EP3421913A1 - Installation de séchage de boue, procédé de séchage de boue et utilisation d'une installation de séchage de boue - Google Patents

Installation de séchage de boue, procédé de séchage de boue et utilisation d'une installation de séchage de boue Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3421913A1
EP3421913A1 EP17178463.0A EP17178463A EP3421913A1 EP 3421913 A1 EP3421913 A1 EP 3421913A1 EP 17178463 A EP17178463 A EP 17178463A EP 3421913 A1 EP3421913 A1 EP 3421913A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
slurry
drying plant
strings
drying
extruder
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP17178463.0A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Jesper AHRENFELDT
Ulrik Birk HENRIKSEN
Tobias Pape THOMSEN
Claus THULSTRUP
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Aquagreen License Aps
Danmarks Tekniskie Universitet
Original Assignee
Danmarks Tekniskie Universitet
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Danmarks Tekniskie Universitet filed Critical Danmarks Tekniskie Universitet
Priority to EP17178463.0A priority Critical patent/EP3421913A1/fr
Publication of EP3421913A1 publication Critical patent/EP3421913A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F26DRYING
    • F26BDRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
    • F26B1/00Preliminary treatment of solid materials or objects to facilitate drying, e.g. mixing or backmixing the materials to be dried with predominantly dry solids
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F26DRYING
    • F26BDRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
    • F26B17/00Machines or apparatus for drying materials in loose, plastic, or fluidised form, e.g. granules, staple fibres, with progressive movement
    • F26B17/12Machines or apparatus for drying materials in loose, plastic, or fluidised form, e.g. granules, staple fibres, with progressive movement with movement performed solely by gravity, i.e. the material moving through a substantially vertical drying enclosure, e.g. shaft
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F26DRYING
    • F26BDRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
    • F26B21/00Arrangements or duct systems, e.g. in combination with pallet boxes, for supplying and controlling air or gases for drying solid materials or objects
    • F26B21/14Arrangements or duct systems, e.g. in combination with pallet boxes, for supplying and controlling air or gases for drying solid materials or objects using gases or vapours other than air or steam, e.g. inert gases
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F26DRYING
    • F26BDRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
    • F26B3/00Drying solid materials or objects by processes involving the application of heat
    • F26B3/02Drying solid materials or objects by processes involving the application of heat by convection, i.e. heat being conveyed from a heat source to the materials or objects to be dried by a gas or vapour, e.g. air
    • F26B3/04Drying solid materials or objects by processes involving the application of heat by convection, i.e. heat being conveyed from a heat source to the materials or objects to be dried by a gas or vapour, e.g. air the gas or vapour circulating over or surrounding the materials or objects to be dried
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F26DRYING
    • F26BDRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
    • F26B2200/00Drying processes and machines for solid materials characterised by the specific requirements of the drying good
    • F26B2200/18Sludges, e.g. sewage, waste, industrial processes, cooling towers

