting groups

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to novel methods for preparing cytotoxic indolinobenzodiazepine derivatives.
  • CD123 antigen the a chain of the interleukin-3 receptor, or IL-3Ra
  • methods of using such CD123-binding molecules for diagnosing and treating diseases, such as B-cell malignancies are described as well as methods of using such CD123-binding molecules for diagnosing and treating diseases, such as B-cell malignancies.
  • cell-binding agent conjugates of indolinobenzodiazepine dimers that have one imine functionality and one amine functionality display a much higher therapeutic index (ratio of maximum tolerated dose to minimum effective dose) in vivo compared to previously disclosed benzodiazepine derivatives having two imine functionalities. See, for example, WO 2012/128868 .
  • the previously disclosed method for making the indolinobenzodiazepine dimers with one imine functionality and one amine functionality involves partial reduction of indolinobenzodiazepine dimers having two imine functionalities. The partial reduction step generally leads to the formation of fully reduced by-product and unreacted starting material, which requires cumbersome purification step and results in low yield.
  • the present invention provides modular synthetic methods for preparing indolinobenzodiazepine dimer compounds and their synthetic precursors. Compared to the previously disclosed methods, the methods of the present invention are modular and more versatile as well as suitable for large scale manufacturing process.
  • the present invention provides a method of preparing a compound of formula (A): or a salt thereof, comprising reacting a compound of formula (V): or a salt thereof, with a compound of formula (X): wherein:
  • the present invention provides a method of preparing a compound of formula (A): or a salt thereof, comprising the steps of:
  • Also provided in the present invention is a method of preparing a compound of formula (Xa): or a salt thereof, comprising reacting the compound of formula (IX): or a salt thereof, with a carboxylic acid deprotecting agent, wherein P 1 is a carboxylic acid protecting group.
  • the present invention provides a method of preparing a compound of formula (Xa): or a salt thereof, comprising the steps of:
  • Also provided in the present invention is a method of preparing a compound of formula (II), comprising reacting a compound of formula (I): with hydrochloric acid in toluene.
  • the present invention is directed to a method of preparing a compound of formula (IV-1): or a salt thereof, comprising the steps of:
  • the present invention provides a method of preparing a compound of formula (A-1): or a salt thereof, comprising the steps of:
  • the present invention also provide compounds described herein, such as compounds of formula (VII), (VIII), (VIIIa), (IX), (IX-1), (X), (Xa), (X-1) or (X-1a) or a salt thereof.
  • FIGs. 1-3 show proton NMR spectra of the compounds of the present invention.
  • Alkyl' as used herein refers to a saturated linear or branched monovalent hydrocarbon radical.
  • a straight chain or branched chain alkyl has thirty or fewer carbon atoms (e.g., C 1 -C 30 for straight chain alkyl group and C 3 -C 30 for branched alkyl), and more preferably twenty or fewer carbon atoms. Even more preferably, the straight chain or branched chain alkyl has ten or fewer carbon atoms (i.e., C 1 -C 10 for straight chain alkyl group and C 3 -C 10 for branched alkyl).
  • the straight chain or branched chain alkyl has six or fewer carbon atoms (i.e., C 1 -C 6 for straight chain alky group or C3-C6 for branched chain alkyl).
  • alkyl include methyl, ethyl, 1-propyl, 2-propyl, 1-butyl, 2-methyl-1-propyl, -CH 2 CH(CH3) 2 ), 2-butyl, 2-methyl-2-propyl, 1-pentyl, 2-pentyl 3-pentyl, 2-methyl-2-butyl, 3-methyl-1-butyl, 2-methyl-1-butyl, 1-hexyl), 2-hexyl, 3-hexyl, 2-methyl-2-pentyl, 3-methyl-2-pentyl, 4-methyl-2-pentyl, 3-methyl-3-pentyl, 2-methyl-3-pentyl, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butyl, 3,3-dimethyl-2-butyl).
  • alkyl as used throughout the specification, examples, and claims is intended to include both “unsubstituted alkyls” and “substituted alkyls”, the latter of which refers to alkyl moieties having substituents replacing a hydrogen on one or more carbons of the hydrocarbon backbone.
  • (C x -C xx )alkyl or C x-xx alky means a linear or branched alkyl having x-xx carbon atoms.
  • aryl as used herein, include substituted or unsubstituted single-ring aromatic groups in which each atom of the ring is carbon.
  • the ring is a 5- to 7-membered ring, more preferably a 6-membered ring.
  • Aryl groups include phenyl, phenol and aniline.
  • aryl also includes “polycyclyl”, “polycycle”, and “polycyclic” ring systems having two or more rings in which two or more atoms are common to two adjoining rings, e.g., the rings are “fused rings," wherein at least one of the rings is aromatic, e.g., the other cyclic rings can be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, or aromatic rings.
  • polycycles have 2-3 rings.
  • polycyclic ring systems have two cyclic rings in which both of the rings are aromatic. Each of the rings of the polycycle can be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • each ring of the polycycle contains from 3 to 10 carbon atoms in the ring, preferably from 5 to 7.
  • aryl groups include phenyl (benzene), tolyl, anthracenyl, fluorenyl, indenyl, azulenyl, and naphthyl, as well as benzo-fused carbocyclic moieties such as 5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthyl.
  • the aryl is a single-ring aromatic group.
  • the aryl is a two-ring aromatic group.
  • the aryl is a three-ring aromatic group.
  • heteroaryl refers to substituted or unsubstituted aromatic single ring structures, preferably 5- to 7-membered rings, more preferably 5- to 6-membered rings, whose ring structures include at least one heteroatom (e.g., 0, N, or S), preferably one to four or one to three heteroatoms, more preferably one or two heteroatoms. When two or more heteroatoms are present in a heteroaryl ring, they may be the same or different.
  • heteroaryl also includes “polycyclyl”, “polycycle”, and “polycyclic” ring systems having two or more cyclic rings in which two or more ring atoms are common to two adjoining rings, e.g., the rings are "fused rings," wherein at least one of the rings is heteroaromatic, e.g., the other cyclic rings can be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, aryls, heteroaromatics, and/or heterocyclyls.
