EP3532474B1 - 4,5-annulated 1,2,4-triazolones - Google Patents

4,5-annulated 1,2,4-triazolones Download PDF

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EP3532474B1
EP3532474B1 EP17797091.0A EP17797091A EP3532474B1 EP 3532474 B1 EP3532474 B1 EP 3532474B1 EP 17797091 A EP17797091 A EP 17797091A EP 3532474 B1 EP3532474 B1 EP 3532474B1
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group
fluoro
oxo
triazolo
benzamide
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP3532474A2 (en
Inventor
Stefan Nikolaus GRADL
Duy Nguyen
Knut Eis
Judith Guenther
Timo Stellfeld
Andreas Janzer
Sven Christian
Thomas Mueller
Sherif El Sheikh
Han Jie ZHOU
Changjia ZHAO
David B SYKES
Steven James FERRARA
Kery LIU
Simon Anthony HERBERT
Claudia MERZ
Michael Niehues
Carl Friedrich Nising
Martina SCHÄFER
Katja Zimmermann
Jörg KNAEBLEIN
Kai Thede
Thomas FAUPEL
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Bayer AG
Bayer Pharma AG
Harvard College
General Hospital Corp
Broad Institute Inc
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Bayer AG
Bayer Pharma AG
Harvard College
General Hospital Corp
Broad Institute Inc
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    • C12Y114/14001—Unspecific monooxygenase (1.14.14.1)
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Definitions

  • the present invention provides 4,5-a-annulated 1,2,4-triazolone compounds of general formula (I) as described and defined herein, methods of preparing said compounds, intermediate compounds useful for preparing said compounds, pharmaceutical compositions and combinations comprising said compounds, and the use of said compounds for manufacturing pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment or prophylaxis of diseases, in particular of hyperproliferative and/or inflammatory disorders, as a sole agent or in combination with other active ingredients.
  • the present invention provides 4,5-annulated 1,2,4-triazolone compounds of general formula (I) which inhibit Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase (DHODH).
  • DHODH Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase
  • AML Acute myeloid leukemia
  • AML is the most common acute leukemia in humans with a 5 year survival of only about 30%.
  • AML is a malignancy of the myeloid line of blood cells.
  • the incidence rates and chances of cure are highly age dependent.
  • the chemotherapy standard of care for AML has not changed significantly over the last decades highlighting the need for novel therapies.
  • a major hallmark of AML is differentiation arrest of the leukemic cells at early stages of cellular differentiation.
  • the potential of leukemic differentiation therapy can be seen with the success of ATRA or arsenic trioxide inducing differentiation in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL).
  • AML Around 10% of AML belong to the APL subtype where leukemic cells are harbouring a chromosomal translocation resulting in fusions of oncoproteins involving the retinoic acid receptor. While treatment with ATRA or arsenic trioxide leads to a dramatic increase of patient survival, with overall survival rates of over 70%, unfortunately a comparable differentiation therapy for the non-APL AMLs is lacking ( Management of acute promyelocytic leukemia: recommendations from an expert panel on behalf of the European LeukemiaNet, Sanz M.A. et al, Blood 2009, 113(9), 1875-1891 ). Therefore new therapies inducing differentiation of AML cells are of high interest and medical need.
  • DHODH Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase
  • DHODH is located in the mitochondria and the enzyme responsible for the 4 th and rate limiting step in de novo pyrimidine synthesis converting dihydroorotate to orotate (Dihydroorotatubiquinone oxidoreductase links mitochondria in the biosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides, Löffler M. et al, Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 1997, 174, 125-129 ).
  • DHODH is highly important for cellular proliferation.
  • the enzyme is considered an attractive drug target for cancer, immunological, parasitic and viral diseases and DHODH small molecule inhibitors like Leflunomide/Teriflunomide and Brequinar have been approved for clinical use in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Multiple Sclerosis. Additionally, preclinical studies indicate that DHODH inhibitors may be useful for the treatment of haematological cancer indications, for the treatment of solid tumors (e.g., neuroblastoma, melanoma, colon, breast and lung tumors), for the treatment of parasitic diseases (e.g., malaria), and for viral disease therapy.
  • solid tumors e.g., neuroblastoma, melanoma, colon, breast and lung tumors
  • parasitic diseases e.g., malaria
  • US 6444613 B1 relates to the field of defoliants, in particular thidiazuron-comprising mixtures, and their use in crops of cotton.
  • These mixtures comprise among others 2,4,5-trisubstituted 1,2,4-triazolone compounds as herbicides, which inhibit the enzyme protoporphyrinogen-(IX) oxidase (PPO inhibitors).
  • WO199802422 describes substituted aromatic carbonyl compounds, among others 2,4,5-trisubstituted 1,2,4-triazolone compounds, as herbicides.
  • WO 2013/186692 A1 describes triazolone compounds as mPGES-1 inhibitors, useful in the treatment of pain and/or inflammation from a variety of diseases or conditions, such as asthma, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, acute or chronic pain and neurodegenerative diseases.
  • WO2010/077686 A1 describes sirtuin-modulating compounds, e.g. isoindolinone and related compounds, and methods of use thereof.
  • the sirtuin-modulating compounds may be used for increasing the lifespan of a cell, and treating and/or preventing a wide variety of diseases and disorders including, for example, diseases or disorders related to aging or stress, diabetes, obesity, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular disease, blood clotting disorders, inflammation, cancer, and/or flushing as well as diseases or disorders that would benefit from increased mitochondrial activity.
  • the compounds of the present invention have surprisingly been found to effectively inhibit DHODH and may therefore be used for the treatment or prophylaxis of disease including hyperproliferative and/or inflammatory disorders, such as cancer, for example.
  • the present invention provides compounds of general formula (I): in which
  • substituted means that one or more hydrogen atoms on the designated atom or group are replaced with a selection from the indicated group, provided that the designated atom's normal valency under the existing circumstances is not exceeded. Combinations of substituents and/or variables are permissible.
  • optionally substituted means that the number of substituents can be equal to or different from zero. Unless otherwise indicated, it is possible that optionally substituted groups are substituted with as many optional substituents as can be accommodated by replacing a hydrogen atom with a non-hydrogen substituent on any available carbon or nitrogen atom. Commonly, it is possible for the number of optional substituents, when present, to be 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, in particular 1, 2 or 3.
  • the term "one or more”, e.g. in the definition of the substituents of the compounds of general formula (I) of the present invention, means "1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, particularly 1, 2, 3 or 4, more particularly 1, 2 or 3, even more particularly 1 or 2".
  • an oxo substituent represents an oxygen atom, which is bound to a carbon atom or to a sulfur atom via a double bond.
  • ring substituent means a substituent attached to an aromatic or nonaromatic ring which replaces an available hydrogen atom on the ring.
  • a composite substituent be composed of more than one parts, e.g. (C 1- C 3- alkoxy)-(C 1- C 6 -alkyl)-, it is possible for the position of a given part to be at any suitable position of said composite substituent, i.e. the C 1 -C 3 -alkoxy part can be attached to any carbon atom of the C 1 -C 6 -alkyl part of said (C 1 -C 3 -alkoxy)-(C 1 -C 6 alkyl)- group.
  • a hyphen at the beginning or at the end of such a composite substituent indicates the point of attachment of said composite substituent to the rest of the molecule.
  • a ring comprising carbon atoms and optionally one or more heteroatoms, such as nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atoms for example, be substituted with a substituent
  • substituent it is possible for said substituent to be bound at any suitable position of said ring, be it bound to a suitable carbon atom and/or to a suitable heteroatom.
  • halogen atom means a fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine atom, particularly a fluorine, chlorine or bromine atom.
  • C 1 -C 8 -alkyl means a linear or branched, saturated, monovalent hydrocarbon group having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, e.g. a methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec -butyl, isobutyl, tert -butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, 2-methylbutyl, 1-methylbutyl, 1-ethylpropyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, neo -pentyl, 1,1-dimethylpropyl, hexyl, 1-methylpentyl, 2-methylpentyl, 3-methylpentyl, 4-methylpentyl, 1-ethylbutyl, 2-ethylbutyl, 1,1-dimethylbutyl, 2,2-dimethylbutyl, 3,3-dimethylbutyl, 2,3-dimethylbutyl, 1,2-dimethylbutyl,
  • said group has 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms ("C 1 -C 6 -alkyl”), e.g. a methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec -butyl, isobutyl, tert -butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, 2-methylbutyl, 1-methylbutyl, 1-ethylpropyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, neo -pentyl, 1,1-dimethylpropyl, hexyl, 1-methylpentyl, 2-methylpentyl, 3-methylpentyl, 4-methylpentyl, 1-ethylbutyl, 2-ethylbutyl, 1,1-dimethylbutyl, 2,2-dimethylbutyl, 3,3-dimethylbutyl, 2,3-dimethylbutyl, 1,2-dimethylbutyl or 1,3-dimethylbutyl group
  • said group has 1, 2, 3 or 4 carbon atoms ("C 1 -C 4 -alkyl”), e.g. a methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec-butyl isobutyl, or tert -butyl group, more particularly 1, 2 or 3 carbon atoms (“C 1 -C 3 -alkyl”), e.g. a methyl, ethyl, n-propyl or isopropyl group.
  • C 1 -C 4 -alkyl e.g. a methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec-butyl isobutyl, or tert -butyl group, more particularly 1, 2 or 3 carbon atoms (“C 1 -C 3 -alkyl”), e.g. a methyl, ethyl, n-propyl or isopropyl group.
  • C 1 -C 6 -hydroxyalkyl means a linear or branched, saturated, monovalent hydrocarbon group in which the term “C 1 -C 6 -alkyl” is defined supra, and in which 1 or 2 hydrogen atoms are replaced with a hydroxy group, e.g.
  • said group has 1, 2 or 3 carbon atoms ("C 1 -C 3 -hydroxyalkyl”), e.g.
  • C 1 -C 6 -alkylsulfanyl means a linear or branched, saturated, monovalent group of formula (C 1 -C 6 -alkyl)-S-, in which the term “C 1 -C 6 -alkyl” is as defined supra, e.g.
  • C 2 -C 8 -haloalkyl means a linear or branched, saturated, monovalent hydrocarbon group in which the term “C 2 -C 8 -alkyl” is as defined supra, and in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms are replaced, identically or differently, with a halogen atom.
  • said halogen atom is a fluorine atom.
  • Said C 2 -C 8 -haloalkyl group is, for example, 2-fluoroethyl, 2,2-difluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, pentafluoroethyl, 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl or 1,3-difluoropropan-2-yl.
  • said group has 2, 3, 4 5 or 6 carbon atoms ("C 2 -C 6 -haloalkyl").
  • C 1 -C 6 -haloalkyl means a linear or branched, saturated, monovalent hydrocarbon group in which the term “C 1 -C 6 -alkyl” is as defined supra, and in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms are replaced, identically or differently, with a halogen atom.
  • said halogen atom is a fluorine atom.
  • Said C 1 -C 6 -haloalkyl group is, for example, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, 2,2-difluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, pentafluoroethyl, 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl or 1,3-difluoropropan-2-yl.
  • said group has 1, 2, 3 or 4 carbon atoms ("C 1 -C 4 -haloalkyl”), more particularly 1, 2 or 3 carbon atoms ("C 1 -C 3 -haloalkyl”), e.g.
  • fluoromethyl difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, 2,2-difluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, pentafluoroethyl, 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl or 1,3-difluoropropan-2-yl.
  • C 1 -C 6 -alkoxy means a linear or branched, saturated, monovalent group of formula (C 1 -C 6 -alkyl)-O-, in which the term “C 1 -C 6 -alkyl” is as defined supra , e.g. a methoxy, ethoxy, n -propoxy, isopropoxy, n -butoxy, sec -butoxy, isobutoxy, tert -butoxy, pentyloxy, isopentyloxy or n-hexyloxy group, or an isomer thereof.