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a slurry drying plant comprising a slurry extruder including conveying means arranged to force the slurry out of a plurality of exit openings of the slurry extruder to form a plurality of slurry strings.
  • the invention further relates to a method for drying slurry and use of a slurry drying plant.
  • Organic slurry such as slurry from sewage treatment, farming, aquaculture, biochemical production, food production or other is problematic in that it is difficult and expensive to handle, store and dispose, it can contain drug residues, virus or other and it can emit bad smells or environmentally damaging gasses such as ammonium.
  • a solution would be to dry the slurry to reduce or even substantially removed the water content of the slurry and thereby reduce or even completely eliminate the abovementioned problems.
  • the invention provides for slurry drying plant comprising a slurry extruder including conveying means arranged to force the slurry out of a plurality of exit openings of the slurry extruder to form a plurality of slurry strings.
  • the slurry strings are forced out into a drying chamber in which the plurality of slurry strings are dried, and the slurry drying plant also comprises slurry heating means comprising flow means for passing superheated steam substantially at atmospheric pressure past the slurry strings in the drying chamber.
  • Drying by means superheated steam substantially at atmospheric pressure is particularly advantageous in relation with drying slurry strings being forced out of a slurry extruder, in that no matter how uneven the strings are forced out of the extruder - i.e. uneven velocity, uneven density and/or other - the string cannot be dried so hard that they catch fire in that the superheated steam will displace any air and/or oxygen in the system and thereby inhibit any form of combustion.
  • all the slurry string can be heated so hard that even the most dense and fast moving slurry strings will be dried sufficiently without risking that the slower moving and loose slurry strings will catch fire.
  • the surplus heat can be reused in the slurry drying plant or e.g. fed to a central/district heating system.
  • slurry is to be understood as any kind of organic liquid manure, fertilizer, sludge or similar liquids or semi-liquids in the form of a watery mixture of primarily insoluble matter i.e. a thick mixture of liquid and another at least substantially solid substance.
  • slurry heating means should be understood as any kind of heater, oven, furnace, boiler, heat exchanger, heat blower or other or any combination thereof or any other kind of slurry heater suitable for heating slurry by passing superheated steam substantially at atmospheric pressure past the slurry strings.
  • flow means is to be understood as any kind of piping, fan, blower, duct or similar or any combination thereof or any other kind of steam flow generator suitable for generating a steam flow past the slurry strings in the drying chamber.
  • the exit openings are arranged to extrude the slurry downwards.
  • Extruding the slurry strings downwards is advantageous in that it reduces the risk of the strings breaking before they are sufficiently dried. If they e.g. were extruded horizontally the force of gravity would pull them downwards and thereby increase the risk of breaking them.
  • the conveying means is a screw conveyor.
  • Screw conveyers are simple and efficient means for conveying and exerting a high pressure on a semi liquid substance.
  • the flow means is arranged to guide the superheated steam flow past the slurry strings substantially in the same direction as the slurry strings are extruded.
  • Guiding the superheated steam downstream is advantageous in that the slurry strings hereby will be dried the most as early as possible reducing the risk of strings comprising not sufficiently dried slurry breaking of. Also, if the steam was guided against the flow direction of the slurry strings the risk of light fragments being caught in the steam flow is increased - which could reduce the drying effect and increase the risk of premature string breakage.
  • the drying plant comprises an entrance pressure gauge arranged to measure the pressure of the slurry at a slurry inlet of the slurry extruder.
  • the drying plant comprises an exit pressure gauge arranged to measure the pressure of the slurry at the exit openings.
  • the drying plant comprises control means arranged to control the operation of the slurry drying plant in response to input from the entrance pressure gauge and/or the exit pressure gauge.
  • control means should be understood as any kind of controller capable of controlling the operation of at least parts of the drying plant - i.e. any kind of logic circuit, Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), computer or other.
  • PLC Programmable Logic Controller
  • the flow means comprises means for circulating at least a part of said superheated steam.
  • Circulating the superheated steam is advantageous in that it reduces energy consumption.
  • the slurry heating means comprises steam heating means for heating the superheated steam to an entrance temperature of between 110°C and 400°C, preferably between 130°C and 300°C and most preferred between 150°C and 250°C.
  • the entrance temperature - i.e. the temperature of the steam when it enters the drying chamber and first comes in contact with the slurry - of the superheated steam is too high a torrefaction or pyrolysis process will commence, thus generating highly flammable gasses, poisonous gasses or other dangerous or damaging by-products which are not easy to handle when mixed the superheated steam.
  • the entrance temperature is too low the drying process will be inefficient and the capacity of the slurry drying plant is reduced.
  • the present temperature ranges present an advantageous relationship between safety and efficiency.
  • steam heating means is to be understood as any kind of heat exchanger, boiler, heat pump or other or any other kind of steam heater suitable for heating steam in a slurry drying plant.
  • the slurry drying plant further comprises a subsequent thermal processing device in which slurry leaving the drying chamber is burned or pyrolyzed.
  • Subsequently putting the dried slurry through a combustion process or a pyrolysis process is advantageous in that the slurry hereby can be reduced to substantially harmless coke which is free from virus and drug residues and therefore can be used as fertilizer. Furthermore, the coke is easy to handle and store.
  • pyrolysis process or "pyrolysed” also covers torrefaction which is a mild form of pyrolysis at temperatures typically between 200 and 320 °C depending on the specific slurry.
  • the slurry drying plant further comprises heat transferring means for transferring heat generated in or by the subsequent thermal processing device to the superheated steam.
  • a subsequent combustion process or pyrolysis process will generate much heat (when burning the flammable gasses generated in the pyrolysis process). And since producing the superheated steam requires much heat it is advantageous to transfer the generated heat and thereby reduce or avoid consumption of external power to generate the superheated steam.