  • polycyclic heteroaryls have 2-3 rings.
  • preferred polycyclic heteroaryls have two cyclic rings in which both of the rings are aromatic.
  • each ring of the polycycle contains from 3 to 10 atoms in the ring, preferably from 5 to 7 atoms in the ring.
  • heteroaryl groups include, pyrrole, furan, thiophene, imidazole, oxazole, thiazole, pyrazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyridazine, quinoline, pyrimidine, indolizine, indole, indazole, benzimidazole, benzothiazole, benzofuran, benzothiophene, cinnoline, phthalazine, quinazoline, carbazole, phenoxazine, quinoline and purine.
  • the heteroaryl is a single-ring aromatic group.
  • the heteroaryl is a two-ring aromatic group.
  • the heteroaryl is a three-ring aromatic group.
  • the heteroaryl groups can be carbon (carbon-linked) or nitrogen (nitrogen-linked) attached where such is possible.
  • carbon bonded heteroaryls are bonded at position 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 of a pyridine, position 3, 4, 5, or 6 of a pyridazine, position 2, 4, 5, or 6 of a pyrimidine, position 2, 3, 5, or 6 of a pyrazine, position 2, 3, 4, or 5 of a furan, thiofuran, thiophene, or pyrrole, position 2, 4, or 5 of an oxazole, imidazole or thiazole, position 3, 4, or 5 of an isoxazole, pyrazole, or isothiazole, position 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 of a quinoline or position 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 of an isoquinoline.
  • nitrogen bonded heteroaryls are bonded at position 1 of a pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazole, indole, 1H-indazole, position 2 of a isoindole, and position 9 of a carbazole, or ⁇ -carboline.
  • heteroatoms present in heteroaryl include the oxidized forms such as NO, SO, and SO 2 .
  • an "activated ester” refers to an ester group that is readily displaced by a hydroxyl or an amine group.
  • exemplary activated esters include N-hydroxysuccinimide ester, nitrophenyl (e.g., 2 or 4-nitrophenyl) ester, dinitrophenyl (e.g., 2,4-dinitrophenyl) ester, sulfo-tetraflurophenyl (e.g., 4-sulfo-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl) ester, pentafluorophenyl ester, nitropyridyl (e.g., 4-nitropyridyl) ester, trifluoroacetate, and acetate.
  • halide refers to F, Cl, Br or I. In one embodiment, the halide is Cl. In one embodiment, the halide is Br. In one embodiment, the halide is I. In one embodiment, the halide is F.
  • the term "compound” is intended to include compounds for which a structure or formula or any derivative thereof has been disclosed in the present invention.
  • the term also includes, stereoisomers, geometric isomers, or tautomers.
  • stereoisomers geometric isomers, or tautomers.
  • the specific recitation of "stereoisomers,” “geometric isomers,” “tautomers,” “salt” in certain aspects of the invention described in this application shall not be interpreted as an intended omission of these forms in other aspects of the invention where the term “compound” is used without recitation of these other forms.
  • precursor of a given group refers to any group which may lead to that group by any deprotection, a chemical modification, or a coupling reaction.
  • chiral refers to molecules which have the property of non-superimposability of the mirror image partner, while the term “achiral” refers to molecules which are superimposable on their mirror image partner.
  • stereoisomer refers to compounds which have identical chemical constitution and connectivity, but different orientations of their atoms in space that cannot be interconverted by rotation about single bonds.
  • Diastereomer refers to a stereoisomer with two or more centers of chirality and whose molecules are not mirror images of one another. Diastereomers have different physical properties, e.g . melting points, boiling points, spectral properties, and reactivities. Mixtures of diastereomers may separate under high resolution analytical procedures such as crystallization, electrophoresis and chromatography.
  • Enantiomers refer to two stereoisomers of a compound which are non-superimposable mirror images of one another.
  • the compounds of the invention may contain asymmetric or chiral centers, and therefore exist in different stereoisomeric forms. It is intended that all stereoisomeric forms of the compounds of the invention, including diastereomers, enantiomers and atropisomers, as well as mixtures thereof such as racemic mixtures, form part of the present invention.
  • optically active compounds i.e., they have the ability to rotate the plane of plane-polarized light.
  • the prefixes D and L, or R and S are used to denote the absolute configuration of the molecule about its chiral center(s).
  • the prefixes d and 1 or (+) and (-) are employed to designate the sign of rotation of plane-polarized light by the compound, with (-) or 1 meaning that the compound is levorotatory.
  • a compound prefixed with (+) or d is dextrorotatory. For a given chemical structure, these stereoisomers are identical except that they are mirror images of one another.
  • a specific stereoisomer may also be referred to as an enantiomer, and a mixture of such isomers is often called an enantiomeric mixture.
  • a 50:50 mixture of enantiomers is referred to as a racemic mixture or a racemate, which may occur where there has been no stereoselection or stereospecificity in a chemical reaction or process.
  • the terms “racemic mixture” and “racemate” refer to an equimolar mixture of two enantiomeric species, devoid of optical activity.
  • tautomer or “tautomeric form” refers to structural isomers of different energies which are interconvertible via a low energy barrier.
  • proton tautomers also known as prototropic tautomers
  • Valence tautomers include interconversions by reorganization of some of the bonding electrons.
  • protecting group or “protecting moiety” refers to a substituent that is commonly employed to block or protect a particular functionality while reacting other functional groups on the compound, a derivative thereof, or a conjugate thereof.
  • carboxylic acid protecting group is a substituent attached to an carbonyl group that blocks or protects the carboxylic acid functionality in the compound.
  • Such groups are well known in the art (see for example, P. Wuts and T. Greene, 2007, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, Chapter 5, J. Wiley & Sons, NJ ).
  • Suitable carboxylic acid protecting group include alkyl ester (e.g., methyl ester or tert-butyl ester), benzyl ester, thioester ( e.g., tert-butyl thioester), silyl ester (e.g., trimethylsilyl ester), 9-fluorenylmehtyl ester, (2-trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl ester, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl ester, diphenylmethyl ester or oxazoline.