  • said group has 1, 2 or 3 carbon atoms (“C 1 -C 3 -alkoxy”), e.g. a methoxy, ethoxy, n -propoxy or isopropoxy group.
  • C 1 -C 6 -haloalkoxy means a linear or branched, saturated, monovalent C 1 -C 6 -alkoxy group, as defined supra, in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms is replaced, identically or differently, with a halogen atom.
  • said halogen atom is a fluorine atom.
  • Said C 1 -C 6 -haloalkoxy group is, for example, fluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy or pentafluoroethoxy.
  • said group has 1, 2 or 3 carbon atoms (“C 1 -C 3 -haloalkoxy"), e.g. a fluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy or pentafluoroethoxy group.
  • C 2 -C 6 -alkenyl means a linear or branched, monovalent hydrocarbon group, which contains one double bond, and which has 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, particularly 2 or 3 carbon atoms (“C 2 -C 3 -alkenyl”), it being understood that in the case in which said alkenyl group contains more than one double bond, then it is possible for said double bonds to be isolated from, or conjugated with, each other.
  • Said alkenyl group is, for example, an ethenyl (or "vinyl"), prop-2-en-1-yl (or “allyl”), prop-1-en-1-yl, but-3-enyl, but-2-enyl, but-1-enyl, pent-4-enyl, pent-3-enyl, pent-2-enyl, pent-1-enyl, hex-5-enyl, hex-4-enyl, hex-3-enyl, hex-2-enyl, hex-1-enyl, prop-1-en-2-yl (or “isopropenyl"), 2-methylprop-2-enyl, 1-methylprop-2-enyl, 2-methylprop-1-enyl, 1-methylprop-1-enyl, 3-methylbut-3-enyl, 2-methylbut-3-enyl, 1-methylbut-3-enyl, 3-methylbut-2-enyl, 2-methylbut-2-enyl, 2-methylbut-2-
  • C 2 -C 6 -alkynyl means a linear or branched, monovalent hydrocarbon group which contains one triple bond, and which contains 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, particularly 2 or 3 carbon atoms ("C 2 -C 3 -alkynyl").
  • Said C 2 -C 6 -alkynyl group is, for example, ethynyl, prop-1-ynyl, prop-2-ynyl (or “propargyl"), but-1-ynyl, but-2-ynyl, but-3-ynyl, pent-1-ynyl, pent-2-ynyl, pent-3-ynyl, pent-4-ynyl, hex-1-ynyl, hex-2-ynyl, hex-3-ynyl, hex-4-ynyl, hex-5-ynyl, 1-methylprop-2-ynyl, 2-methylbut-3-ynyl, 1-methylbut-3-ynyl, 1-methylbut-2-ynyl, 3-methylbut-1-ynyl, 1-ethylprop-2-ynyl, 3-methylpent-4-ynyl, 2-methylpent-4-ynyl, 1-methyl-pent-4
  • C 3 -C 8 -cycloalkyl means a saturated, monovalent, mono- or bicyclic hydrocarbon ring which contains 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 carbon atoms ("C 3 -C 8 -cycloalkyl").
  • Said C 3 -C 8 -cycloalkyl group is for example, a monocyclic hydrocarbon ring, e.g. a cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl or cyclooctyl group, or a bicyclic hydrocarbon ring, e.g. a bicyclo[4.2.0]octyl or octahydropentalenyl.
  • said group contains 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms ("C 3 -C 6 -cycloalkyl”), e.g. a cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl group.
  • said group contains 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 carbon atoms ("C 4 -C 8 -cycloalkyl”)., e.g. a cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl or cyclooctyl group.
  • C 4 -C 8 -cycloalkenyl means a monovalent, mono- or bicyclic hydrocarbon ring which contains 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 carbon atoms and one double bond. Particularly, said ring contains 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms ("C 4 -C 6 -cycloalkenyl").
  • Said C 4 -C 8 -cycloalkenyl group is for example, a monocyclic hydrocarbon ring, e.g. a cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptenyl or cyclooctenyl group, or a bicyclic hydrocarbon ring, e.g. a bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-enyl or bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-enyl.
  • C 3 -C 8 -cycloalkoxy means a saturated, monovalent, mono- or bicyclic group of formula (C 3 -C 8 -cycloalkyl)-O-, which contains 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 carbon atoms, in which the term "C 3 -C 8 -cycloalkyl” is defined supra , e.g. a cyclopropyloxy, cyclobutyloxy, cyclopentyloxy, cyclohexyloxy, cycloheptyloxy or cyclooctyloxy group. Particularly, said group has 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms (“C 3 -C 6 -cycloalkoxy”), e.g. a cyclopropyloxy, cyclobutyloxy, cyclopentyloxy or cyclohexyloxy group.
  • 4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl and “4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl” mean a monocyclic, saturated heterocycle with 4, 5, 6 or 7 or, respectively, 4, 5 or 6 ring atoms in total, which contains one or two identical or different ring heteroatoms from the series N, O and S.
  • Said heterocycloalkyl group can be a 4-membered ring, such as azetidinyl, oxetanyl or thietanyl, for example; or a 5-membered ring, such as tetrahydrofuranyl, 1,3-dioxolanyl, thiolanyl, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, 1,1-dioxidothiolanyl, dioxidotetrahydrothiopyranyl, 1,2-oxazolidinyl, 1,3-oxazolidinyl or 1,3-thiazolidinyl, for example; or a 6-membered ring, such as tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, dithianyl, thiomorpholinyl, piperazinyl, 1,3-dioxany
  • the terms "4- to 7-membered nitrogen containing heterocycloalkyl” and “4- to 6-membered nitrogen containing heterocycloalkyl” mean a monocyclic, saturated heterocycle with 4, 5, 6 or 7 or, respectively, 4, 5 or 6 ring atoms in total, containing one ring nitrogen atom and optionally one further ring heteroatom from the series: N, O, S. atom.
  • Said nitrogen containing heterocycloalkyl group can be a 4-membered ring, such as azetidinyl for example; or a 5-membered ring, such as pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, 1,2-oxazolidinyl, 1,3-oxazolidinyl or 1,3-thiazolidinyl, for example; or a 6-membered ring, such as piperidinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, piperazinyl or 1,2-oxazinanyl, for example, or a 7-membered ring, such as azepanyl, 1,4-diazepanyl or 1,4-oxazepanyl, for example.
  • a 4-membered ring such as azetidinyl for example
  • a 5-membered ring such as pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazo
  • heterocycloalkenyl means a monocyclic, unsaturated, non-aromatic heterocycle with 5, 6 or 7 ring atoms in total, which contains one or two double bonds and one or two identical or different ring heteroatoms from the series: N, O, S.
  • Said heterocycloalkenyl group is, for example, 4H-pyranyl, 2H-pyranyl, 2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrolyl, [1,3]dioxolyl, 4H-[1,3,4]thiadiazinyl, 2,5-dihydrofuranyl, 2,3-dihydrofuranyl, 2,5-dihydrothiophenyl, 2,3-dihydrothiophenyl, 4,5-dihydrooxazolyl or 4H-[1,4]thiazinyl.
  • 4-7-membered, optionally unsaturated, heterocyclic group includes the terms “4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl” and "5- to 7-membered heterocycloalkenyl”.
  • aryl includes aromatic ring systems being mono- or bicyclic, especially phenyl and naphthyl.
  • heteroaryl means a monovalent, monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic ring having 5, 6, 8, 9 or 10 ring atoms (a “5- to 10-membered heteroaryl” group), particularly 5, 6, 9 or 10 ring atoms, which contains at least one ring heteroatom and optionally one, two or three further ring heteroatoms from the series: N, O and/or S, and which is bound via a ring carbon atom or optionally via a ring nitrogen atom (if allowed by valency).
  • Said heteroaryl group can be a 5-membered heteroaryl group, such as, for example, thienyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, triazolyl, thiadiazolyl or tetrazolyl; or a 6-membered heteroaryl group, such as, for example, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl or triazinyl; or a 9-membered heteroaryl group, such as, for example, benzofuranyl, benzothienyl, benzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzotriazolyl, indazolyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, ind
  • heteroaryl or heteroarylene groups include all possible isomeric forms thereof, e.g.: tautomers and positional isomers with respect to the point of linkage to the rest of the molecule.
  • pyridinyl includes pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-3-yl and pyridin-4-yl; or the term thienyl includes thien-2-yl and thien-3-yl.
  • C 1 -C 6 as used in the present text, e.g. in the context of the definition of "C 1 -C 6 -alkyl", “C 1 -C 6 -haloalkyl", “C 1 -C 6 -hydroxyalkyl", “C 1 -C 6 -alkoxy” or “C 1 -C 6 -haloalkoxy” means an alkyl group having a finite number of carbon atoms of 1 to 6, i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms.
  • C 3 -C 8 as used in the present text, e.g. in the context of the definition of "C 3 -C 8 -cycloalkyl", means a cycloalkyl group having a finite number of carbon atoms of 3 to 8, i.e. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 carbon atoms.
  • the term "leaving group” means an atom or a group of atoms that is displaced in a chemical reaction as stable species taking with it the bonding electrons.
  • a leaving group is selected from the group comprising: halide, in particular fluoride, chloride, bromide or iodide, (methylsulfonyl)oxy, [(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]oxy, [(nonafluorobutyl)-sulfonyl]oxy, (phenylsulfonyl)oxy, [(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]oxy, [(4-bromophenyl)sulfonyl]oxy, [(4-nitrophenyl)sulfonyl]oxy, [(2-nitrophenyl)sulfonyl]oxy, [(4-isopropylphenyl)sulfonyl]oxy, [(2,4,6-triisopropyl
  • substituted refers to a group “substituted” on, e.g., an alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocycloalkenyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group at any atom of that group, replacing one or more hydrogen atoms therein.
  • the substituent(s) on a group are independently any one single, or any combination of two or more of the permissible atoms or groups of atoms delineated for that substituent.
  • a substituent may itself be substituted with any one of the above substituents.
  • optionalally substituted means unsubstituted (e.g., substituted with an H) or substituted.
  • subject is meant a mammal, including, but not limited to, a human or non-human mammal, such as a bovine, equine, canine, ovine, rodent, or feline
  • the invention therefore includes one or more isotopic variant(s) of the compounds of general formula (I), particularly deuterium-containing compounds of general formula (I).
  • isotopic variant of a compound or a reagent is defined as a compound exhibiting an unnatural proportion of one or more of the isotopes that constitute such a compound.
  • unnatural proportion in relation to an isotope means a proportion of such isotope which is higher than its natural abundance.
  • the natural abundances of isotopes to be applied in this context are described in " isotopic Compositions of the Elements 1997", Pure Appl. Chem., 70(1), 217-235, 1998 .
  • isotopes examples include stable and radioactive isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine, such as 2 H (deuterium), 3 H (tritium), 11 C, 13 C, 14 C, 15 N, 17 O, 18 O, 32 P, 33 P, 33 S, 34 S, 35 S, 36 S, 18 F, 36 Cl, 82 Br, 123 I, 124 I, 125 I, 129 I, and 131 I, respectively.
  • stable and radioactive isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine such as 2 H (deuterium), 3 H (tritium), 11 C, 13 C, 14 C, 15 N, 17 O, 18 O, 32 P, 33 P, 33 S, 34 S, 35 S, 36 S, 18 F, 36 Cl, 82 Br, 123 I, 124 I, 125 I, 129 I, and 131 I,
  • the isotopic variant(s) of the compounds of general formula (I) preferably contain deuterium ("deuterium-containing compounds of general formula (I)").