  • heat transferring means is to be understood as any kind of heat exchanger, piping, blower or other or any combination thereof or any other kind of heat transferor suited for transferring heat generated in or by the subsequent thermal processing device to the superheated steam.
  • a liquid separator is arranged in the slurry extruder before the exit openings.
  • a relatively high pressure will have to be generated in the slurry extruder to ensure that the slurry strings are formed correctly. It is therefore advantageous to use this high pressure to drain the slurry for any excess liquid.
  • the liquid separator comprises at least one sieve.
  • Forming the liquid separator as a sieve is advantageous in that a sieve is a simple way of ensuring that only liquid leaves the extruder through the liquid separator.
  • the exit openings are formed to increase the surface area of the slurry strings.
  • Forming the exit openings with a star shape, a rectangular shape, a wavy shape or a similar complex shape that will increase the surface area of the slurry strings is advantageous in that the strings hereby can be dried more efficiently and fast.
  • the slurry drying plant comprises a feed conveyer arranged to feed the slurry into the slurry extruder.
  • the slurry has been drained before entering the slurry extruder.
  • the slurry drying plant comprises a dewatering device arranged to reduce the water content in the slurry before it enters the slurry inlet.
  • an inside surface of the drying chamber is provided with a non-stick surface such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), anodized aluminium, ceramics, silicone, enamelled cast iron, or stainless steel.
  • PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
  • Forming the drying chamber with a non-stick inner surface is advantageous in that it will reduce the risk of slurry burning onto the surface.
  • the slurry extruder comprises adjusting means for adjusting the size of at least some of the exit openings.
  • Providing adjusting means is advantageous in that it will enable a more versatile extruder more suited for different slurry types.
  • adjusting means should be understood as any kind of resilient material forming the openings, any kind of mechanical opening size adjuster or any other kind of adjuster suitable for adjusting the size of at least some of the exit openings.
  • the slurry extruder comprises adjusting means for adjusting the size of at least some of the exit openings in response to a slurry pressure inside the slurry extruder.
  • Controlling the opening sizes in relation to the pressure in the extruder is advantageous in that it enables a more efficient extruder process.
  • the invention provides further for method for drying slurry, the method comprising the steps of:
  • Extruding the slurry provides the slurry with a large surface area which will enable an efficient drying process and drying the strings by means of superheated steam is advantageous in that it ensures a fast and efficient drying process where the risk of the strings catching fire due to overheating is eliminated.
  • a binding agent is added to the slurry before the slurry is forced out of the plurality of exit openings.
  • Adding a binding agent to the slurry is advantageous in that a binding agent will help in forming continuous slurry string that will be dried more before breaking off.
  • the method is performed by means of a slurry drying plant according to any of the previously discussed slurry drying plants.
  • the method further comprises the step of leading slurry from the exit openings to a subsequent thermal processing device in which the slurry will be burned or pyrolysed.
  • the method further comprises the step of transferring heat generated in or by the subsequent thermal processing device to the superheated steam.
  • the invention also provides for use of a slurry drying plant according to any of the previously discussed slurry drying plants for drying slurry having a solid matter content above 2%, preferably above 5% and most preferred above 10%.
  • Fig. 1 illustrates an embodiment of a slurry drying plant 1, as seen from the side.
  • the slurry drying plant 1 comprises a vertically arranged slurry extruder 3 including conveying means 4 in the form of a screw conveyer.
  • the conveying means 4 could also or instead comprise a conveying chain, a hydraulic or pneumatic piston or another mechanical device suitable for forcing slurry in the extruder 3 out of a plurality of exit openings 5 arranged at the exit end of a slurry extruder 3.
  • the slurry extruder is provided with an opening disc 21 provided with a plurality of exit openings 5 so that when the slurry in the extruder 3 is forced against the opening disc 21 by means of the conveying means 4 the slurry is forced out through the exit openings 5 to form slurry string 7 hanging down into the underlying drying chamber 8.
  • the opening disc 21 is interchangeable so that the opening disc 21 can be changed to an opening disc 21 with a different exit opening configuration - i.e. fewer/more holes, bigger/smaller holes, differently shaped holes and/or other - e.g. in dependence on slurry type, consistence, density or other or simply in response to wear.
  • the extruder 3 would not comprise an opening disc 21 and the exit openings 5 would be formed permanently in the extruder structure.
  • the slurry drying plant 1 further comprises slurry heating means 6 arranged to pass superheated steam past the slurry strings 7 in the drying chamber 8.
  • the slurry heating means 6 is arranged to circulate steam through the drying chamber 8, through flow means 11, through steam heating means 14 and out into the drying chamber 8 again. I.e. in this embodiment at least some of the steam is circulating but in another embodiment, only little of the steam or even none of the steam would be circulating.
  • the flow means 11 is arranged to direct the superheated steam flow through the drying chamber 8 in the same direction as the strings 7 are moving through the drying chamber 8.
  • the steam could be arranged to flow in the opposite direction, it could be arranged to flow transversal to the direction of the strings and/or the drying chamber 8 could also or instead comprise more than one steam inlet 12 and/or more than one steam outlet 13.
  • the flow means 11 does in this embodiment comprise an electrically powered blower but in another embodiment the steam flow could also or instead be generated by a fan, a pump, convection or other.
  • the steam could also be guided through a cyclone device or a filtering device (not shown) arranged to catch impurities in the steam flow.
  • the steam heating means 14 is formed by a heat exchanger providing heat to the steam from a succeeding thermal processing device 15 but in another embodiment the steam heating means 14 could also or instead comprise an electric heating device, a combustion heating device, a heat exchanger arranged to exchange heat with an external heat source or other.
  • the slurry is entering the slurry drying plant 1 directly through the slurry inlet 2.