  • the carboxylic acid protecting group is methyl ester, tert-butyl ester, benzyl ester or trimethylsilyl ester.
  • the carboxylic acid protecting group is tert-butyl ester.
  • carboxylic acid deprotecting agent refers a reagent that is capable of cleaving a carboxylic acid protecting group to form free carboxylic acid.
  • Such reagents are well known in the art (see for example P. Wuts and T. Greene, 2007, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, Chapter 5, J. Wiley & Sons, NJ ) and depend on the carboxylic acid protecting group used. For example, when the carboxylic acid protecting group is tert-butyl ester, it can be cleaved with an acid.
  • the carboxylic acid deprotecting agent is trifluoroacetic acid.
  • alcohol activating agent refers a reagent that increases the reactivity of a hydroxyl group thereby making the hydroxyl group a better leaving group.
  • examples of such alcohol activating agents include p-toluenesulfonyl chloride, thionyl chloride, triflic anhydride, mesyl chloride, mesyl anhydride, triphenylphosphine, acyl chloride, 4-dimethylaminopyridine, and others.
  • the alcohol activating agent is thionyl chloride.
  • the alcohol activating agent is triphenylphosphine.
  • salt refers to an organic or inorganic salts of a compound of the invention.
  • Exemplary salts include sulfate, citrate, acetate, oxalate, chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate, bisulfate, phosphate, acid phosphate, isonicotinate, lactate, salicylate, acid citrate, tartrate, oleate, tannate, pantothenate, bitartrate, ascorbate, succinate, maleate, gentisinate, fumarate, gluconate, glucuronate, saccharate, formate, benzoate, glutamate, methanesulfonate "mesylate,” ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, pamoate ( i.e.
  • a salt may involve the inclusion of another molecule such as an acetate ion, a succinate ion or other counter ion.
  • the counter ion may be any organic or inorganic moiety that stabilizes the charge on the parent compound.
  • a salt may have more than one charged atom in its structure. Instances where multiple charged atoms are part of the salt can have multiple counter ions. Hence, a salt can have one or more charged atoms and/or one or more counter ion.
  • the desired salt may be prepared by any suitable method available in the art, for example, treatment of the free base with an inorganic acid, such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, methanesulfonic acid, or phosphoric acid, or with an organic acid, such as acetic acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, mandelic acid, fumaric acid, malonic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, glycolic acid, salicylic acid, a pyranosidyl acid, such as glucuronic acid or galacturonic acid, an alpha hydroxy acid, such as citric acid or tartaric acid, an amino acid, such as aspartic acid or glutamic acid, an aromatic acid, such as benzoic acid or cinnamic acid, or a sulfonic acid, such as p-toluenesulfonic acid or ethanesulfonic acid.
  • an inorganic acid such as hydrochloric
  • the desired salt may be prepared by any suitable method, for example, treatment of the free acid with an inorganic or organic base, such as an amine (primary, secondary or tertiary), or an alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide.
  • an inorganic or organic base such as an amine (primary, secondary or tertiary), or an alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide.
  • suitable salts include organic salts derived from amino acids, such as glycine and arginine, ammonia, primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, and cyclic amines, such as piperidine, morpholine and piperazine, and inorganic salts derived from sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, aluminum and lithium.
  • the salt is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable indicates that the substance or composition must be compatible chemically and/or toxicologically, with the other ingredients comprising a formulation, and/or the mammal being treated therewith.
  • the present invention provides modular synthetic methods for preparing indolinobenzodiazepine dimer compounds and precursors.
  • the precursor compounds prepared by the present invention such as the compound of formula (V) or (V-1) or a salt thereof described below, can be used for synthesizing indolinobenzodiazepine dimer compounds having diverse linkers for covalent linkage with cell-binding agents to form cell-binding agent-indolinobenzodiazepine conjugates.
  • the present invention provides a method of preparing a compound of formula (A): or a salt thereof, comprising reacting a compound of formula (V): or a salt thereof, with a compound of formula (X): wherein:
  • Also included in the first embodiment is a method a method of preparing a compound of formula (dA): or a salt thereof, comprising reacting a compound of formula (dV): or a salt thereof, with a compound of formula (X): wherein the variables are the same as described for formula (A).
  • both double line between N and C independently represent a double bond. In certain embodiments, both double line between N and C independently represent a single bond.
  • one of the double line between N and C represents a double bond; and the other double line between N and C represents a single bond
  • the compound of formula (A) is represented by the following formula: or a salt thereof
  • the compound of formula (dA) is represented by the following formula: , or a salt thereof.
  • the present invention provides a method of preparing a compound of formula (A): or a salt thereof, comprising the steps of:
  • Also included in the third embodiment is a method of preparing a compound of formula (dA): or a salt thereof, comprising the steps of:
  • both double line between N and C independently represent a double bond. In certain embodiments, both double line between N and C independently represent a single bond.
  • one of the double line between N and C represents a double bond; and the other double line between N and C represents a single bond, the compound of formula (A) is represented by the following formula: or a salt thereof, and the compound of formula (dA) is represented by the following formula: or a salt thereof.
  • the compound of formula (A) or a salt thereof is represented by formula (A-1): or a salt thereof, and the method comprises the steps of:
  • the compound of formula (dA) or a salt thereof is represented by formula (dA-1): or a salt thereof, and the method comprises the steps of:
  • any suitable reducing reagent that can convert a nitro (-NO 2 ) group to an amine (-NH 2 ) group can be used in the reaction of step 1).
  • the reducing reagent is selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen gas, sodium hydrosulfite, sodium sulfide, stannous chloride, titanium (II) chloride, zinc, iron and samarium iodide.
  • the reducing reagent is Fe/NH 4 Cl, Fe/NH 4 Cl, Zn/NH 4 Cl, FeSO 4 /NH 4 OH, or Sponge Nickel.
  • the reducing agent is Fe/NH 4 Cl.
  • the reaction between the compound of formula (IV), (dIV), (IV-1) or (dIV-1) with the reducing agent is carried out in a mixture of water and one or more organic solvents.
  • Any suitable organic solvent can be used.
  • Exemplary organic solvents include DMF, CH 2 Cl 2 , dichloroethane, THF, dimethylacetamide, methanol and ethanol.