  • Isotopic variants of the compounds of general formula (I) in which one or more radioactive isotopes, such as 3 H or 14 C, are incorporated are useful e.g. in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution studies. These isotopes are particularly preferred for the ease of their incorporation and detectability.
  • Positron emitting isotopes such as 18 F or 11 C may be incorporated into a compound of general formula (I).
  • These isotopic variants of the compounds of general formula (I) are useful for in vivo imaging applications.
  • Deuterium-containing and 13 C-containing compounds of general formula (I) can be used in mass spectrometry analyses in the context of preclinical or clinical studies.
  • Isotopic variants of the compounds of general formula (I) can generally be prepared by methods known to a person skilled in the art, such as those described in the schemes and/or examples herein, by substituting a reagent for an isotopic variant of said reagent, preferably for a deuterium-containing reagent.
  • a reagent for an isotopic variant of said reagent preferably for a deuterium-containing reagent.
  • deuterium from D 2 O can be incorporated either directly into the compounds or into reagents that are useful for synthesizing such compounds.
  • Deuterium gas is also a useful reagent for incorporating deuterium into molecules. Catalytic deuteration of olefinic bonds and acetylenic bonds is a rapid route for incorporation of deuterium.
  • Metal catalysts i.e.
  • deuterated reagents and synthetic building blocks are commercially available from companies such as for example C/D/N Isotopes, Quebec, Canada; Cambridge Isotope Laboratories Inc., Andover, MA, USA; and CombiPhos Catalysts, Inc., Princeton, NJ, USA.
  • deuterium-containing compound of general formula (I) is defined as a compound of general formula (I), in which one or more hydrogen atom(s) is/are replaced by one or more deuterium atom(s) and in which the abundance of deuterium at each deuterated position of the compound of general formula (I) is higher than the natural abundance of deuterium, which is about 0.015%.
  • the abundance of deuterium at each deuterated position of the compound of general formula (I) is higher than 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70% or 80%, preferably higher than 90%, 95%, 96% or 97%, even more preferably higher than 98% or 99% at said position(s). It is understood that the abundance of deuterium at each deuterated position is independent of the abundance of deuterium at other deuterated position(s).
  • the selective incorporation of one or more deuterium atom(s) into a compound of general formula (I) may alter the physicochemical properties (such as for example acidity [ C. L. Perrin, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2007, 129, 4490 ], basicity [ C. L. Perrin et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2005, 127, 9641 ], lipophilicity [ B. Testa et al., Int. J. Pharm., 1984, 19(3), 271 ]) and/or the metabolic profile of the molecule and may result in changes in the ratio of parent compound to metabolites or in the amounts of metabolites formed.
  • physicochemical properties such as for example acidity [ C. L. Perrin, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2007, 129, 4490 ], basicity [ C. L. Perrin et al., J. Am. Chem. So
  • Kassahun et al., WO2012/112363 are examples for this deuterium effect. Still other cases have been reported in which reduced rates of metabolism result in an increase in exposure of the drug without changing the rate of systemic clearance (e.g. Rofecoxib: F. Schneider et al., Arzneim. Forsch. / Drug. Res., 2006, 56, 295 ; Telaprevir: F. Maltais et al., J. Med. Chem., 2009, 52, 7993 ). Deuterated drugs showing this effect may have reduced dosing requirements (e.g. lower number of doses or lower dosage to achieve the desired effect) and/or may produce lower metabolite loads.
  • a compound of general formula (I) may have multiple potential sites of attack for metabolism.
  • deuterium-containing compounds of general formula (I) having a certain pattern of one or more deuterium-hydrogen exchange(s) can be selected.
  • the deuterium atom(s) of deuterium-containing compound(s) of general formula (I) is/are attached to a carbon atom and/or is/are located at those positions of the compound of general formula (I), which are sites of attack for metabolizing enzymes such as e.g. cytochrome P 450 .
  • the present invention concerns a deuterium-containing compound of general formula (I) having 1, 2, 3 or 4 deuterium atoms, particularly with 1, 2 or 3 deuterium atoms.
  • stable compound' or “stable structure” is meant a compound that is sufficiently robust to survive isolation to a useful degree of purity from a reaction mixture, and formulation into an efficacious therapeutic agent.
  • the compounds of the present invention optionally contain one or more asymmetric centres, depending upon the location and nature of the various substituents desired. It is possible that one or more asymmetric carbon atoms are present in the (R) or (S) configuration, which can result in racemic mixtures in the case of a single asymmetric centre, and in diastereomeric mixtures in the case of multiple asymmetric centres. In certain instances, it is possible that asymmetry also be present due to restricted rotation about a given bond, for example, the central bond adjoining two substituted aromatic rings of the specified compounds.
  • Preferred isomers are those which produce the more desirable biological activity.
  • These separated, pure or partially purified isomers or racemic mixtures of the compounds of this invention are also included within the scope of the present invention.
  • the purification and the separation of such materials can be accomplished by standard techniques known in the art.
  • the optical isomers can be obtained by resolution of the racemic mixtures according to conventional processes, for example, by the formation of diastereoisomeric salts using an optically active acid or base or formation of covalent diastereomers.
  • appropriate acids are tartaric, diacetyltartaric, ditoluoyltartaric and camphorsulfonic acid.
  • Mixtures of diastereoisomers can be separated into their individual diastereomers on the basis of their physical and/or chemical differences by methods known in the art, for example, by chromatography or fractional crystallisation.
  • the optically active bases or acids are then liberated from the separated diastereomeric salts.
  • a different process for separation of optical isomers involves the use of chiral chromatography (e.g., HPLC columns using a chiral phase), with or without conventional derivatisation, optimally chosen to maximise the separation of the enantiomers.
  • Suitable HPLC columns using a chiral phase are commercially available, such as those manufactured by Daicel, e.g., Chiracel OD and Chiracel OJ, for example, among many others, which are all routinely selectable.
  • Enzymatic separations, with or without derivatisation are also useful.
  • the optically active compounds of the present invention can likewise be obtained by chiral syntheses utilizing optically active starting materials.
  • Isolation of a single stereoisomer, e.g. a single enantiomer or a single diastereomer, of a compound of the present invention is achieved by any suitable state of the art method, such as chromatography, especially chiral chromatography, for example.
  • any compound of the present invention which contains an imidazopyridine moiety as a heteroaryl group for example can exist as a 1H tautomer, or a 3H tautomer, or even a mixture in any amount of the two tautomers, namely :
  • the present invention includes all possible tautomers of the compounds of the present invention as single tautomers, or as any mixture of said tautomers, in any ratio.
  • the compounds of the present invention can exist as N-oxides, which are defined in that at least one nitrogen of the compounds of the present invention is oxidised.
  • the present invention includes all such possible N-oxides.
  • the present invention also provides useful forms of the compounds of the present invention, such as metabolites, hydrates, solvates, prodrugs, salts, in particular pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and/or co-precipitates.
  • the compounds of the present invention can exist as a hydrate, or as a solvate, wherein the compounds of the present invention contain polar solvents, in particular water, methanol or ethanol for example, as structural element of the crystal lattice of the compounds. It is possible for the amount of polar solvents, in particular water, to exist in a stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric ratio.
  • polar solvents in particular water
  • stoichiometric solvates e.g. a hydrate, hemi-, (semi-), mono-, sesqui-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta- etc. solvates or hydrates, respectively, are possible.
  • the present invention includes all such hydrates or solvates.
  • the compounds of the present invention may exist in free form, e.g. as a free base, or as a free acid, or as a zwitterion, or to exist in the form of a salt.
  • Said salt may be any salt, either an organic or inorganic addition salt, particularly any pharmaceutically acceptable organic or inorganic addition salt, which is customarily used in pharmacy, or which is used, for example, for isolating or purifying the compounds of the present invention.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt refers to an inorganic or organic acid addition salt of a compound of the present invention.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt refers to an inorganic or organic acid addition salt of a compound of the present invention.
  • S. M. Berge, et al. “Pharmaceutical Salts,” J. Pharm. Sci. 1977, 66, 1-19 .
  • a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compounds of the present invention may be, for example, an acid-addition salt of a compound of the present invention bearing a nitrogen atom, in a chain or in a ring, for example, which is sufficiently basic, such as an acid-addition salt with an inorganic acid, or "mineral acid", such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, sulfuric, sulfamic, bisulfuric, phosphoric, or nitric acid, for example, or with an organic acid, such as formic, acetic, acetoacetic, pyruvic, trifluoroacetic, propionic, butyric, hexanoic, heptanoic, undecanoic, lauric, benzoic, salicylic, 2-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)-benzoic, camphoric, cinnamic, cyclopentanepropionic, digluconic, 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic, nico
  • an alkali metal salt for example a sodium or potassium salt
  • an alkaline earth metal salt for example a calcium, magnesium or strontium salt, or an aluminium or a zinc salt
  • acid addition salts of the claimed compounds to be prepared by reaction of the compounds with the appropriate inorganic or organic acid via any of a number of known methods.
  • alkali and alkaline earth metal salts of acidic compounds of the present invention are prepared by reacting the compounds of the present invention with the appropriate base via a variety of known methods.
  • the present invention includes all possible salts of the compounds of the present invention as single salts, or as any mixture of said salts, in any ratio.
  • the present invention includes diastereomers, racemates, tautomers, N-oxides, hydrates, solvates, and salts of the compounds of the present invention, and mixtures of same.
  • the present invention includes all possible crystalline forms, or polymorphs, of the compounds of the present invention, either as single polymorph, or as a mixture of more than one polymorph, in any ratio.
  • the present invention also includes prodrugs of the compounds according to the invention.
  • prodrugs here designates compounds which themselves can be biologically active or inactive, but are converted (for example metabolically or hydrolytically) into compounds according to the invention during their residence time in the body.
  • the present invention provides compounds of general formula (I), in which
  • the present invention provides compounds of general formula (I), in which
  • the present invention provides compounds of general formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of general formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of general formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of general formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of general formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of general formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of general formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of general formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of general formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of general formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides the compounds of general formula (I), supra, which are exemplified in the experimental section.
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of general formula (I), in which R 1 represents a phenyl group, which is optionally substituted, one or two times, each substituent independently selected from a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom and a methyl group.
  • the present invention provides compounds of general formula (I), in which
  • the present invention provides compounds of general formula (I), in which
  • the present invention provides compounds of general formula (I), in which R 1 represents a indanyl group, a tetralinyl group and a monocyclic - or bicyclic heteroaryl group
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which R 4 and R 5 jointly form a 5- to 6-membered, optionally unsaturated, heterocyclic ring A of partial formula (i)
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which R 4 and R 5 jointly form a 5- to 6-membered, optionally unsaturated, heterocyclic ring A of partial formula (i)
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which: In further embodiments, the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of general formula (I), in which
  • the present invention provides compounds of general formula (I), in which
  • the present invention provides compounds of general formula (I), in which
  • the present invention provides compounds of general formula (I), in which
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, in which:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, which are selected from the group consisting of:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), supra, which are selected from the group consisting of:
  • the present invention provides any sub-combination within any embodiment or aspect of the present invention of compounds of general formula (I), supra.
  • the present invention provides any sub-combination within any embodiment or aspect of the present invention of intermediate compounds of general formulae (IV), (VI), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XV), (XVIII), (XIX), (X) and (XXI).
  • the present invention provides the compounds of general formula (I) which are disclosed in the Example Section of this text, infra.
  • the compounds according to the invention of general formula (I) can be prepared according to the following schemes 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.
  • the schemes and procedures described below illustrate synthetic routes to the compounds of general formula (I) of the invention and are not intended to be limiting. It is clear to the person skilled in the art that the order of transformations as exemplified in schemes 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 can be modified in various ways. The order of transformations exemplified in these schemes is therefore not intended to be limiting. In addition, interconversion of any of the substituents, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 or R 5 can be achieved before and/or after the exemplified transformations.