  • the slurry drying plant 1 could further comprise a dewatering device (not shown) arranged to reduce the water content in the slurry before it enters the slurry inlet 2 e.g. to ensure that the solid matter content in the slurry is sufficiently high, to ensure that the viscosity of the slurry is sufficiently high, to ensure a more efficient drying process or other.
  • the slurry drying plant 1 could further comprise a condensing device (not shown) through which the surplus steam is guided.
  • the surplus steam is condensed at a temperature of around 100°C so that the generated heat can be used for facility heating, it can be used in other heat consuming processes, it can be supplied to an external district heating system or other.
  • the condensing device would comprise several condensing steps to avoid clogging the condensing device with impurities in the steam.
  • the dried slurry strings 7 leaving the drying chamber 8 could be stored, distributed on a field or other but in this embodiment, the slurry drying plant 1 further comprises a thermal processing device 15 which in this embodiment is arranged in direct succession of the drying chamber 8 so that the slurry is already hot when entering the thermal processing device 15.
  • the thermal processing device 15 could be arranged distant from the drying chamber 8.
  • the slurry entering the thermal processing device 15 would first passes through an airlock (not shown) ensuring that flue gasses and other does not escape back to the drying chamber 8.
  • the dried slurry is in this embodiment put through a pyrolysis process.
  • Pyrolysis is a thermochemical decomposition of the organic material in the slurry at elevated temperatures in the absence of oxygen (or any halogen) thereby charring the organic material. How much the temperatures have to be elevated is depending on the specific slurry but in this case the pyrolysis process takes place between 350°C and 1.200 °C.
  • the pyrolysis process in the thermal processing device 15 generates highly combustible pyrolysis gasses which is lead to a combustion chamber (not shown) in which at least some of the gas is combusted during the supply of air.
  • slurry drying plant 1 comprises heat transferring means 16 for transferring the very hot gas from the above-mentioned combustion process to the steam heating means 14 in which the heat is used for generating superheated steam.
  • the steam heating means 14 and the heat transferring means 16 are the same heat exchanger but in another embodiment, these processes could at least partly take place separately.
  • the thermal processing device 15 could also or instead be arranged to combust at least parts of the dried slurry so that the heat generated in this combustion process could be lead to the steam heating means 14 in which the heat is used for generating superheated steam.
  • the slurry extruder 3 is further provided with a liquid separator which in this case is a sieve arranged in the extruder wall at the exit end so that when the conveying means have compressed the slurry to force it out of the exit openings 5 this compression will also press liquid out of the slurry through the sieve.
  • a liquid separator which in this case is a sieve arranged in the extruder wall at the exit end so that when the conveying means have compressed the slurry to force it out of the exit openings 5 this compression will also press liquid out of the slurry through the sieve.
  • Fig. 2 illustrates a slurry drying plant 1 comprising a horizontal extruder 3, as seen from the side.
  • the slurry extruder 3 is arranged horizontally and the exit openings 5 is arranged in an underside of the sidewall of the extruder 3 so that the slurry strings 7 is hanging substantially vertically downwards when exiting the exit openings 5.
  • the drying chamber 8 is formed as a cylindrical tube made from stainless steel.
  • the drying chamber 8 could also or instead be made from ceramic, a non-stick surface material such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), anodized aluminium, silicone, enamelled cast iron or other and or the inside of the drying chamber 8 could comprise a cladding made from one or more of these materials.
  • PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
  • Fig. 3 illustrates a slurry extruder 3, as seen from the bottom.
  • the exit openings 5 are provided with a star shape to increase to surface area of the slurry strings 7 and in this embodiment, the plant 1 is provided with adjusting means 20 arranged to adjust the effective size of the exit openings 5.
  • the adjusting means 20 is formed as a simple plate 22 arranged to be displaced in front of the exit openings 5 by means of an actuator 23.
  • the adjusting means 20 could be formed by making the exit opening surroundings in a resilient material so that the exit openings 5 would expand in response to the slurry pressure.
  • the slurry drying plant 1 is provided with an entrance pressure gauge 9 arranged to measure the pressure of the slurry at the slurry inlet 2 and an exit pressure gauge 10 arranged to measure the pressure of the slurry at the exit openings 5.
  • an entrance pressure gauge 9 arranged to measure the pressure of the slurry at the slurry inlet 2
  • an exit pressure gauge 10 arranged to measure the pressure of the slurry at the exit openings 5.
  • only an entrance pressure gauge 9 or only an exit pressure gauge 10 would be provided or the plant 1 could be provided with more pressure gauges.
  • the entrance pressure gauge 9 and the exit pressure gauge 10 are both connected to control means 17 so that data regarding the entrance pressure and the exit pressure of the slurry are delivered to the control means 17.
  • the control means 17 is also connected to the motor 24 driving the conveying means 4 of the extruder 3 and to the actuator 23 of adjusting means 20, so that the operation of the extruder 3 and the adjusting means 20 may be controlled in response to measurements of the entrance pressure gauge 9 and/or the exit pressure gauge 10.
  • only the motor 24 driving the conveying means 4 or only the adjusting means 20 would be controlled by the control means 17 or the control means could also or instead be arranged to control other parts of the plant 1 - such as a feed conveyer 19 (see fig. 4 ), the slurry heating means 6 and/or other in response to measurements of the entrance pressure gauge 9 and/or the exit pressure gauge 10.
  • Fig. 4 illustrates a slurry extruder 3 and a feed conveyer 19, as seen from the front.
  • a feed conveyer 19 is provided to convey slurry up into the slurry extruder 3 via the slurry inlet 2.
  • the operation of the feed conveyer 19 is also controlled by the above-mentioned control means 17 in response to measurements of the entrance pressure gauge 9 and/or the exit pressure gauge 10.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Microbiology (AREA)
  • Drying Of Solid Materials (AREA)
EP17178463.0A 2017-06-28 2017-06-28 Installation de séchage de boue, procédé de séchage de boue et utilisation d'une installation de séchage de boue Withdrawn EP3421913A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP17178463.0A EP3421913A1 (fr) 2017-06-28 2017-06-28 Installation de séchage de boue, procédé de séchage de boue et utilisation d'une installation de séchage de boue