  • the organic solvent is THF or methanol or a combination thereof.
  • the reaction between the compound of formula (IV), (dIV), (IV-1) or (dIV-1) with the reducing agent is carried out in a mixture of water, THF and methanol.
  • E is OH and the reaction between the compound of formula (V) and the compound of formula (X), between the compound of formula (dV) and the compound of formula (X), between the compound of formula (V-1) and (X-1), or between the compound of formula (dV-1) and (dX-1) is carried out in the presence of an activating agent.
  • the activating agent is a carbodiimide, a uronium, an active ester, a phosphonium, 2-alkyl-1-alkylcarbonyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline, 2-alkoxy-1-alkoxycarbonyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline, 2,4,6-trialkyl-1,3,5,2,4,6-trioxatriphosphorinane 2,4,6-trioxide, or alkylchloroformate.
  • the activating agent is a carbodiimide.
  • the activating agent is dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC), or diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC).
  • the activating agent is N- ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ).
  • the reaction between the compound of formula (V) and the compound of formula (X), between the compound of formula (dV) and the compound of formula (X), between the compound of formula (V-1) and (X-1) or between the compound of formula (dV-1) and (X-1) is carried out in an organic solvent or a solvent mixture.
  • Any suitable organic solvent described herein can be used.
  • the organic solvent is dichloromethane or methanol or a mixture thereof.
  • the present invention provides a method preparing a compound of formula (Xa): or a salt thereof, comprising reacting the compound of formula (IX): or a salt thereof, with a carboxylic acid deprotecting agent, wherein P 1 is a carboxylic acid protecting group.
  • the compound of formula (Xa) is represented by formula (X-1a): or a salt thereof, and the method comprises reacting the compound of formula (IX-1): or a salt thereof, with a carboxylic acid deprotecting agent, wherein P 1 is a carboxylic acid protecting group.
  • the present invention provides a method of preparing a compound of formula (Xa): or a salt thereof, comprising the steps of:
  • the compound of formula (Xa) or a salt thereof is represented by formula (X-1a): or a salt thereof, comprising the steps of:
  • the carboxylic acid protecting group represented by P 1 can be any suitable carboxylic acid protecting group known in the art.
  • the carboxylic acid protecting group include alkyl ester (e.g., methyl ester or tert-butyl ester), benzyl ester, thioester (e.g., tert-butyl thioester), silyl ester (e.g., trimethylsilyl ester), 9-fluorenylmehtyl ester, (2-trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl ester, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl ester, diphenylmethyl ester or oxazoline.
  • the carboxylic acid protecting group is methyl ester, tert-butyl ester, benzyl ester or trimethylsilyl ester, i.e., P 1 is OMe, - O t Bu, -OBn, -O-silyl (e.g., -OSi(Me) 3 ).
  • the carboxylic acid protecting group is tert-butyl ester, i.e., P 1 is -O t Bu.
  • any suitable deprotecting agent known in the art can be used.
  • the suitable deprotecting agent depends on the identity of the carboxylic acid protecting group.
  • the protecting group can be removed by the treatment with an acid, a base or a suitable reductant.
  • an acid can be used to remove the tert-butyl ester protecting group.
  • Exemplary acids include formic acid, acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, hydrochloric acid, and phosphoric acid. In a specific embodiment, trifluoroacetic acid is used as the deprotecting agent.
  • the deprotection reaction can be carried in any suitable organic solvent(s).
  • exemplary organic solvents include DMF, CH 2 Cl 2 , dichloroethane, THF, dimethylacetamide, methanol and ethanol.
  • the deprotection reaction is carried out in dichloromethane.
  • E 1 is OH and the reaction between the compound of formula (VIII) and the compound of formula (c) or the compound of formula (c-1) is carried out in the presence of an activating agent.
  • the activating agent is a carbodiimide, a uronium, an active ester, a phosphonium, 2-alkyl-1-alkylcarbonyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline, 2-alkoxy-1-alkoxycarbonyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline, 2,4,6-trialkyl-1,3,5,2,4,6-trioxatriphosphorinane 2,4,6-trioxide, or alkylchloroformate.
  • the activating agent is 2,4,6-trialkyl-1,3,5,2,4,6-trioxatriphosphorinane 2,4,6-trioxide.
  • the activating agent is 2,4,6-tripropyl-1,3,5,2,4,6-trioxatriphosphorinane 2,4,6-trioxide.
  • the reaction between the compound of formula (VIII) and the compound of formula (c) or the compound of formula (c-1) is carried out in the presence of a base.
  • the base is a non-nucleophilic base.
  • non-nucleophilic bases include triethylamine, imidazole, diisopropylethylamine, pyridine, 2,6-lutidine, dimethylformamide, 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU), or tetramethylpiperidine.
  • the base is triethylamine or diisopropylethylamine.
  • the base is diisopropylethylamine.
  • the reaction between the compound of formula (VIII) and the compound of formula (c) or the compound of formula (c-1) is carried out in the presence of an activating agent described above and a base described above.
  • the reaction is carried out in the presence of 2,4,6-tripropyl-1,3,5,2,4,6-trioxatriphosphorinane 2,4,6-trioxide and triethylamine or diisopropylethylamine.
  • the reaction is carried out in the presence of 2,4,6-tripropyl-1,3,5,2,4,6-trioxatriphosphorinane 2,4,6-trioxide and diisopropylethylamine.
  • Any suitable organic solvents can be used for the reaction the reaction between the compound of formula (VIII) and the compound of formula (c) or the compound of formula (c-1).
  • the reaction is carried out in dichloromethane.
  • the compound of formula (VIII) is represented by formula (VIIIa): and the compound of formula (VIIIa) or a salt thereof is prepared by a method comprising the steps of:
  • the carboxylic acid protecting group include alkyl ester (e.g., methyl ester or tert-butyl ester), benzyl ester, thioester (e.g., tert-butyl thioester), silyl ester (e.g., trimethylsilyl ester), 9-fluorenylmehtyl ester, (2-trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl ester, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl ester, diphenylmethyl ester or oxazoline.