  • tert- butyl benzoates of general formula (III) can be prepared from benzoic acid derivatives of general formula (II) by in situ formation of the the corresponding acid chlorides and subsequent reaction with tert-butanol.
  • In situ formation of acid chlorides from benzoic acids of general formula (II) can be accomplished, for example by using oxalyl chloride or thionyl chloride, both reagents used in the presence of catalytic amount of N,N -dimethylformamide.
  • Bases that can be employed for the reaction of tert -butyl benzoates of general formula (V) with alcohols of general formula (VI) are for example sodium hydride, sodium tert -butanolate, potassium tert -butanolate, or cesium carbonate.
  • potassium hexamethyldisilazide solution in tetrahydrofuran was preferrably used as organic base.
  • Solvents that can be used for the reactions of tert -butyl benzoates of general formula (V) with alcohols of general formula (VI) are for example tetrahydrofuran, dimethyl sulfoxide and N,N- dimethylformamide.
  • tertahydrofuran was preferrably used as solvent.
  • Reaction temperatures for the reactions of tert -butyl benzoates of general formula (V) with alcohols of general formula (VI) are for example ranging from room temperature to 130°C. Cooling of the reaction mixture is optionally necessary on adding the reactants or bases. In connection with the method of the invention, cooling the reaction to -10°C prior addition of potassium hexamethyldisilazide solution in tetrahydrofuran and subsequent running the reaction at room temperature was preferable.
  • Suitable reaction times for the reaction of tert -butyl benzoates of general formula (V) with alcohols of general formula (VI) are ranging from 1h several days.
  • tert -butyl benzoates of general formula (V) with alcohols of general formula (VI) can also result in transesterification, such as the tert -butoxide moiety of the tert -butyl benzoates of general formula (V) can be replaced by the alkoxide R 3 CH(CH 3 )O moiety of the alcohols of general formula (VI).
  • transesterification such as the tert -butoxide moiety of the tert -butyl benzoates of general formula (V) can be replaced by the alkoxide R 3 CH(CH 3 )O moiety of the alcohols of general formula (VI).
  • subsequent ester hydrolysis is required.
  • Ester hydrolysis can be achieved by various methods which are well known to the person skilled in the art, for example by treatment of the esters with lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, in sovents, such as, for example water, 1,4-dioxane, ethanol or tetrahydrofuran or mixtures thereof.
  • the reactions can be carried out at temperatures ranging from room temperature to the boiling point of the respective solvent or solvent mixture.
  • In situ formation of acid chlorides of general formula (IX) from benzoic acids of general formular (VIII) can be accomplished, for example by using oxalyl chloride or thionyl chloride, both reagents used in the presence of catalytic amount of N,N -dimethylformamide.
  • oxalyl chloride is preferably used in the presence of N,N- dimethylformamide.
  • Suitable solvents for the in situ formation of acid chlorides of general formula (IX) from benzoic acids of general formula (VIII) include aprotic nonpolar solvents such as for example dichloromethane or toluene. In connection with the method according to the invention, dichloromethane is preferably used as sovent.
  • Suitable reaction temperatures for the in situ formation of acid chlorides of general formula (IX) from benzoic acids of general formula (VIII) mostly reflect the boiling point of the solvents used in the reaction.
  • adding of oxalyl chloride was carried out at 0°C and the reaction mixture was subsequently allowed to warm up to room temperature.
  • organic bases are for example triethylamine, pyridine or N -ethyl- N,N- diisopropylamine.
  • triethylamine was preferably used as organic base.
  • Suitable solvents for the reaction of acid chlorides of general formula (IX) with amines of general formula (X) include aprotic polar solvents such as for example acetonitrile, N,N- dimethylformamide or aprotic nonpolar solvents such as dichloromethane. In connection with the method according to the invention dichoromethane was used as solvent.
  • Suitable coupling reagents for the reaction of benzoic acids of general formula (VIII) with amines of general formula (X) are for example O -(7-aza-1 H -benzotriazol-1-yl)- N,N,N' , N'- tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HATU), dicyclohexylcarbodiimide or a combination of 1 H -benzotria-1-ol and 1-ethyl-3-[3-(diemthylaminopropyl]carbodiimide hydrochloride.
  • HATU hexylcarbodiimide
  • Suitable organic bases for the amide coupling of benzoic acids of general formula (VIII) with amines of general formula (X) are for example 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine, N- ethyl -N,N- diisopropylamine or triethylamine.
  • Suitable solvents for the for the amide coupling of benzoic acids of general formula (VIII) with amines of general formula (X) are for example N,N -dimethylformamide, dichoromethane or tetrahydrofuran.
  • In situ formation of acid chlorides of general formula (XIV) from benzoic acids of general formula (XIII) can be accomplished, for example by using oxalyl chloride or thionyl chloride, both reagents used in the presence of catalytic amount of N,N -dimethylformamide.
  • oxalyl chloride is preferably used in the presence of N,N- dimethylformamide.
  • Suitable solvents for the in situ formation of acid chlorides of general formula (XIV) from benzoic acids of general formula (XIII) include aprotic nonpolar solvents such as for example dichloromethane or toluene. In connection with the method according to the invention, dichloromethane is preferably used as sovent.
  • Suitable reaction temperatures for the in situ formation of acid chlorides of general formula (XIV) from benzoic acids of general formula (XIII) mostly reflect the boiling point of the solvents used in the reaction.
  • adding of oxalyl chloride was carried out at 0°C and the reaction mixture was subsequently allowed to warm up to room temperature.
  • organic bases are for example triethylamine, pyridine or N -ethyl- N,N -diisopropylamine.
  • triethylamine was preferably used as organic base.
  • Suitable solvents for the reaction of acid chlorides of general formula (XIV) with amines of general formula (X) include aprotic polar solvents such as for example acetonitrile, N,N- dimethylformamide or aprotic nonpolar solvents such as dichloromethane. In conection with the method according to the invention dichoromethane was used as solvent.
  • Suitable coupling reagents for the reaction of benzoic acids of general formula (XIII) with amines of general formula (X) are for example O -(7-aza-1 H -benzotriazol-1-yl)- N,N,N',N'- tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HATU), dicyclohexylcarbodiimide or a combination of 1 H -benzotria-1-ol and 1-ethyl-3-[3-(diemthylaminopropyl]carbodiimide hydrochloride.
  • HATU hexylcarbodiimide
  • Suitable organic bases for the amide coupling of benzoic acids of general formula (XIII) with amines of general formula (X) are for example 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine, N -ethyl- N,N- diisopropylamine or triethylamine.
  • Suitable solvents for the for the amide coupling of benzoic acids of general formula (XIII) with amines of general formula (X) are for example N,N -dimethylformamide, dichoromethane or tetrahydrofuran.
  • the following palladium catalysts can be used: allylpalladium chloride dimer, dichlorobis(benzonitrile)palladium (II), palladium (II) acetate, palladium (II) chloride, tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0), tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium (0), chloro(2'-amino-1,1'-biphenyl-2-yl)palladium(II) dimer, (2'-amino-1,1'-biphenyl-2-yl)methanesulfonatopalladium(II) dimer, trans-di( ⁇ -acetato)bis[o-(di-o-tolylphosphino)benzyl]dipalladium(II) [cataCXium ® C], allylchloro[1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)imida
  • Nitriles of general formula (XVII) can be prepared from nitriles of general formula (XVI) and triazolinones of general formula (IV) in the presence of a base.
  • the use of potassium carbonate as base in acetonitrile at 80°C was preferrable.
  • benzoates of general formula (XVIII) can be accomplished by hydrolysis of nitriles of general formula XVII using strong acids or bases.
  • the use of sodium hydroxide in ethanol at 85 °C was preferrable.
  • the compounds of general formula (XIX) can be prepared by the reaction of the benzoic acids of general formula (XVIII) with amines of general formula (X) by amide coupling.
  • Suitable coupling reagents for the reaction of benzoic acids of general formula (XVIII) with amines of general formula (X) are for example O -(7-aza-1 H -benzotriazol-1-yl)- N,N,N',N'- tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HATU), dicyclohexylcarbodiimide or a combination of 1 H -benzotria-1-ol and 1-ethyl-3-[3-(diemthylaminopropyl]carbodiimide hydrochloride.
  • HATU hexafluorophosphate
  • Suitable organic bases for the amide coupling of benzoic acids of general formula (XVIII) with amines of general formula (X) are for example 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine, N -ethyl- N,N- diisopropylamine, N -methylpyrollidine, or triethylamine.
  • Suitable solvents for the for the amide coupling of benzoic acids of general formula (XVIII) with amines of general formula (X) are for example N,N -dimethylformamide, dichoromethane or tetrahydrofuran.
  • the formation of compounds of of general formula (I) can be accomplished by reaction of amides of general formula (XIX) and alcohols of general formula (VI) in the presence of a base.
  • Bases that can be employed for the reaction of amides of general formula (XIX) with alcohols of general formula (VI) are for example sodium hydride, sodium tert -butanolate, potassium tert -butanolate, or cesium carbonate.
  • sodium hydride was preferrably used as organic base.
  • Solvents that can be used for the reactions of tert -butyl benzoates of general formula (V) with alcohols of general formula (VI) are for example tetrahydrofuran, dimethyl sulfoxide and N,N- dimethylformamide.
  • N,N- dimethylformamide was preferrably used as solvent.
  • Reaction temperatures for the reactions of tert -butyl benzoates of general formula (V) with alcohols of general formula (VI) are for example ranging from room temperature to 80°C.
  • the reaction of alcohols of general formula (VI) with sodium hydride was preferably performed at room temperature for 1h before addition of amides of formula (XIX) and subsequent heating of the reaction mixture to 80°C.
  • Suitable reaction times for the reaction of tert -butyl benzoates of general formula (V) with alcohols of general formula (VI) are ranging from 3h to several days.
  • Amides of general formula (XX) can be prepared by the reaction of the benzoic acids of general formula (II) with amines of general formula (X) by amide coupling.
  • Suitable coupling reagents for the reaction of benzoic acids of general formula (II) with amines of general formula (X) are for example O -(7-aza-1 H -benzotriazol-1-yl)- N,N,N',N'- tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HATU), dicyclohexylcarbodiimide or a combination of 1 H -benzotria-1-ol and 1-ethyl-3-[3-(diemthylaminopropyl]carbodiimide hydrochloride.
  • HATU hexylcarbodiimide
  • Suitable organic bases for the amide coupling of benzoic acids of general formula (II) with amines of general formula (X) are for example 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine, N -ethyl- N,N- diisopropylamine, N -methylpyrollidine, or triethylamine.
  • Suitable solvents for the for the amide coupling of benzoic acids of general formula (II) with amines of general formula (X) are for example N,N -dimethylformamide, dichoromethane or tetrahydrofuran.
  • amides of general formula (XX) can be prepared from benzoic acid derivatives of general formula (II) by in situ formation of the the corresponding acid chlorides and subsequent reaction with amines of general formula (X).
  • In situ formation of acid chlorides from benzoic acids of general formula (II) can be accomplished, for example by using oxalyl chloride or thionyl chloride, both reagents used in the presence of catalytic amount of N,N -dimethylformamide.
  • the formation of compounds of general formula (XIX) can be accomplished by the reaction of triazolinones of general formula (IV) with amides of general formula (XX) in the presence of a base, such as potassium carbonate.
  • a base such as potassium carbonate.
  • the formation of compounds of general formula (I) can be accomplished by reaction of amides of general formula (XIX) and alcohols of general formula (VI) in the presence of a base.
  • Bases that can be employed for the reaction of amides of general formula (XIX) with alcohols of general formula (VI) are for example sodium hydride, sodium tert -butanolate, potassium tert -butanolate, or cesium carbonate.
  • sodium hydride was preferrably used as organic base.