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP17178463.0A EP3421913A1 (fr) 2017-06-28 2017-06-28 Installation de séchage de boue, procédé de séchage de boue et utilisation d'une installation de séchage de boue

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EP3421913A1 true EP3421913A1 (fr) 2019-01-02

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EP17178463.0A Withdrawn EP3421913A1 (fr) 2017-06-28 2017-06-28 Installation de séchage de boue, procédé de séchage de boue et utilisation d'une installation de séchage de boue

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2020088719A1 (fr) * 2018-11-01 2020-05-07 Danmarks Tekniske Universitet Installation de séchage de lisier, procédé de séchage de lisier et utilisation d'une installation de séchage de lisier

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3348599A (en) * 1964-04-03 1967-10-24 Scientism Lab Apparatus for dewatering and dehydrating slimes and the like
WO1989000888A1 (fr) 1987-07-27 1989-02-09 Vølund Miljøteknik A/S Appareil d'extrusion et de sechage de materiaux humides en vrac, tels que des dechets organiques
EP1343710A1 (fr) * 2000-11-08 2003-09-17 Fortum OYJ Procede et appareil pour alimenter une boue dans un circuit de traitement
KR101306083B1 (ko) * 2010-08-31 2013-09-09 주식회사쿡웰 과열증기를 이용한 슬러지 건조 시스템

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3348599A (en) * 1964-04-03 1967-10-24 Scientism Lab Apparatus for dewatering and dehydrating slimes and the like
WO1989000888A1 (fr) 1987-07-27 1989-02-09 Vølund Miljøteknik A/S Appareil d'extrusion et de sechage de materiaux humides en vrac, tels que des dechets organiques
EP1343710A1 (fr) * 2000-11-08 2003-09-17 Fortum OYJ Procede et appareil pour alimenter une boue dans un circuit de traitement
KR101306083B1 (ko) * 2010-08-31 2013-09-09 주식회사쿡웰 과열증기를 이용한 슬러지 건조 시스템

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2020088719A1 (fr) * 2018-11-01 2020-05-07 Danmarks Tekniske Universitet Installation de séchage de lisier, procédé de séchage de lisier et utilisation d'une installation de séchage de lisier
US12078416B2 (en) 2018-11-01 2024-09-03 Danmarks Tekniske Universitet Slurry drying plant, a method for drying slurry and use of a slurry drying plant

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