  • alkyl ester e.g., methyl ester or tert-butyl ester
  • benzyl ester e.g., methyl ester or tert-butyl ester
  • thioester e.g., tert-butyl thioester
  • silyl ester e.g., trimethylsilyl ester
  • the carboxylic acid protecting group is methyl ester, tert-butyl ester, benzyl ester or trimethylsilyl ester, i.e., P 2 is OMe, - O t Bu, -OBn, -O-silyl (e.g., -OSi(Me) 3 ).
  • the carboxylic acid protecting group is tert-butyl ester, i.e., P 2 is -O t Bu.
  • any suitable carboxylic deprotecting agent known in the art can be used. Suitable deprotecting agents depend on the identity of the carboxylic acid protecting group. For example, when P 2 is -O t Bu, the protecting group can be removed by the treatment with an acid, a base or a suitable reductant. In certain embodiments, an acid can be used to remove the tert-butyl ester protecting group. Exemplary acids include formic acid, acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, hydrochloric acid, and phosphoric acid. In a specific embodiment, trifluoroacetic acid is used as the carboxylic acid deprotecting agent.
  • the deprotection reaction can be carried in any suitable organic solvent(s).
  • exemplary organic solvents include DMF, CH 2 Cl 2 , dichloroethane, THF, dimethylacetamide, methanol and ethanol.
  • the deprotection reaction is carried out in dichloromethane.
  • the reaction between the compound of formula (VI) and the compound of formula (d) is carried out in the presence of an activating agent.
  • an activating agent Any suitable activating agent described herein can be used.
  • the activating agent is 2,4,6-trialkyl-1,3,5,2,4,6-trioxatriphosphorinane 2,4,6-trioxide.
  • the activating agent is 2,4,6-tripropyl-1,3,5,2,4,6-trioxatriphosphorinane 2,4,6-trioxide.
  • Any suitable organic solvents can be used for the reaction the reaction between the compound of formula (VI) and the compound of formula (d).
  • the reaction is carried out in dichloromethane.
  • the present invention provides a method of preparing a compound of formula (II), comprising reacting a compound of formula (I): with hydrochloric acid in toluene.
  • Also included in the fourteenth embodiment is a method of preparing a compound of formula (dII), comprising reacting a compound of formula (dI): with hydrochloric acid in toluene.
  • the present invention provides a method of preparing a compound of formula (IV-1): or a salt thereof, comprising the steps of:
  • Also included in the fifteenth embodiment is a method of preparing a compound of formula (dIV-1): or a salt thereof, comprising the steps of:
  • the present invention provides a method of preparing a compound of formula (A-1): or a salt thereof, comprising the steps of:
  • Also included in the sixteenth embodiment is a method of preparing a compound of formula (dA-1): or a salt thereof, comprising the steps of:
  • the compound of formula (I) or (dI) is reacted with concentrated hydrochloric acid to form the compound of formula (II) or (dII) respectively.
  • concentrated hydrochloric acid for example, 30-38 w/w% of hydrochloric acid can be used.
  • the reaction between the compound of formula (I) or (dl) and hydrochloric acid is carried out at a temperature between 30 °C and 110 °C, between 40 °C and 105 °C, between 50 °C and 100 °C, between 60 °C and 100 °C, between 70 °C and 100 °C, between 80 °C and 100 °C or between 90 °C and 100 °C. In certain embodiments, the reaction is carried out at 95 °C.
  • the reaction between the compound of formula (I) or (dI) and hydrochloric acid can be carried out until the reaction is in substantial completion.
  • the reaction can be carried out between 5 minutes to 1 week, between 5 minutes to 72 hours, between 1 hour to 48 hours, between 1 hour to 12 hours, between 6 hours to 18 hours, or between 1 hour to 6 hours.
  • the compound of formula (II) or (dII) obtained from the reaction of the compound of formula (I) or (dI) and hydrochloric acid is purified.
  • the compound of formula (II) or (dII) can be purified by column chromatography or crystallization.
  • the compound of formula (II) or (dII) is purified by crystallization.
  • the compounds of formula (II) or (dII) is crystalized in toluene.
  • the compound of formula (II) or (dII) is crystalized by dissolving the compound in hot toluene followed by cooling until the compound crystallized out the solution.
  • the compound of formula (II) or (dII) is reacted with the monomer compound of formula (a) in the presence of an alcohol activating agent.
  • an alcohol activating agent Any suitable alcohol activating agent can be used.
  • the alcohol activating agent is a trialkylphosphine, triarylphosphine, or triheteroarylphosphine.
  • the alcohol activating agent is trimethylphosphine, tributylphosphine, tri(o-tolyl)phosphine, tri(m-tolyl)phosphine, tri(p-tolyl)phosphine, tri(2-pyridyl)phosphine, tri(3-pyridyl)phosphine, tri(4-pyridyl)phosphine, or [4-(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-heptadecafluorodecyl)phenyl] diphenylphosphine.
  • the alcohol activating agent can be a phosphine-like reagent, such as (tributylphosphoranylidene)acetonitrile, (cyanomethylene)tributylphosphorane (CMBP), or (cyanomethylene)trimethylphosphorane (CMMP).
  • CMBP cyanomethylenetributylphosphorane
  • CMMP cyanomethylenetrimethylphosphorane
  • the alcohol activating agent is triphenylphosphine.
  • the alcohol is tributylphosphine.
  • the alcohol activating agent can be polymer-bound or polymer-supported, such as polymer-bound or polymer-supported trialkyl phosphine, triarylphosphine (e.g., triphenylphosphine), or triheteroarylphosphine.
  • polymer-bound or polymer-supported trialkyl phosphine such as polymer-bound or polymer-supported trialkyl phosphine, triarylphosphine (e.g., triphenylphosphine), or triheteroarylphosphine.
  • the compound of formula (II) or (dII) is reacted with the monomer compound of formula (a) the presence of an azodicarboxylate.