  • Solvents that can be used for the reactions of amides of general formula (XIX) with alcohols of general formula (VI) are for example tetrahydrofuran, dimethyl sulfoxide and N,N- dimethylformamide.
  • N,N- dimethylformamide was preferrably used as solvent.
  • Reaction temperatures for the reactions of amides of general formula (XIX) with alcohols of general formula (VI) are for example ranging from room temperature to 140°C.
  • the reaction of alcohols of general formula (VI) with sodium hydride was preferably performed at room temperature for 1h before addition of amides of formula (XIX) and subsequent heating of the reaction mixture to 80°C.
  • Suitable reaction times for the reaction of amides of general formula (XIX) with alcohols of general formula (VI) are ranging from 3h to several days.
  • benzoates of general formula (VIII) can be accomplished by hydrolysis of nitriles of general formula XXI using strong acids or bases.
  • the use of sulphuric acid, acetic acid and water at 120 °C was preferrable.
  • the present invention provides methods of preparing compounds of general formula (I) as defined supra, said methods comprising the step of allowing an intermediate compound of general formula (VIII) :
  • the present invention provides methods of preparing compounds of general formula (I) as defined supra, said methods comprising the step of allowing an intermediate compound of general formula (IX) :
  • the present invention provides methods of preparing compounds of general formula (I) as defined supra, said methods comprising the step of allowing an intermediate compound of general formula (VII)
  • the present invention provides the intermediate compound of general formula (VIII) in which R 2 , R 3 , R 4 and R 5 are as defined for the compound of general formula (I) as defined supra,
  • the present invention provides the use of the intermediate compound (VIII) in which R 2 , R 3 , R 4 and R 5 are as defined for the compound of general formula (I) as defined supra for the production of a compound of general formula (I).
  • the present invention provides methods of preparing compounds of general formula (I) as defined supra, said methods comprising the step of allowing an intermediate compound of general formula (XV) :
  • the present invention provides methods of preparing compounds of general formula (I) as defined supra, said methods comprising the step of allowing an intermediate compound of general formula (XVIII) : in which R 2 , R 4 and R 5 are as defined for the compound of general formula (I) as defined supra, to react with a compound of general formula (X) : R 1 -NH 2 (X) .
  • the present invention provides methods of preparing compounds of general formula (I) as defined supra, said methods comprising the step of allowing an intermediate compound of general formula (XX) : in which R 1 and R 2 are as defined for the compound of general formula (I) as defined supra, to react with a compound of general formula (IV) : in which R 4 and R 5 are as defined for the compound of general formula (I) as defined supra, thereby giving a compound of general formula (XIX) : in which R 1 , R 2 , R 4 and R 5 are as defined for the compound of general formula (I) as defined supra.
  • the present invention provides methods of preparing compounds of general formula (I) as defined supra, said methods comprising the step of allowing an intermediate compound of general formula (XIX) :
  • the present invention provides methods of preparing compounds of general formula (I) as defined supra, said methods comprise the step of allowing an intermediate compound of general formula (VIII) :
  • the present invention provides methods of preparing compounds of general formula (I) as defined supra, said methods comprising the step of allowing an intermediate compound of general formula (IX) :
  • the present invention provides methods of preparing compounds of general formula (I) as defined supra, said methods comprising the step of allowing an intermediate compound of general formula (XV) :
  • the present invention provides methods of preparing compounds of general formula (I) as defined supra, said methods comprising the step of allowing an intermediate compound of general formula (XIX) :
  • the present invention provides methods of preparing compounds of the present invention of general formula (I), said methods comprising the steps as described in the Experimental Section herein.
  • the present invention provides intermediate compounds which are useful for the preparation of the compounds of general formula (I), supra.
  • the invention provides the intermediate compounds of general formula (IV) : in which R 4 and R 5 are as defined for the compound of general formula (I) supra.
  • the invention provides the intermediate compounds of general formula (VI) : in which R 3 is as defined for the compound of general formula (I) supra.
  • the invention provides the intermediate compounds of general formula (VIII) : in which R 2 , R 3 , R 4 and R 5 are as defined for the compound of general formula (I) supra.
  • the inventions provides the intermediate compounds of general formula (IX) : in which R 2 , R 3 , R 4 and R 5 are as defined for the compound of general formula (I) supra.
  • the inventions provides the intermediate compounds of general formula (XV) : in which R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are as defined for the compound of general formula (I) supra, and A represents a chlorine, bromine or iodine atom.
  • the inventions provides the intermediate compounds of general formula (XVIII) : in which R 2 , R 4 and R 5 are as defined for the compound of general formula (I) supra.
  • the invention provides the intermediate compounds of general formula (XIX) : in which R 1 , R 2 , R 4 and R 5 are as defined for the compound of general formula (I) supra.
  • the invention provides the intermediate compounds of general formula (XXI) : in which R 2 , R 3 , R 4 and R 5 are as defined for the compound of general formula (I) supra.
  • the present invention provides the use of said intermediate compounds for the preparation of a compound of general formula (I) as defined supra.
  • the invention provides the use of intermediate compounds of general formula (IV) : in which R 4 and R 5 are as defined for the compound of general formula (I) supra, for the preparation of a compound of general formula (I) as defined supra.
  • the invention provides the use of intermediate compounds of general formula (VI) : in which R 3 is as defined for the compound of general formula (I) supra, for the preparation of a compound of general formula (I) as defined supra.
  • the invention provides the use of intermediate compounds of general formula (VIII) : in which R 2 , R 3 , R 4 and R 5 are as defined for the compound of general formula (I) supra, for the preparation of a compound of general formula (I) as defined supra.
  • the invention provides the use of intermediate compounds of general formula (IX) : in which R 2 , R 3 , R 4 and R 5 are as defined for the compound of general formula (I) supra, for the preparation of a compound of general formula (I) as defined supra.
  • the invention provides the use of intermediate compounds of general formula (X) : R 1 -NH 2 (X) , in which R 1 is as defined for the compound of general formula (I) as defined supra, for the preparation of a compound of general formula (I) as defined supra.
  • the invention provides the use of intermediate compounds of general formula (XV) : in which R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are as defined for the compound of general formula (I) supra, and A represents a chlorine, bromine or iodine atom, for the preparation of a compound of general formula (I) as defined supra.
  • the invention provides the use of intermediate compounds of general formula (XVIII) : in which R 2 , R 4 and R 5 are as defined for the compound of general formula (I) supra, for the preparation of a compound of general formula (I) as defined supra.
  • the invention provides the use of intermediate compounds of general formula (XIX) : in which R 1 , R 2 , R 4 and R 5 are as defined for the compound of general formula (I) supra, for the preparation of a compound of general formula (I) as defined supra.
  • the invention provides the use of intermediate compounds of general formula (XX) : in which R 1 and R 2 are as defined for the compound of general formula (I) as defined supra, for the preparation of a compound of general formula (I) as defined supra.
  • the invention provides the use of intermediate compounds of general formula (XXI) : in which R 2 , R 3 , R 4 and R 5 are as defined for the compound of general formula (I) supra, for the preparation of a compound of general formula (I) as defined supra.
  • the present invention provides methods of preparing compounds of the present invention of general formula (I), in which
  • the present invention provides methods of preparing compounds of the present invention of general formula (I), in which
  • the present invention provides methods of preparing compounds of the present invention of general formula (I), in which
  • the present invention provides methods of preparing compounds of the present invention of general formula (I), as defined in any one of claims 1-6, said methods comprising the step of reacting a compound of general formula (Ia) wherein
  • the present invention provides methods of preparing compounds of the present invention of general formula (I), as defined in any one of claims 1-6, said methods comprising the step of reacting a compound of general formula (Ia) wherein
  • the process as described above further comprises subsequently harvesting the culture and isolating the reaction product after a suitable reaction time.
  • the present invention provides methods of preparing a compound of formula (I), wherein the suitable medium is a suitable nutrition solution comprising a buffer and an aqueous sugar solution.
  • the present invention provides methods of preparing a compound of formula (I), wherein the suitable medium is a suitable nutrition solution comprising a buffer such as an aqueous phosphatebuffer solution e.g. a potassiumdihydrogen-phosphate/potassiumhydrogenphosphate buffer, a sodiumdihydrogenphosphate/sodium-hydrogenphosphate buffer, particularly a potassiumdihydrogenphosphate/potassium-hydrogenphosphate buffer and an aqueous sugar solution such as e.g. an aqueous glucose solution optionally further comprising an aqueous solution of a complexing agent such as e.g. ethylendiamintetraacetate.
  • a buffer such as an aqueous phosphatebuffer solution e.g. a potassiumdihydrogen-phosphate/potassiumhydrogenphosphate buffer, a sodiumdihydrogenphosphate/sodium-hydrogenphosphate buffer, particularly a potassiumdihydrogenphosphate/potassium-hydrogenphosphate buffer and an
  • the present invention provides methods of preparing a compound of formula (I), as disclosed supra and optionally further comprising aeration of the culture thus providing aerobic reaction conditions.
  • the present invention provides methods of preparing a compound of formula (I), as disclosed supra and further comprising the steps of harvesting the culture after a suitable reaction time such as e.g. 3-6h, particularly 3-4h and isolating the product.
  • the present invention provides methods of preparing a compound of formula (I), which are example compounds 293-296 reacting a compound of formula (Ic)
  • the present invention provides methods of preparing a compound of formula (I), which are example compounds 293-296 under the conditions as described in example 293.
  • a further embodiment of the invention is the compound of formula (I) obtained by the method disclosed supra.
  • the present disclosure provides the nucleic acid sequence of Seq..ID. No.1., plasmid 1 of example 293.
  • the present disclosure provides the nucleic acid sequence of Seq ID. No.2, plasmid 2 of example 293.
  • the present disclosure provides the use of a plasmid of Seq.ID. No. 1 and/or Seq..ID. No.2 for the production of a mircoorganism suitable for a hydroxylation reaction, preferably the hydroxylation of a compound of formula (I), more preferably a compound of formula (Ia), even more preferably a compound of formula (la-2).
  • nucleic acid sequence Seq. ID No. 1 or nucleic acid sequence Seq. ID No. 2 for the preparation of a microorganism suitable for the production of a compound of formula (I) according to claim 1 in which
  • the present disclosure provides the use of a plasmid of Seq. ID. No. 1 and/or Seq.ID.no. 2 for the production of a mircoorganism suitable for the production of a compound of formula (I).
  • Another aspect of the invention is a compound of formula (I), particularly a compound of formula (Ib) more particularly the compounds of examples 293-296, according to claim 1 obtained by a method according to claims 21-22.
  • the present invention provides the use of the intermediate compounds of general formula (IV), (VI), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XV), (XVIII), (XIX) and (XXI) which are disclosed in the Example Section of this text, infra.
  • the present invention provides the intermediate compounds which are disclosed in the Example Section of this text, infra.
  • the present invention provides the intermediate compounds of general formula (IV), (VI), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XV), (XVIII), (XIX) and (XXI) which are disclosed in the Example Section of this text, infra.
  • the present invention provides any sub-combination within any embodiment or aspect of the present invention of intermediate compounds of general formula (IV), (VI), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XV), (XVIII), (XIX) and (XXI), supra.
  • the compounds of general formula (I) of the present invention can be converted to any salt, preferably pharmaceutically acceptable salts, as described herein, by any method which is known to the person skilled in the art.
  • any salt of a compound of general formula (I) of the present invention can be converted into the free compound, by any method which is known to the person skilled in the art.
  • Compounds of general formula (I) of the present invention demonstrate a valuable pharmacological spectrum of action, which could not have been predicted.
  • Compounds of the present invention have surprisingly been found to effectively inhibit DHODH and it is possible therefore that said compounds be used for the treatment or prophylaxis of diseases, preferably hyperproliferative and/or inflammatory disorders in humans and animals.
  • Compounds of the present invention can be utilized to inhibit the activity of DHODH.
  • This method comprises administering to a mammal in need thereof, including a human, an effective amount of a compound of general formula (I) of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, polymorph, metabolite, hydrate, solvate or ester thereof, for the treatment of hyperproliferative and/or inflammatory disorders.
  • Another aspect of the invention is a method of inhibiting proliferation of a cell, comprising contacting the cell with a compound of formula (I).
  • Hyperproliferative disorders include, but are not limited to, for example : psoriasis, keloids, and other hyperplasias affecting the skin, benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), solid tumours, such as cancers of the breast, respiratory tract, brain, reproductive organs, digestive tract, urinary tract, eye, liver, skin, head and neck, thyroid, parathyroid and their distant metastases.
  • BPH benign prostate hyperplasia
  • solid tumours such as cancers of the breast, respiratory tract, brain, reproductive organs, digestive tract, urinary tract, eye, liver, skin, head and neck, thyroid, parathyroid and their distant metastases.
  • Those disorders also include sarcomas, and haematological malignancies including but not limiting to leukemias, lymphomas, multiple myeolomas.
  • breast cancers include, but are not limited to, invasive ductal carcinoma, invasive lobular carcinoma, ductal carcinoma in situ, and lobular carcinoma in situ.
  • cancers of the respiratory tract include, but are not limited to, small-cell and non-small-cell lung carcinoma, as well as bronchial adenoma and pleuropulmonary blastoma.
  • brain cancers include, but are not limited to, brain stem and hypophtalmic glioma, cerebellar and cerebral astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, ependymoma, as well as neuroectodermal and pineal tumour.
  • Tumours of the male reproductive organs include, but are not limited to, prostate and testicular cancer.
  • Tumours of the female reproductive organs include, but are not limited to, endometrial, cervical, ovarian, vaginal, and vulvar cancer, as well as sarcoma of the uterus.
  • Tumours of the digestive tract include, but are not limited to, anal, colon, colorectal, oesophageal, gallbladder, gastric, pancreatic, rectal, small-intestine, and salivary gland cancers.
  • Tumours of the urinary tract include, but are not limited to, bladder, penile, kidney, renal pelvis, ureter, urethral and human papillary renal cancers.
  • Eye cancers include, but are not limited to, intraocular melanoma and retinoblastoma.
  • liver cancers include, but are not limited to, hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cell carcinomas with or without fibrolamellar variant), cholangiocarcinoma (intrahepatic bile duct carcinoma), and mixed hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma.
  • Skin cancers include, but are not limited to, squamous cell carcinoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, malignant melanoma, Merkel cell skin cancer, and non-melanoma skin cancer.
  • Head-and-neck cancers include, but are not limited to, laryngeal, hypopharyngeal, nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal cancer, lip and oral cavity cancer and squamous cell.
  • Lymphomas include, but are not limited to, AIDS-related lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), T-non-Hodgkin lymphoma (T-NHL), subtypes of NHL such as Diffuse Large Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL), activated B-cell DLBCL, germinal center B-cell lymphoma DLBCL, double-hit lymphoma and double-expressor lymphoma; anaplastic large cell lymphoma, B-cell lymphoma, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, hairy cell lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), lymphoma of the central nervous system, small lymphocytic lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic lymphoma and Sezary syndrome.
  • CLL chronic lymphocytic
  • Sarcomas include, but are not limited to, sarcoma of the soft tissue, gliosarcoma, osteosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, lymphosarcoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma.
  • Leukemias include, but are not limited to acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, (acute) T-cell leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) , acute monocytic leukemia (AML), acute promyelocytic leukemia, bisphenotypic B myelomonocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML), large granular lymphocytic leukemia, plasma cell leukemia, and also myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), which can develop into an acute myeloid leukemia.
  • ALL acute lymphoblastic leukemia
  • ALL acute lymphocytic leukemia
  • AML acute monocytic leukemia
  • AML acute promyelocytic leukemia
  • Inhibition of DHODH can also lead to differentiation of tumor initiating cells in hematological and solid cancers, especially leukemias.
  • the present invention also provides methods of treating angiogenic disorders including diseases associated with excessive and/or abnormal angiogenesis.
  • Inappropriate and ectopic expression of angiogenesis can be deleterious to an organism.
  • a number of pathological conditions are associated with the growth of extraneous blood vessels. These include, for example, diabetic retinopathy, ischemic retinal-vein occlusion, and retinopathy of prematurity [ Aiello et al., New Engl. J. Med., 1994, 331, 1480 ; Peer et al., Lab. Invest., 1995, 72, 638 ], age-related macular degeneration (AMD) [ Lopez et al., Invest. Opththalmol. Vis.
  • AMD age-related macular degeneration
  • neovascular glaucoma neovascular glaucoma
  • psoriasis retrolental fibroplasias
  • angiofibroma inflammation
  • RA rheumatoid arthritis
  • restenosis in-stent restenosis
  • vascular graft restenosis etc.
  • the increased blood supply associated with cancerous and neoplastic tissue encourages growth, leading to rapid tumour enlargement and metastasis.
  • the growth of new blood and lymph vessels in a tumour provides an escape route for renegade cells, encouraging metastasis and the consequence spread of the cancer.
  • compounds of general formula (I) of the present invention can be utilized to treat and/or prevent any of the aforementioned angiogenesis disorders, for example by inhibiting and/or reducing blood vessel formation; by inhibiting, blocking, reducing, decreasing, etc. endothelial cell proliferation, or other types involved in angiogenesis, as well as causing cell death or apoptosis of such cell types.
  • Another aspect of the invention is a method for controlling cancer in humans and animals by administering an effective amount of at least one compound of general formula (I) of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, polymorph, metabolite, hydrate, solvate or ester thereof, or of a medicament, comprising at least one compound of general formula (I) of the present invention.
  • Another aspect of the invention is a method for controlling cancer (e.g ., through treatment prophylaxis, etc.) in a subject (e.g. , human, rat, etc.) by administering an effective amount of at least one compound of general formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, polymorph, metabolite, hydrate, solvate or ester thereof to the subject.
  • the subject may be administered a medicament, comprising at least one compound of general formula (I) and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients, and/or diluents..
  • the method of treatment and/or prophylaxis of a hyperproliferative disorder in a subject may comprise administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of general formula (I).
  • the hyperproliferative disorder may be, for example, cancer (e.g .but not limited to lung cancer, acute myeloid leukemia, lymphoma, glioblastoma, prostate cancer, etc.).
  • a method of inhibiting dihydroorotate dehydrogenase activity in a cancer cell comprises contacting a cancer cell with a compound of general formula (I).
  • the cancer cell may be in vitro or in vivo.
  • Another aspect of the invention is a method of treating lymphoma in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of general formula (I).
  • a yet other aspect of the invention is a method of treating leukemia in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of general formula (I).
  • the present invention provides the use of a compound of general formula (I) of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, polymorph, metabolite, hydrate, solvate or ester thereof, for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment or prophylaxis of a disease.
  • the present invention provides methods of treating cancer, which cancer is selected from a solid tumor such as e.g. lung cancer, glioblastoma, and prostate cancer, leukemia such as e.g. acute myeloid leukemia and lymphoma.
  • a solid tumor such as e.g. lung cancer, glioblastoma, and prostate cancer
  • leukemia such as e.g. acute myeloid leukemia and lymphoma.
  • the present invention provides methods of treating cancer, which cancer is selected from lung cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, glioblastoma, and prostate cancer.
  • the present invention provides methods of treating cancer, which cancer is selected from lung cancer, acute myeloid leukemia, lymphoma, glioblastoma, and prostate cancer.
  • the present invention provides the use of a compound of general formula (I) of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, polymorph, metabolite, hydrate, solvate or ester thereof, for the treatment of cancer, which cancer is selected from lung cancer, acute myeloid leukemia, lymphoma, glioblastoma, and prostate cancer.
  • the present invention provides methods of treating or preventing a disease or condition associated with inflammation, a metabolic disorder, infection or an immune disease or condition by administering to a subject having such a condition or disease, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or composition of the invention.
  • diseases or conditions including chronic diseases, of humans or other species can be treated or prevented by inhibition of DHODH.
  • diseases or conditions include (1) inflammatory or allergic diseases such as systemic anaphylaxis and hypersensitivity responses, drug allergies, insect sting allergies and food allergies, (2) inflammatory bowel diseases, such as Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, ileitis and enteritis, (3) vaginitis, (4) psoriasis and inflammatory dermatoses such as dermatitis, eczema, atopic dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis and urticaria, (5) vasculitis, (6) spondyloarthropathies, (7) scleroderma, (8) asthma and respiratory allergic diseases such as allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, hypersensitivity lung diseases and the like, and (9) autoimmune diseases, such as arthritis (including rheumatoid and psoriatic), systemic lupus erythemato
  • the present invention provides methods of treating or preventing viral infections.
  • the present invention provides methods of treating or preventing Malaria.
  • treating or “treatment” as stated throughout this document is used conventionally, for example the management or care of a subject for the purpose of combating, alleviating, reducing, relieving, improving the condition of a disease or disorder, such as a carcinoma.
  • the compounds of the present invention can be used in particular in therapy and prevention, i.e. prophylaxis, of tumour growth and metastases, especially in solid tumours of all indications and stages with or without pre-treatment of the tumour growth.
  • chemotherapeutic agents and/or anti-cancer agents in combination with a compound or pharmaceutical composition of the present invention will serve to:
  • the compounds of general formula (I) of the present invention can also be used in combination with radiotherapy and/or surgical intervention.
  • the compounds of general formula (I) of the present invention may be used to sensitize a cell to radiation, i.e. treatment of a cell with a compound of the present invention prior to radiation treatment of the cell renders the cell more susceptible to DNA damage and cell death than the cell would be in the absence of any treatment with a compound of the present invention.
  • the cell is treated with at least one compound of general formula (I) of the present invention.
  • the present invention also provides a method of killing a cell, wherein a cell is administered one or more compounds of the present invention in combination with conventional radiation therapy.
  • the present invention also provides a method of rendering a cell more susceptible to cell death, wherein the cell is treated with one or more compounds of general formula (I) of the present invention prior to the treatment of the cell to cause or induce cell death.
  • the cell is treated with at least one compound, or at least one method, or a combination thereof, in order to cause DNA damage for the purpose of inhibiting the function of the normal cell or killing the cell.
  • a cell is killed by treating the cell with at least one DNA damaging agent, i.e. after treating a cell with one or more compounds of general formula (I) of the present invention to sensitize the cell to cell death, the cell is treated with at least one DNA damaging agent to kill the cell.
  • DNA damaging agents useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, chemotherapeutic agents (e.g . cis platin), ionizing radiation (X-rays, ultraviolet radiation), carcinogenic agents, and mutagenic agents.
  • a cell is killed by treating the cell with at least one method to cause or induce DNA damage.
  • methods include, but are not limited to, activation of a cell signalling pathway that results in DNA damage when the pathway is activated, inhibiting of a cell signalling pathway that results in DNA damage when the pathway is inhibited, and inducing a biochemical change in a cell, wherein the change results in DNA damage.
  • a DNA repair pathway in a cell can be inhibited, thereby preventing the repair of DNA damage and resulting in an abnormal accumulation of DNA damage in a cell.
  • a compound of general formula (I) of the present invention is administered to a cell prior to the radiation or other induction of DNA damage in the cell.
  • a compound of general formula (I) of the present invention is administered to a cell concomitantly with the radiation or other induction of DNA damage in the cell.
  • a compound of general formula (I) of the present invention is administered to a cell immediately after radiation or other induction of DNA damage in the cell has begun.
  • the cell is in vitro. In another embodiment, the cell is in vivo.