  • the azodicarboxylate is selected from the group consisting of: diethyl azodicarboxylate (DEAD), diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (DIAD), 1,1'-(azodicarbonyl)dipiperidine (ADDP), ditertbutyl azodicarboxylate (DTAD), 1,6-dimethyl-1,5,7-hexahydro-1,4,6,7-tetrazocin-2,5-dione (DHTD), di-(4-chlorobenzyl)azodicarboxylate (DCAD), azodicarboxylic dimorpholide, N,N,N',N'-tetramethylazodicarboxamide (TMAD), N,N,N',N'--tetramethylazodicarboxamide (TMAD), N,N,N
  • the azodicarboxylate is DIAD.
  • the azodicarboxylate is polymer-bound or polymer supported, such as polymer-supported alkylazodicarboxylate (e.g. polymer-bound DEAD, DIAD, DTAD or ADDP).
  • the compound of formula (II) or (dII) is reacted with the monomer compound of formula (a) in the presence of tributylphosphine or triphenylphosphine and an azodicarboxylate.
  • the azodicarboxylate is selected from the group consisting of: diethyl azodicarboxylate (DEAD), diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (DIAD), 1,1'-(azodicarbonyl)dipiperidine (ADDP), and ditertbutyl azodicarboxylate (DTAD). More specifically, the azodicarboxylate is DIAD.
  • the compound of formula (II) or (dII) is reacted with the monomer compound of formula (a) in the presence of tributylphosphine and DIAD.
  • the alcohol activating agent and the azodicarboxylate is mixed together to form an alcohol activating agent-azodicarboxylate complex.
  • the compound of formula (II) or (dII) is mixed with the complex first before contacting with the monomer compound of formula (a).
  • reaction of the eighteenth embodiment described above can be carried out in an organic solvent(s). Any suitable organic solvent(s) described herein can be used. In certain embodiments, the organic solvent is THF.
  • the compound of formula (III) or (dIII) or a salt thereof is reacted with the monomer compound of formula (b) in the presence of a base.
  • the base is sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate, sodium hydride, or potassium hydride.
  • the base is potassium carbonate.
  • reaction between the compound of formula (III) or (dIII) or a salt thereof and the monomer compound of formula (b) further comprises potassium iodide.
  • reaction between the compound of formula (III) or (dIII) or a salt thereof and the monomer compound of formula (b) is carried out in the presence of potassium carbonate and potassium iodide.
  • the solvent is a polar aprotic solvent.
  • exemplary solvents include dimethylformamide (DMF), CH 2 Cl 2 , dichloroethane, THF and dimethylacetamide.
  • dimethylformamide or dimethylacetamide is used as the solvent.
  • the reducing reagent is selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen gas, sodium hydrosulfite, sodium sulfide, stanneous chloride, titanium (II) chloride, zinc, iron and samarium iodide.
  • the reducing reagent is Fe/NH 4 Cl, Fe/NH 4 Cl, Zn/NH 4 Cl, FeSO 4 /NH 4 OH, or Sponge Nickel.
  • the reducing agent is Fe/NH 4 Cl.
  • the reaction between the compound of formula (IV-1) or (dIV-1) with the reducing agent is carried out in a mixture of water and one or more organic solvents.
  • Any suitable organic solvent can be used.
  • Exemplary organic solvents include DMF, CH 2 Cl 2 , dichloroethane, THF, dimethylacetamide, methanol and ethanol.
  • the organic solvent is THF or methanol or a combination thereof.
  • the reaction between the compound of formula (IV-1) or (dIV-1) with the reducing agent is carried out in a mixture of water, THF and methanol.
  • the compound of formula (dIII) can be prepared by an alternative process comprising the steps of:
  • P 1 is a silyl protecting group.
  • silyl protecting group include dimethylisopropylsilyl, diethylisopropylsilyl, dimethylhexylsilyl, trimethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl, tribenzylsilyl, triphenylsilyl, 2-norbornyldimethylsilyl, tert- butyldimethylsilyl, tert -butyldiphenylsilyl, 2-trimethyethylsilyl (TEOC), or [2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl.
  • TEOC 2-trimethyethylsilyl
  • P 1 is the silyl protecting group is triethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl, or tert-butyldimethylsilyl. In another embodiment, P 1 is tert- butyldimethylsilyl.
  • the silyl protecting group is introduced by reacting the compound of formula (dI) with R-Cl, R-Br, R-I or R-OSO 2 CF 3 in the presence of a base, wherein R is dimethylisopropylsilyl, diethylisopropylsilyl, dimethylhexylsilyl, trimethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl, tribenzylsilyl, triphenylsilyl, 2-norbornyldimethylsilyl, tert- butyldimethylsilyl, or tert -butyldiphenylsilyl.
  • the base is a non-nucleophilic base, such as imidazole, triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, pyridine, 2,6-lutidine, 1,8-diazabicycloundec-7-ene, or tetramethylpiperidine.
  • a non-nucleophilic base such as imidazole, triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, pyridine, 2,6-lutidine, 1,8-diazabicycloundec-7-ene, or tetramethylpiperidine.
  • the chlorinating reagent is selected from the group consisting of carbon tetrachloride, methanesulfonyl chloride, sulfuryl chloride, thionyl chloride, cyanuric chloride, N -chlorosuccinimide, phosphorus(V) oxychloride, phosphorus pentachloride, and phosphorus trichloride.
  • the chlorinating reagent is methanesulfonyl chloride.
  • the alcohol deprotecting reagent is tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride, tris(dimethylamino)sulfonium difluorotrimethylsilicate, hydrogen fluoride or a solvate thereof, hydrogen fluoride pyridine, silicon tetrafluoride, hexafluorosilicic acid, cesium fluoride, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, pyridinium p-toluensulfonate, p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TsOH), formic acid, periodic acid.
  • the alcohol deprotecting reagent is hydrogen fluoride pyridine.
  • X 1 is mesylate, tosylate, brosylate, or triflate. In another embodiment, X 1 is mesylate.
  • the sulfonating reagent is methansufonyl anhydride, methanesufonyl chloride, p-toluenesulfonyl chloride, 4-bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride, or trifluoromethanesulfonyl anhydride. In one embodiment, the sulfonating reagent is methansufonyl anhydride.