  • the present invention provides compounds of general formula (I), as described supra, or tautomers, N-oxides, and salts thereof, or salts of tautomers or N-oxides, particularly pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, or mixtures of same, for use in the treatment or prophylaxis of diseases, in particular hyperproliferative and/or inflammatory disorders.
  • the present invention provides compounds of general formula (I), as described supra, or tautomers, N-oxides, and salts thereof, or salts of tautomers or N-oxides, for use in the treatment or prophylaxis of diseases, in particular hyperproliferative disorders, particularly benign hyperproliferative disorders, more particularly cancer.
  • the pharmaceutical activity of the compounds according to the invention can be explained by their activity as DHODH inhibitors.
  • the present invention providesprovides the use of compounds of general formula (I), as described supra, or tautomers, N-oxides, and salts thereof, or salts of tautomers or N-oxides, particularly pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, or mixtures of same, for the treatment or prophylaxis of diseases, in particular hyperproliferative and/or inflammatory disorders.
  • the present invention provides the use of compounds of general formula (I), as described supra, or tautomers, N-oxides, and salts thereof, or salts of tautomers or N-oxides, particularly pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, or mixtures of same, for the treatment or prophylaxis of diseases, in particular hyperproliferative disorders, particularly benign hyperproliferative disorders, more particularly cancer.
  • the present invention provides the use of compounds of general formula (I), as described supra, or tautomers, N-oxides, and salts thereof, or salts of tautomers or N-oxides, particularly pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, or mixtures of same, in a method of treatment or prophylaxis of diseases, in particular hyperproliferative and/or inflammatory disorders, particularly cancer.
  • the present invention provides the use of compounds of general formula (I), as described supra, or tautomers, N-oxides, and salts thereof, or salts of tautomers or N-oxides, particularly pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, or mixtures of same, in a method of treatment or prophylaxis of diseases, in particular hyperproliferative disorders, particularly benign hyperproliferative disorders, more particularly cancer.
  • the present invention provides the use of a compound of general formula (I), as described supra, or a tautomer, an N-oxide, and a salt thereof, or a salt of a tautomer or an N-oxide, particularly a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a mixture of same, for the preparation of a medicament, for the prophylaxis or treatment of diseases, in particular hyperproliferative disorders, particularly benign hyperproliferative disorders, more particularly cancer.
  • diseases in particular hyperproliferative disorders, particularly benign hyperproliferative disorders, more particularly cancer.
  • the present invention provides use of a compound of general formula (I), as described supra, or a tautomer, an N-oxide, and a salt thereof, or a salt of a tautomer or an N-oxide, particularly a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a mixture of same, for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition, for the prophylaxis or treatment of diseases, in particular hyperproliferative and/or inflammatory disorders.
  • the present invention provides use of a compound of general formula (I), as described supra, or a tautomer, an N-oxide, and a salt thereof, or a salt of a tautomer or an N-oxide, particularly a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a mixture of same, for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition, preferably a medicament, for the prophylaxis or treatment of diseases, in particular hyperproliferative disorders, particularly benign hyperproliferative disorders, more particularly cancer.
  • a pharmaceutical composition preferably a medicament
  • the present invention provides a method of treatment or prophylaxis of diseases, in particular hyperproliferative and/or inflammatory disorders, comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of general formula (I), as described supra, or a tautomer, an N-oxide, and a salt thereof, or a salt of a tautomer or an N-oxide, particularly a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a mixture of same.
  • a compound of general formula (I) as described supra, or a tautomer, an N-oxide, and a salt thereof, or a salt of a tautomer or an N-oxide, particularly a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a mixture of same.
  • the present invention provides a method of treatment or prophylaxis of diseases, in particular hyperproliferative disorders, particularly benign hyperproliferative disorders, more particularly cancer, comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of general formula (I), as described supra, or a tautomer, an N-oxide, and a salt thereof, or a salt of a tautomer or an N-oxide, particularly a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a mixture of same.
  • a compound of general formula (I) as described supra, or a tautomer, an N-oxide, and a salt thereof, or a salt of a tautomer or an N-oxide, particularly a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a mixture of same.
  • the present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions, in particular a medicament, comprising a compound of general formula (I), as described supra, or a tautomer, an N-oxide, and a salt thereof, or a salt of a tautomer or an N-oxide, particularly a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a mixture of same, and one or more excipients), in particular one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipient(s).
  • a medicament comprising a compound of general formula (I), as described supra, or a tautomer, an N-oxide, and a salt thereof, or a salt of a tautomer or an N-oxide, particularly a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a mixture of same, and one or more excipients), in particular one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipient(s).
  • Conventional procedures for preparing such pharmaceutical compositions in appropriate dosage forms can be utilized.
  • the present invention furthermore provides pharmaceutical compositions, in particular medicaments, which comprise at least one compound according to the invention, conventionally together with one or more pharmaceutically suitable excipients, and to their use for the above mentioned purposes.
  • the compounds according to the invention can be administered in a suitable manner, such as, for example, via the oral, parenteral, pulmonary, nasal, sublingual, lingual, buccal, rectal, vaginal, dermal, transdermal, conjunctival, otic route or as an implant or stent.
  • the compounds according to the invention for oral administration, it is possible to formulate the compounds according to the invention to dosage forms known in the art that deliver the compounds of the invention rapidly and/or in a modified manner, such as, for example, tablets (uncoated or coated tablets, for example with enteric or controlled release coatings that dissolve with a delay or are insoluble), orally-disintegrating tablets, films/wafers, films/lyophylisates, capsules (for example hard or soft gelatine capsules), sugar-coated tablets, granules, pellets, powders, emulsions, suspensions, aerosols or solutions. It is possible to incorporate the compounds according to the invention in crystalline and/or amorphised and/or dissolved form into said dosage forms.
  • Parenteral administration can be effected with avoidance of an absorption step (for example intravenous, intraarterial, intracardial, intraspinal or intralumbal) or with inclusion of absorption (for example intramuscular, subcutaneous, intracutaneous, percutaneous or intraperitoneal).
  • absorption step for example intravenous, intraarterial, intracardial, intraspinal or intralumbal
  • absorption for example intramuscular, subcutaneous, intracutaneous, percutaneous or intraperitoneal.
  • Administration forms which are suitable for parenteral administration are, inter alia, preparations for injection and infusion in the form of solutions, suspensions, emulsions, lyophylisates or sterile powders.
  • Examples which are suitable for other administration routes are pharmaceutical forms for inhalation [inter alia powder inhalers, nebulizers], nasal drops, nasal solutions, nasal sprays; tablets/films/wafers/capsules for lingual, sublingual or buccal administration; suppositories; eye drops, eye ointments, eye baths, ocular inserts, ear drops, ear sprays, ear powders, ear-rinses, ear tampons; vaginal capsules, aqueous suspensions (lotions, mixturae agitandae), lipophilic suspensions, emulsions, ointments, creams, transdermal therapeutic systems (such as, for example, patches), milk, pastes, foams, dusting powders, implants or stents.
  • inhalation inter alia powder inhalers, nebulizers
  • nasal drops nasal solutions, nasal sprays
  • tablets/films/wafers/capsules for lingual, sublingual or buccal
  • the compounds according to the invention can be incorporated into the stated administration forms. This can be effected in a manner known per se by mixing with pharmaceutically suitable excipients.
  • Pharmaceutically suitable excipients include, inter alia,
  • the present invention furthermore relates to a pharmaceutical composition which comprise at least one compound according to the invention, conventionally together with one or more pharmaceutically suitable excipient(s), and to their use according to the present invention.
  • the present invention provides pharmaceutical combinations, in particular medicaments, comprising at least one compound of general formula (I) of the present invention and at least one or more further active ingredients, in particular for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of a hyperproliferative disorder, particularly cancer.
  • the present invention provides a pharmaceutical combination, which comprises:
  • a "fixed combination” in the present invention is used as known to persons skilled in the art and is defined as a combination wherein, for example, a first active ingredient, such as one or more compounds of general formula (I) of the present invention, and a further active ingredient are present together in one unit dosage or in one single entity.
  • a “fixed combination” is a pharmaceutical composition wherein a first active ingredient and a further active ingredient are present in admixture for simultaneous administration, such as in a formulation.
  • Another example of a "fixed combination” is a pharmaceutical combination wherein a first active ingredient and a further active ingredient are present in one unit without being in admixture.
  • a non-fixed combination or "kit-of-parts" in the present invention is used as known to persons skilled in the art and is defined as a combination wherein a first active ingredient and a further active ingredient are present in more than one unit.
  • a non-fixed combination or kit-of-parts is a combination wherein the first active ingredient and the further active ingredient are present separately. It is possible for the components of the non-fixed combination or kit-of-parts to be administered separately, sequentially, simultaneously, concurrently or chronologically staggered.
  • the compounds of the present invention can be administered as the sole pharmaceutical agent or in combination with one or more other pharmaceutically active ingredients where the combination causes no unacceptable adverse effects.
  • the present invention also provides such pharmaceutical combinations.
  • the compounds of the present invention can be combined with known anti-cancer agents.
  • anti-cancer agents include: 131I-chTNT, abarelix, abiraterone, aclarubicin, adalimumab, ado-trastuzumab emtansine, afatinib, aflibercept, aldesleukin, alectinib, alemtuzumab, alendronic acid, alitretinoin, altretamine, amifostine, aminoglutethimide, hexyl aminolevulinate, amrubicin, amsacrine, anastrozole, ancestim, anethole dithiolethione, anetumab ravtansine, angiotensin II, antithrombin III, aprepitant, arcitumomab, arglabin, arsenic trioxide, asparaginase, atezolizumab, axitinib, azacitidine, basiliximab, be
  • the effective dosage of the compounds of the present invention can readily be determined for treatment of each desired indication.
  • the amount of the active ingredient to be administered in the treatment of one of these conditions can vary widely according to such considerations as the particular compound and dosage unit employed, the mode of administration, the period of treatment, the age and sex of the patient treated, and the nature and extent of the condition treated.
  • the total amount of the active ingredient to be administered will generally range from about 0.001 mg/kg to about 200 mg/kg body weight per day, and preferably from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 20 mg/kg body weight per day.
  • Clinically useful dosing schedules will range from one to three times a day dosing to once every four weeks dosing.
  • drug holidays in which a patient is not dosed with a drug for a certain period of time, to be beneficial to the overall balance between pharmacological effect and tolerability. It is possible for a unit dosage to contain from about 0.5 mg to about 1500 mg ( e.g .
  • the average daily dosage for administration by injection will preferably be from 0.01 to 200 mg/kg of total body weight.
  • the average daily rectal dosage regimen will preferably be from 0.01 to 200 mg/kg of total body weight.
  • the average daily vaginal dosage regimen will preferably be from 0.01 to 200 mg/kg of total body weight.
  • the average daily topical dosage regimen will preferably be from 0.1 to 200 mg administered between one to four times daily.
  • the transdermal concentration will preferably be that required to maintain a daily dose of from 0.01 to 200 mg/kg.
  • the average daily inhalation dosage regimen will preferably be from 0.01 to 100 mg/kg of total body weight.
  • the total amount of the active ingredient to be administered will generally range from 0.001 mg/kg to 200 mg/kg body weight per day, and preferably from 0.01 mg/kg to 20 mg/kg body weight per day.
  • Clinically useful dosing schedules will range from one to three times a day dosing to once every four weeks dosing.
  • drug holidays in which a patient is not dosed with a drug for a certain period of time, to be beneficial to the overall balance between pharmacological effect and tolerability. It is possible for a unit dosage to contain from 0.5 mg to 1500 mg of active ingredient, and can be administered one or more times per day or less than once a day.
  • the specific initial and continuing dosage regimen for each patient will vary according to the nature and severity of the condition as determined by the attending diagnostician, the activity of the specific compound employed, the age and general condition of the patient, time of administration, route of administration, rate of excretion of the drug, drug combinations, and the like.
  • the desired mode of treatment and number of doses of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester or composition thereof can be ascertained by those skilled in the art using conventional treatment tests.
  • NMR peak forms are stated as they appear in the spectra, possible higher order effects have not been considered.
  • the 1 H-NMR data of selected examples are listed in the form of 1 H-NMR peaklists. For each signal peak the ⁇ value in ppm is given, followed by the signal intensity, reported in round brackets. The ⁇ value-signal intensity pairs from different peaks are separated by commas. Therefore, a peaklist is described by the general form: ⁇ 1 (intensity 1 ), ⁇ 2 (intensity 2 ), ... , ⁇ i (intensity i ), ... , ⁇ n (intensity n ).
  • a 1 H-NMR peaklist is similar to a classical 1 H-NMR readout, and thus usually contains all the peaks listed in a classical NMR interpretation. Moreover, similar to classical 1 H-NMR printouts, peaklists can show solvent signals, signals derived from stereoisomers of target compounds (also the subject of the invention), and/or peaks of impurities.
  • the peaks of stereoisomers, and/or peaks of impurities are typically displayed with a lower intensity compared to the peaks of the target compounds (e.g., with a purity of >90%).
  • Such stereoisomers and/or impurities may be typical for the particular manufacturing process, and therefore their peaks may help to identify the reproduction of our manufacturing process on the basis of "by-product fingerprints".
  • An expert who calculates the peaks of the target compounds by known methods can isolate the peaks of target compounds as required, optionally using additional intensity filters. Such an operation would be similar to peak-picking in classical 1 H-NMR interpretation.
  • Chemical names were generated using the ACD/Name software from ACD/Labs. In some cases generally accepted names of commercially available reagents were used in place of ACD/Name generated names.
  • Table 1 lists the abbreviations used in this paragraph and in the Examples section as far as they are not explained within the text body. Other abbreviations have their meanings customary per se to the skilled person. Table 1: Abbreviations Abbreviation Meaning aq. aqueous br broad ( 1 H-NMR signal) cat. catalytic CDCl 3 deuterated chloroform Cl chemical ionisation d doublet DAD diode array detector DCM dichloromethane d doublet dd double-doublet ddd double-doublet-doublet DMF N,N -dimethylformamide DMSO dimethylsulfoxide ELSD Evaporative Light Scattering Detector eq.
  • the compounds and intermediates produced according to the methods of the invention may require purification. Purification of organic compounds is well known to the person skilled in the art and there may be several ways of purifying the same compound. In some cases, no purification may be necessary. In some cases, the compounds may be purified by crystallization. In some cases, impurities may be stirred out using a suitable solvent. In some cases, the compounds may be purified by chromatography, particularly flash column chromatography, using for example prepacked silica gel cartridges, e.g.
  • the compounds may be purified by preparative HPLC using for example a Waters autopurifier equipped with a diode array detector and/or on-line electrospray ionization mass spectrometer in combination with a suitable prepacked reverse phase column and eluents such as gradients of water and acetonitrile which may contain additives such as trifluoroacetic acid, formic acid or aqueous ammonia.
  • purification methods as described above can provide those compounds of the present invention which possess a sufficiently basic or acidic functionality in the form of a salt, such as, in the case of a compound of the present invention which is sufficiently basic, a trifluoroacetate or formate salt for example, or, in the case of a compound of the present invention which is sufficiently acidic, an ammonium salt for example.
  • a salt of this type can either be transformed into its free base or free acid form, respectively, by various methods known to the person skilled in the art, or be used as salts in subsequent biological assays. It is to be understood that the specific form (e.g. salt, free base etc.) of a compound of the present invention as isolated and as described herein is not necessarily the only form in which said compound can be applied to a biological assay in order to quantify the specific biological activity.
  • the residue was purified by flash column chromatography to give a mixture of esters as a colourless oil.
  • the residue was suspended in a 4:1 ration of 1,4-dioxane/water (30.0 ml) after which lithium hydroxide (2.16 g, 90.0 mmol) was added in one portion.
  • the resulting mixture was heated at 70 °C for 16 hours and cooled to room temperature.
  • Water (20 ml) was added to the mixture followed by washing with diethyl ether (20 ml).
  • the aqueous layer was acidified to pH 2.0 with concentrated hydrochloric acid and then extracted with diethyl ether (3 ⁇ 20 ml).
  • aqueous solution was then adjusted to pH 5 with 1 M aqueous hydrochloric acid and concentrated under reduced pressure.
  • the residue was purified by reversed phase column chromatography (Biotage ® SNAP ULTRA C18, water, acetonitrile 0 - 40 %) to yield the product as a beige solid (1.9 g, 86 %).
  • the mixture was poured onto ice water and extracted with diethyl ether (3 ⁇ 50 ml), after which the combined organic extracts were washed with 2.0 M aqueous sodium hydroxide (4 ⁇ 25 ml).
  • the resulting aq. layer was acidified to pH 2.5 with concentrated aqueous hydrochloric acid and extracted with diethyl ether (3 ⁇ 50 ml).
  • the combined organic extracts were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the acid as an off whtie solid (1.07 g, 98 % purity, 89 %).
  • the mixture was poured onto ice water and extracted with diethyl ether (3 ⁇ 100 ml), after which the combined organic extracts were washed with 2.0 M aqueous sodium hydroxide (4 ⁇ 50 ml).
  • the resulting aqueous layer was acidified to pH 2.5 with concentrated hydrochloric acid and extracted with diethyl ether (3 ⁇ 100 ml).
  • the combined organic extracts were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the acid as a beige solid (2.1 g, 85 % purity, 65 %).
  • the material was used in the next step without further purification.
  • 4-bromo-N-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-2- ⁇ [(2S)-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-yl]oxy ⁇ benzamide was prepared as described for 4-bromo-N-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-5-fluoro-2- ⁇ [(2S)-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-yl]oxy ⁇ benzamide (Intermediate 30), using 4-bromo-2- ⁇ [(2S)-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-yl]oxy ⁇ benzoyl chloride (intermediate 15) (2.65 g, 7.99 mmol) and 2,6-difluoroaniline (950 ⁇ l, 8.8 mmol) to yield the title compound, 3.11 g (92 %).
  • the crude material was purified by preparative HPLC (XBridge Prep C18 5 ⁇ OBD; solvents: water (+0.1 % ammonia), acetonitrile; gradient 5 %-95 % acetonitrile in 10 min; flow: 30 ml/min) to afford 5-chloro-2-fluoro-4-(3-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)benzonitrile (16 mg, 19 % yield, 100 %-UV).
  • the organic phase was discarded, and the aqueous phase was then adjusted to an acidic pH using 1 N aqueous hydrochloric acid and extracted with ethyl acetate.
  • the organic phases were dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield the crude product (0.73 g, 80 %-UV), which was used without further purification.
  • Examples 2-23 were prepared as described for example 1 from 5-fluoro-4-(3-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)-2-[(2S)-pentan-2-yloxy]benzoic acid (intermediate 16) and the respective amines, as indicated. Products were purified by flash column chromatography or, if explicitely mentioned, by preparative HPLC.
  • the product was purified by preparative HPLC (X-Bridge Prep C18 5 ⁇ m OBD, 0.1 % aqueous ammonia, acetonitrile).
  • the product was purified by preparative HPLC (X-Bridge Prep C18 5 ⁇ m OBD, 0.1 % aqueous ammonia, acetonitrile).
  • the product was purified by preparative HPLC (X-Bridge Prep C18 5 ⁇ m OBD, 0.1 % aqueous ammonia, acetonitrile).
  • the product was purified by preparative HPLC (X-Bridge Prep C18 5 ⁇ m OBD, 0.1 % aqueous formic acid, acetonitrile).
  • the product was purified by preparative HPLC (X-Bridge Prep C18 5 ⁇ m OBD, 0.1 % aqueous formic acid, acetonitrile).
  • the product was purified by preparative HPLC (X-Bridge Prep C18 5 ⁇ m OBD, 0.1 % aqueous ammonia, acetonitrile).
  • the product was purified by preparative HPLC (X-Bridge Prep C18 5 ⁇ m OBD, 0.1 % aqueous ammonia, acetonitrile).
  • the product was purified by preparative HPLC (X-Bridge Prep C18 5 ⁇ m OBD, 0.1 % aqueous formic acid, acetonitrile).
  • the product was purified by preparative HPLC (X-Bridge Prep C18 5 ⁇ m OBD, 0.1 % aqueous formic acid, acetonitrile).
  • the product was purified by preparative HPLC (X-Bridge Prep C18 5 ⁇ m OBD, 0.1 % aqueous ammonia, acetonitrile).
  • the product was purified by preparative HPLC (X-Bridge Prep C18 5 ⁇ m OBD, 0.1 % aqueous formic acid, acetonitrile).
  • the product was purified by preparative HPLC (X-Bridge Prep C18 5 ⁇ m OBD, 0.1 % aqueous ammonia, acetonitrile).
  • the product was purified by preparative HPLC (X-Bridge Prep C18 5 ⁇ m OBD, 0.1 % aqueous formic acid, acetonitrile).
  • the product was purified by preparative HPLC (X-Bridge Prep C18 5 ⁇ m OBD, 0.1 % aqueous ammonia, acetonitrile).
  • the product was purified by preparative HPLC (X-Bridge Prep C18 5 ⁇ m OBD, 0.1 % aqueous formic acid, acetonitrile).
  • the product was purified by preparative HPLC (X-Bridge Prep C18 5 ⁇ m OBD, 0.1 % aqueous ammonia, acetonitrile).
  • the product was purified by preparative HPLC (X-Bridge Prep C18 5 ⁇ m OBD, 0.1 % aqueous formic acid, acetonitrile).
  • the product was purified by preparative HPLC (X-Bridge Prep C18 5 ⁇ m OBD, 0.1 % aqueous formic acid, acetonitrile).
  • the product was purified by preparative HPLC (X-Bridge Prep C18 5 ⁇ m OBD, 0.1 % aqueous formic acid, acetonitrile).
  • the product was purified by preparative HPLC (X-Bridge Prep C18 5 ⁇ m OBD, 0.1 % aqueous ammonia, acetonitrile).
  • Example 28 was prepared as described for example 1 from 5-fluoro-4-(3-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)-2-[(2S)-pentan-2-yloxy]benzoic acid (intermediate 16) and 2-fluoro-6-methylaniline.
  • the product was purified by preparative HPLC (X-Bridge Prep C18 5 ⁇ m OBD, 0.1 % aqueous ammonia, acetonitrile).
  • Examples 30-112 were prepared as described for example 29 from 5-fluoro-4-(3-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)-2- ⁇ [(2S)-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-yl]oxy ⁇ benzoic acid (intermediate 17) and the respective amines, as indicated. Products were purified by flash column chromatography or, if explicitely mentioned, by preparative HPLC.
  • Example 52 was prepared from example 51 by deprotection of the azetidine nitrogen, as described below.
  • the product was purified by preparative HPLC (X-Bridge Prep C18 5 ⁇ m OBD, 0.1 % aqueous formic acid, acetonitrile).
  • the product was purified by preparative HPLC (X-Bridge Prep C18 5 ⁇ m OBD, 0.1 % aqueous formic acid, acetonitrile).
  • the product was purified by preparative HPLC (X-Bridge Prep C18 5 ⁇ m OBD, 0.1 % aqueous formic acid, acetonitrile).
  • the product was purified by preparative HPLC (X-Bridge Prep C18 5 ⁇ m OBD, 0.1 % aqueous formic acid, acetonitrile).
  • the product was purified by preparative HPLC (X-Bridge Prep C18 5 ⁇ m OBD, 0.1 % aqueous formic acid, acetonitrile).

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