  • the alternative process for making the compound of formula (dIII) comprises the steps of:
  • the compound of formula (X-1) is represented by formula (X-1a): and the compound of formula (X-1a) or a salt thereof is prepared by a method comprising the steps of:
  • P 1 and P 2 are each independently a suitable carboxylic acid protecting group described herein.
  • P 1 and P 2 are each independently OMe, -O t Bu, -OBn, -O-silyl (e.g., -OSi(Me) 3 ).
  • P 1 and P 2 are both -O t Bu.
  • any suitable carboxylic deprotecting agent known in the art can be used. Suitable deprotecting agents depend on the identity of the carboxylic acid protecting group. For example, when P 1 and P 2 are -O t Bu, the protecting group can be removed by the treatment with an acid, a base or a suitable reductant. In certain embodiments, an acid can be used to remove the tert-butyl ester protecting group. Exemplary acids include formic acid, acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, hydrochloric acid, and phosphoric acid. In a specific embodiment, trifluoroacetic acid is used as the carboxylic acid deprotecting agent.
  • the deprotection reaction can be carried in any suitable organic solvent(s).
  • exemplary organic solvents include DMF, CH 2 Cl 2 , dichloroethane, THF, dimethylacetamide, methanol and ethanol.
  • the deprotection reaction is carried out in dichloromethane.
  • reaction between the compound of formula (VI) and the compound of formula (d) and the reaction between the compound of formula (VIIIa) and the compound of formula (c-1) are carried out in the presence of an activating agent.
  • the activating agent is independently selected from a 2,4,6-trialkyl-1,3,5,2,4,6-trioxatriphosphorinane 2,4,6-trioxide, carbodiimide, a uronium, an active ester, a phosphonium, 2-alkyl-1-alkylcarbonyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline, 2-alkoxy-1-alkoxycarbonyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline, and alkylchloroformate.
  • the activating agent is a 2,4,6-trialkyl-1,3,5,2,4,6-trioxatriphosphorinane 2,4,6-trioxide.
  • the activating agent is 2,4,6-tripropyl-1,3,5,2,4,6-trioxatriphosphorinane 2,4,6-trioxide.
  • Any suitable organic solvents can be used for the reaction between the compound of formula (VI) and the compound of formula (d) or between the compound of formula (VIIIa) and the compound of formula (c-1).
  • the reaction is carried out in dichloromethane.
  • Also provided in the present invention is compounds described herein, e.g., compounds of formula (A), (dA), (A'), (dA'), (A-1), (dA-1), (II), (dII), (III), (dIII), (IV), (dIV), (IV-1), (dIV-1), (V), (dV), (V-1), (dV-1), (VI), (VI-1), (VII), (VIII), (VIIIa), (IX), (IX-1), (X), (X-1), (Xa), or (X-1a) or a salt thereof.
  • the compound of the present invention is represented by formula (VII), (VIII), (VIIIa), (IX-1), (X-1) or (X-1a) or a salt thereof.
  • the compounds described herein such as compounds of formula (A), (A'), (A-1), (II), (III), (IV), (IV-1), (V), (V-1), (VI), (VI-1), (VII), (VIII), (VIIIa), (IX), (IX-1), (X), (X-1), (Xa), or (X-1a) or a salt thereof, are isotopically labeled or radio-labeled.
  • Radio-labeled compounds of the compounds described herein could be useful in radio-imaging, in in vitro assays or in in vivo assays.
  • Isotopically labeled or “radio-labeled” compounds are identical to compounds disclosed herein, but for the fact that one or more atoms are replaced or substituted by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number typically found in nature (i.e., naturally occurring). Any atom in the compounds of the disclosure not specifically labelled as an isotope is meant to represent the given element at about its natural isotopic abundance.
  • H represents protium ( 1 H) with a natural abundance of 99.985% and deuterium ( 2 H) with a natural abundance of 0.015%.
  • Suitable radionuclides that may be incorporated in compounds include 2 H (also written as D for deuterium), 3 H (also written as T for tritium), 11 C, 13 C, 14 C, 13 N, 15 N, 15 O, 17 O, 18 O, 18 F, 35 S, 36 Cl, 75 Br, 76 Br, 77 Br, 82 Br, 123 I, 124 I, 125 I, or 131 I.
  • the radionuclide is 3 H, 14 C, 35 S, 82 Br or 125 I.
  • the radionuclide is 3 H or 125 I.
  • the concentration of naturally abundant stable hydrogen isotopes such as deuterium is negligible compared to the concentration of stable isotope in the compounds of Formulae (dA), (dA'), (dA-1), (dII), (dIII), (dIV),(dIV-1), (dV), and (dV-1),.
  • a position containing a deuterium atom has a deuterium enrichment or deuterium incorporation or deuterium concentration of at least 1%, of at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%.
  • deuterium enrichment refers to the percentage of incorporation of deuterium at a given position of the compounds of the disclosure in replacement of protium.
  • Synthetic methods for incorporating radio-isotopes into organic compounds are applicable to compounds of the invention and are well known in the art.
  • Examples of synthetic methods for the incorporation of tritium into target molecules are catalytic reduction with tritium gas, reduction with sodium borohydride or reduction with lithium aluminum hydride or tritium gas exposure labeling.
  • Examples of synthetic methods for the incorporation of 121 I into target molecules are Sandmeyer and like reactions, or aryl or heteroaryl bromide exchange with 125 I.
  • Mass spectra were acquired on a Bruker Daltonics Esquire 3000 instrument and LCMS were acquired on an Agilent 1260 Infinity LC with an Agilent 6120 single quadrupole MS using electrospray ionization (column: Agilent Poroshell 120 C18, 3.0 ⁇ 50 mm, 2.7 ⁇ m, 8 min method: flow rate 0.75 mL/min, solvent A: water with 0.1% formic acid, solvent B: MeCN, 5% to 98% of MeCN over 7 min and 98% MeCN for 1 min ) and UPLC were acquired on a Waters, Acquity system with a single quadrupole MS Zspray TM (column: Acquity BEH C18, 2.1 ⁇ 50 mm, 1.7 ⁇ m, method: 2.5 min, flow rate 0.8 mL/min, solvent A: water, solvent B: MeCN, 5 to 95% of MeCN over 2.0 min and 95% MeCN for 0.5 min).
  • reaction stir at RT Let reaction stir at RT and then charged 2,4,6-tripropyl-1,3,5,2,4,6-trioxatriphosphorinane 2,4,6-trioxide (T3P) (1.781 mL, 2.225 mmol) into the reaction.
  • T3P 2,4,6-tripropyl-1,3,5,2,4,6-trioxatriphosphorinane 2,4,6-trioxide
  • the reaction was stirred at RT until consumption of starting materials (2 h).
  • the reaction was quenched with water (10 mL, 34 vol), layers separated and the aqueous layer was extracted once with DCM (10 mL, 34 vol).
  • the combined organic layers were washed with sat'd NaHCO 3 (10 mL, 34 vol), brine (10 mL, 34 vol), dried over MgSO 4 and filtered.
  • the reaction was observed to be biphasic with small water layer at bottom ( -5.0 mL).
  • the reaction was transferred to a 250 mL separatory funnel and washed with water (2 ⁇ 50 mL, 2 ⁇ 10 vol) followed by saturated sodium bicarbonate ( 1 ⁇ 50 mL, 1 ⁇ 10 vol).
  • the pH of the final wash was 6.0 determined by pH strip.
  • the organic phase was retained and concentrated under vacuum to half the volume (-50 mL, 10 vol), resulting in slightly hazy solution.
  • the solution was stirred in ice/water bath resulting in precipitation.
  • the solution was allowed to crystallize at 2 °C for 3 hours.
  • reaction turned clear orange in color (note if reaction turns dark orange/black the rate of addition is too fast). Upon full addition reaction turns light orange in color.
  • the reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum and then re-dissolved in dichloromethane (50 mL, 50 vol). The resulting dichloromethane solution was washed with water (2 ⁇ 25 mL, 2 ⁇ 25 vol). The organic phase was retained and slurried with potassium carbonate supported silica gel (1.0 g) to remove unreacted monomer (a). The silica gel was removed by filtration using Buchner funnel under vacuum and the resulting filtrate was concentrated to 5.0 mL (5 vol).
  • the reaction was cooled to room temperature and water (20 mL, 20 vol) was added to quench the reaction and precipitate the product. Upon water addition reaction is exothermic (20 °C to 40 °C). The resulting mixture was filtered and the solid was washed with water (50 mL, 50 vol). The solid was retained and dissolved in dichloromethane (40 mL, 40 vol) and transferred to a separatory funnel. The organic phase was washed with brine (2 ⁇ 20 mL, 2 ⁇ 20 vol) followed by water (2 ⁇ 20 mL, 2 ⁇ 20 vol).
  • the reaction mixture was cooled to rt, filtered through Celite and rinsed with DCM (60 mL, 25 vol).
  • the resulting solution was concentrated to dryness on a rotary evaporator and then dissolved in DCM (50 mL, 20 vol) and transferred to a separatory funnel. Brine was added (50 mL, 20 vol), layers were separated and the organic layer was washed with water (2 ⁇ 25 mL, 2 ⁇ 10 vol). The organic layer was concentrated to dryness (deep orange syrup that foamed a little).
  • the crude product was dissolved in DCM (10 mL, 4 vol) and was slowly dripped into stirring MTBE (50 mL, 20 vol).
  • Step 2 (5-nitro-1,3-phenylene)bis(methan-d2-ol) (0.176 g, 0.938 mmol) (compound dI ) was suspended in toluene (3.13 ml). Concentrated hydrochloric acid (0.353 ml, 3.94 mmol) was added dropwise at ambient temperature. The reaction was then stirred at reflux (95°C). After 18 hours the mixture was cooled to ambient temperature and transferred to separatory funnel with toluene and washed with water (1 ⁇ 15 mL) and aqueous sodium bicarbonate (1 ⁇ 15 mL).
  • Step 3 To a solution of (S)-9-hydroxy-8-methoxy-11,12,12a,13-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[5,6][1,4]diazepino[1,2-a]indol-6-one (140 mg, 0.472 mmol) and (3-(chloromethyl-d2)-5-nitrophenyl)methan-d2-ol (121 mg, 0.591 mmol) (compound d5) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (2953 ⁇ l) (stabilized with BHT) was added tri-n-butylphosphine (174 ⁇ l, 0.661 mmol) under nitrogen at room temperature. The mixture was cooled to 0 °C in an ice bath.
  • diisopropyl (E)-diazene-1,2-dicarboxylate 139 ⁇ l, 0.661 mmol
  • the reaction mixture was stirred from 0°C to room temp over 1 hour upon which deionized water (2mL) was added and stirred for 30min.
  • the reaction mixture was concentrated to remove tetrahydrofuran, then diluted with dichloromethane and washed with water (2x 15mL). The organic layer was dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated.
  • Step 4 Potassium iodide (15.44 mg, 0.093 mmol) and anhydrous potassium carbonate (51.4 mg, 0.372 mmol) were added to a mixture of (S)-9-((3-(chloromethyl-d2)-5-nitrophenyl)methoxy-d2)-8-methoxy-11,12,12a,13-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[5,6][1,4]diazepino[1,2-a]indol-6-one (90 mg, 0.186 mmol) (compound d6 ) and (S)-9-hydroxy-8-methoxy-12a,13-dihydro-6H-benzo[5,6][1,4]diazepino[1,2-a]indol-6-one monomer (57.5 mg, 0.195 mmol) in anhydrous DMA (1860 ⁇ l) under nitrogen at ambient temperature.
  • Step 5 (S)-8-methoxy-9-((3-((((S)-8-methoxy-6-oxo-11,12,12a,13-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[5,6][1,4]diazepino[1,2-a]indol-9-yl)oxy)methyl-d2)-5-nitrophenyl)methoxy-d2)-12a,13-dihydro-6H-benzo[5,6][1,4]diazepino[1,2-a]indol-6-one (57 mg, 0.077 mmol) (compound d7 ) was suspended in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (1025 ⁇ l), anhydrous methanol (342 ⁇ l) and deionized water.
  • compound of d7 can be prepared as follows:

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